Difference between revisions of "Timeline of genetic engineering in humans"

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There are some evidence that humans might have self-domesticated, which could be seen as a form of genetic engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acOZT240bTA |title=CARTA: Domestication and Human Evolution - Richard Wrangham: Did Homo sapiens Self-Domesticate? | accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref>
 
There are some evidence that humans might have self-domesticated, which could be seen as a form of genetic engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acOZT240bTA |title=CARTA: Domestication and Human Evolution - Richard Wrangham: Did Homo sapiens Self-Domesticate? | accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref>
  
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However, actual genetic engineering started in the 20th century. The timeline below details those milestones.
+
However, actual genetic engineering started in the 20th century. The timeline below details related milestones.
  
−
For a full history of the biotechnologial context in which that happened, see the Genetic Literacy Project's timeline, [https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/07/18/biotechnology-timeline-humans-manipulating-genes-since-dawn-civilization/ Biotechnology timeline: Humans have manipulated genes since the ‘dawn of civilization’]. For a timeline of the CRISPR technology, see [[Timeline of CRISPR]].
+
For a full history of the biotechnologial context in which that happened, see the Genetic Literacy Project's timeline, [https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/07/18/biotechnology-timeline-humans-manipulating-genes-since-dawn-civilization/ Biotechnology timeline: Humans have manipulated genes since the ‘dawn of civilization’]. For a timeline of the CRISPR technology, see [[Timeline of CRISPR]]. For a timeline on genetics engineering in general, see [[Timeline of genetic engineering]].
 +
 
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! genetic engineering
 +
! genetic engineering in humans
 +
! gene therapy
 +
! human genome project 
 +
! human clone
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 28,200 || 26,600 || 28,000 || 410 || 3,080
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 13,000 || 6,730 || 10,700 || 613 || 8,860
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 47,300 || 32,900 || 41,000 || 2,390 || 20,200
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 32,500 || 10,200 || 41,400 || 6,290 || 40,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 87,800 || 41,600 || 144,000 || 15,400 || 61,200
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 90,100 || 22,800 || 174,000 || 20,700 || 63,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 116,000 || 25,100 || 256,000 || 26,100 || 67,200
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 161,000 || 30,300 || 315,000 || 33,100 || 64,400
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 204,000 || 34,700 || 401,000 || 43,400 || 64,500
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 280,000 || 53,900 || 455,000 || 56,500 || 63,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 323,000 || 53,300 || 560,000 || 75,300 || 63,300 
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 285,000 || 51,900 || 504,000 || 88,300 || 58,000 
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 224,000 || 48,800 || 377,000 || 80,300 || 51,200   
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 210,000 || 50,000 || 343,000 || 88,300 || 48,100 
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 171,000 || 46,300 || 228,000 || 80,300  || 43,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 101,000 || 40,000 || 145,000 || 63,500 || 38,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 97,100 || 34,400 || 110,000 || 51,700 || 27,300
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
[[File:Genetic edgneering tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Genetic engineering in humans (Search term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Genetic engineering in humans |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Genetic%20engineering%20in%20humans |website=Google Trends |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Genetic engineering in humans gt.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Genetic engineering in humans from 1950 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Genetic engineering in humans |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Genetic+engineering+in+humans&year_start=1950&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cgenetic%20engineering%20in%20humans%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Cgenetic%20engineering%20in%20humans%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Genetic engineering in humans ngram.jpg|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Wikipedia Views ===
  
 
==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
Line 12: Line 76:
 
! Year !! Month and date !! Details
 
! Year !! Month and date !! Details
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1978 || July 25 || The first human is born through in vitro fertilization.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |last1=Weule |first1=Genelle |title=The first IVF baby was born 40 years ago today |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-25/first-ivf-baby-louise-joy-brown-turns-40/10017032 |accessdate=9 December 2018 |work=ABC News |date=24 July 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
+
| 1978 || July 25 || For the first time, a human is born through in vitro fertilization.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |last1=Weule |first1=Genelle |title=The first IVF baby was born 40 years ago today |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-25/first-ivf-baby-louise-joy-brown-turns-40/10017032 |accessdate=9 December 2018 |work=ABC News |date=24 July 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1983 ||  || For the first time, a human gets a pregnancy derived from a {{w|cryopreserved}} human {{w|embryo}} (but was aborted naturally at ten weeks of gestation).<ref name="pmid6403104">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trounson A, Leeton J, Besanko M, Wood C, Conti A | title = Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro | journal = British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 286 | issue = 6368 | pages = 835–8 | date = March 1983 | pmid = 6403104 | pmc = 1547212 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.286.6368.835}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1984 ||  || The first human derived from a cryopreserved human embryo is born.<ref name="pmid6403104"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1983 ||  || The first pregnancy derived from a cryopreserve human embryo (but was aborted naturally at ten weeks of gestation).<ref name="pmid6403104">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trounson A, Leeton J, Besanko M, Wood C, Conti A | title = Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro | journal = British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 286 | issue = 6368 | pages = 835–8 | date = March 1983 | pmid = 6403104 | pmc = 1547212 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.286.6368.835}}</ref>  
+
| 1990s ||  || China starts to do widespread prenatal testing for birth defects with ultrasound.<ref name="ChinaScreening">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909061223/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/5gw8vn/chinas-taking-over-the-world-with-a-massive-genetic-engineering-program|title=China Is Engineering Genius Babies - VICE|date=2019-09-09|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1984 ||  || The first human derived from a cryopreserve human embryo was born.<ref name="pmid6403104"/>
+
| 1990 ||  || The first human that had received a {{w|preimplantation genetic diagnosis}} is born.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Handyside AH, Lesko JG, Tarín JJ, Winston RM, Hughes MR | title = Birth of a normal girl after in vitro fertilization and preimplantation diagnostic testing for cystic fibrosis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 327 | issue = 13 | pages = 905–9 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1381054 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199209243271301 }}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || || The first human that had received {{w|preimplantation genetic diagnosis}} was born.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Handyside AH, Lesko JG, Tarín JJ, Winston RM, Hughes MR | title = Birth of a normal girl after in vitro fertilization and preimplantation diagnostic testing for cystic fibrosis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 327 | issue = 13 | pages = 905–9 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1381054 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199209243271301 }}</ref>
+
| 1990 || Sept. 14 || For the first time, a human receives a {{w|gene therapy}}. They get white blood cells extracted from them, injected with normal genes for making {{w|adenosine deaminase}}, and then inserted again into them.<ref name=”GeneTherapy”>{{cite web | url=https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/genetics/sect4.htm | title=Gene Therapy}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || Sept. 14 || For the first time, a human receive a gene therapy. They had white blood cells extracted from them, injected with normal genes for making adenosine deaminase, and then were inserted again into them.<ref name=”GeneTherapy”>{{cite web | url=https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/genetics/sect4.htm | title=Gene Therapy}}</ref>
+
| 1990 || Oct. 1 || The {{w|Human Genome Project}} to map the entire {{w|human genome}} is officially launched.<ref name=”HumanGenomeProject”>{{cite web | url=https://www.genome.gov/10001763/about-nhgri-a-brief-history-and-timeline/ | title=About NHGRI: A Brief History and Timeline}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || Oct. 1 || The Human Genome Project to map the entire human genome was officially launched.<ref name=”HumanGenomeProject”>{{cite web | url=https://www.genome.gov/10001763/about-nhgri-a-brief-history-and-timeline/ | title=About NHGRI: A Brief History and Timeline}}</ref>
+
| 1997 || June || The world's first genetically modified human is born. They receive a ooplasmic transfer, which consist in taking the contents of a donor egg from a fertile female and injecting it into the egg of an infertile female along with the fertilizing sperm from their mate.<ref name=”GeneticallyModifiedHuman”>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/05/05/US.genes/index.html | title=World's first genetically altered babies born|date=2001-05-05|website=CNN.com}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1997 || June || The world's first genetically modified human was born. They received a ooplasmic transfer, which consist in taking the contents of a donor egg from a fertile female and injecting it into the egg of an infertile woman along with the fertilizing sperm from her mate.<ref name=”GeneticallyModifiedHuman”>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/05/05/US.genes/index.html | title=World's first genetically altered babies born|date=2001-05-05|website=CNN.com}}</ref>
+
| 1998 || November || The first hybrid {{w|human clone}} is created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It is created using {{w|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}} (SCNT) - a nucleus is taken from a cell of a male's leg and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus is removed, and the hybrid cell is cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo is destroyed after 12 days.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/371378.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Details of hybrid clone revealed | date=June 18, 1999 | accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || November || The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It was created using {{w|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}} (SCNT) - a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo was destroyed after 12 days.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/371378.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Details of hybrid clone revealed | date=June 18, 1999 | accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref>
+
| 2000 || June 26 || The Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics announce the completion of the first draft of the human genome.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.genome.gov/10001457/2000-release-working-draft-of-human-genome-sequence/ | title=International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Announces "Working Draft" of Human Genome | date=June 2000| accessdate=December 10, 2018}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2000-06-26 ||  || The {{w|Human Genome Project}} (HGP) and Celera Genomics announced the completion of the first draft of the human genome.
+
| 2003 ||  || BGI Shenzhen, in China, collects DNA samples from 2,000 of the world's smartest people. The screening includes sending a CV, a list of publications, standardized-test scores, where one went to college, etc. They sequence the entire genomes and attempt to identify the alleles which correlate with intelligence. This could lead to embryo screening increasing intelligence by 5 to 15 IQ points.<ref name="ChinaScreening"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || January || Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. Each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos were developed only to the blastocyst stage.<ref>Rick Weiss for the Washington Post January 18, 2008 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011700324.html?hpid=topnews Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells]</ref><ref name="pmid18202077">{{cite journal |vauthors=French AJ, Adams CA, Anderson LS, Kitchen JR, Hughes MR, Wood SH | title = Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts | journal = Stem Cells | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 485–93 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18202077 | doi = 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0252 }}</ref>
+
| 2008 || January || Researchers at the company Stemagen announce that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. Each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos would develop only to the blastocyst stage.<ref>Rick Weiss for the Washington Post January 18, 2008 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011700324.html?hpid=topnews Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells]</ref><ref name="pmid18202077">{{cite journal |vauthors=French AJ, Adams CA, Anderson LS, Kitchen JR, Hughes MR, Wood SH | title = Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts | journal = Stem Cells | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 485–93 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18202077 | doi = 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0252 }}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 ||  || First report of embryonic stem cells created using SCNT. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. All four lines were derived using oocytes from the same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited was identical.<ref name=TrounsonComment>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trounson A, DeWitt ND | title = Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 636–8 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23746970 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.022 }}</ref> A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.<ref name="pmid24746675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR | title = Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 777–80 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24746675 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 }}</ref>
+
| 2013 ||  || Embryonic stem cells are created using SCNT for the first time. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal {{w|somatic cells}} are derived from those {{w|blastocysts}}. All four lines are derived using {{w|oocytes}} from the same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited are identical.<ref name=TrounsonComment>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trounson A, DeWitt ND | title = Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 636–8 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23746970 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.022 }}</ref> A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.<ref name="pmid24746675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR | title = Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 777–80 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24746675 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 }}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || April 18 || Junjiu Huang and colleagues at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou published a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13238-015-0153-5 paper] on their attempt to use the {{w|CRISPR}}/Cas-9 system to edit the hemoglobin-B gene (HBB) in 86 non-viable human embryos. <ref name=”Gene Editing”>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/04/chinese-paper-embryo-engineering-splits-scientific-community | title=Chinese paper on embryo engineering splits scientific community|date=2015-04-24}}</ref> Two days later, 54 embryos had survived, only 4 had the desired genetic changes, and all 4 were mosaic (meaning only some cells had the desired changes), and they contained a lot of unintended mutations.<ref name=”Gene Editing” />
+
| 2015 || April 18 || Researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou publish a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13238-015-0153-5 paper] on their attempt to use the {{w|CRISPR}}/Cas-9 system to edit the hemoglobin-B gene (HBB) in 86 non-viable human embryos. <ref name=”Gene Editing”>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/04/chinese-paper-embryo-engineering-splits-scientific-community | title=Chinese paper on embryo engineering splits scientific community|date=2015-04-24}}</ref> Two days later, 54 embryos would survive, only 4 would have the desired genetic changes, and all 4 would be mosaic (meaning only some cells would have the desired changes), and they would contain a lot of unintended mutations.<ref name=”Gene Editing” />
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || Nov. 15 || For the first time, CRISPR gene-editing was tested in a person.<ref name=”CRISPR”>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988 | title=CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time|date=2016-11-15|accessdate=2018-12-09}}</ref>  
+
| 2016 || Nov. 15 || For the first time, CRISPR gene-editing is tested in a human.<ref name=”CRISPR”>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988 | title=CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time|date=2016-11-15|accessdate=2018-12-09}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2017 ||  || The first attempt in the United States of using CRISPR to genetically modify human embryos.<ref name=”CRISPR US”>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/ | title=First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.|date=2017-07-26}}</ref>  
+
| 2017 ||  || For the first time in the United States, there's an attempt of using CRISPR to genetically modify human embryos.<ref name=”CRISPR US”>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/ | title=First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.|date=2017-07-26}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || Nov. 25 || He Jiankui of Shenzhen, a Chinese researcher, claims that he helped make the first genetically edited babies. <ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/25/china-first-gene-edited-babies-born/ | title=Chinese researcher claims birth of first gene-edited babies — twin girls|date=2018-11-25}}</ref> The babies are twin girls named Lulu and Nana. <ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/28/chinese-scientist-defends-creating-gene-edited-babies/ | title=Amid uproar, Chinese scientist defends creating gene-edited babies|date=2018-11-28}}</ref>. They are claimed to have been born a few weeks before he announced it.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/> He’s stated goal was to make sure the babies would have the ability to resist an HIV infection, a trait few people naturally have.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/> He gave official notice of his work on November 8, 2018 on a Chinese registry of clinical trials.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/>
+
| 2018 || Nov. 25 || A Chinese researcher of Shenzhen claims that he helped make the first genetically edited humans. <ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/25/china-first-gene-edited-babies-born/ | title=Chinese researcher claims birth of first gene-edited babies — twin girls|date=2018-11-25}}</ref> The humans are twins named Lulu and Nana. <ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/28/chinese-scientist-defends-creating-gene-edited-babies/ | title=Amid uproar, Chinese scientist defends creating gene-edited babies|date=2018-11-28}}</ref>. They are claimed to have been born a few weeks before he announced it.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/> The researcher's stated goal is to make sure the humans would have the ability to resist an HIV infection, a trait few people naturally have.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/> He gave official notice of his work on November 8, 2018 on a Chinese registry of clinical trials.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/>
  
−
One-off target edit was found before implementing the embryo, but wasn’t confirmed when the babies were sequenced after birth.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”/> Only some of the cells of the early-stage embryo were successfully edited, and one edit resulted in a CCR5 protein missing five amino acids, so it’s unclear whether the babies will actually be resistant to HIV.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”/>
+
One-off target edit was found before implementing the embryo, but wasn’t confirmed when the humans were sequenced after birth.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”/> Only some of the cells of the early-stage embryo were successfully edited, and one edit resulted in a CCR5 protein missing five amino acids, so it’s unclear whether they will actually be resistant to HIV.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”/>
  
−
China’s vice minister of science and technology, Xu Nanping, said the effort “crossed the line of morality and ethics and was shocking and unacceptable.”<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies3”>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612494/despite-crispr-baby-controversy-harvard-university-will-begin-gene-editing-sperm/ | title=Despite CRISPR baby controversy, Harvard University will begin gene-editing sperm|date=2018-11-29}}</ref>
+
China’s vice minister of science and technology, Xu Nanping, said the effort “crossed the line of morality and ethics and was shocking and unacceptable.”<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies3”>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612494/despite-crispr-baby-controversy-harvard-university-will-begin-gene-editing-sperm/ | title=Despite CRISPR baby controversy, Harvard University will begin gene-editing sperm|date=2018-11-29}}</ref> The researcher is currently in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/1/13/21055740/trump-reelection-biden-nomination-brexit-2020-predictions|title=19 big predictions about 2020, from Trump’s reelection to Brexit|last=Samuel|first=Sigal|date=2020-01-13|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>
 
|}
 
|}
  

Latest revision as of 12:54, 30 May 2021

This is a timeline of genetic engineering in humans.

There are some evidence that humans might have self-domesticated, which could be seen as a form of genetic engineering.[1]

However, actual genetic engineering started in the 20th century. The timeline below details related milestones.

For a full history of the biotechnologial context in which that happened, see the Genetic Literacy Project's timeline, Biotechnology timeline: Humans have manipulated genes since the ‘dawn of civilization’. For a timeline of the CRISPR technology, see Timeline of CRISPR. For a timeline on genetics engineering in general, see Timeline of genetic engineering.

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.

Year genetic engineering genetic engineering in humans gene therapy human genome project human clone
1980 28,200 26,600 28,000 410 3,080
1985 13,000 6,730 10,700 613 8,860
1990 47,300 32,900 41,000 2,390 20,200
1995 32,500 10,200 41,400 6,290 40,600
2000 87,800 41,600 144,000 15,400 61,200
2002 90,100 22,800 174,000 20,700 63,100
2004 116,000 25,100 256,000 26,100 67,200
2006 161,000 30,300 315,000 33,100 64,400
2008 204,000 34,700 401,000 43,400 64,500
2010 280,000 53,900 455,000 56,500 63,100
2012 323,000 53,300 560,000 75,300 63,300
2014 285,000 51,900 504,000 88,300 58,000
2016 224,000 48,800 377,000 80,300 51,200
2017 210,000 50,000 343,000 88,300 48,100
2018 171,000 46,300 228,000 80,300 43,600
2019 101,000 40,000 145,000 63,500 38,100
2020 97,100 34,400 110,000 51,700 27,300
Genetic edgneering tb.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Genetic engineering in humans (Search term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[2]

Genetic engineering in humans gt.jpg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Genetic engineering in humans from 1950 to 2019.[3]

Genetic engineering in humans ngram.jpg

Wikipedia Views

Full timeline

Year Month and date Details
1978 July 25 For the first time, a human is born through in vitro fertilization.[4]
1983 For the first time, a human gets a pregnancy derived from a cryopreserved human embryo (but was aborted naturally at ten weeks of gestation).[5]
1984 The first human derived from a cryopreserved human embryo is born.[5]
1990s China starts to do widespread prenatal testing for birth defects with ultrasound.[6]
1990 The first human that had received a preimplantation genetic diagnosis is born.[7]
1990 Sept. 14 For the first time, a human receives a gene therapy. They get white blood cells extracted from them, injected with normal genes for making adenosine deaminase, and then inserted again into them.[8]
1990 Oct. 1 The Human Genome Project to map the entire human genome is officially launched.[9]
1997 June The world's first genetically modified human is born. They receive a ooplasmic transfer, which consist in taking the contents of a donor egg from a fertile female and injecting it into the egg of an infertile female along with the fertilizing sperm from their mate.[10]
1998 November The first hybrid human clone is created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It is created using Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) - a nucleus is taken from a cell of a male's leg and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus is removed, and the hybrid cell is cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo is destroyed after 12 days.[11]
2000 June 26 The Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics announce the completion of the first draft of the human genome.[12]
2003 BGI Shenzhen, in China, collects DNA samples from 2,000 of the world's smartest people. The screening includes sending a CV, a list of publications, standardized-test scores, where one went to college, etc. They sequence the entire genomes and attempt to identify the alleles which correlate with intelligence. This could lead to embryo screening increasing intelligence by 5 to 15 IQ points.[6]
2008 January Researchers at the company Stemagen announce that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. Each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos would develop only to the blastocyst stage.[13][14]
2013 Embryonic stem cells are created using SCNT for the first time. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells are derived from those blastocysts. All four lines are derived using oocytes from the same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited are identical.[15] A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.[16]
2015 April 18 Researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou publish a paper on their attempt to use the CRISPR/Cas-9 system to edit the hemoglobin-B gene (HBB) in 86 non-viable human embryos. [17] Two days later, 54 embryos would survive, only 4 would have the desired genetic changes, and all 4 would be mosaic (meaning only some cells would have the desired changes), and they would contain a lot of unintended mutations.[17]
2016 Nov. 15 For the first time, CRISPR gene-editing is tested in a human.[18]
2017 For the first time in the United States, there's an attempt of using CRISPR to genetically modify human embryos.[19]
2018 Nov. 25 A Chinese researcher of Shenzhen claims that he helped make the first genetically edited humans. [20] The humans are twins named Lulu and Nana. [21]. They are claimed to have been born a few weeks before he announced it.[20] The researcher's stated goal is to make sure the humans would have the ability to resist an HIV infection, a trait few people naturally have.[20] He gave official notice of his work on November 8, 2018 on a Chinese registry of clinical trials.[20]

One-off target edit was found before implementing the embryo, but wasn’t confirmed when the humans were sequenced after birth.[21] Only some of the cells of the early-stage embryo were successfully edited, and one edit resulted in a CCR5 protein missing five amino acids, so it’s unclear whether they will actually be resistant to HIV.[21]

China’s vice minister of science and technology, Xu Nanping, said the effort “crossed the line of morality and ethics and was shocking and unacceptable.”[22] The researcher is currently in prison.[23]

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References

  1. ↑ "CARTA: Domestication and Human Evolution - Richard Wrangham: Did Homo sapiens Self-Domesticate?". Retrieved December 9, 2018. 
  2. ↑ "Genetic engineering in humans". Google Trends. Retrieved 23 February 2021. 
  3. ↑ "Genetic engineering in humans". books.google.com. Retrieved 23 February 2021. 
  4. ↑ Weule, Genelle (24 July 2018). "The first IVF baby was born 40 years ago today". ABC News. Retrieved 9 December 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Trounson A, Leeton J, Besanko M, Wood C, Conti A (March 1983). "Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 286 (6368): 835–8. PMC 1547212Freely accessible. PMID 6403104. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6368.835. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "China Is Engineering Genius Babies - VICE". web.archive.org. 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2019-10-28. 
  7. ↑ Handyside AH, Lesko JG, Tarín JJ, Winston RM, Hughes MR (September 1992). "Birth of a normal girl after in vitro fertilization and preimplantation diagnostic testing for cystic fibrosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (13): 905–9. PMID 1381054. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209243271301. 
  8. ↑ "Gene Therapy". 
  9. ↑ "About NHGRI: A Brief History and Timeline". 
  10. ↑ "World's first genetically altered babies born". CNN.com. 2001-05-05. 
  11. ↑ "Details of hybrid clone revealed". BBC News. June 18, 1999. Retrieved December 9, 2018. 
  12. ↑ "International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Announces "Working Draft" of Human Genome". June 2000. Retrieved December 10, 2018. 
  13. ↑ Rick Weiss for the Washington Post January 18, 2008 Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells
  14. ↑ French AJ, Adams CA, Anderson LS, Kitchen JR, Hughes MR, Wood SH (2008). "Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts". Stem Cells. 26 (2): 485–93. PMID 18202077. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0252. 
  15. ↑ Trounson A, DeWitt ND (2013). "Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last". Cell Stem Cell. 12 (6): 636–8. PMID 23746970. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.022. 
  16. ↑ Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR (2014). "Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6): 777–80. PMID 24746675. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Chinese paper on embryo engineering splits scientific community". 2015-04-24. 
  18. ↑ "CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time". 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-09. 
  19. ↑ "First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.". 2017-07-26. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Chinese researcher claims birth of first gene-edited babies — twin girls". 2018-11-25. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Amid uproar, Chinese scientist defends creating gene-edited babies". 2018-11-28. 
  22. ↑ "Despite CRISPR baby controversy, Harvard University will begin gene-editing sperm". 2018-11-29. 
  23. ↑ Samuel, Sigal (2020-01-13). "19 big predictions about 2020, from Trump's reelection to Brexit". Vox. Retrieved 2020-02-29. 
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