62,734
edits
Changes
no edit summary
| 1998 || Experiment || || {{w|Impact bias}}. "In Gilbert et al., 1998, there was a conducted study on individuals participating in a [[job interview]]. The participants were separated into two groups; the ''unfair decision condition'' (where the decision of being hired was left up to a single MBA student with sole authority listening to the interview) and the ''fair decision condition'' (where the decision was made by a team of MBA students who had to independently and unanimously decide the fate of the interviewee). Then, certain participants were chosen to forecast how they would feel if they were chosen or not chosen for the job immediately after learning if they had been hired or fired and then they had to predict how they would feel ten minutes after hearing the news. Then following the interview, all participants were given letters notifying them they had not been selected for the job. All participants were then required to fill out a questionnaire that reported their current happiness. Then after waiting ten minutes, the experimenter presented all the participants with another questionnaire that once again asked them to report their current level of happiness." || "Impact bias refers to a human tendency to overestimate emotional responses to events and experiences"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Medway |first1=Dominic |last2=Foos |first2=Adrienne |last3=Goatman |first3=Anna |title=Impact bias in student evaluations of higher education |journal=Studies in Higher Education |doi=10.1080/03075079.2015.1071345 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03075079.2015.1071345 |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || || || The {{w|implicit-association test}} is introduced in the scientific literature by {{w|Anthony Greenwald}}, Debbie McGhee, and Jordan Schwartz.<ref name = "Greenwald 1998">{{Citation | title = Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test | year = 1998 | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | pages = 1464–1480 | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | last1 = Greenwald | first1 = Anthony G. | last2 = McGhee | first2 = Debbie E. | last3 = Schwartz | first3 = Jordan L.K. | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 | pmid=9654756| citeseerx = 10.1.1.489.4611 }}</ref> || The {{w|implicit-association test}} is "a reaction time based categorization task that measures the differential associative strength between bipolar targets and evaluative attribute concepts as an approach to indexing implicit beliefs or biases."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Healy |first1=Graham F. |last2=Boran |first2=Lorraine |last3=Smeaton |first3=Alan F. |title=Neural Patterns of the Implicit Association Test |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2015.00605 |pmid=26635570 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4656831/ |pmc=4656831}}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || || || {{w|Less-is-better effect}}. "In a 1998 study, Hsee, a professor at the Graduate School of Business of {{w|The University of Chicago}}, discovered a less-is-better effect in three contexts: "(1) a person giving a $45 scarf (from scarves ranging from $5-$50) as a gift was perceived to be more generous than one giving a $55 coat (from coats ranging from $50-$500); (2) an overfilled ice cream serving with 7 oz of ice cream was valued more than an underfilled serving with 8 oz of ice cream; (3) a dinnerware set with 24 intact pieces was judged more favourably than one with 31 intact pieces (including the same 24) plus a few broken ones.""<ref name="hsee">{{cite journal|last=Hsee|first=Christopher K.|title=Less Is Better: When Low-value Options Are Valued More Highly than High-value Options|journal=Journal of Behavioral Decision Making|year=1998|volume=11|issue=2|pages=107–121|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199806)11:2<107::AID-BDM292>3.0.CO;2-Y |url=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/christopher.hsee/vita/papers/LessIsBetter.pdf}}</ref> || "The {{w|less-is-better effect}} is the tendency to prefer the smaller or the lesser alternative when choosing individually, but not when evaluating together."<ref>{{cite web |title=Why we prefer the smaller or the lesser alternative |url=https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/less-is-better-effect/ |website=thedecisionlab.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
