Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cardiovascular disease"

This is a '''timeline of [[cardiovascular disease]]''', focusing on scientific development and major worldwide organizations and events concerning CVD.

|Prior to 1400s||Descriptions of heart failure exist from [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], and [[India]]. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] are known to use the [[Digitalis|foxglove]] as medicine.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology>{{cite journal|author=R C Davis, F D R Hobbs, G Y H Lip|date=|title=History and epidemiology|journal= BMJ|publisher= |volume= 320|issue= |pages= 39–42|doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7226.39|pmc=1117316|pmid= 10617530 |year=2000}}</ref>

|1400s–1700s||Early discoveries of coronary artery disease start to happen. Among the most important works, are those made by [[William Harvey]] and [[Friedrich Hoffmann]].<ref name=healthline/>

|1700s–1800s||[[Angina]] is described and studied extensively in the 18th and 19th centuries. Work by cardiologist [[William Osler]] stands out.<ref name=healthline/>

|1900s||Period of increased interest, study, and understanding of heart disease. [[Catheter]]s start to be used to explore [[Coronary circulation|coronary arteries]].<ref name=healthline/>

|1940s–1950s||The [[World Heart Federation|International Society of Cardiology]] is designed, and the [[World Congress of Cardiology]] starts to be held. The link between heart disease and diet is discovered.<ref name=healthline/>  

|1960s–Present||[[Bypass surgery]], [[angioplasty]], and [[stents]] are developed. As a result of these treatment advances, a diagnosis of heart disease today is no longer necessarily a death sentence. Still, [[cardiovascular diseases]] remain by far the main cause of death worldwide.<ref name=healthline/><ref name=factsheets/>

|1628||Development||[[English people|English]] physician [[William Harvey]] describes in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||

|1658||Development||[[Swiss people|Swiss]] physician [[Jakob Wepfer]] describes for the first time [[Thrombosis|carotid thrombosis]], extracranially and intracranially, in a patient with a completely occluded and calcified right internal [[carotid artery]].<ref name=ahajournals>{{cite web|url=http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/27/8/1427.full|title=The Evolution of Surgery for the Treatment and Prevention of Stroke |author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||

|1681–1742||Discovery||[[German people|German]] physician [[Friedrich Hoffmann]] notes that coronary heart disease starts in the “reduced passage of the blood within the coronary arteries."<ref name=healthline/>||[[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]]

|English clergyman and scientist [[Stephen Hales]] measures blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=O.|date=1994-12-01|title=Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884783|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=8|issue=12|pages=865–871|issn=0950-9240|pmid=7884783}}</ref>

|[[Teddington]], [[England]]

|1768||Development||English physician [[William Heberden]] describes [[angina|angina pectoris]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rwjms1.umdnj.edu/shindler/heberden.html|title=Description of Angina Pectoris by William Heberden |author=|date=|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Royal College of Physicians]], [[London]]

|1785||Development||English physician [[William Withering]] publishes an account of medical use of [[digitalis]], which are used for the treatment of heart conditions.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||

|1803||Achievement||[[British people|British]] surgeon [[David Fleming (surgeon)|David Fleming]] performs the first successful ligation of a carotid artery.<ref name=ahajournals/>||

|1819||Development||[[French people|French]] physician [[René Laennec]] invents the [[stethoscope]], an acoustic device for listening internal sounds of an animal or human body.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||[[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]], [[Paris]]

|English physician [[Richard Bright (physician)|Richard Bright]] describes high blood pressure and heart disease in association with kidney disease ([[Bright's disease]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy, volume I.|last=Bright|first=Richard|publisher=Longmans|year=1831|isbn=|location=London|pages=}}</ref>

|1872-1919||Development||[[Canadian]] physician [[William Osler]] works extensively on [[angina]], and is one of the first to indicate that angina is a [[syndrome]] rather than a [[disease]] in itself.<ref name=healthline/>||

|1895||Discovery||German physicist [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] discovers [[X-ray]]s, which are used to diagnose heart disease.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||

|1901||Development||[[Dutch people|Dutch]] physiologist [[Willem Einthoven]] invents the [[string galvanometer]], which becomes the first practical electrocardiograph.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]]

|1920||Development||[[Mercurial diuretic|Organomercurial diuretics]] are first used for treatment of heart failure.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||  

|1924||Organization||The [[American Heart Association|Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/General/History-of-the-American-Heart-Association_UCM_308120_Article.jsp#.V56Qh_mGMhk|title=History of the American Heart Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[New York City]]

|1926||Organization||The [[Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bakeridi.edu.au/|title=Baker |author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]   

|1930–1939||Development||German physicist [[Werner Forssmann]] is the first to develop a technique for [[cardiac catheterization]], winning later the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for this achievement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-bio.html|title=Werner Forssmann|author=|date=|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Eberswalde]], [[Germany]]

|1932||Development||[[American people|American]] [[cardiac surgeon]] [[Michael E. DeBakey]] develops the [[roller pump]], which later becomes an essential component of the [[heart-lung machine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/michael-debakey-9269009#synopsis|title=Michael DeBakey|author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Tulane University]], [[New Orleans]]

|1938||Achievement||American surgeon [[Robert Edward Gross|Robert Gross]] applies systematically the first modern [[Cardiac surgery|cardiovascular surgery]] when successfully closes a patent [[ductus arteriosus]].<ref name=onlinejacc/>||[[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Boston]]  

|1941||Development||[[French people|French]] physician [[André Cournand]] and American physician [[Dickinson Richards]], use the [[Cardiac catheterization|cardiac catheter]] as a diagnostic tool for the first time, applying catheterization techniques to measure right-heart pressures and cardiac output. Both are awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1956.<ref name=onlinejacc>{{cite journal |author=Eugene Braunwald |date= |title=Cardiology: the past, the present, and the future|url=http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1132857|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|publisher= |volume= 42|issue= |pages= 2031–2041|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.08.025

  |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref><ref name=20th-Century>{{cite journal |author=Nirav J. Mehta, Ijaz A. Khan |date= |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries of the 20th Century |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher=NCBI |volume= 29|issue= |pages= 164–71|doi= |pmc=124754 |pmid= 12224718 |year=2002}}</ref>||[[Bellevue Hospital]], [[New York City]]

|1948||Study||The [[Framingham Heart Study]] is initiated under the direction of the [[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|National Heart Institute]] to better understand [[atherosclerosis]] and cardiovascular disease.  1,980 male and 2,421 female volunteers are recruited. The study identifies several factors that put a person at risk for atherosclerosis: among them, high levels of [[cholesterol]]. Over 1000 medical papers will have been published related to the Framingham Heart Study.<ref name=heartt>{{cite web|url=http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/2645a/history.html|title=A History of Heart Disease Treatment|author=|date=|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about-fhs/history.php|title=Framingham Heart Study|author=|date=|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Framingham]], [[Massachusetts]]

|1949–1958||Development||[[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[epidemiologist]] [[Jerry Morris]] performs studies on cardiovascular health, later establishing the importance of [[physical activity]] in preventing [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ashton JR|journal=J Epidemiol Comm Health|title=Professor J N "Jerry" Morris|year=2000|volume=54|pages=881a| doi=10.1136/jech.54.12.881a }}</ref>||   

|1950||Organization||The First [[World Congress of Cardiology]] (WCC) is held.<ref name=world-heart-federation>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-heart-federation.org/about-us/history/|title= World Heart Federation|author=|date=|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Paris]]  

|1950||Discovery||Team led by American scientist [[John Gofman]] demonstrates the role of [[lipoproteins]] in the causation of heart disease.<ref name=heartt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/09/04_GofmanObit.shtml|title=John Gofman|author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[University of California, Berkeley]]

|Scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of [[Merck and Co.|Merck and Co]] develop thiazides for treatment of [[hypertension]] and [[heart failure]].

|1950–1959||Development||[[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[pharmacology|pharmacologist]] [[James Black (pharmacologist)|James Black]] develops [[propranolol]], a [[beta blocker]] used for the treatment of heart disease. Black is awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1988 for this work.<ref name=onlinejacc/>||[[Imperial Chemical Industries]], [[London]]

|1950–1959||Discovery||American scientist [[Ancel Keys]] discovers that heart disease is rare in some Mediterranean populations where fat diet has slow consumption.<ref name=healthline>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/history#3|title=The History of Heart Disease

|author=Colleen Story,Kristeen Cherney|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Southern Europe]]

|1952||Development||[[Swedes|Swedish]] cardiologist [[Inge Edler]] and German physicist [[Carl Hellmuth Hertz]] adapt for human use a sonar device for detecting submarines in [[World War II]] and record echoes from the walls of a human heart, thereby launching the field of [[echocardiography]].<ref name=onlinejacc/>||

|1952||Development||American cardiologist [[Paul Zoll]] develops the first external [[cardiac pacemaker]].<ref name=onlinejacc/>||[[Harvard University]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]

|1953||Achievement||American surgeon [[John Heysham Gibbon|John Gibbon]] performs the first open-heart operation using cardiopulmonary bypass.<ref name=onlinejacc/>||[[Thomas Jefferson Hospital]], [[Philadelphia]]  

|1958||Development||[[Thiazide]] [[diuretics]] are introduced for treating [[hypertension]].<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||

|1959||Organization||The [[World Health Organization]] establishes [[Cardiovascular Disease]] program.<ref name=cardiovascular_diseases/>||

|1960||Discovery||[[Framingham Study]]: [[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is found to increase the risk of heart disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy>{{cite web|url=https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about-fhs/research-milestones.php|title=Research Milestones|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>||[[U.S.A]]

|1960||Achievement||The first successful coronary artery bypass operation (anastomosis) is performed by German surgeon [[Robert H. Goetz]].<ref name=greatest-discoveries>{{cite journal |author=Jordan D. Haller, Andrew S. Olearchyk |date= |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher= National Center for Biotechnology Information  |volume= 29|issue= |pages= 342–4|doi= |pmc=140304 |pmid= 12484626 |year=2002}}</ref>||[[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], [[New York City]]

|1961||Discovery||[[Cholesterol]] level, [[blood pressure]], and [[Electrocardiography|electrocardiogram]] abnormalities are found to increase the risk of heart disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[U.S.A]]

|1961||Organization||The [[British Heart Foundation]] (BHF) is established as a charity organization in order to fund research on cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhf.org.uk/|title=British Heart Foundation|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[London]]

|1963||Organization||[[Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo]] is founded as a center specializing in [[cardiology]], [[cardiovascular medicine]] and [[cardiovascular surgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incor.usp.br/sites/incor2013/|title=incor|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Sao Paulo]]

|1964||Achievement||[[Russians|Russian]] cardiac surgeon [[Vasiliy Kolesov]] performs the first successful coronary bypass using a standard suture technique.<ref name=greatest-discoveries/>||  

|1964||Development||American [[interventional radiologist]] [[Charles Dotter]] describes [[angioplasty]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors =Dotter CT, Judkins MP |title=Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction |journal=Circulation |volume=30 |pages=654–70 |date=November 1964 |pmid=14226164 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14226164 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654 |issue=5 }}</ref>||

|1967||Achievement||[[South African people|South African]] cardiac surgeon [[Christiaan Barnard]] performs the first successful human-to-human heart transplant.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||[[Groote Schuur Hospital]], [[Cape Town]]

|1967||Achievement||[[Argentine]] [[cardiac surgeon]] [[René Favaloro]] performs the first documented [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|saphenous aortocoronary bypass]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Denton A. Cooley |date= |title=In Memoriam: Tribute to René Favaloro, Pioneer of Coronary Bypass |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher= |volume= 27|issue= |pages= 231–2|doi= |pmc=101069 |pmid= 11225585 |year=2000}}</ref>||[[Cleveland Clinic]], [[Ohio]]

|1967||Discovery||[[Sedentary lifestyle|Physical inactivity]] and [[obesity]] are found to increase the risk of heart disease.<ref name=cardiovascular_diseases>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/cvd_atlas_27_MILS_1856_1967.pdf|title=who cardiovascular diseases|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[U.S.A.]]  

|1969||Organization||The [[World Heart Federation|International Cardiology Foundation]] (ICF) is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/the-international-society-of-cardiology-isc-and-cvd-epidemiology/|title=The International Society of Cardiology (ISC) and CVD Epidemiology|author=|date=|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Geneva]]

|1969||Achievement||Argentine [[cardiac surgeon]] [[Domingo Liotta]] and [[Americans|American]] [[cardiac surgeon]] [[Denton Cooley]] perform the first clinical implantation of a total [[artificial heart]] (TAH).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdliotta.org/biography.htm|title=Professor Domingo Santo Liotta|author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[The Texas Heart Institute]], [[Houston]]

|1970||Organization||The Sixth [[World Congress of Cardiology]] is held. During this congress, the [[World Congress of Cardiology|International  Cardiology Federation]]  (ICF) is created.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||[[London]]  

|1970||Discovery||[[Atrial fibrillation]] is found to increase stroke risk 5-fold.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||U.S.A

|1975||Organization||The [[Philippine Heart Center]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phc.gov.ph/|title=Philippine Heart Center|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Quezón City]], [[Philippines]]

|1976||Discovery||[[Menopause]] is found to increase the risk of heart disease<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||U.S.A

|1977||Development||German [[radiology|radiologist]] [[Andreas Gruentzig]] first develops [[coronary angioplasty]] for treatment of [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Bernhard Meier, Dölf Bachmann, Thomas F Lüscher |date= February 2003|title=25 years of coronary angioplasty: almost a fairy tale|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2803%2912470-1/fulltext|journal= The Lancet|publisher= |volume= 361|issue= |pages= 527|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12470-1|pmc= |pmid= 12583964}}</ref>||[[Zurich]], [[Switzerland]]

|1978||Discovery||Psychosocial factors are found to affect heart disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[U.S.A]]

|1978||Organization||The [[World Congress of Cardiology|International Society of Cardiology]] and the [[World Congress of Cardiology|International Cardiology Federation]] merge to become the [[World Congress of Cardiology|International Society and Federation of Cardiology]].<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||

|1979||Organization||The [[Heart Rhythm Society]] (HRS) is founded as an international non-profit organization in order to promote education and advocacy for cardiac arrhythmia professionals and patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrsonline.org/About-HRS/|title=Heart Rhythm Society|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Washington, D.C.]]

|1982||Development||The [[Jarvik 7]] total [[artificial heart]], named for its designer, Dr. [[Robert Jarvik]],  is implanted in a patient.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/j7tah.cfm|title=Jarvik 7|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[University of Utah]]   

|1986||Development||French physician [[Jacques Puel]] and German [[cardiologist]] [[Ulrich Sigwart]] are attributed to be the first to use the [[coronary stent]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roguin|first1=Ariel|title=Historical Perspectives in Cardiology|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventsions|date=2011|volume=4|pages=206–209|doi=10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.960872|url=http://circinterventions.ahajournals.org/content/4/2/206.full|issue=2}}</ref>||[[Toulouse]], [[France]]

|1987||Discovery||Study done by [[Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study]] (CONSENSUS), shows unequivocal survival benefit of [[angiotensin]] converting enzyme inhibitors in severe heart failure.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||

|1988||Development||[[Hemopump]], a temporary left ventricular assist blood pump, is put to clinical use. It is designed to allow for temporary support of a failing heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/hemopump.cfm|title=Hemopump|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[The Texas Heart Institute]], [[Houston]]

|1988||Achievement||The first successful long-term implantation of an artificial [[Ventricular assist device]] LVAD is conducted by Dr. [[William F. Bernhard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joomag.com/magazine/lvad-living-august-2014/0872428001402630896?page=10|title=LVAD |author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Boston Children's Hospital]]

|1993||Organization||the [[American Society of Nuclear Cardiology]] (ASNC) is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asnc.org/|title=ASNC|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||

|1994||Discovery||Enlarged left [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] (one of two lower chambers of the heart) is shown to increase the risk of stroke.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[U.S.A]]

|1995||Development||The [[European Society of Cardiology]] publishes guidelines for diagnosing [[heart failure]].<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||  

|1996||Development||Progression from hypertension to heart failure is described.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[U.S.A]]

|1997||Development||The [[Thoratec]] [[Ventricular Assist Device]] (VAD) is put to clinical use to support patients with acute and chronic heart failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/thoratec.cfm|title=Thoratec VAD|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[The Texas Heart Institute]], [[Houston]]

|1998||Discovery||[[Framingham Study]]: [[Atrial fibrillation]] is found to be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||U.S.A

|1998||Organization||The [[World Congress of Cardiology|International Society and Federation of Cardiology]] board approves the change of name to [[World Heart Federation]] (WHF).<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||

|1999||Discovery||Lifetime risk at age 40 years of developing coronary heart disease is found to be one in two for men and one in three for women.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[U.S.A]]

|2000||Organization||The [[Krishna Heart Institute]] is founded as a high-end medical facility, specializing in [[heart diseases]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaheartbeat.com/hospital/profile/30849/KRISHNA-HEART-SUPER-SPECIALTY-INSTITUTE.html|title=Krishna Heart Institute|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Ahmedabad]], [[India]]

|2000||Organization||The [[Blood Pressure Association]] is founded as a [[charitable organization]] to provide information and support to people with [[hypertension]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blood-pressure-monitoring.org/|title=Blood Pressure Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[London]]

|2001||Discovery||High-normal [[blood pressure]] is found to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, emphasizing the need to determine whether lowering high-normal blood pressure can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[U.S.A]]

|2001||Development||[[AbioCor]] total [[artificial heart]] is implanted in a 59-year-old man. The TAH is developed by company [[AbioMed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/abiocor.cfm|title=AbioCor|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Jewish Hospital (Louisville, Kentucky)|Jewish Hospital]], [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], [[Kentucky]]  

|2004||Discovery||Serum [[aldosterone]] levels are found to predict future risk of hypertension in non-hypertensive individuals.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramachandran S. Vasan, M.D., Jane C. Evans, D.Sc., Martin G. Larson, Sc.D., Peter W.F. Wilson, M.D., James B. Meigs, M.D., M.P.H., Nader Rifai, Ph.D., Emelia J. Benjamin, M.D., Daniel Levy, M.D. |date= |title=Serum Aldosterone and the Incidence of Hypertension in Nonhypertensive Persons|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033263#t=article|journal= New England Journal of Medicine|publisher= |volume= 351|issue= |pages= 33–41|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa033263 |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref>||[[Boston Medical Center]], [[U.S.A]]

|2006||Organization||The [[Multan Institute of Cardiology]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpeic.gop.pk/|title=Multan Institute of Cardiology|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Multan]], [[Pakistan]]

|2007||Organization||[[Atrial Fibrillation Association]] is established as an international charity that provides information and support for patients with [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heartrhythmalliance.org/afa/uk/about|title=Atrial Fibrillation Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Shipston-on-Stour]], [[United Kingdom]]

|2008||Report||The total number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease reads 17.3 million worldwide a year according to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/global-facts-map/|title=Deaths due to cardiovascular disease|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>||

|2008||Organization||The Sixteenth [[World Congress of Cardiology]] is held. From then on, the WCC moves from a 4-year to a 2-year cycle.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||[[Buenos Aires]]  

|2010||Discovery||[[Sleep apnea]] is found to be tied to increased risk of stroke.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/press-releases/2010/sleep-apnea-tied-to-increased-risk-of-stroke|title=Sleep apnea tied to increased risk of stroke|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>||[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]], [[Maryland]], [[U.S.A]]

|2011||Development||pCMV-''vegf165'' is registered in [[Russia]] as the first-in-class gene therapy drug for treatment of [[peripheral artery disease]], including the advanced stage of [[critical limb ischemia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gene Therapy for PAD Approved|url=http://www.dddmag.com/news/2011/12/gene-therapy-pad-approved|accessdate=28 July 2016|date=6 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Deev|first1=R.|last2=Bozo|first2=I.|last3=Mzhavanadze|first3=N.|last4=Voronov|first4=D.|last5=Gavrilenko|first5=A.|last6=Chervyakov|first6=Yu.|last7=Staroverov|first7=I.|last8=Kalinin|first8=R.|last9=Shvalb|first9=P.|last10=Isaev|first10=A.|title=pCMV-vegf165 Intramuscular Gene Transfer is an Effective Method of Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia|journal=Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics|date=13 March 2015|doi=10.1177/1074248415574336|url=http://cpt.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/03/12/1074248415574336.abstract|accessdate=28 July 2016|pmid=25770117|volume=20|pages=473–82}}</ref>||[[Russia]]

|2011||Campaign||The [[United Nations|UN]] declaration on [[Non-communicable disease]]s change  the global approach to NCD’s  of which cardiovascular disease is the greatest contributor.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||

|2012||Report||[[Ischemic heart disease]] and [[stroke]] are found to be the leading causes of death worldwide, with 7.4 million deaths due to ischemic heart disease and 6.7 million deaths for stroke.<ref name=factsheets>{{cite web|url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|title=The top 10 causes of death|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>||

|2013||Campaign||World Heart Federation board adopts the [[United Nations]] and [[World Health Organization]] targets for cardiovascular disease, launching the '''25 x 25 campaign''' to reduce premature death from CVD by 25% by 2025.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||

* [[Cardiovascular disease]]

[[Category:Heart diseases| ]]

[[Category:Health-related timelines]]

[[Category:History of cardiovascular surgery]]

[[Category:Medicine timelines]]