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| 1876 || || {{w|Mere-exposure effect}} || German experimental psychologist {{w|Gustav Fechner}} conducts the earliest known research on the {{w|mere-exposure effect}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mere Exposure Effect |url=https://www.wiwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/fine/mikro/bilder_und_pdf-dateien/WS0910/VLBehEconomics/Ausarbeitungen/MereExposure.pdf |website=wiwi.europa-uni.de |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Mere-exposure effect}} "means that people prefer things that they are most familiar with".<ref>{{cite web |title=6 Conversion Principles You Can Learn From The Mere-Exposure Effect |url=https://marketingland.com/6-conversion-principles-can-learn-mere-exposure-effect-140430 |website=marketingland.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
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| 1882 || || {{w|Specious present}} || "The ''[[{{w:wiktionary:specious|specious]] present}}'' is the time duration wherein a state of {{w|consciousness}} is experienced as being in the {{w|present}}.<ref name=james>{{cite book | vauthors = James W | date = 1893 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JLcAAAAAMAAJ | title = The principles of psychology | location = New York | publisher = H. Holt and Company. | page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JLcAAAAAMAAJ/page/n624 609] }}</ref> The term was first introduced by the philosopher E. R. Clay in 1882 (E. Robert Kelly),<ref name="kelly">Anonymous (E. Robert Kelly, 1882) [https://archive.org/details/alternativeastu00claygoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Alternative: A Study in Psychology'']. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 168.</ref><ref name=andersen>{{cite journal | last1 = Andersen | first1 = Holly | last2 = Grush | first2 = Rick | name-list-format = vanc | title = A brief history of time-consciousness: historical precursors to James and Husserl | journal = Journal of the History of Philosophy | date = 2009 | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–307| doi = 10.1353/hph.0.0118 |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216100320/http://mind.ucsd.edu/papers/bhtc/Andersen%26Grush.pdf}}</ref> ||
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| 1885 || || {{w|Spacing effect}} || The phenomenon of {{w|spacing effect}} is first identified by {{w|Hermann Ebbinghaus}}, and his detailed study of it is published in his book ''Über das Gedächtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie'' (''Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology''). || "The {{w|spacing effect}} describes the robust finding that long-term learning is promoted when learning events are spaced out in time, rather than presented in immediate succession".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vlach |first1=Haley A. |last2=Sandhofer |first2=Catherine M. |title=Distributing Learning Over Time: The Spacing Effect in Children’s Acquisition and Generalization of Science Concepts |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01781.x |pmid=22616822 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399982/ |pmc=3399982}}</ref>
