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| c.180 CE || Social bias || Concept development|| Many philosophers and social theorists observe and consider the phenomenon of belief in a just world, going back to at least as early as the [[w:Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonist]] philosopher {{w|Sextus Empiricus}}, writing ''circa'' 180 CE, who argues against this belief.<ref>Sextus Empiricus, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism", Book 1, Chapter 13, Section 32</ref> || "The {{w|just-world hypothesis}} is the belief that people get what they deserve since life is fair."<ref>{{cite web |title=Just-World Hypothesis |url=https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Just-World+Hypothesis |website=alleydog.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
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| 1747 || || || Scottish doctor {{w|James Lind}} conducts the first systematic [[w:Controlled experiment|clinical trial]].<ref>Carlisle, Rodney (2004). ''Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries'', John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. p. 393. {{isbn|0-471-24410-4}}.</ref> ||
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| 1753 || || {{w|Anthropomorphism}} || {{w|Anthropomorphism}} is first attested, originally in reference to the {{w|heresy}} of applying a human form to the [[w:Christianity|Christian]] [[w:God the Father|God]].<ref>{{citation |date=1753 |title=Chambers's Cyclopædia, Supplement }}</ref><ref name=oed>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "anthropomorphism, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885.</ref> || Anthropomorphism is "the interpretation of nonhuman things or events in terms of human characteristics".<ref>{{cite web |title=Anthropomorphism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anthropomorphism |website=britannica.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
| 1906 || Social bias || {{w|In-group favoritism}} || Sociologist [[w:William Graham Sumner|William Sumner]] posits that humans are a species that join together in groups by their very nature. However, he also maintains that humans have an innate tendency to favor their own group over others, proclaiming how "each group nourishes its own pride and vanity, boasts itself superior, exists in its own divinities, and looks with contempt on outsiders" (p. 13).<ref>Sumner, William Graham. (1906). ''Folkways: A Study of the Social Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals''. Boston, MA: Ginn.</ref> || "the tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groups"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Everett |first1=Jim A. C. |last2=Faber |first2=Nadira S. |last3=Crockett |first3=Molly |title=Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism |doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00015 |pmid=25762906 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4327620/ |pmc=4327620}}</ref>
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| 1909 || Memory bias || {{w|Testing effect}} || The first documented empirical studies on the testing effect are published by Edwina E. Abbott.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abbott|first1=Edwina|date=1909|title=On the analysis of the factors of recall in the learning process|url=https://insights.ovid.com/psychological-monographs-general-applied/pmga/1909/11/010/analysis-factor-recall-learning-process/5/00006828|journal=Psychological Monographs: General and Applied|volume=11|issue=1|pages=159–177|via=Ovid|doi=10.1037/h0093018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=Douglas P.|last2=Butler|first2=Andrew C.|date=2013|editor-last=Walsh, K.|title=Test-enhanced learning|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KW2rAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA443&dq=Test-enhanced+learning#v=onepage&q=Test-enhanced%20learning&f=false|journal=In Oxford Textbook of Medical Education|volume=|issue=|pages=443–452|doi=|via=|isbn=9780199652679}}</ref> ||
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| 1913 || || {{w|Monte Carlo fallacy}} || The term "{{w|Monte Carlo fallacy}}" originates from the best known [[w:Gambler's fallacy#Monte Carlo Casino|example]] of the phenomenon, which occurs in the {{w|Monte Carlo Casino}}.<ref name= "monte_carlo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150127-why-we-gamble-like-monkeys|title=Why we gamble like monkeys|work=BBC.com|date=2015-01-02}}</ref> || "occurs when an individual erroneously believes that a certain random event is less likely or more likely, given a previous event or a series of events"<ref>{{cite web |title=Gambler's Fallacy |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gamblersfallacy.asp |website=investopedia.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
