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{| class="wikitable"
! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
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| 221 BC–1912 AD || Imperial China || Imperial China can be considered as a stable civilization, leading the world in art and technology, which includes advances in agriculture and food production, as well as a notable literature on nutrition. However, major food crisis as famines are recorded during this long period.
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| 1912–1949 || [[W:Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] period || After over two thousand years of imperial rule, a republic was established to replace the {{w|monarchy}}. The Republican era is a period of turmoil. From 1913 to 1927, China disintegrates into regional warlords, who fight for authority, causing misery and disrupting growth. As a result, a number of famines break out.<ref>{{cite book |last1=El-Tawil |first1=Anwar |title=Optimum Society: Will It Happen One Day? |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bpq-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&lpg=PT46&dq=From+1913+to+1927,+China+disintegrates+into+regional+warlords&source=bl&ots=gfBz1H60ai&sig=ACfU3U2CEmmI6V5jTeHJNZ2diwqxBZ1vjw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk8JH537XmAhV2JrkGHfjUC7wQ6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=From%201913%20to%201927%2C%20China%20disintegrates%20into%20regional%20warlords&f=false}}</ref>
