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| 1945 || || {{w|Functional fixedness}} || {{w|Karl Duncker}} defines {{w|functional fixedness}} as being a "mental block against using an object in a new way that is required to solve a problem".<ref name=Duncker1945>Duncker, K. (1945). "On problem solving". ''{{w|Psychological Monographs}}'', 58:5 (Whole No. 270).</ref> || "It is the inability to realize that something known to have a particular use may also be used to perform other functions."<ref>{{cite web |title=Functional fixedness |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/functional-fixedness |website=britannica.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
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| 1946 || || || " In 1946, Berkson first illustrated the presence of a false correlation due to this last reason, which is known as Berkson's paradox and is one of the most famous paradox in probability and statistics."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batsidis |first1=Apostolos |last2=Tzavelas |first2=George |last3=Alexopoulos |first3=Panagiotis |title=Berkson's paradox and weighted distributions: An application to Alzheimer's disease |doi=10.1002/bimj.201900046 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bimj.201900046}}</ref> ||
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| 1954 || || {{w|Social comparison theory}} || The {{w|social comparison theory}} is initially proposed by {{w|social psychologist}} {{w|Leon Festinger}}. It centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations.<ref name="Festinger1954">{{cite journal | author = Festinger L | year = 1954 | title = A theory of social comparison processes | url = | journal = Human Relations | volume = 7 | issue = 2| pages = 117–140 | doi=10.1177/001872675400700202}}</ref> || The {{w|social comparison theory}} refers to "the idea that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others".<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Comparison Theory |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/social-comparison-theory |website=psychologytoday.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
