Timeline of weight loss

From Timelines
Revision as of 11:41, 4 August 2021 by Sebastian (talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search

This is a timeline of weight loss.

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
19th century "In the mid-1800s, the ideal of both masculine and feminine beauty was thin and romantic. The bad news for overweight people was clothing became form-fitting for both sexes. Women's dresses required a tiny laced-in waist from 1850 to 1920. Men wore tights or breeches with tight-fitting jackets until around the end of the 19th century when looser trousers or pants came in style. "[1]
20th century "The 1960s saw the beginning of the massive commercialization of dieting in the U.S. "[2] "What we got right in the '80s: Reduced calorie diets result in weight loss when caloric intake is sufficiently lower then what the participant is accustomed to."[3]

Full timeline

Year Event type Approach (when applicable) Details Location/researcher affiliation
400 BC Hippocrates recommends overwheight people to follow a strict diet of light and emollient foods plus exercising like slow running, wrestling, sea-water enemas, walking about naked and vomiting after lunch.[4][5]
600 AD "Around 600 AD Pope Gregory defined gluttony not just as eating too much, but also as eating wildly or eagerly or eating between meals. He said that "picky" eaters and gourmands were also guilty of this deadly sin."[1]
1066 AD Regimen introduction Diet Norman monarch William the Conqueror introduces an early liquid diet by just consuming alcohol, after having grown so fat that he had problems mounting his horse.[1] United Kingdom
1087 "After the ancient Greeks, it is believed that it wasn't until the year 1087 that dieting was mentioned again in literature. Apparently, that is when William the Conqueror had become too heavy to ride his horse, so he decided that he would stop eating solid foods and only partake in a "liquid diet" that consisted only of alcohol in an attempt to lose weight."[5] “In 1087, William the Conqueror replaced food with alcohol and slimmed down enough to resume riding his horse. England’s William Banting published one of the first diet manuals in 1863, “Letter on Corpulence,” in which he advocated for replacing bread, butter, milk, sugar, and potatoes with lean meats, vegetables, dry toast, and “good claret, sherry, or Madeira.””[6][7]
1550 Regimen introduction Diet English surgeon John Halle advises people to eat simply because, "More die of gluttony than the sword or the plague."[1] United Kingdom
1558 Literature Diet "The first actual diet book came out in 1558 and is still in print. Luigi Cornaro was an extremely overweight Italian who had an ephiphany when he was around 40 years old. Tired of being overweight, feeling out of control, and unable to have sex, he limited himself to 12 ounces of food a day and 14 ounces of wine. His book, "The Art of Living Long," advises others to do the same. Cornaro lived to be almost a hundred years old, and toward the end of his life, he only ate egg yolks."[1] Italy
1614 Literature Diet "In 1614 Giacomo Castelvetro published "The Fruits, Herbs and Vegetables of Italy," also still in print. Castelvetro criticized the English for eating too much meat and sugar, and promoted the Italian way of eating fresh vegetables. His book was a forerunner to today's popular "Mediterranean Diet.""[1] Italy
1660 "In 1660 famine swept Europe, and people ate hunger-suppressing foods like potatoes. Starving cartoonists made fun of the very fat George IV, calling him the "Prince of Whales.""[1]
1730 Literature Diet "The second real diet book was "The Natural Method of Cureing the Diseases of the Body," by Dr. George Cheyne in 1730. Dr. Cheyne was grossly fat. He went on a diet of milk and vegetables but the moment he went back to regular foods, he regained it. He became a lifelong vegetarian, and wrote that "the nervous diseases of man come from confined animals. I cannot find difference between feeding on human flesh or animal flesh,” an attitude that still exists today among certain vegetarians."[1]
1776 Regimen introduction Diet Some women are reported to use vinegar for weight loss around this time.[8]
1779 Discovery Diet Hoodia is discovered by Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon Ephedra.[9] A succulent plant growing in the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa[10], it is marketed as an appetite suppressant to aid weight loss.[11] Southern Africa
1817 “Although James Parkinson reported weight loss in his first publication on PD in 1817, only recently has the attention been focused on body weight change in PD patients”[12]
1825 Literature "In 1825 Billat-Savarin wrote "The Physiology of Taste or Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy," and argued that "fat is not a disease but a lamentable result of an inclination to which we give way." Fat people must give up bread and flour-based foods, root vegetables like potatoes, sugar and starches, and eat only fruits, vegetables and lean meats. This was the forerunner of Atkins, South Beach, Paleo, Caveman and other modern low-carb regimes."[1]
1830 Regimen introduction Diet "In 1830 Sylvester Graham, inventor of the graham cracker, wrote that fat is bad for your health, and makes you corrupt morally and sexually promiscuous. He advised parents to teach temperate eating as a matter of morals. Graham lead health retreats, preaching vegetarianism and the avoidance of tea, coffee, tobacco and alcohol."[1]
1832 Concept development “The idea behind BMI was proposed in 1832 by the statistician Adolphe Quetelet, who wasn’t trying to define a healthy weight but to model a bell curve or normal distribution of human body sizes”[13] “That's why one of the most widely used gauges of whether a person needs to shed pounds is body mass index (BMI) — an indicator of body fatness developed by Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet in 1832 that's based on the ratio of height to weight”[14]
1833 Product " In 1833 Dr. Gustav Zander invented a belt-driven fat massager that wrapped around the body to jiggle fat away even as it cured gout, arthritis, nervous exhaustion, ladies' ailments, and made life worth living again."[1]
1835 "The development Adolphe Quetelet’s ‘average man’ in 1835, generated a methodological framework through which ‘normal’ physicality could be distinguished, including what constituted an average body weight”[15]"
1856 Literature Diet "In 1856 Dr. A.W. Moore, who himself had to battle overweight, published a diet guide that included a section where readers recorded what they ate at each meal along with their weights."[1]
1860 "In 1860 an English undertaker by the name of William Banting weighed 202 pounds on a five foot five inch frame. Like most dieters, he tried everything to lose weight, including eating lighter foods, swimming, spas, and laxatives. He finally lost 50 pounds on a diet he invented himself, and went on to publish it in a pamphlet called "Letter on Corpulence." The pamphlet sold thousands of copies all over the world, and so many people were on it that the term "I am banting" meant "I am on a diet"."[1] United Kingdom
1863 “It was 1863 when William Banting, an English funeral director, first publicised the weight-reduction method that had worked for him, a diet high in proteins and low in fats and carbohydrates”[16] “Low-carbohydrate diets were introduced by a London undertaker, William Banting, in 1863 and became so popular that one word for dieting was “banting.”” [17] “The analysis by Bravata et al of existing data on low-carbohydrate diets, a similar diet that was originally introduced by Banting in 1863, 5 is enlightening, particularly when the authors compare the homogeneous groups of studies. The study findings illustrate that calories do count and that low-carbohydrate diets produce weight loss by reducing calorie intake, thus reaffirming that the first law of thermodynamics articulated by von Helmholtz6 still applies to humans”[18]
1881 Literature A book is published advising governments to arrest and imprison fat people.[1]
1883 A treatise by Ebstein in Germany suggests that fat is produced “merely by overeating and drinking”.[16] Germany
1895 In 1895 “Gipsy Countess” was told: “Avoid foods containing starch and sugar, and do not drink much with your meals. A glass of hot water before going to bed will be found beneficial . . .” [16]
1903 15 “In 1903, the Committee on Physical Deterioration was established in an attempt to improve the health of the nation”[15]
1905 Fletcherism[4]
1914 “In 1914, officials of the American Medical Association decided to analyze Pinkham's compound. It turned out to be twenty per cent pure alcohol and eighty per cent common vegetable extracts.”[19]
1917 "In 1917, the weight-loss industry began to focus on calories when Dr. Lulu Hunt Peters published Diet and Health (Peters, 1918). The success of her book was attributed to the concept of counting calories. It sold more than two million copies and became the first bestselling American diet book. Dr. Peters urged readers to view the calorie as a measurement and rather than judge meals by portion size. It was recommended that the amount of calories in any given food were counted and totaled each day. She concluded that to lose weight it was important to stay under 1,200 calories a day."[5][1] United States
1933–1938 "“From 1933 to 1938, it was sold over-the-counter to more than 100,000 people. However, in 1938, DNP was pulled from the market due to safety concerns as cases of poisoning, deaths, and other serious complications emerged”"[20]
1930s "There was the grapefruit diet of the 1930s (in which people ate half a grapefruit with every meal out of a belief that the fruit contained fat-burning enzymes) and the cabbage-soup diet of the 1950s (a flatulence-inducing plan in which people ate cabbage soup every day for a week alongside low-calorie meals)."[2]
1956 “There appears to be a band-width in protein amount and concentration where relatively more protein is more satiating and promotes less energy intake (Figs. 1–4), supported by relatively elevated plasma amino acid concentrations, anorexigenic hormones, or energy expenditure, feeding back on the central nervous system. Mellinkoff(38) suggested already in 1956 that an elevated concentration of blood or plasma amino acids, which cannot be channeled into protein synthesis, serves as a satiety signal for a food intake regulating mechanism and thereby results in depressed food intake”[21]
1959 Regimen introduction Drug Phentermine is created as a weight loss drug. Doctors recommend using it for short-term weight loss along with topiramate, diet, and daily exercise.[22]
1960s–1970s "Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initially argued that dietary supplements were “drugs” and therefore had to be regulated as such. The administration therefore wanted to regulate the potency and the combination of the ingredients in supplements, just as they would do for other drugs”

[23] ||

1961 Regimen introduction Diet The American Heart Association starts suggesting a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat.[24][25]
1968 "Olestra was created by Proctor and Gamble in 1968, originally developed as a fat substitute to increase fat intake for premature babies. This use of Olestra was a failure but Proctor and Gamble quickly realized that Olestra could have beneficial purposes for people trying to lose weight."[26] United States
1973 "Fenfluramine was sold under the trade name Pondimin and was approved by the FDA in 1973 to suppress appetite."[26]
1970s “Since the 1970’s the average caloric intake has increased by 600 calories per day. Over a week, 500 extra calories per day will cause weight gain of 1 pound and 52 pounds over a year”[27]
1975–2014 "The global average body mass index (BMI) of women increased from 22.1 kg/m2 in 1975 to 24. 4 kg/m2 in 2014, and that of men increased from 21.7 kg/m2 to 24.2 kg/m2 over the same period”[28] “This phenomenon is growing because the prevalence of obesity all over the world has increased from 3.2% in 1975 to 10.8% in 2014 in men, and from 6.4 to 14.9% in women [34]”

[29] ||

1976 Drug "Phendimetrazine was approved by the FDA in 1976 and is meant for the first few weeks of a diet and exercise program for the obese."[26]
1977 “First, with a major report issued in 1977 by the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, and then with studies by the National Academy of Sciences and other research groups, the government started telling Americans to alter their diets if they wanted to have long and healthy lives"[30]
1980 Regimen introduction Diet A diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat is incorporated into Dietary Guidelines for Americans, with an upper limit of 30% of total calories to be derived from fat.[24]
1980s “It was not until the 1980s that modern nutrition science began to meaningfully consider nutrition in association with chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer”[31]
1980s "By the 1980’s reduced dietary fat had been replaced by increased refined carbohydrate (2), and evolving technologies, including the personal computer, had reduced physical activity (5,6)"[25]
1984–1985 "“The use of tablet forms of glucomannan was reported to be associated with seven cases of esophageal obstruction in 1984–1985 in Australia [99]. Users should therefore be cautious when taking glucomannan tablets. Powdered and capsule forms have not been associated with this effect [147]”

[32]" ||

1985 “In 1985, no state had an obesity rate above 15%; currently, more than 20% of adults in all states are obese, with seven states having rates over 35%”

[33] ||

1987 Research Wing et al. suggest that weight loss may be more difficult in people with diabetes than in people without diabetes.[34][35] United States (University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania)
1987 “GM diet is known to have been formulated in General Motors Corp in 1987, to tackle weight and health issues faced by its employees”[36]
1988 “Metabolic syndrome is a serious condition that can cause smoldering inflammation and lead to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.1,2 It was described by Reaven GM in 1988”[37]
1988 "Bupropion was FDA approved in 1988"[26] United States
1990 “In 1990, adults with obesity made up less than 15% of the U.S. population. By 2010, most states were reporting obesity in 25% or more of their populations. Today that has swelled to 40% of the adult population. For kids and teens, it’s 17%”[2] United States
1990 “In 2009, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated the international gestational weight gain (GWG) cut-off points published in 1990 [1] based on the prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) following the BMI classification of the World Health Organization (WHO)”[38]
1990–2001 “Despite the Surgeon General’s call to action to address the obesity epidemic in 2001,1 the prevalence of obesity in the United States surged dramatically from less than 15% in 1990 to 36% in 2010”[39]
1991 "Sertraline, a popular antidepressant manufactured by Pfizer under the trade name Zoloft, increases serotonin levels in the body. The FDA approved Zoloft in 1991." United States
1992 "According to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Americans spent an estimated $30 billion a year in 1992 on all types of diet programs and products, including diet foods and drinks"[40]
1994 "In 1994, Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which exempted dietary supplements (including those promoted for weight loss) from the requirement to demonstrate safety and efficacy."[41]
1996 "In 1996, 49 states and the District of Columbia participated in the BRFSS and asked all weight control questions (n=118,265)."[42]
1996 "The FDA approved Redux on April 29, 1996" "Redux was pulled from the market in 1997 because it was shown to damage the heart valves of users"[26] United States
1996 "Topiramate is made by Ortho-McNeil and sold under the trade name Topamax. Topamax was approved by the FDA in 1996 to treat seizures. The current label shows that it is approved for the treatment of seizures and as a daily medication to prevent migraines. Topiramate has the side effect of weight loss and is therefore also being prescribed as a weight-loss drug as an off-label use. Topiramate users, even those not struggling with weight, report a significant decrease in appetite".[26]
1997 "The weight-loss drug Fen-phen was pulled from the market in 1997, after it was shown to cause PPH in patients who had formerly been in good health. PPH is a rare disease where the blood vessels of the lungs get more and more narrow. Narrow blood vessels result in higher blood pressure and can lead to heart failure."[26]
1997–2013 “The age-standardised prevalence of weight loss attempts in the English population increased from 39% in 1997 to 47% in 2013. In 2013, 10% of those with BMI <22; 30% with BMI ⩾22 to <25; 53% with BMI ⩾25 to <30; and 76% with BMI ⩾30 were trying to lose weight”[43]
1998 “A multi-state survey3 in 1998 found that 7 percent of adults used OTC weight-loss supplements, with the greatest use noted among young obese women (28 percent). Retail sales of weight-loss supplements were estimated to be more than $1.3 billion in 2001.4 Metabolife 356, an ephedra-containing combination supplement, was the top-selling diet supplement with $70 million in sales, representing a 127 percent increase from sales in 2000.”[44]
1999 "FDA approved Xenical in 1999 for long-term use by obese patients."[26] United States
2001 Research “A meta-analysis in 2001, revealed that using a very low energy diet (VLED) for weight loss or losing more than 20 kg are two predictors of weight maintenance,[9] however, one study that assessed the method of weight loss, declared that patients on VLED gain more weight after the end of the weight loss period, but a self-directed approach was more successful in this regard”[45]
2003 "upropion was FDA approved in 1988 but a newer, extended�release formulation was created in 2003 by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Wellbutrin XL. Sales of Wellbutrin have been impressive, totaling $1.4 billion in 2005. Bupropion is prescribed off label for weight loss."[26]
2004 “Despite scientific interest and a proposal of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2004 to create a set of strategies and goals to prevent obesity and chronic diseases 6, the prevalence of obesity is increasing around the world. Recent data shows that 50% of the Brazilian adult population is overweight and 15% is obese 7. International projections indicate that by 2015, approximately 700 million people aged 15 years and over will be obese”[46]
2004 “The FDA banned ephedra from the market in 2004, but the banning was reversed a short time later due to a ruling of a Utah judge These diet pills contains ephedra extracts which have been proven to bring amazing weight loss”[9]
2006 Statistics "study completed in 2006 at the University of Minne�sota found that the use of over-the-counter diet pills by high school–age females had nearly doubled over a five-year period, from 7.5 percent to 14.2 percent."[26]
2007–2008 ""In China, among 46,239 adults surveyed in 2007 to 2008, the prevalence of overweight or obese was 36.67% and 29.77% in men and women, respectively, which doubled compared with the rate in 2002" [28] "
2008 Costs to treat obesity total US$147 billion in the United States.[47]
2009 “In 2009, the market for weight loss products and services was worth nearly $121 billion. BCC anticipates this market will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.2% during the forecast period, resulting in a projected market size of more than $134 billion in 2014”[48]
2009 “Since 2009, pregestational weight and height as well as weight at delivery were added to the recorded items. Hence, in 2009 the prevalence of women with overweight and obesity was 21.2 and 10%, respectively [2]”[49]
2009 “In 2009, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated the international gestational weight gain (GWG) cut-off points published in 1990 [1] based on the prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) following the BMI classification of the World Health Organization (WHO)”[38]
2009–2010 "According to the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 78 million (35.7%) US adults and 12.5 million (16.9%) US children and adolescents were obese"[47]
2010 “The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a safety review of orlistat in 2010 because of rare reports of serious liver injury in people using it. The FDA found no evidence to confirm that orlistat was the cause of the reported liver injuries”[50]
2011–2012 “Few studies have reported on the evolution of maternal obesity and its consequences in recent years [9]. In the USA, 31.8% of women aged 20–39 years were obese in 2011–2012 [10]. Rates of overall obesity, in particular class III obesity, have increased significantly between 2005 and 2014”[49]
2012 “A 10-year observational study of self-reported weight loss and behavior change in 2886 participants (78% female; mean age 48 years) in the NWCR who at entry had lost at least 30 lbs (13.6 kg) and kept it off for at least one year. Data were collected in 1993–2010; analysis was conducted in 2012”[51]
2013–2016 Statistics In this period, almost half (49.1%) of adults in the United States tried to lose weight in the last 12 months.[52] United States
2014 “Foods and beverages are the largest category in the ingested goods market. This segment was valued at nearly $79 billion in 2009. Food movements, growing sub-segments, and healthy eating trends should drive growth in this sector at a 2% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach more than $86 billion by 2014”[48]
2014 Drug introduction “Empagliflozin was approved in 2014 by the FDA and EMA to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, and beneficial effects on HbA1c and weight have been observed with empagliflozin as monotherapy or combination therapy (55)”[53]
2015 Market growth “With no oversight on claims of efficacy and restricted oversight on safety, the supplement industry grew explosively from sales of $17 billion in 2000 to approximately $34 billion in 2015. The Wild West was now here to stay”[23]
2015 Industry It is estimated that weight loss programs, products, and other therapies generated more than US$150 billion in profits in the United States and Europe combined.[54] United States, Europe
2015 Study “Overweight and obese women who replaced diet beverages with water after their main meal showed greater weight reduction during a weight-loss program in a 2015 study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition”[55]
2015–2016 Statistics “According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 93.3 million adults in the United States had obesity in 2015–2016. This number is equivalent to 39.8 percent of the population”[56] United States
2015–2016 "The proportion of people who've tried to lose weight during the previous year increased to 42% in 2015-2016, up from 34% in 1999-2000, according to federal survey data"[57]
2016 “Yet the study findings appear to fall in line with separate research -- including one study, published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2016, that linked increased light exposure at night with a 10% increase in body mass index over a 10-year period in older adults”[58]
2018 “Obesity is the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues in an abnormal or excessive manner leading to health impairment [6]. As reported in WHO global estimates for 2018, more than 1.9 billion adults (39%) were considered overweight at the age of 18 years or older in 2017 [7]. It is predicted that the percentage will increase to 60% by 2020 [8]”[59]
2018 Public opinion “In 2018, 49% of American adults reported that they would like to lose weight. This same study found that the higher a person’s starting weight, the more likely they are to want to lose weight”[60]
2018 Market “The total U.S. weight loss market grew at an estimated 4.1% in 2018, from $69.8 billion to $72.7 billion. The total market is forecast to grow 2.6% annually through 2023”[61]
2019 “Swedish researchers reported in 2019 that 70-year-olds who did regular resistance training for 10 weeks not only increased lean muscle tissue but also lost body fat”[62]
2020 “This new report presents a wrap-up of 2019 performance for the U.S. weight loss market, and a forecast for 2020 in view of the COVID-19 pandemic. The value of the total market is projected to decline by 9% to $71 billion this year as a result of temporary closures of weight loss centers and medical programs in March-May”[63]
2023 “The total U.S. weight loss market grew at an estimated 4.1% in 2018, from $69.8 billion to $72.7 billion. The total market is forecast to grow 2.6% annually through 2023”[61]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 "The History of Dieting". skyterrawellness.com. Retrieved 2 January 2021. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sifferlin, Alexandra. "The Weight Loss Trap: Why Your Diet Isn't Working". time.com. Retrieved 16 January 2021. 
  3. "Dieting Through The Decades: The History Of Weight Loss". Whole Body Fitness. Retrieved 12 April 2021. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Jones, About the Author / Emma (26 April 2018). "The history of diets and weight loss: infographic". MAN v FAT. Retrieved 20 March 2021. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Greenlaw, Peter; Greenlaw, Drew. "The History of Dieting and Weight Loss: It Started 2,300 Years Ago With the Greeks". christianpost.com. Retrieved 2 January 2021. 
  6. "To Reach Weight-Loss Targets, Start with Small Goals". Yale Insights. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  7. "150 Years of Dieting Fads: An American Story". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 17 March 2021. 
  8. Almenara, Carlos A; Aimé, Annie; Maïano, Christophe (June 2020). "Vinegar and weight loss in women of eighteenth-century France: a lesson from the past". History of Psychiatry. 31 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1177/0957154X19888623. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 "Ephedra Diet Pills With Hoodia". Just Us. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  10. "By the way, doctor: Can Hoodia help you lose weight?". Harvard Health. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2021. 
  11. "Can herbal hoodia help you lose weight?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 4 August 2021. 
  12. Ma, Kai; Xiong, Nian; Shen, Yan; Han, Chao; Liu, Ling; Zhang, Guoxin; Wang, Luxi; Guo, Shiyi; Guo, Xingfang; Xia, Yun; Wan, Fang; Huang, Jinsha; Lin, Zhicheng; Wang, Tao (2018). "Weight Loss and Malnutrition in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects". Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 10. ISSN 1663-4365. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00001. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  13. Cheng, Eugenia (30 January 2020). "Weight Loss Is Harder Than Rocket Science". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  14. Rettner, Rachael. "The Best Way to Lose Weight Safely". livescience.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  15. 15.0 15.1 Purce, Emma (20 October 2017). "Scales of Normality: Displays of Extreme Weight and Weight Loss in Blackpool 1920–1940". Cultural and Social History. 14 (5): 669–689. ISSN 1478-0038. doi:10.1080/14780038.2017.1375720. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Chríodáin, Louise Ní. "Weight-loss remedies: Obesity soap, laxative water and fat massage". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  17. Kolata, Gina (10 December 2018). "What We Know About Diet and Weight Loss (Published 2018)". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  18. Bray, George. "Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Realities of Weight Loss" (PDF). Lakes Internal Medicine. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  19. Hatch, Senator Orrin; says, The Politics Of Vitamins. "Miracle in a Bottle « Michael Specter, author of "Denialism"". Retrieved 8 April 2021. 
  20. "DNP Steroid for Fat Burning, Weight Loss: What to Know". Healthline. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  21. Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.; Lemmens, Sofie G.; Westerterp, Klaas R. (2012). "Dietary protein – its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health". British Journal of Nutrition. 108 (S2): S105–S112. ISSN 0007-1145. doi:10.1017/S0007114512002589. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  22. LLC, Sponsored by Norcal Marketing. "Best Weight Loss Supplements: Top 5 Diet Pills For 2021". Riverfront Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  23. 23.0 23.1 "The deal with diet pills—Weight loss supplements remain a 'Wild West'". Medill Reports Chicago. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  24. 24.0 24.1 Bosomworth, John. "Weight loss in healthy people". thischangedmypractice.com. Retrieved 2 January 2021. 
  25. 25.0 25.1 "Weight loss in healthy people". This Changed My Practice. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 May, Suellen (2009). Weight-Loss Drugs. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60413-204-5. 
  27. "LeanMD– Lose Weight and Live Healthier for The Rest of Your Life!: Leslie R DeLaney, MD: Pain Management". www.delaneymd.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  28. 28.0 28.1 Yao, Junpeng; He, Zhiqiong; Chen, Ying; Xu, Mingmin; Shi, Yunzhou; Zhang, Lin; Li, Ying (August 2019). "Acupuncture and weight loss in Asians: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis". Medicine. 98 (33): e16815. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016815. 
  29. Lubowiecki-Vikuk, Adrian; Król-Zielińska, Magdalena; Kantanista, Adam (5 November 2019). "Consumption of dietary supplements to support weight reduction in adults according to sociodemographic background, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, body fat and physical activity". Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 38 (1): 31. ISSN 2072-1315. doi:10.1186/s41043-019-0191-3. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  30. Specter, Michael. Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Harms the Planet and Threatens Our Lives. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-15102-0. 
  31. Mozaffarian, Dariush (1 September 2019). "Dairy Foods, Obesity, and Metabolic Health: The Role of the Food Matrix Compared with Single Nutrients". Advances in Nutrition. 10 (5): 917S–923S. ISSN 2161-8313. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz053. 
  32. "Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss". ods.od.nih.gov. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  33. York, Jody Yip, PharmD Candidate 2020 St John’s University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences Queens, New York Emily M. Ambizas, PharmD, MPH, BCGP Associate Clinical Professor St John’s University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences Queens, New York Clinical Specialist, Rite Aid Pharmacy Whitestone, New. "Weight Loss: Diet, Exercise, or Orlistat?". www.uspharmacist.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  34. Franz, M. J. (1 July 2007). "The Dilemma of Weight Loss in Diabetes". Diabetes Spectrum. 20 (3): 133–136. doi:10.2337/diaspect.20.3.133. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  35. Wing, R. R.; Marcus, M. D.; Epstein, L. H.; Salata, R. (1 September 1987). "Type II Diabetic Subjects Lose Less Weight Than Their Overweight Nondiabetic Spouses". Diabetes Care. 10 (5): 563–566. doi:10.2337/diacare.10.5.563. 
  36. "GM diet: Know all about the diet plan that promises weight loss in just seven days". The Indian Express. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  37. "Prescription drugs and dietary supplements for weight loss". Advances in Obesity, Weight Management & Control. Volume 3 (Issue 1). 9 September 2015. ISSN 2378-3168. doi:10.15406/aowmc.2015.03.00045. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  38. 38.0 38.1 Martínez-Hortelano, Jose Alberto; Cavero-Redondo, Iván; Álvarez-Bueno, Celia; Garrido-Miguel, Miriam; Soriano-Cano, Alba; Martínez-Vizcaíno, Vicente (27 October 2020). "Monitoring gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI using the 2009 IOM guidelines in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 20 (1): 649. ISSN 1471-2393. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03335-7. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  39. Modave, François; Shokar, Navkiran K.; Peñaranda, Eribeth; Nguyen, Norma (October 2014). "Analysis of the Accuracy of Weight Loss Information Search Engine Results on the Internet". American Journal of Public Health. 104 (10): 1971–1978. ISSN 0090-0036. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302070. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  40. "Spending on weight-loss programs and products in the USA". worldometers.info. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  41. "Weight Management: State of the Science and Opportunities for Military Programs.". 
  42. Serdula, Mary K.; Mokdad, Ali H.; Williamson, David F. (October 13, 1999). "Prevalence of Attempting Weight Loss and Strategies for Controlling Weight". doi:10.1001/jama.282.14.1353. 
  43. Piernas, C; Aveyard, P; Jebb, S A (November 2016). "Recent trends in weight loss attempts: repeated cross-sectional analyses from the health survey for England". International Journal of Obesity. 40 (11): 1754–1759. doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.141. 
  44. Saper, Robert B.; Eisenberg, David M.; Phillips, Russell S. (1 November 2004). "Common Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss". American Family Physician. 70 (9): 1731–1738. ISSN 0002-838X. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  45. Soeliman, FA; Azadbakht, L (March 2014). "Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary related strategies.". Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 19 (3): 268–75. PMID 24949037. 
  46. Machado, Eduardo Coelho; Silveira, Mariângela Freitas da; Silveira, Vera Maria Freitas da (August 2012). "Prevalence of weight-loss strategies and use of substances for weight-loss among adults: a population study". Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 28 (8): 1439–1449. ISSN 0102-311X. doi:10.1590/S0102-311X2012000800003. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  47. 47.0 47.1 Blomain, Erik Scott; Dirhan, Dara Anne; Valentino, Michael Anthony; Kim, Gilbert Won; Waldman, Scott Arthur (16 April 2013). "Mechanisms of Weight Regain following Weight Loss". ISRN Obesity. 2013: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2013/210524. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  48. 48.0 48.1 "Weight Loss Markets for Products and Services: FOD027C | BCC Research". www.bccresearch.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  49. 49.0 49.1 Devlieger, Roland; Ameye, Lieveke; Nuyts, Tinne; Goemaes, Régine; Bogaerts, Annick (2020). "Reappraisal of Gestational Weight Gain Recommendations in Obese Pregnant Women: A Population-Based Study of 337,590 Births". Obesity Facts. 13 (4): 333–348. ISSN 1662-4025. doi:10.1159/000508975. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  50. "Alli weight-loss pill: How does it work and are there risks?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  51. Thomas, J. Graham; Bond, Dale S.; Phelan, Suzanne; Hill, James O.; Wing, Rena R. (1 January 2014). "Weight-Loss Maintenance for 10 Years in the National Weight Control Registry". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 46 (1): 17–23. ISSN 0749-3797. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.019. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  52. "Products - Data Briefs - Number 313 - July 2018". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  53. Gaal, Luc Van; Scheen, André (1 June 2015). "Weight Management in Type 2 Diabetes: Current and Emerging Approaches to Treatment". Diabetes Care. 38 (6): 1161–1172. ISSN 0149-5992. doi:10.2337/dc14-1630. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  54. "Do Diets Really Just Make You Fatter?". Healthline. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  55. "Yes, drinking more water may help you lose weight". The Hub. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  56. Whitworth, Gerhard. "10 tips for successful weight loss". Medical News Today. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  57. "More Americans Trying to Lose Weight, But Few Succeeding". WebMD. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  58. CNN, Jacqueline Howard. "Sleeping with lights on tied to weight gain in new study". CNN. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  59. Ahmed, Nada; Nounou, Mohamed Ismail; Abouelfetouh, Alaa; El-Kamel, Amal (2019). "Over-the-Counter Herbal Weight Loss Supplements in Egypt: Label Claim, Microbiological and Pharmaceutical Quality, and Safety Assessments". Medical Principles and Practice. 28 (2): 167–177. ISSN 1011-7571. doi:10.1159/000495986. 
  60. "Weight Loss & Heart Disease: How a New Study is Changing What We Thought We Knew". The Heart Foundation. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  61. 61.0 61.1 LaRosa, John. "Top 9 Things to Know About the Weight Loss Industry". blog.marketresearch.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021. 
  62. Graves, Ginny. "6 Surprising Reasons You Can't Lose Weight". AARP. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  63. Markets, Research and. "United States' Weight Loss Market to Decline by 9% to $71 Billion in 2020 - Assessment of the Changing Consumer Dieting Behavior due to COVID-19". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021.