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| 1796 || || {{w|Gambler's fallacy}} || . {{w|Pierre-Simon Laplace}} describes in ''A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities'' the ways in which men calculate their probability of having sons: "I have seen men, ardently desirous of having a son, who could learn only with anxiety of the births of boys in the month when they expected to become fathers. Imagining that the ratio of these births to those of girls ought to be the same at the end of each month, they judged that the boys already born would render more probable the births next of girls." The expectant fathers feared that if more sons were born in the surrounding community, then they themselves would be more likely to have a daughter. This essay by Laplace is regarded as one of the earliest descriptions of the fallacy.<ref name="BarronLeider2010">{{cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=Greg|last2=Leider|first2=Stephen|title=The role of experience in the Gambler's Fallacy|journal=Journal of Behavioral Decision Making|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~leider/Papers/Gamblers_Fallacy.pdf|date=13 October 2009}}</ref> || "The Gambler's Fallacy is the misconception that something that has not happened for a long time has become 'overdue', such a coin coming up heads after a series of tails."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gambler's Fallacy - Explained |url=https://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/finance/the-gamblers-fallacy.php |website=thecalculatorsite.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>

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| 1847 || || {{w|Semmelweis effect}} || The term {{w|Semmelweis effect}} derives from the name of a Hungarian physician, {{w|Ignaz Semmelweis}}, who discovered in 1847 that childbed fever mortality rates fell ten-fold when doctors disinfected their hands with a chlorine solution before moving from one patient to another, or, most particularly, after an autopsy. The Semmelweis effect is a metaphor for the {{w|reflex}}-like tendency to reject new evidence or new knowledge because it contradicts established norms, beliefs, or {{w|paradigm}}s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mortell|first1=Manfred|last2=Balkhy|first2=Hanan H.|last3=Tannous|first3=Elias B.|last4=Jong|first4=Mei Thiee|title=Physician ‘defiance’ towards hand hygiene compliance: Is there a theory–practice–ethics gap?|journal=Journal of the Saudi Heart Association|date=July 2013|volume=25|issue=3|pages=203–208|doi=10.1016/j.jsha.2013.04.003|pmc=3809478|pmid=24174860}}</ref> || Semmelweis effect "refers to the tendency to automatically reject new information or knowledge because it contradicts current thinking or beliefs."<ref>{{cite web |title=Semmelweis Reflex (Semmelweis Effect) |url=https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Semmelweis+Reflex+%28Semmelweis+Effect%29 |website=alleydog.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>