Difference between revisions of "Timeline of sanitation"
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| 1804 || || John Gibb, the owner of a bleachery in {{w|Paisley, Scotland}}, installs an experimental filter, selling his unwanted surplus to the public. This is the first documented use of {{w|sand filter}}s to purify the water supply.<ref name="WHO">{{citation|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/ssf2.pdf|title=Filtration of water supplies|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>Buchan, James. (2003). Crowded with genius: the Scottish enlightenment: Edinburgh's moment of the mind. New York: Harper Collins.</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | | 1804 || || John Gibb, the owner of a bleachery in {{w|Paisley, Scotland}}, installs an experimental filter, selling his unwanted surplus to the public. This is the first documented use of {{w|sand filter}}s to purify the water supply.<ref name="WHO">{{citation|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/ssf2.pdf|title=Filtration of water supplies|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>Buchan, James. (2003). Crowded with genius: the Scottish enlightenment: Edinburgh's moment of the mind. New York: Harper Collins.</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1852 || || The first modern public lavatory, with flushing toilets, opens in {{w|London}}. || {{w|United Kingdom}} | + | | 1852 || || The first modern public lavatory, with flushing toilets, opens in {{w|London}}.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOILETS"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
| 1854 || || English physician Dr {{w|John Snow}} shows that {{w|cholera}} is spread by {{w|water}}.<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | | 1854 || || English physician Dr {{w|John Snow}} shows that {{w|cholera}} is spread by {{w|water}}.<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1855–1860 || || The first sewer systems in the United States are built in {{w|Chicago}} and {{w|Brooklyn}}.<ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY"/> || {{w|United States}} | | 1855–1860 || || The first sewer systems in the United States are built in {{w|Chicago}} and {{w|Brooklyn}}.<ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1857 || || Toilet paper comes on sale in the United States.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOILETS"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1860 || || "1860: The first septic tank was invented by Louis Moureas and used by communities to remove solids from waste before the liquid was discharged into a body of water. This design was improved by use of trickling sand filtration from 1893."<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION"/> || | | 1860 || || "1860: The first septic tank was invented by Louis Moureas and used by communities to remove solids from waste before the liquid was discharged into a body of water. This design was improved by use of trickling sand filtration from 1893."<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION"/> || | ||
Revision as of 08:13, 4 August 2017
This is a timeline of sanitation.
Big picture
| Time period | Development summary | More details |
|---|---|---|
| Prehistoric times | The first sanitation systems are built in the prehistoric Middle East, in the south-east of actual Iran near Zabol.[1] | |
| 3200–1100 BC | "Domestic wastewater was used for irrigation by prehistoric civilizations (e.g. Mesopotamian, Indus valley, and Minoan) since the Bronze Age (ca. 3200-1100 BC)."[2] Thereafter, wastewater was used for disposal, irrigation, and fertilization purposes by Hellenic civilizations and later by Romans in areas surrounding cities (e.g. Athens and Rome).[3] "Moreover, in China, use of human excreta for fertilizing agricultural crops has been practiced since ancient time."[4][5] | |
| The Indus Valley Civilization shows early evidence of public water supply and sanitation. | ||
| 1600s–1700s | Rapid expansion of waterworks and pumping systems take place in Europe.[1] | |
| 1800s | Victorian England implements the first–ever comprehensive urban system between 1870s and 1920s as a reaction to a series of cholera pandemics during this epoch.[6] "1800s-1900s: Sewer systems were constructed in many European and US cities, initially discharging untreated sewage to waterways. When discharge of untreated sewerage became increasingly unacceptable, experimentation towards improved treatment methods resulted in sewage farming, chemical precipitation, filtration, sedimentation, chemical treatment, and activated sludge treatment using aerobic microorganisms."[7] Earth closets are popular.[8] Late in the century, many cities start constructing extensive sewer systems to help control outbreaks of disease such as typhoid and cholera. Also, some cities begin to add chemical treatment and sedimentation systems to their sewers.[1] Flush toilets come into widespread use late in the century as well.[9] | |
| 1900s | Most cities in the Western world add more expensive systems for sewage treatment.[1] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4000 BC | The Babylonians introduce clay sewer pipes, with the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna, Babylonia.[1] | ||
| 2600 BC – 1100 BC | The ancient Greek civilization of Crete, known as the Minoan civilization, was the first civilization to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply.[1] | ||
| 2350 BC | The Indus city of Lothal provides all houses with their own private toilet which is connected to a covered sewer network constructed of brickwork held together with a gypsum-based mortar that empties either into the surrounding water bodies or alternatively into cesspits, the latter of which are regularly emptied and cleaned.[10][11] | India | |
| 2000 BC | Descriptions of of foul water purification by boiling and filtering are written in Sanskrit.[7] | ||
| 460 BC – 377 BC | “Hygiene” becomes known as the branch of medicine dedicated to the "art of health," (as distinct from therapeutics, the treatment of disease).[7] | ||
| 300 BC - 400 AD | Romans build a system of aqueducts providing inhabitants with fresh running water, which is piped directly to homes of the wealthy, and to public fountains and baths. This system greatly improves domestic sanitation and adequate disposal of sewage.[7] | ||
| 200 Bc – 100 BC | "200-100 BC: "It is more important to prevent illness than to cure the illness when it has arisen" - from The Yellow Emperor’s Treatise on Internal Medicine (Ancient China). Clean water was known to be important in disease prevention so wells were covered, devices were used to filter water and the Chhii Shih (“sanitary police”) removed all animal and human corpses from waterways and buried all bodies found on land."[7] | China | |
| 1370 | The first closed sewer constructed in Paris is designed by Hughes Aubird on Rue Montmartre, and is 300 meters long.[1] | France | |
| 1531 | Sewage farms (wastewater used for irrigation and fertilizing agricultural land) are operated in Bunzlau, Silesia.[1] | ||
| 1561–1612 | Sir John harington invents a flush toilet for his godmother Queen Elizabeth I, that releases wastes into cesspools.[1] | United Kingdom | |
| 1600s – 1700s | Japanese cities collect human waste for use as crop fertilizer. This practice minimizes human contact with waste. Sewage is not discharged to rivers so pollution of waterways is minimized.[7] | Japan | |
| 1650 | Sewage farms are operated in Edinburgh, Scotland.[7] | United Kingdom | |
| 1676 (9 October) | Using the newly invented microscope, Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek reports the discovery of microorganisms. With the microscope, for the first time, small material particles that were suspended in the water can be seen, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens and waterborne diseases.[12][13] | Netherlands | |
| 1775 | Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming is granted a patent for a flushing lavatory.[8] | United Kingdom | |
| 1778 | English inventor Joseph Brahmah designs an improved flushing lavatory.[8] | United Kingdom | |
| 1804 | John Gibb, the owner of a bleachery in Paisley, Scotland, installs an experimental filter, selling his unwanted surplus to the public. This is the first documented use of sand filters to purify the water supply.[14][15] | United Kingdom | |
| 1852 | The first modern public lavatory, with flushing toilets, opens in London.[8] | United Kingdom | |
| 1854 | English physician Dr John Snow shows that cholera is spread by water.[7] | United Kingdom | |
| 1855–1860 | The first sewer systems in the United States are built in Chicago and Brooklyn.[1] | United States | |
| 1857 | Toilet paper comes on sale in the United States.[8] | United States | |
| 1860 | "1860: The first septic tank was invented by Louis Moureas and used by communities to remove solids from waste before the liquid was discharged into a body of water. This design was improved by use of trickling sand filtration from 1893."[7] | ||
| 1868 | Sewage farms are operated in Paris.[7] | France | |
| 1868 | Sewage farms are operated in Berlin.[7] | Germany | |
| 1868 | Sewage farms are operated in different parts of the United States.[7] | United States | |
| 1883 | The vacant/engaged bolt for public toilets is patented.[8] | ||
| 1884 | The first pedestal toilet bowl is made.[8] | ||
| 1890 | The first sewage treatment plant in the United States using chemical precipitation is built in Worcester, Massachusetts.[16]:2[17] | United States | |
| 1890 | The first sewage treatment plant in the United States using chemical precipitation is built in Worcester, Massachusetts.[1] | United States | |
| 1892 | English stage magician John Nevil Maskelyne invents the coin operated lock for toilets.[8] | United Kingdom | |
| 1897 | A large sewage farm is established in Melbourne.[7] | Australia | |
| 1912 | Scientists at the University of Manchester doscover the sewage treatment process of activated sludge.[1] | United Kingdom | |
| 1960s | "1960s: Garbage compactors. The first patents for residential garbage compactors were filed in the USA."[7] | United States |
See also
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Burke, Joseph. FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ↑ Angelakis, Andreas N.; Snyder, Shane A. (9 September 2015). "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future". Water. 7 (9): 4887–4895. doi:10.3390/w7094887.
- ↑ Tzanakakis, V. E.; Paranychianaki, N. V.; Angelakis, A. N. (1 March 2007). "Soil as a wastewater treatment system: historical development". Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 7 (1): 67–75. ISSN 1606-9749. doi:10.2166/ws.2007.008.
- ↑ Shuval, H. "Wastewater recycling and reuse as a water source for Mediterranean countries: Hygienic and technological aspects". www.oieau.fr. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ↑ Ghneim, Azmi (2010). Wastewater reuse und management in the Middle East and North Africa a case study of Jordan ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Berlin: Univ.-Verl. der TU. ISBN 3798322686.
- ↑ "Water History for our times" (PDF). unesco.org. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 "SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION". hygieneforhealth.org.au. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOILETS". localhistories.org. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ↑ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, Dave Praeger
- ↑ Khan, Saifullah. "1 Chapter 2 Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization ( ca . 2600-1900 BC)". Academia.edu. Academia.edu. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ↑ "Maya plumbing: First pressurized water feature found in New World". Penn State. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ↑ "The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History". Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ↑ Wootton, David (2006). Bad medicine: doctors doing harm since Hippocrates. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-19-280355-7.
- ↑ Filtration of water supplies (PDF), World Health Organization
- ↑ Buchan, James. (2003). Crowded with genius: the Scottish enlightenment: Edinburgh's moment of the mind. New York: Harper Collins.
- ↑ Metcalf, Leonard; Eddy, Harrison P. (1914). American Sewerage Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 3 August 2017. Vol. I: Design of Sewers.
- ↑ Burian, Steven J.; Nix, Stephan J.; Pitt, Robert E.; Durrans, S. Rocky (2000). "Urban Wastewater Management in the United States: Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). Journal of Urban Technology. London: Routledge. 7 (3). doi:10.1080/713684134.
