Difference between revisions of "Timeline of tungsten"
From Timelines
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| 1900 || || A special mix of steel and tungsten is exhibited at the [[w:Exposition Universelle (1900)|World Exhibition]] in Paris.<ref name="The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth"/> || {{w|France}} | | 1900 || || A special mix of steel and tungsten is exhibited at the [[w:Exposition Universelle (1900)|World Exhibition]] in Paris.<ref name="The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1904 || || The first light bulbs using tungsten are patented.<ref name="The History and Uses of Tungsten"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies"/><ref name="Tungsten History"/> || | + | | 1904 || || Several European inventors almost simultaneously develop lamp filaments made with the metal tungsten.<ref name="Incandescent lamp with ductile tungsten filament">{{cite web |title=Incandescent lamp with ductile tungsten filament |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_704238 |website=americanhistory.si.edu |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref> The first light bulbs using tungsten are patented in the year.<ref name="The History and Uses of Tungsten"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies"/><ref name="Tungsten History"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| 1908 || || American physicist {{w|William D. Coolidge}} discovers that tungsten is an ideal filament material.<ref name="Facts About Tungsten"/> Coolidge invents a process for making tungsten filaments which (combined with other improvements) produce lamps two and a half times as efficient as those used before.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boorstin |first1=Daniel J. |title=The Americans: The Democratic Experience |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RicRyr47FMgC&pg=PT789&dq=%22in+1908%22+William+D.+Coolidge+%22tungsten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitu7_m8OPcAhWKkJAKHUDrBtAQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201908%22%20William%20D.%20Coolidge%20%22tungsten%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heerding |first1=A. |title=The History of N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken: Volume 2, A Company of Many Parts |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=evg8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=%22in+1908%22+William+D.+Coolidge+%22tungsten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitu7_m8OPcAhWKkJAKHUDrBtAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201908%22%20William%20D.%20Coolidge%20%22tungsten%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | | 1908 || || American physicist {{w|William D. Coolidge}} discovers that tungsten is an ideal filament material.<ref name="Facts About Tungsten"/> Coolidge invents a process for making tungsten filaments which (combined with other improvements) produce lamps two and a half times as efficient as those used before.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boorstin |first1=Daniel J. |title=The Americans: The Democratic Experience |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RicRyr47FMgC&pg=PT789&dq=%22in+1908%22+William+D.+Coolidge+%22tungsten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitu7_m8OPcAhWKkJAKHUDrBtAQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201908%22%20William%20D.%20Coolidge%20%22tungsten%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heerding |first1=A. |title=The History of N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken: Volume 2, A Company of Many Parts |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=evg8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=%22in+1908%22+William+D.+Coolidge+%22tungsten%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitu7_m8OPcAhWKkJAKHUDrBtAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201908%22%20William%20D.%20Coolidge%20%22tungsten%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1909 || || Team led {{w|William D. Coolidge}} working at {{w|General Electric}} discover a process that creates ductile tungsten filaments through suitable heat treatment and mechanical working.<ref name="The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Coolidge, William David (1873-1975) |url=http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/william-david-coolidge/ |website=harvardsquarelibrary.org |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | + | | 1909 || || Team led {{w|William D. Coolidge}} working at {{w|General Electric}} discover a process that creates ductile tungsten filaments through suitable heat treatment and mechanical working.<ref name="The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth"/><ref name="The Chemistry of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Coolidge, William David (1873-1975) |url=http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/william-david-coolidge/ |website=harvardsquarelibrary.org |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Incandescent lamp with ductile tungsten filament"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
| 1911 || || The Coolidge process is commercialized. In a short time, tungsten light bulbs would spread all over the world equipped with ductile tungsten wires.<ref name="The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth"/> || {{w|United States}} | | 1911 || || The Coolidge process is commercialized. In a short time, tungsten light bulbs would spread all over the world equipped with ductile tungsten wires.<ref name="The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
Revision as of 13:51, 26 August 2018
This is a timeline of tungsten.
Contents
Big picture
| Time period | Development summary |
|---|---|
| 16th century | Tungsten is first discovered in the 16th century in Saxony by tin miners, who find and then recognize the metal as a newly useful and undiscovered asset.[1][2] |
| 18th century | Chemists begin identifying the elements that make up mater. In this century tungsten is first isolated.[3] |
| 20th century | In the 1930s, new applications arise for tungsten compounds in the oil industry for the hydrotreating of crude oils. In the 1940s, during World War II, the Germans are the first to use tungsten carbide core in high velocity armor piercing projectiles. In the 1950s, tungsten is added into superalloys to improve performance. In the 1960s, new catalysts are born containing tungsten compounds to treat exhaust gases in the oil industry.[4] |
| 21st century | Currently, most tungsten resources are found in China, South Korea, Bolivia, Great Britain, Russia and Portugal, as well as in California and Colorado. About 80% of world’s supply is controlled by China.[5] Today, tungsten carbide is extremely widespread, with applications including metal cutting, machining of wood, plastics, composites, soft ceramics, chipless forming, mining, construction, rock drilling, structural parts, wear parts, and military components. Tungsten-steel alloys are used in the production of rocket engine nozzles, and superalloys containing tungsten are used in turbine blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings.[4] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Details | Country/region |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1556 | German mineralogist Georgius Agricola notes a material he calls lupi spuma ("wolf's foam"), which in German is wolf rahm. The mineral ore is today known as wolframite and is one of the main sources of tungsten. This explains the symbol "W" for the element.[6] | Germany | |
| 1750 | Tungsten ore (now called scheelite) is discovered in the Bispberg´s iron mine in the Swedish province Dalecarlia.[7] | Sweden | |
| 1757 | Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt describes a light heavy mineral. He names it “tung sten” in Swedish, meaning “heavy stone”.[8][2] | Sweden | |
| 1779 | Irish chemist Peter Woulfe examines a mineral from Sweden and realizes it contains a new type of metal.[5][6] | ||
| 1781 | German chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele continues the research on the new metal and isolates an acidic white oxide.[5][6] Scheele is the first to produce tungsten acid from tungsten ore.[8][9][2] | Sweden | |
| 1781 | The name "tungsten" is suggested by chemist Tobern Bergman.[6] | Sweden | |
| 1783 | Tungsten is first isolated by Spanish brothers Fausto Elhuyar and Juan José Elhuyar. They isolate the metal oxide from wolframite and reduce it to tungsten metal by heating it with carbon.[10][9][11] The brothers call the new metal wolfram.[3] | Spain | |
| 1820 | One of the two economically important minerals of tungsten is named “wolframite” by German mineralogist August Breithaupt.[8] | ||
| 1821 | German mineralogist Karl Cäsar von Leonhard proposes the name “Scheelite” for the mineral CaWO4, in honour of Carl Wilhelm Scheele.[8][2] | ||
| 1847 | Engineer Robert Oxland is granted a patent to prepare, form, and reduce tungsten to its metallic format.[1][2] | ||
| 1847 | Tungsten salts are used to make colored cotton and to make clothes used for theatrical and other purposes fireproof.[4] | ||
| 1855 | Austrian chemist Franz Koller develops a tungsten steel.[1][4][11] | Austria | |
| 1858 | Steels containing tungsten begin to be produced.[1][2] | ||
| 1868 | Mushet starts to manufacture high-carbon-vanadium-manganese-tungsten steels in England.[11][7] | United Kingdom | |
| 1895 | American inventor Thomas Edison finds that calcium tungstate is the substance with the best ability to fluoresce when exposed to X-rays.[4] | United States | |
| 1900 | A special mix of steel and tungsten is exhibited at the World Exhibition in Paris.[4] | France | |
| 1904 | Several European inventors almost simultaneously develop lamp filaments made with the metal tungsten.[12] The first light bulbs using tungsten are patented in the year.[1][11][2] | ||
| 1908 | American physicist William D. Coolidge discovers that tungsten is an ideal filament material.[5] Coolidge invents a process for making tungsten filaments which (combined with other improvements) produce lamps two and a half times as efficient as those used before.[13][14] | United States | |
| 1909 | Team led William D. Coolidge working at General Electric discover a process that creates ductile tungsten filaments through suitable heat treatment and mechanical working.[4][11][15][12] | United States | |
| 1911 | The Coolidge process is commercialized. In a short time, tungsten light bulbs would spread all over the world equipped with ductile tungsten wires.[4] | United States | |
| 1922 | Tungsten is placed on the first official Government list of strategic minerals in the United States.[16] | United States | |
| 1923 | A German electrical bulb company submits a patent for tungsten carbide, or hardmetal. The carbide is made by "cementing" very hard tungsten monocarbide (WC) grains in a binder matrix of tough cobalt metal by liquid phase sintering. The resulting material combines high strenght, toughness and high hardness.[4] | Germany | |
| 1940 – 1945 | Tungsten becomes a strategic metal during World War II as its resistance to high temperatures and its strengthening of alloys make it an important raw material for the arms industry.[2] | ||
| 1944 | K C Li, founder of Wah Chang Corporation in the United States, publishes a picture in the Engineering & Mining Journal entitled: “40 Years Growth of the Tungsten Tree (1904 – 1944)” which illustrates the fast development of the various tungsten applications in the field of metallurgy and chemistry.[7] | United States | |
| 1977 | China is the biggest and most important tungsten ore concentrate supplier.[17] | China | |
| 1979 | The first International Tungsten Symposium is held in Stockholm.[18][19][20] | Sweden | |
| 1993 | The price of tungsten reaches historical minimum, as a result of the collapse of the communist world together with a sudden fall in the worldwide tungsten consumption.[17] | ||
| 1995 | Production | Two countries, China (69%), and the former Soviet Union (19%), account for over 80 percent of the world's production of tungsten.[21] | China, Ex-USSR |
| 2003 | Ammonium paratungstate, ferrotungsten, tungsten carbonate, and tungsten oxide are major exported products from China.[22] | China |
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See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "The History and Uses of Tungsten". larsonjewelers.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Tungsten > History". almonty.com. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rezende, Lisa. Chronology of Science.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 DESJARDINS, JEFF. "The History of Tungsten, the Strongest Natural Metal on Earth". visualcapitalist.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Facts About Tungsten". livescience.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Ede, Andrew. The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "HISTORY OF TUNGSTEN". itia.info. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "History". vitalmetals.com.au. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "The Hard Facts about Tungsten". mi-techmetals.com. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ↑ DK. 1000 Inventions and Discoveries.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Rollinson, Carl L. The Chemistry of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Incandescent lamp with ductile tungsten filament". americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ↑ Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience.
- ↑ Heerding, A. The History of N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken: Volume 2, A Company of Many Parts.
- ↑ "Coolidge, William David (1873-1975)". harvardsquarelibrary.org. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ↑ Materials Survey: Tungsten. United States. Business and Defense Services Administration.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lassner, Erik; Schubert, Wolf-Dieter. Tungsten: Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds.
- ↑ "Tungsten : proceedings of the First International Tungsten Symposium, Stockholm, September 5-7, 1979 / edited ... by Mining Journal Books Limited in co-operation with the Primary Tungsten Association and the Consumer Reporting Group, co-sponsors of the symposium.". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ↑ "International Tungsten Symposium". classify.oclc.org. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ↑ "International Tungsten Symposium (1st :, 1979 : Stockholm, Sweden)". catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ↑ Werner, Antony B. T.; Sinclair, W. D.; Amey, Earle B. International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report--tungsten.
- ↑ China Mining Laws and Regulations Handbook. International Business Publications, USA.
