Difference between revisions of "Timeline of nuclear waste management"

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| 1978 || || After five years of pilot plant operation, France's large AVM (Atelier de Vitrification Marcoule) plant starts up, turning cubic feet of concentrated high-level nuclear wastes into solid glass.<ref name="NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL: BOLD INNOVATIONS ABROAD INSTRUCTIVE FOR U.S."/> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1978 || || After five years of pilot plant operation, France's large AVM (Atelier de Vitrification Marcoule) plant starts up, turning cubic feet of concentrated high-level nuclear wastes into solid glass.<ref name="NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL: BOLD INNOVATIONS ABROAD INSTRUCTIVE FOR U.S."/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1980 || || The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, known as SKB) is created. It is responsible for final disposal of nuclear waste in the country. || {{w|Sweden}}
 
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| 1980 || || The {{w|United States Department of Energy}} (DOE) proposes the use of mined geologic repositories as the most viable option for disposal of transuranic nuclear waste.<ref name="HIST 3770, Spring 2016: Nuclear West: Nuclear Waste and Utah">{{cite web |title=HIST 3770, Spring 2016: Nuclear West: Nuclear Waste and Utah |url=http://exhibits.usu.edu/exhibits/show/nuclearwest/nuclearwasteandutah |website=exhibits.usu.edu |accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1980 || || The {{w|United States Department of Energy}} (DOE) proposes the use of mined geologic repositories as the most viable option for disposal of transuranic nuclear waste.<ref name="HIST 3770, Spring 2016: Nuclear West: Nuclear Waste and Utah">{{cite web |title=HIST 3770, Spring 2016: Nuclear West: Nuclear Waste and Utah |url=http://exhibits.usu.edu/exhibits/show/nuclearwest/nuclearwasteandutah |website=exhibits.usu.edu |accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1982 || Policy || The {{w|United States Congress}} passes the {{w|Nuclear Waste Policy Act}} (NWPA), which establishes the Federal government’s responsibility to provide permanent disposal in a deep geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste from commercial and defense facilities.<ref name="NATIONAL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM">{{cite web |title=NATIONAL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM |url=http://www.thenwsc.org/yucca/proginfo.htm |website=thenwsc.org |accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1982 || Policy || The {{w|United States Congress}} passes the {{w|Nuclear Waste Policy Act}} (NWPA), which establishes the Federal government’s responsibility to provide permanent disposal in a deep geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste from commercial and defense facilities.<ref name="NATIONAL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM">{{cite web |title=NATIONAL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM |url=http://www.thenwsc.org/yucca/proginfo.htm |website=thenwsc.org |accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1985 || || Sweden starts operating a radioactive waste sea transport system. A specially built ship, the M/S Sigyn, carries all radioactive waste between nuclear facilities and the national Central Interim Storage Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel, located in {{w|Oskarshamn}} in southern Sweden.<ref name="doe2001"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 1988 || || Swedish Final Repository for Radioactive Operational Waste (SFR) starts operations for disposal of low-level short-lived radioactive waste. The first of its kind in the world, in granite rock 50 meters (164 feet) below the {{w|Baltic Sea}}, the SFR is 60 meters offshore, connected by a tunnel to the site of the {{w|Forsmark nuclear power plant}} in central Sweden.<ref name="doe2001">{{cite web |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |date=June 2001 |title=Sweden’s radioactive waste management program |url=http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0416.shtml |accessdate=2008-12-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118220403/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0416.shtml <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=2009-01-18}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
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| 1989 (March 22) || || The {{w|Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal}} is signed. The agreement provides the general framework for the minimization of international movement and the environmentally safe management of hazardous wastes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=Richard |last2=Lorenzon |first2=Filippo |title=Law of Yachts & Yachting |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NZk3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA309&dq=%221989%22+%22Basel+Convention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_9HHjcXbAhXJS5AKHZRVBSwQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=%221989%22%20%22Basel%20Convention%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolfrum |first1=Rüdiger |last2=WOLFRUM |first2=R. |last3=Matz |first3=Nele |title=Conflicts in International Environmental Law |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=br0SGSdkCv4C&pg=PA100&dq=%221989%22+%22Basel+Convention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_9HHjcXbAhXJS5AKHZRVBSwQ6AEIVzAI#v=onepage&q=%221989%22%20%22Basel%20Convention%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sands |first1=Philippe |last2=Peel |first2=Jacqueline |last3=MacKenzie |first3=Ruth |title=Principles of International Environmental Law |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uHzFRub4KrAC&pg=PA572&dq=%221989%22+%22Basel+Convention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_9HHjcXbAhXJS5AKHZRVBSwQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221989%22%20%22Basel%20Convention%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
 
| 1989 (March 22) || || The {{w|Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal}} is signed. The agreement provides the general framework for the minimization of international movement and the environmentally safe management of hazardous wastes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=Richard |last2=Lorenzon |first2=Filippo |title=Law of Yachts & Yachting |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NZk3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA309&dq=%221989%22+%22Basel+Convention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_9HHjcXbAhXJS5AKHZRVBSwQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=%221989%22%20%22Basel%20Convention%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolfrum |first1=Rüdiger |last2=WOLFRUM |first2=R. |last3=Matz |first3=Nele |title=Conflicts in International Environmental Law |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=br0SGSdkCv4C&pg=PA100&dq=%221989%22+%22Basel+Convention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_9HHjcXbAhXJS5AKHZRVBSwQ6AEIVzAI#v=onepage&q=%221989%22%20%22Basel%20Convention%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sands |first1=Philippe |last2=Peel |first2=Jacqueline |last3=MacKenzie |first3=Ruth |title=Principles of International Environmental Law |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uHzFRub4KrAC&pg=PA572&dq=%221989%22+%22Basel+Convention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_9HHjcXbAhXJS5AKHZRVBSwQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%221989%22%20%22Basel%20Convention%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}

Revision as of 15:59, 8 June 2018

This is a timeline of nuclear waste management.

Big picture

Time period Development summary

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Geographical location
1895 German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays.[1]
1896 French physicist Henry Becquerel identifies radioactivity.
1928 The International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee (IXRPC) is founded at the second International Congress of Radiology in Stockholm, Sweden.[1]
1950 The International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee (IXRPC) is restructured to take account of new uses of radiation outside the medical area, and is renamed International Commission on Radiological Protection.[1]
1957 (July 29) The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.
1977 (April) Legal United States President Jimmy Carter bans nuclear transmutation due to the danger of plutonium proliferation. United States
1978 After five years of pilot plant operation, France's large AVM (Atelier de Vitrification Marcoule) plant starts up, turning cubic feet of concentrated high-level nuclear wastes into solid glass.[2] France
1980 The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, known as SKB) is created. It is responsible for final disposal of nuclear waste in the country. Sweden
1980 The United States Department of Energy (DOE) proposes the use of mined geologic repositories as the most viable option for disposal of transuranic nuclear waste.[3] United States
1980 Swedish voters, concerned about the dangers of radiation and difficulties of waste disposal, vote in a referendum to close down all the country's nuclear reactors within 30 years and to consider a whole range of alternative sources of power.[2] Sweden
1982 Policy The United States Congress passes the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA), which establishes the Federal government’s responsibility to provide permanent disposal in a deep geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste from commercial and defense facilities.[4] United States
1985 Sweden starts operating a radioactive waste sea transport system. A specially built ship, the M/S Sigyn, carries all radioactive waste between nuclear facilities and the national Central Interim Storage Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel, located in Oskarshamn in southern Sweden.[5] Sweden
1988 Swedish Final Repository for Radioactive Operational Waste (SFR) starts operations for disposal of low-level short-lived radioactive waste. The first of its kind in the world, in granite rock 50 meters (164 feet) below the Baltic Sea, the SFR is 60 meters offshore, connected by a tunnel to the site of the Forsmark nuclear power plant in central Sweden.[5] Sweden
1989 (March 22) The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is signed. The agreement provides the general framework for the minimization of international movement and the environmentally safe management of hazardous wastes.[6][7][8] Switzerland
1991 (January 30) Treaty The Convention on the Ban of Imports into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (Bamako Convention) is adopted by African governments.[9][10][11]
1996 "1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter"
1997 Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.
1998 (April 22) The Bamako Convention comes into force.
2002 "There was reported some 47,000 tonnes of high-level nuclear waste stored in the USA in 2002."
2002 After over 30 years of scientific and technological studies, the United States President and Congress approve the Yucca Mountain site as suitable for a repository os nuclear waste.[4] United States

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

[1], [2]. [3], [4], [5]

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Clarke, R.H.; J. Valentin (2009). "The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies" (PDF). Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 109. 39 (1): 75–110. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009. Retrieved 12 May 2012. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL: BOLD INNOVATIONS ABROAD INSTRUCTIVE FOR U.S.". nytimes.com. Retrieved 8 June 2018. 
  3. ↑ "HIST 3770, Spring 2016: Nuclear West: Nuclear Waste and Utah". exhibits.usu.edu. Retrieved 8 June 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "NATIONAL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM". thenwsc.org. Retrieved 8 June 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Sweden's radioactive waste management program". U.S. Department of Energy. June 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-18. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  6. ↑ Coles, Richard; Lorenzon, Filippo. Law of Yachts & Yachting. 
  7. ↑ Wolfrum, Rüdiger; WOLFRUM, R.; Matz, Nele. Conflicts in International Environmental Law. 
  8. ↑ Sands, Philippe; Peel, Jacqueline; MacKenzie, Ruth. Principles of International Environmental Law. 
  9. ↑ Sands, Philippe. Principles of International Environmental Law I: Frameworks, Standards, and Implementation. 
  10. ↑ Kummer, Katharina. International Management of Hazardous Wastes: The Basel Convention and Related Legal Rules. 
  11. ↑ Marr, Simon. The Precautionary Principle in the Law of the Sea: Modern Decision Making in International Law. 
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