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| 1999 || || || The term "{{w|spotlight effect}}" is coined by {{w|Thomas Gilovich}} and Kenneth Savitsky.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |pmid = 10707330|year = 2000|last1 = Gilovich|first1 = T.|title = The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's own actions and appearance|journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume = 78|issue = 2|pages = 211–222|last2 = Medvec|first2 = V. H.|last3 = Savitsky|first3 = K.|doi = 10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.211|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215508/http://www.psych.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/Gilo.Medvec.Sav_.pdf}}</ref> The phenomenon first appears in the world of psychology in the journal ''{{w|Current Directions in Psychological Science}}''. ||
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| 1999 || Social bias || || The formal proposal of {{w|naïve cynicism}} comes from Kruger and Gilovich's study called "'Naive cynicism' in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias".<ref name="Kruger 1999" >{{cite journal|last1=Kruger|first1=Justin|last2=Gilovich|first2=Thomas|title='Naive cynicism' in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=1999|volume=76|issue=5|pages=743–753|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.743}}</ref> [[economics]],<ref name="Heath 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Heath|first1=Joseph|title=Business ethics without stakeholders|journal=Business Ethics Quarterly|volume=16|issue=4|pages=533–557|url=http://benjaminferguson.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Heath-2006-Business-Ethics-Quarterly.pdf|doi=10.5840/beq200616448|date=2006}}</ref> || {{w|Naïve cynicism}} is "the tendency of laypeople to expect other people’s judgments will have a motivational basis and therefore will be biased in the direction of their self-interest."<ref>{{cite web |title=Naive Cynicism |url=http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/decision-making/naive-cynicism/ |website=psychology.iresearchnet.com |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref>
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| 2002 || || Concept introduction || {{w|Daniel Kahneman}} and {{w|Shane Frederick}} propose the process of {{w|attribute substitution}}.<ref name="revisited">{{cite book |last= Kahneman |first=Daniel |first2=Shane |last2=Frederick |title=Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment |editor=Thomas Gilovich |editor2=Dale Griffin |editor3=Daniel Kahneman |publisher =Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2002 |pages=49–81 |chapter=Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment |isbn=978-0-521-79679-8}}</ref> || "{{w|Attribute substitution}} occurs when an individual has to make a judgment (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead substitutes a more easily calculated heuristic attribute."<ref>{{cite web |title=Attribute substitution- a quick guide |url=https://biasandbelief.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/attribute-substitution/ |website=biasandbelief.wordpress.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
