Difference between revisions of "Timeline of dentistry"

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| 1746 || || Claude Mouton from France devises a gold crown with a gold post designed to be retained in the root canal, to prevent broken-down molars from further deteriorating.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Saundra |title=Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them! |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uzF2twPr5msC&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1746%22+Claude+Mouton++gold+crowns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3wtPe7L_cAhVBDpAKHeszCzAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201746%22%20Claude%20Mouton%20%20gold%20crowns&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1746 || || Claude Mouton from France devises a gold crown with a gold post designed to be retained in the root canal, to prevent broken-down molars from further deteriorating.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Saundra |title=Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them! |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uzF2twPr5msC&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1746%22+Claude+Mouton++gold+crowns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3wtPe7L_cAhVBDpAKHeszCzAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201746%22%20Claude%20Mouton%20%20gold%20crowns&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 1756 || || Philipp Pfaff describes a method for making impressions of the mouth in {{w|wax}}, from which he constructs a model with plaster. Pfaff's use of plaster would allow dentists to make impressions of the patient's edentulous jaws in the mouth.<ref name="Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book"/> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1766 || || English dentist John Baker becomes the first dentist to immigrate to the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref>{{cite web |title='Dentists' and the establishment of the Anglo-American profession in the 18th century. Part 4. North America |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.1100?WT.feed_name=subjects_history-of-dentistry |website=nature.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1766 || || English dentist John Baker becomes the first dentist to immigrate to the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref>{{cite web |title='Dentists' and the establishment of the Anglo-American profession in the 18th century. Part 4. North America |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.1100?WT.feed_name=subjects_history-of-dentistry |website=nature.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1771 || || British surgeon [[w:John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] publishes ''The Natural History of the Human Teeth''.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1771 || || British surgeon [[w:John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] publishes ''The Natural History of the Human Teeth''.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1774 || || French Farmacist Alexis Duchâteau and dentist Nicholas Dubois De Chemant design a process for producing hard, decay-proof porcelain dentures.<ref name="Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book"/> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1779 || Anesthesiology || Cornish chemist {{w|Humphry Davy}} announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1779 || Anesthesiology || Cornish chemist {{w|Humphry Davy}} announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1905 || || German chemist  {{w|Alfred Einhorn}} formulates the local anesthetic {{w|procain}}, later marketed under the trade name {{w|Novocain}}.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
| 1905 || || German chemist  {{w|Alfred Einhorn}} formulates the local anesthetic {{w|procain}}, later marketed under the trade name {{w|Novocain}}.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1907 || || American dentist William Taggart introduces a precision casting machine that allows dentists to create gold restorations of great accuracy with a minimum of tooth removal.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/><ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1907 || || American dentist William Taggart introduces a precision casting machine that allows dentists to create gold restorations of great accuracy with a minimum of tooth removal.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/><ref name="Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book"/> <ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1908 || || "Greene Vardiman Black, the leading reformer and educator of American dentistry, publishes his monumental two-volume treatise Operative Dentistry, which remains the essential clinical dental text for fifty years. Black later develops techniques for filling teeth, standardizes operative procedures and instrumentation, develops an improved amalgam, and pioneers the use of visual aids for teaching dentistry."<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1908 || || "Greene Vardiman Black, the leading reformer and educator of American dentistry, publishes his monumental two-volume treatise Operative Dentistry, which remains the essential clinical dental text for fifty years. Black later develops techniques for filling teeth, standardizes operative procedures and instrumentation, develops an improved amalgam, and pioneers the use of visual aids for teaching dentistry."<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1930 || Organization || The American Board of Orthodontics is founded as the world’s first dental specialty board.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1930 || Organization || The American Board of Orthodontics is founded as the world’s first dental specialty board.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1935 || || Polymerized acrylic resin is introduced as a denture base material to support artificial teeth.<ref name="Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book"/>  ||
 
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| 1937 || || "Alvin Strock inserts the first Vitallium dental screw implant. Vitallium, the first successful biocompatible implant metal, had been developed a year earlier by Charles Venable, an orthopedic surgeon."<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/>  ||
 
| 1937 || || "Alvin Strock inserts the first Vitallium dental screw implant. Vitallium, the first successful biocompatible implant metal, had been developed a year earlier by Charles Venable, an orthopedic surgeon."<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/>  ||

Revision as of 18:29, 30 July 2018

This is a timeline of dentistry.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient times Dating back to 7000 B.C., dentistry is one of the oldest medical professions. The earliest records on dentistry date back to the Indus Valley Civilization. At around 5000 BC, descriptions related to dentistry and tooth decay become available. At the time, a Sumerian text describes tooth worms as causing dental decay, an idea that wouldn't prove false until the 1700s.[1]
Middle age In the Early Middle Ages in Europe monks act as doctors, surgeons and dentists. However in the early 12th century the Church forbids clergy to do operations of any kind. This gives place to the merge of craftsmen called a barber-surgeons. As well as cutting hair and doing surgery, barber-surgeons pull teeth. People clean their teeth by chewing twigs. Others make toothpaste from things like crushed eggshells. However there are no toothbrushes at the time.[2]
17th century In Europe, some barber-surgeons begin to specialize in dentistry. Toothbrushes are introduced into England in the mid-century.[2]
18th century Dentistry becomes more scientific[2] and a more defined profession.[1]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
7000 BC Human remains at the Mehgarh Neolithic site in Baluchistan, Pakistan, dating from that time show early evidence of dentistry. Holes in eleven teeth found on the site were intentionally made using ancient flint drill bits. The slight decay on the teeth suggests the patients had their teeth drilled to rid themselves of tooth decay.[3][4] Pakistan
5000 BC A Sumerian text describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay.[2][4] Iraq
3000 BC Egyptian high official Hesy-Ra is one of the earliest dental practitioners remembered by name.[3] Egypt
2900 BC – 2750 BC Egyptian skulls dating from that period contain evidence of small holes in the jaw in the vicinity of a tooth’s roots. Such holes are believed to have been drilled to drain abscesses.[5] Egypt
2500 BC Oral surgery is thought to be practiced in Egypt this early.[5] Egypt
2250 BC Anesthesiology A Babylonian clay tablet reveals the remedy for pain of dental cavities. A cement made by mixing henbane seed with gum mastic is used.[6]
1700 BC – 1500 BC The Ebers Papyrus in Egypt refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies.[7] Egypt
1500 BC Accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from that time.[5] Egypt
1000 BC Anesthesiology Wine is used in India to produce insensibility.[6] India
600 BC An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to Phoenicia, where missing teeth are replaced with animal teeth and are bound into place with cord.[5] Lebanon
400 BC Greek physician Hippocrates describes diseases of the mouth.[2] Greece
384–322 BC Aristotle writes about dentistry, describing tooth growth, tooth decay, and gum disease. Like Hippocrates, Aristotle also develops treatment methods, such as using forceps to pull teeth and using wires to attach loose teeth.[3] Greece
375 BC – 295 BC Greek physician Diocles of Carystus becomes the first to recommend regular oral hygiene by rubbing teeth and gums to improve oral health.[8] Greece
300 BC The Greeks develop some techniques for addressing tooth maladies.[3] Greece
100 BC "Celsus, a Roman medical writer, writes extensively in his important compendium of medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain, and jaw fractures."[7]
166 AD – 201 AD The Etruscans, an ancient civilization located in current Italy, are thought to have been excellent dentists.[2] The Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed bridgework.[7] Italy
700 "A medical text in China mentions the use of “silver paste,” a type of amalgam."[7] China
1210 "A Guild of Barbers is established in France. Barbers eventually evolve into two groups: surgeons who were educated and trained to perform complex surgical operations; and lay barbers, or barber-surgeons, who performed more routine hygienic services including shaving, bleeding and tooth extraction."[7] France
1400 "A series of royal decrees in France prohibit lay barbers from practicing all surgical procedures except bleeding, cupping, leeching, and extracting teeth."[7] France
1452 – 1519 Leonardo Da Vinci identifies tooth morphology.[8] Italy
1498 The toothbrush is invented by the Chinese. The device would take a long time to reach Europe.[2] China
1530 Zene Artzney Buchlein wider allerlei kranckeyten und gebrechen der tzeen (The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth) becomes the first book devoted entirely to dentistry. Published in Germany, it is written in German instead of Latin. The book addresses barber-surgeons and surgeons, who treat the mouth, rather than university-trained physicians, who ignore all diseases of the teeth. Subsequent to this publication, other surgeons would publish texts incorporating aspects of dental treatment.[3][5] Germany
1540 Anesthesiology German physician Valerius Cordus introduces synthesized sweet vitriol, now more commonly known as ether. Germany
1564 Anesthesiology French surgeon Ambroise Paré obtains local anesthesia by compression of nerves.[6] France
1575 Ambroise Paré covers the subject of dentistry in his works, including extraction and treating decay.[3] France
1685 "In 1685, Charles Allen became the first to publish a dental textbook in English. "The Operator for the Teeth" guided a dental practitioner beyond simply extracting teeth, and it included instructions for helping patients relax before treatment as well as making homemade dentifrice to whiten teeth."[3]
1728 French surgeon Pierre Fauchard publishes Le Chirurgien Dentiste ("The Surgeon Dentist"). His text includes the revelation that sugar causes tooth decay, dispelling the outdated belief that tooth worms and evil spirits are responsible for dental woes.[2][3][1] France
1746 Claude Mouton from France devises a gold crown with a gold post designed to be retained in the root canal, to prevent broken-down molars from further deteriorating.[9] France
1756 Philipp Pfaff describes a method for making impressions of the mouth in wax, from which he constructs a model with plaster. Pfaff's use of plaster would allow dentists to make impressions of the patient's edentulous jaws in the mouth.[10] France
1766 English dentist John Baker becomes the first dentist to immigrate to the United States.[3][11] United States
1760 – 1780 "Isaac Greenwood practices as the first native-born American dentist."[3] United States
1770 Porcelain false teeth are invented.[2]
1771 British surgeon John Hunter publishes The Natural History of the Human Teeth.[2] United Kingdom
1774 French Farmacist Alexis Duchâteau and dentist Nicholas Dubois De Chemant design a process for producing hard, decay-proof porcelain dentures.[10] France
1779 Anesthesiology Cornish chemist Humphry Davy announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.[6] United Kingdom
1789 Parisian dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant introduces his mineral teeth paste dentures, commonly known as porcelain teeth.[12][13] France
1790 "John Greenwood, son of Isaac Greenwood and one of George Washington’s dentists, constructs the first known dental foot engine. He adapts his mother’s foot treadle spinning wheel to rotate a drill."[7]
1790 American dentist Josiah Flagg constructs the first chair made specifically for dental patients.[2][14][15][16] United States
1801 Richard C. Skinner writes his Treatise on the Human Teeth, the first dental book published in the United States.[7][17][18] United States
1808 Italian dentist Giuseppangelo Fonzi devises a single porcelain tooth imbedded with a platinum pin.[19][20][10] Italy
c.1820 Amalgam is first used in Europe.[2][21]
1824 " Soap was added to toothpaste to increase it’s effectiveness. Later soap was substituted with sodium lauryl sulfate for a smoother paste."[22]
1825 "Samuel Stockton begins commercial manufacture of porcelain teeth. His S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company establishes and dominates the dental supply market throughout the 19th century."[7] United States
1832 James Snell invents the first reclining dental chair.[2]
1839 The American Journal of Dental Science is launched. It is the world’s first dental journal.[7] United States
1839 The vulcanized rubber is discovered. This would be used to hold false teeth.[19]
1840 The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (today University of Maryland School of Dentistry) opens, becoming the first dental school in the United States.[3] United States
1840 The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.[3][23] United States
1844 Anesthesiology American medicine man Gardner Quincy Colton introduces nitrous for wisdom tooth extraction.[6] United States
1846 Anesthesiology Henry Morton demonstrates the use of ether as an anesthetic in dentistry.[2]
1853 Anesthesiology The hollow needle and hypodermic syringe are invented.[6]
1855 "Robert Arthur originates the cohesive gold foil method allowing dentists to insert gold into a cavity with minimal pressure. The foil is fabricated by annealing, a process of passing gold through a flame making it soft and malleable."[7]
1859 The American Dental Association is established as a mercury amalgam promoting dental group.[1][23] United States
1860 The British Royal College of Surgeons introducea the Surgeons Licence in Dental Surgery.[2] United Kingdom
1864 Sanford C. Barnum develops the rubber dam, a piece of elastic rubber fitted over a tooth by means of weights. The rubber dam is considered the optimal method to isolate a dental operative field and to prevent moisture contamination during the placement of direct restorations and endodontic procedures.[24]
1864 George Fellows invents a clockwork dental drill.[2]
1867 Harvard University Dental School is established as an early university-affiliated dental institution.[1] United States
1871 James B. Morrison patents the first commercially manufactured foot-treadle dental engine. The inexpensive, mechanized tool supplies dental burs with enough speed to cut enamel and dentin smoothly and quickly.[7]
1871 American dentist, George F. Green receives a patent for the first electric dental engine, a self-contained motor and handpiece.[25][7] United States
1873 Colgate starts mass production of the first toothpaste. Mass-produced toothbrushes would followed a few years later.[1] United States
1875 American dentist George Green invents an electric dental drill.[2][26]
1877 Basil Manly Wilkerson invents a hydraulic chair (now called Wilkerson dental chair).[2]
1879 A register of dentists is set up in Britain.[2] United Kingdom
1880 Organization The British Dental Association is founded.[27][28][29] United Kingdom
1880 The first electric toothbrush is marketed.[19]
1880s "The collapsible metal tube revolutionizes toothpaste manufacturing and marketing. Dentifrice had been available only in liquid or powder form, usually made by individual dentists, and sold in bottles, porcelain pots, or paper boxes. Tube toothpaste, in contrast, is mass-produced in factories, mass-marketed, and sold nation-wide. In twenty years, it becomes the norm."[7]
1884 Anesthesiology Austrian ophtalmologist Carl Koller from Vienna expounds the value of cocaine for local anesthesia.[6][30] Austria
1890 "Willoughby Miller an American dentist in Germany, notes the microbial basis of dental decay in his book Micro-Organisms of the Human Mouth. This generates an unprecedented interest in oral hygiene and starts a world-wide movement to promote regular toothbrushing and flossing."[7]
1892 The first collapsible tube is marketed.[19]
1894 Anesthesiology H.J. Carlson discovers that ethyl chloride produces a sound sleep in some dental patients.[6]
1895 German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.[29]
1896 American dentist Charles Edmund Kells introduces X-ray technology in dentistry.[5][1] United States
1899 "Edward Hartley Angle classifies the various forms of malocclusion. Credited with making orthodontics into a dental specialty, Angle also establishes the first school of orthodontics (Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis, 1900), the first orthodontic society (American Society of Orthodontia, 1901), and the first dental specialty journal (American Orthodontist, 1907)"
1901 "Edward H. Angle, who started the first school of orthodontics in 1901, created a simple classification for crooked teeth in the late 1800s, a system still in use today"[1] United States
1903 Dr Charles H. Land introduces his porcelain jacket crown, the first tooth-colored full-coverage restoration. The PJC is made with feldspathic porcelain clay layers successively fired over platinum foil.[29][31]
1905 German chemist Alfred Einhorn formulates the local anesthetic procain, later marketed under the trade name Novocain.[29] Germany
1907 American dentist William Taggart introduces a precision casting machine that allows dentists to create gold restorations of great accuracy with a minimum of tooth removal.[5][10] [29] United States
1908 "Greene Vardiman Black, the leading reformer and educator of American dentistry, publishes his monumental two-volume treatise Operative Dentistry, which remains the essential clinical dental text for fifty years. Black later develops techniques for filling teeth, standardizes operative procedures and instrumentation, develops an improved amalgam, and pioneers the use of visual aids for teaching dentistry."[29] United States
1913 American dentist Edwin J. Greenfield demonstrates the first modern and truly functional dental implant.[5]
1913 Clinic American dentist Alfred Fones opens the Fones Clinic For Dental Hygienists in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the world’s first oral hygiene school.[7] United States
1914 "During this time, fluoride was added to toothpaste to make it more effective in reducing and preventing cavities."[22]
1915 D.F. Jackson uses carbon dioxide absorber for general anesthesia.
1917 "Irene Newman receives the world’s first dental hygiene license in Connecticut."[7]
1921 New law introduced in Britain stipulates that only registered dentists could practice dentistry.[2] United Kingdom
1924 Organization The American Dental Assistants Association is founded.[29] United States
1930 Organization The American Board of Orthodontics is founded as the world’s first dental specialty board.[7] United States
1935 Polymerized acrylic resin is introduced as a denture base material to support artificial teeth.[10]
1937 "Alvin Strock inserts the first Vitallium dental screw implant. Vitallium, the first successful biocompatible implant metal, had been developed a year earlier by Charles Venable, an orthopedic surgeon."[7]
1938 DuPont introduces nylon bristles to the market.[29][4]
1945 The water fluoridation era begins when the cities of Newburgh, New York, and Grand Rapids, Michigan, add sodium fluoride to their public water systems, in order to help fight tooth decay among residents.[29][19] United States
1949 Swiss chemist Oskar Hagger develops the first system of bonding acrylic resin to dentin.[29]
1950 The first fluoride toothpastes are marketed.[29][8]
1953 The first commercially successful water-driven turbine drill, developed by American dentist Robert Nelson, is introduced.[5] United States
1955 "Michael Buonocore describes the acid etch technique, a simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic fillings to enamel." [29]
1956 Proctor & Gamble introduces Crest brand toothpaste with fluoride.[19] United States
1957 John Borden introduces the air turbine dental drill (using compressed air).[2][5]
1958 A fully reclining dental chair is introduced.[29]
1960 Lasers are developed and approved in dentistry for soft tissue work, such as treatment of periodontal disease.[7]
1962 "Rafael Bowen develops Bis-GMA, the thermoset resin complex used in most modern composite resin restorative materials."[29]
1980 "Per-Ingvar Branemark describes techniques for the osseointegration of dental implants."[29]
1984 The pump dispenser is introduced.[19]
1987 "The first edible toothpaste was invented by NASA so that astronauts didn’t have to spit into zero gravity. It became mostly used by children."[22]
1989 The first commercial home tooth bleaching product is marketed.[29]
1990 "New tooth-colored restorative materials plus increased usage of bleaching, veneers, and implants inaugurate an era of esthetic dentistry."[7]
1997 "FDA approves the erbium YAG laser, the first for use on dentin, to treat tooth decay."[7]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

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What the timeline is still missing

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See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". adea.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 "A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". localhistories.org. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "A Brief History of Dentistry". carefreedental.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The history of dentistry". renkendentistry.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 "Dentistry". britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 "A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia". speareducation.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 "History of Dentistry Timeline". ada.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Phinney, Donna J.; Halstead, Judy H. Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach. 
  9. ↑ Goodman, Saundra. Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them!. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book (Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls ed.). 
  11. ↑ "'Dentists' and the establishment of the Anglo-American profession in the 18th century. Part 4. North America". nature.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  12. ↑ Lee, Bill; Gadow, Rainer; Mitic, Vojislav. Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference. 
  13. ↑ Bairsto, Rachel. The British Dentist. 
  14. ↑ Walker, Jimmy. Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare. 
  15. ↑ The Dental assistant. 
  16. ↑ Temple Dental Review, Volumes 26-27. 
  17. ↑ Deranian, Hagop Martin. The Origins of Dentistry in America. 
  18. ↑ Morton, Leslie Thomas; Moore, Robert J. A Chronology of Medicine and Related Sciences. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 "The History of Dental Advances". knowyourteeth.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018. 
  20. ↑ "The Story Of Porcelain Veneers". smilesteps.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018. 
  21. ↑ "Evidence Implicating Amalgam in Alzheimer's Disease". customers.hbci.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "The Evolution of Toothpaste". drmaggiedavis.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this?". mosaicmanagementgroup.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  24. ↑ "RUBBER DAM ISOLATION". dentistry.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  25. ↑ "January 26, 1875 : Kalamazoo Dentist George F. Green Patents First Electric Dental Drill". blogpublic.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  26. ↑ "First electric dental drill: Jan. 26, 1875". healthcentral.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  27. ↑ "History of the British Dental Association". bda.org. Retrieved 31 July 2018. 
  28. ↑ "The British Dental Association". nature.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018. 
  29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 29.13 29.14 29.15 "The History of Dentistry". namibiadent.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  30. ↑ Goerig, M; Bacon, D; van Zundert, A. "Carl Koller, cocaine, and local anesthesia: some less known and forgotten facts.". PMID 22531385. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e31825051f3. Retrieved 28 July 2018. 
  31. ↑ Freedman, George A. Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry - E-Book. 
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