62,851
edits
Changes
no edit summary
| 1874 || Memory bias || {{w|Cryptomnesia}} || The first documented instance of {{w|cryptomnesia}} occurs with the medium {{w|Stainton Moses}}.<ref>Brian Righi. (2008). ''Chapter 4: Talking Boards and Ghostly Goo''. In ''Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists''. Llewellyn Publications."An early example of this occurred in 1874 with he medium William Stanton Moses, who communicated with the spirits of two brothers who had recently died in India. Upon investigation, it was discovered that one week prior to the séance, their obituary had appeared in the newspaper. This was of some importance because Moses's communications with the two spirits contained nothing that wasn't already printed in the newspaper. When the spirits were pressed for further information, they were unable to provide any. Researchers concluded that Moses had seen the obituary, forgotten it, and then resurfaced the memory during the séance."</ref><ref>{{w|Robert Todd Carroll}}. (2014). [http://skepdic.com/cryptomn.html "Cryptomnesia"]. ''{{w|The Skeptic's Dictionary}}''. Retrieved 2014-07-12.</ref> || {{w|Cryptomnesia}} is "an implicit memory phenomenon in which people mistakenly believe that a current thought or idea is a product of their own creation when, in fact, they have encountered it previously and then forgotten it".<ref>{{cite web |title=cryptomnesia |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/cryptomnesia |website=dictionary.apa.org |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1876 || || {{w|Mere-exposure effect}} || German experimental psychologist {{w|Gustav Fechner}} conducts the earliest known research on the {{w|mere-exposure effect}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mere Exposure Effect |url=https://www.wiwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/fine/mikro/bilder_und_pdf-dateien/WS0910/VLBehEconomics/Ausarbeitungen/MereExposure.pdf |website=wiwi.europa-uni.de |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Mere-exposure effect}} "means that people prefer things that they are most familiar with".<ref>{{cite web |title=6 Conversion Principles You Can Learn From The Mere-Exposure Effect |url=https://marketingland.com/6-conversion-principles-can-learn-mere-exposure-effect-140430 |website=marketingland.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1882 || || || "The ''[[w:wiktionary:specious|specious]] present'' is the time duration wherein a state of {{w|consciousness}} is experienced as being in the {{w|present}}.<ref name=james>{{cite book | vauthors = James W | date = 1893 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JLcAAAAAMAAJ | title = The principles of psychology | location = New York | publisher = H. Holt and Company. | page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JLcAAAAAMAAJ/page/n624 609] }}</ref> The term was first introduced by the philosopher E. R. Clay in 1882 (E. Robert Kelly),<ref name="kelly">Anonymous (E. Robert Kelly, 1882) [https://archive.org/details/alternativeastu00claygoog/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Alternative: A Study in Psychology'']. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 168.</ref><ref name=andersen>{{cite journal | last1 = Andersen | first1 = Holly | last2 = Grush | first2 = Rick | name-list-format = vanc | title = A brief history of time-consciousness: historical precursors to James and Husserl | journal = Journal of the History of Philosophy | date = 2009 | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–307| doi = 10.1353/hph.0.0118 |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216100320/http://mind.ucsd.edu/papers/bhtc/Andersen%26Grush.pdf}}</ref> ||
