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Timeline of brain preservation

499 bytes added, 08:14, 22 January 2020
longest-surviving human being
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| 2015 || cryonics || science || || Vita-More, et al. || Memory retention in a cryopreserved and revived animal is demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vita-More|first=Natasha|last2=Barranco|first2=Daniel|date=October 2015|title=Persistence of Long-Term Memory in Vitrified and Revived Caenorhabditis elegans|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2014.1636|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=458–463|doi=10.1089/rej.2014.1636|issn=1549-1684|pmc=4620520|pmid=25867710}}</ref>
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| 2015-03-13 || brain preservation || technological adoption || fixation || Oregon Cryonics || For the first time, a brain is preserved using fixation technology, by having her brain immersed in a fixative solution. The patient was Deborah Cheek, and she was preserved by OregonCryo.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/caseReports.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Cases|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
 
Immersion fixation is well established to be ineffective in halting autolysis (decomposition).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanawaku|first=Yoshimasa|last2=Someya|first2=Satoka|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Tomoya|last4=Hirakawa|first4=Keiko|last5=Shiotani|first5=Seiji|last6=Fukunaga|first6=Tatsushige|last7=Ohno|first7=Youkichi|last8=Kawakami|first8=Saki|last9=Kanetake|first9=Jun|date=July 2014|title=High-resolution 3D-MRI of postmortem brain specimens fixed by formalin and gadoteridol|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|journal=Legal Medicine|volume=16|issue=4|pages=218–221|doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|issn=1344-6223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shatil|first=Anwar S.|last2=Uddin|first2=Md Nasir|last3=Matsuda|first3=Kant M.|last4=Figley|first4=Chase R.|date=20 February 2018|title=Quantitative Ex Vivo MRI Changes due to Progressive Formalin Fixation in Whole Human Brain Specimens: Longitudinal Characterization of Diffusion, Relaxometry, and Myelin Water Fraction Measurements at 3T|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826187/|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00031|issn=2296-858X|pmc=5826187|pmid=29515998}}</ref> This is documented in the peer-reviewed literature with the time to fixation of the immersed brain being on the order of 5-15 weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yong-Hing|first=Charlotte J.|last2=Obenaus|first2=Andre|last3=Stryker|first3=Rodrick|last4=Tong|first4=Karen|last5=Sarty|first5=Gordon E.|date=August 2005|title=Magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling of progressive formalin fixation of the human brain|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16032673|journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medicine|volume=54|issue=2|pages=324–332|doi=10.1002/mrm.20578|issn=0740-3194|pmid=16032673}}</ref> However, this procedure is very inexpensive{{snd}}Oregon Cryonics charges 1000 USD{{snd}}so this option is sometimes chosen with the hope that very advance technology might be able to recover some part of the brain.
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| 2015-10-03 || cryonics || organization || milestone || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || James Bedford, if properly preserved, becomes the longest-surviving human being ever, after 122 years and 165 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/blog/james-bedford-first-cryonaut-is-now-the-longest-surviving-human-being-ever/|title=First cryonaut, is now the longest-surviving human being ever|last=admin|date=2015-10-06|website=Alcor News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2015-12 || brain preservation || technological development || vitrifixation || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Perfect histological and ultrastructural preservation of an entire porcine brain in a nonviable state using aldehyde fixation combined with vitrification.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=1 December 2015|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001122401500245X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=0011-2240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=December 2015|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26408851|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=1090-2392|pmid=26408851}}</ref>
In 2016, Robert McIntyre, {{W|Greg Fahy}}, and {{W|21st Century Medicine}} would win the Large Mammal Prize from the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} with this vitrifixation technique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brainpreservation.org/large-mammal-announcement/|title=Large Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2015-03-13 || brain preservation || technological adoption || fixation || Oregon Cryonics || For the first time, a brain is preserved using fixation technology, by having her brain immersed in a fixative solution. The patient was Deborah Cheek, and she was preserved by OregonCryo.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/caseReports.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Cases|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
 
Immersion fixation is well established to be ineffective in halting autolysis (decomposition).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanawaku|first=Yoshimasa|last2=Someya|first2=Satoka|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Tomoya|last4=Hirakawa|first4=Keiko|last5=Shiotani|first5=Seiji|last6=Fukunaga|first6=Tatsushige|last7=Ohno|first7=Youkichi|last8=Kawakami|first8=Saki|last9=Kanetake|first9=Jun|date=July 2014|title=High-resolution 3D-MRI of postmortem brain specimens fixed by formalin and gadoteridol|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|journal=Legal Medicine|volume=16|issue=4|pages=218–221|doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|issn=1344-6223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shatil|first=Anwar S.|last2=Uddin|first2=Md Nasir|last3=Matsuda|first3=Kant M.|last4=Figley|first4=Chase R.|date=20 February 2018|title=Quantitative Ex Vivo MRI Changes due to Progressive Formalin Fixation in Whole Human Brain Specimens: Longitudinal Characterization of Diffusion, Relaxometry, and Myelin Water Fraction Measurements at 3T|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826187/|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00031|issn=2296-858X|pmc=5826187|pmid=29515998}}</ref> This is documented in the peer-reviewed literature with the time to fixation of the immersed brain being on the order of 5-15 weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yong-Hing|first=Charlotte J.|last2=Obenaus|first2=Andre|last3=Stryker|first3=Rodrick|last4=Tong|first4=Karen|last5=Sarty|first5=Gordon E.|date=August 2005|title=Magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling of progressive formalin fixation of the human brain|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16032673|journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medicine|volume=54|issue=2|pages=324–332|doi=10.1002/mrm.20578|issn=0740-3194|pmid=16032673}}</ref> However, this procedure is very inexpensive{{snd}}Oregon Cryonics charges 1000 USD{{snd}}so this option is sometimes chosen with the hope that very advance technology might be able to recover some part of the brain.
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| 2016 || cryonics || organization || founding || Osiris || Osiris Back to Life is founded by Dvir Derhy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osiriscryonics.com/|title=Cryogenics Human & Pet Freezing for Preservation and Revival|website=Osiris {{!}} Back to Life|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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