Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"

Latest revision as of 14:09, 21 May 2022

This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.

TODO

• get more vaccines from Malaria vaccine
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
• other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
• C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [1]
• :Category:Antimalarial agents
• Antimalarial medication
• Malaria prophylaxis
• Mosquito control
• https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html

Drug Methods

Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.

Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both

ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?

also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.

Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?

consider "patient compliance" as a column

include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Herbal methods

The table below lists mostly traditional herbal medicine methods of treatment of malaria. It also may include researched non-traditional herbal species.

Species	Family	Focus	Acts against	Locations where used	Comments/support quote
Abutilon grandifolium	Malvaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]
Acacia nilotica	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acacia polyacantha	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acacia tortilis	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acacia xanthoploea	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acampe pachyglossa	Orchidaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acanthospermum hispidum	Compositae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Burkina Faso[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Achyranthes aspera	Amaranthaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acmella caulirhiza	Compositae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acridocarpus chloropterus	Malpighiaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Adansonia digitata	Malvaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Adenia cissampeloides	Passiforaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Ghana[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Adhatoda latibracteata	Acanthaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Gabon[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aerva javanica	Amaranthaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Sudan[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aerva lanata	Amaranthaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aframomum giganteum	Zingiberaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Gabon[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Agathosma apiculata	Rutaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ageratum conyzoides	Compositae	Treatment[48]	Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Two continents, Kenya[47]	"Study indicated that aqueous extract of A. conyzoides had the ability to potentiate the antimalarial activity of chloroquine and artesunate against induced plasmodiasis in mice. It contributes a lot in the malaria endemic and poverty stricken tropics."[49] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]	Ageratum conyzoides
Ajuga remota	Lamiaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Alafa barteri	Apocynaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Nigeria[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Albizia coriaria	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Albizia gummifera	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Albizia lebbek	Leguminosae	Treatment[50]	Plasmodium falciparum[50], Plasmodium berghei[50]	Two continents	"Significant antiplasmodial activity of A. lebbeck should be exploited as a potential source of useful antimalarial drug in the future."[50]	A. lebeek
Albizia versicolor	Fabaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Alchornea cordifolia	Euphorbiaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Ivory Coast, Congo D.R.[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Alepidea amatymbica	Apiaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe ferox	Xanthorrhoeaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe maculata	Xanthorrhoeaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe marlothii	Xanthorrhoeaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe pulcherrima	Xanthorrhoeaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Ethiopia[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe secundifora	Xanthorrhoeaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe weloensis	Aloaceae	Treatment[51]	Plasmodium falciparum[51], Plasmodium berghei?[51]	Ethiopia[51]	"The leaf latex of Aloe weloensis was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use."[51]
Alstonia boonei		Treatment[52]		Cameroon[52], Nigeria[53]	"Results presented in study suggest that the extract of A. boonei is safe and possesses potent anti-malarial activity which justifies its continuous use in folk medicine as an anti-malarial remedy. Further works are on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the active ingredients from this plant."[54]
Alstonia congensis	Apocynaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Congo D.R.[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Amorpha fruticosa	Euphorbiaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ampelocissus africana	Vitaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Andrographis peniculata	Acanthaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Cambodia[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anisopappus chinensis		Treatment[55]		Democratic Republic of the Congo	"Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55]
Annickia chlorantha	Annonaceae	Treatment[52]	Plasmodium falciparum[56]	Cameroon[52], Nigeria[57]	"The aqueous extract of the plant Enantia chlorantha was found effective in suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice"[58]
Annickia kummeriae	Annonaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Annona ambotay	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]		French Guiana[57], Wayampi region[57]
Annona cherimola		Treatment[57]		Latin America[57]
Annona coriacea		Treatment			"Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Annona crassiflora	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]		Brazil (Brasilia)[57]
Annona foetida		Treatment[57]		Brazil (Bahia)[57]
Annona glabra		Treatment[57]		Caribbean[57]
Annona haematantha		Treatment[57]		French Guiana[57], Wayampi region[57]
Annona muricata	Annonaceae	Treatment[60]	Plasmodium falciparum[60][56]	Three continents, Ivory Coast[47]	"The importance of A. muricata leaves to treat malaria is very crucial in tropical countries such as Cameroon, Togo, and Vietnam."[61] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]	A. muricata
Annona purpurea		Treatment[57]		Mexico[57], Colombia[57], Caribean[57]
Annona reticulata	Annonaceae	Treatment[60]	Plasmodium falciparum[60]	Brazil[57], Guatemala[57], Cameroon	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Annona senegalensis	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]		Cameroon[57], Nigeria[57]
Annona squamosa	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]		Africa[57], India[57]	"The fresh leaves of this plant are used together with Ocimum americanum and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) for the treatment of malaria in different communities found in Africa."[57]
Anogeissus leiocarpus	Combretaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Nigeria[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anonidium mannii	Annonaceae	Treatment (fever)[57]	Plasmodium falciparum[56][47]	Cameroon[57][47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ansellia africana	Orchidaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Tanzania[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anthocleista grandifora	Gentianaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anthocleista nobilis	Gentianaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Burkina Faso[47]	It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anthocleista vogelii	Gentianaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Nigeria[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Arenga engleri	Arecaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Artabotrys monteiroae	Arecaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Artemisia afra	Asteraceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity in Kenya and South Africa. It has moderate antiplasmodial activity in Zimbabwe.[47]
Artemisia annua	Asteraceae	Treatment[62]	Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Kenya[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Artocarpus communis	Moraceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	Cameroon[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Asparagus virgatus	Asparagaceae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aspilia africana Asteraceae [56] Uganda Shoots Ethyl Acetate Moderate 9.3–11.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, K1 Nd
Aspilia pruliseta Compositae [24] Kenya Root BARKS Methanol Good 6.8–9.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Treatment[63]	Plasmodium berghei[63]		" Azadirachta indica plants from the Meliaceae family are extensively used as traditional remedies against malaria in the tropics"[64]
Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stems, leaves Water Very Good 2.35–6.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd Cambodia Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 4.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd [58] Sudan Leaves Methanol Very Good 1.7–5.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd5 Nd [59] Togo Leaves Ethanol Very Good 2.48–2.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd
Azanza garckeana Malvaceae [60] Malawi Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 11·79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum, Vl/S Nd
Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae [24] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 8.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Root barks Methanol Very good 3.49 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae [25] South Africa Stem barks Dichloromethane Very good 1.94 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd
Barringtonia racemosa Lecythidaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 5.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Berberis holstii Berberidaceae [61] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane/Methanol Very good 0.17 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd
Bergia sufruticosa Elatinaceae [62] Burkina Faso Whole plant Dichloromethane Moderate 19.53 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd
Berula erecta Apiaceae [22] South Africa Whole plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.6 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 9.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [22] South Africa Leaves Methanol Good 5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Bidens engleri Compositae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 9–18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=10 µg/
Biophytum sensitivum	Oxalidaceae
Bixa orellana	Bixaceae Cambodia Leaves Water Good 9.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falcip
Boscia angustifolia Capparaceae [24] Kenya Stem barks Water Very good 1.4–4.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Boscia salicifolia Capparaceae [26] Kenya Stem barks Methanol good 1.1–8.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Boswellia dalzielii Burseraceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 14.59–15.1 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥101; Mouse [NBMH] Burkina Faso Leaves Methanol Moderate 18.85 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd
Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Moderate 14.2–19.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Bridelia mollis Hutch Phyllanthaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 3.06 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd
Brucea javanica Simaroubaceae [45] Cambodia Roots Dichloromethane Very good 1.0 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 11.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Burchellia bubalina Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Caesalpinia bonducella	Fabaceae [64] Nigeria Aerial Parts Ethyl Acetate Moderate 16 µg/ml EC50 Plasmodium falciparum Yes (SI=0.29–0.69;
Calotropis gigantea	Apocynaceae	Treatment[65]	Plasmodium berghei[65]		"The methanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea may act as potent alternative source for development of new medicines or drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria."[65]
Calotropis procera	Asclepiadaceae
Cananga latifolia	Annonaceae	Treatment (fever)[57]		Cambodia[57]	"Cananga latifolia, a Thai medical plant, is used for the treatment of dizziness and fever."[66]
Cananga odorata	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]
Canthium setosum Rubiaceae [65] Benin Aerial Parts Methylene Chloride Very good 2.77–4.80 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd
Capparis tomentosa Lam Capparaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 2.19 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd
Capsicum annuum	Solanaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 20 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Carica papaya	Caricaceae	[66] Nigeria Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very good 2.96 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, DD2 No
Carissa edulis Apocynaceae [21] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 6.41 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
Carpolobia alba Polygalaceae [53] Nigeria Roots Dichloromethane Good 7.10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Cassia abbreviata Fabaceae [60] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 2·88 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Vl/S Nd
Cassia alata Fabaceae [67] D.R.Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1—5.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium Falciparum Nd
Cassia fistula	Leguminosae
Cassia siamea Fabaceae [70] Togo Leaves Water Good <7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
Cassia tora Fabaceae [23] Sudan Aerial parts Methanol Good 3.3–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd2 No
Catha edulis Celastraceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 0.68 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 N
Cedrela odorata	Meliaceae
Cedrelopsis grevei Rutaceae [71] Madagascar Leaves Water Moderate 17.5 mg/L IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
Celtis integrifolia Cannabaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI≥0.5; HepG2
Centella asiatica Apiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 14.9–15.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, NF54 Nd
Cephalanthus natalensis Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Ceratotheca sesamoides Pedaliaceae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 15–23 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=50 µg
Chenopodium ambrosioides	Chenopodiaceae
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Sapotaceae [43] Ivory Coast Stem Barks Ethanol Moderate 12.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFCB1 Nd
Cinchona officinalis	Rubiaceae
Cinchona succirubra Rubiaceae [73] S. Tome´ And Prı ´Ncipe Barks Petroleum Ether, Dichloromethane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol Good <10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7 And Dd2 Nd
Cinnamonum camphora Lauraceae [57] Ivory Coast Cortex Water Moderate 9.37–16.6 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 & F32 Nd
Cissampelos mucronata Menispermaceae [20] Tanzania Roots Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.38 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd
Cissampelos pareira	Menispermaceae			Three continents	Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 5.2–6.5 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [74] Kenya Root Methanol Good 5.85–7.70 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54, ENT30 Nd
Cissus populnea Vitaceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 15.81– 19.91 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥84, Mouse [NBMH])
Citropsis articulata Rutaceae [75] Uganda Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Nd nd Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 Nd
Citrus aurantiifolia	Rutaceae
Clausena anisota Rutaceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 8.4–9.2 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD10 Nd
Cleistopholis glauca		Treatment (fever)[57]		Cameroon[57]
Cleistopholis patens		Treatment[57]		Cameroon[57], Ghana[57]
Cleistopholis staudtii		Treatment (fever)[57]		Cameroon[57]
Clematis brachiata Thunb Ranunculaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 5.36 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd Kenya Root Barks Methanol Very Good 4.15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6 No
Clerodendrum eriophyllum Lamiaceae [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 2.7–5.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good <1.8–3.9 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd
Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey Lamiaceae [37] South Africa Leaves Dicloromethane Good 8.89 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd
Clerodendrum johnstonii Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 8.5 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 N
Clerodendrum rotundifolium Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Leaves Dichloromethane Good <3.9–15.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [77] Uganda Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.03–0.21 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 & FCR3 Nd
Clutia abyssinica Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Moderate 7.8–11.3 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Clutia hirsuta Peraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Clutia robusta Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 3.4–7.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Cochlospermum planchonii Bixaceae [78] Burkina Faso Rhizomes Methanol, Dichloromethane Gooda 2.4–11.5 μg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd Ivory Coast Roots Methylene Chloride Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 No
Cochlospermum tinctorium Bixaceae [79] Burkina Faso Tubecles Ns Very Good 1–2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [79] Burkina Faso Tubercles Water Very Good 0.4–1.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcbl And F32 Nd
Cola caricaefolia Malvaceae [48] Ivory Coast Leaves Pentane Moderate 11–16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCM29, CQ-S (Nigerian) No
Combretum collinum Combretaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 0.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Nd
Combretum micranthum Combretaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stem, Leaves Water Very Good 0.88–1.7 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd
Combretum psidioides subsp. Psilophyllum Combretaceae [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Good 6.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 Nd
Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Commiphora africana Burseraceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 9.6–10.2 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Commiphora schimperi Burseraceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Very Good 3.9–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Inner Barks Methanol Very Good 4.63 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
Copaifera religiosa Fabaceae [33] Gabon Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 8.5–13.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCB, 3D7 Yes (CC50=4.87 µg/
Conyza albida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Conyza podocephala Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Conyza scabrida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Flower Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 7.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Cordia myxa Boraginaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Good 6.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI=0.5–0.9; HrpG2 cells)
Coula edulis Olacaceae [80] Cameroon Stem Barks Methanol Good 5.79–13.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, DD2 N
Crossopteryx febrifuga Rubiaceae [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
Crotalaria burkeana Fabaceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 9.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Croton lobatus Euphorbiaceae [65] Benin Roots Methanol Good 2.80–6.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd
Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae [30] Kenya Leaves, Stems Dichloromethane Very Good 2.72 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd
Croton menghartii Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 1.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Croton pseudopulchellus Euphorbiaceae [25] South Africa Stem Barks Chloroform Very Good 3.45 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd
Croton zambesicus Euphorbiaceae [55] Cameroon Stem Barks Ethanol, Water, Dichloromethane, Methanol, Hexane Good 0.88–9.14 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd Sudan Fruits Petroleum Ether/ Chloroform Very Good <5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Apocynaceae [81] GuineaBissau Leaves, Roots Ethanol, Chcl3, Chloroform Very Good 1.79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, T996 Nd [82] Ghana Roots Ethanol Very gooda 0.031 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, Plasmodium berghei Nd [83] D.R. Congo Root barks Water, ethanol, chloroform Very good 27–41 ng/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, K1, W2, Plasmodium berghei yoelii, Plasmodium berghei berghei Nd [84] Ghana Roots Hexane, ethanol, dichloromethane Very gooda 0.2–0.6 μM IC50 Plasmodium vinckei petteri, Plasmodium berghei ANKA N
Cuminum cyminum	Umbelliferae
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae
Cussonia spicata Thunb Araliaceae [22] South Africa Fruits Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 14 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [37] South Africa Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 3.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd
Cymbopetalum brasiliense		Treatment (fever)[57]		Colombia[57]
Dennettia tripetala		Treatment[57]		Nigeria[57]
Desmos teysmannii		Treatment[57]		Malaysia[57]
Dicoma anomala subsp. gerrardii	Compositae		Plasmodium falciparum[47]	South Africa[47]	It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Duguetia duckei		Treatment (fever)[57]		Brazil[57]
Duguetia furfuracea		Treatment[57]		Brazil[57]	"Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Duguetia lanceolata		Treatment[57]			"Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Duguetia spixiana		Treatment (fever)[57]		Bolivia[57]
Duguetia staudtii	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]	Cameroon[56], Democratic Republic of Congo[56]
Elephantopus scaber	Compositae
Enantia chlorantha		Treatment[67]			"Enantia chlorantha stem bark has been scientifically studied for its several pharmacological activities. These include antimalarial".[67]
Erythrina indica	Leguminosae
Eucalyptus citriodora	Myrtaceae
Euphorbia hirta	Euphorbiaceae
Fissistigma rigidum		Treatment		Asia
Gossypium barbadense	Malvaceae
Greenwayodendron		Treatment[57]		Ghana[57]
Guatteria australis		Treatment			"Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Guatteria discolor		Treatment (fever)[57]		French Guyana, Guayapi Indians (Colombia)[57]
Guatteria megalophylla		Treatment[57]		Witoto indians[57]
Guatteria schunkevigoi		Treatment (fever)[57]		Ecuador	"Schultes and Raffauf (1994) reported the use of the bark of Guatteria schunkevigoi among the local populations in the Napo region of Ecuador. In the procedure described, the bark is ground and mixed with water and rubbed on the body to combat fevers."[68]
Hexalobus crispiflorus		Treatment (fever)[57]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Isolona hexaloba		Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Jatropha curcas	Euphorbiaceae			Three continents
Kalanchoe pinnata	Crassulaceae			Three continents
Lantana camara	Labiatae		Vector[69]
Leonotis nepetaefolia	Labiatae
Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae			Three continents
Melia azedarach	Meliaceae
Monodora brevipes		Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Monodora tenuifolia		Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Moringa oleifera	Moraceae
Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae			Three continents
Monodora myristica		Treatment[56]	Plasmodium falciparum[56]	Cameroon[56], Democratic Republic of the Congo[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]	Monodora myristica
Nigella sativa	Ranunculaceae
Ocimum americanum	Labiatae
Ocimum basilicum	Labiatae
Ocimum canum	Labiatae
Ocimum gratissimum	Labiatae
Pachypodanthium mannii		Treatment[57]		Cameroon[57]
Phyllanthus amarus	Euphorbiaceae	Treatment[70]
Phyllanthus niruri	Euphorbiaceae	Treatment[71]
Physalis angulata	Solanaceae	Treatment[55]		Democratic Republic of the Congo	"Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55]
Plantago major	Plantaginaceae
Plumbago zeylanica	Plumbaginaceae
Polyalthia debilis	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]	Plasmodium falciparum[57][56]	Thailand[72]	"The ethanol extracts of Polyalthia debilis (...) proved to be quite active against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."[57] "Antimalarial activity of the extracts and fractions was tested against chloroquine resistant P. falciparum."[72]
Polyalthia suaveolens		Treatment[56]	Plasmodium falciparum[56]	Democratic Republic of Congo[56], other parts of Africa[56]	A study result supports the traditional use of P. suaveolens to treat malaria and relative symptoms."[73]
Polyceratocarpus (genus)	Annonaceae	Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Prosopis juliflora	Leguminosae				"This[2] study reports for the first time the in vivo antimalarial activity of julifloridine, juliprosopine and alkaloid-enriched extracts from P. juliflora (Fabaceae)."[74]	Prosopis juliflora
Psidium guajava	Myrtaceae
Ricinus communis	Euphorbiaceae	Treatment[75]		Three continents
Rotheca myricoides Lamiaceae [76] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.0—8.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum(K39, ENT30, NF54, V1/S) Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.7–8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Moderate 11 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 10.9–15.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd
Scoparia dulcis	Scrophulariaceae
Senna alata	Leguminosae
Senna obtusifolia	Leguminosae
Senna occidentalis	Leguminosae			Three continents Senna occidentalis L Fabaceae [68] Mozambique And Portugal Roots N-Hexane Moderate 19.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Moderate 18.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [69] D.R. Congo Leaves Petroleum Ether Very Good 1.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [67] D.R. Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1— 0.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
Senna tora	Leguminosae			Three continents
Sida rhombifolia	Malvaceae			Three continents
Solanum nigrum	Solanaceae
Spondias mombin	Anacardiaceae
Strychnos icaja		Treatment[55]		Democratic Republic of the Congo	"Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55]
Tagetes erecta	Compositae
Tamarindus indica	Leguminosae	Treatment[76]
Tinthonia diversifolia	Compositae	Treatment[77]
Uvaria		Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Uvaria banmanni	Annonaceae	Plasmodium falciparum[56]			"Non-volatile extracts from Annickia chlorantha, Annona muricata, Anonidium mannii, Monodora myristica, Polyalthia suaveolens, Uvaria banmanni, Xylopia aethiopica, and Xylopia parviflora also showed potency against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."[56]
Xylopia aethiopica		Treatment[68]	Plasmodium falciparum[56]	Cameroon[68]	"In Cameroon Xylopia aethiopica, commonly named Ethiopian Pepper is the only species of this genus claimed to be useful for the treatment of malaria and other diseases."[68]
Xylopia aromatica	Annonaceae	Treatment[57]	Plasmodium falciparum[57]	Brazil[57]	"Xylopia aromatica is reported to be useful for the treatment of malaria by local populations in the region around the Brazilian Federal Capital, Brasília"[57]
Xylopia brasiliensis		Treatment			"Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Xylopia emarginata		Treatment			"Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Xylopia hypolampra		Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Xylopia parviflora		Treatment[56]	Plasmodium falciparum[56]	Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Xylopia staudtii		Treatment[56]		Cameroon[56]	"Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Zanthoxylum macrophylla		Treatment		Cameroon[52]
Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae			Three continents
Zizyphus mauritiana	Rhamnaceae