Difference between revisions of "Timeline of medical testing"

Latest revision as of 22:24, 21 January 2023

This is a timeline of medical testing, which refers to the various procedures and techniques used to diagnose and evaluate a patient's health condition.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

What are the several types of medical tests described in this timeline?
- Sort the full timeline by "Test type". You will see the following categories:
  - Consulting room tests, which are conducted in a doctor's office and may involve taking a patient's vital signs and performing a physical examination, often without medical device.
  - Laboratory tests, which are performed on samples of blood, urine, tissue, or other bodily fluids or substances.
  - Breath tests, which involve analyzing a person's breath to detect or measure the presence of certain substances in the body.
  - Cardiovascular tests, which are used to evaluate the function and health of the heart and blood vessels. These tests can include electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, stress tests, cardiac catheterization, angiography, and others.
  - Gastrointestinal tests, which are used to diagnose and monitor conditions of the digestive system.
  - Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) tests, a group of medical examinations used to diagnose and monitor conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.
  - Obstetric and gynecological (OB/GYN) tests, a group of medical examinations used to diagnose and monitor conditions of the female reproductive system. These may include pregnancy tests, pelvic examination, pap smear, and mammograms.
  - Radiology, which uses imaging techniques such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and other forms of radiation to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.
  - Skin tests, which are used to identify allergens (substances that cause an allergic reaction) in a person.
  - Surgical tests, a group of medical examinations that involve surgical procedures to diagnose or treat a condition. These may include biopsies, laparoscopic, and exploratory surgery.
What are some notable scientific events that would be found to be applicable to the field of medical testing?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Scientific development".
- You will see both the development of concepts as well as scientific discoveries field-related phenomena, such as erythrocyte sedimentation and percussion.
What are some notable medical tests having been introduced?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Test introduction".
- You will see events spanning from the development of urinalysis for uroscopy in ancient times, to the COVID-19 test in 2020.
What are other notable or illustrative developments within the field of medical testing?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Field development".
What are some notable devices having been developed over time?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Device".
- You will see a variety of medical devices, from the development of the stethoscope, to a robot performing surgery in recent years.
What are some notable publications in the field of medical testing?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Literature".
- You will see some early milestone publications in the field.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
Ancient history	Ancient Egyptian and Greek medical texts describe various diagnostic techniques such as pulse-taking and examination of urine.^[1] As far back as ancient Greece, live dissection has been used as a form of medical exploration.^[2]
Middle Ages	The resumption of the dissection of human bodies for educational purposes begins in the thirteenth century in Italy. This is an important development shaping physical diagnosis.^[1]
17th century	The invention of the microscope leads to the discovery of microorganisms, which paves the way for the development of modern microbiology and the use of microorganisms in laboratory tests.
19th century	The development of the microscope and staining techniques allow for the identification of bacteria and other microorganisms, and the improvement of the microscope allows scientists to study cells and tissues. In the first half of the century, the French School, exemplified by Pierre Louis, synthesizes previous developments and puts physical diagnosis on a secure footing at the bedside and in the autopsy room. The German School, epitomized by Johannes Mueller, lays the foundation for experimental laboratory science from 1830 until 1900.^[1] In the late 1800s, clinical chemistry and the use of laboratory tests to diagnose disease begin to develop.
20th century	During the 1920s and 1930s the testing of blood groups for large numbers of people becomes a common practice in the developed world.^[3] In the 1940s, the urine and blood glucose tests for diabetes start becoming intensively used in mass screening.^[4] The discovery of DNA and the development of molecular biology techniques lead to the development of genetic testing. Also, Modern-day CTG is developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s.^[5] In the 1960s, mammography becomes available as a screening test, allowing mass screening of breast cancer.^[4] In the 1970s computed tomography scans are introduced, drastically improving the capacity to scrutinize the human body for signs of trouble.^[6] In the 1970s, the discovery of monoclonal antibodies leads to the development of the relatively simple and cheap immunoassays, such as agglutination-inhibition-based assays and sandwich ELISA, used in modern home pregnancy tests. Tests are now so cheap that they can be mass-produced in a general publication and used for advertising.^[7] In the early 1980s magnetic resonance imaging is introduced clinically, and during that decade a veritable explosion of technical refinements and diagnostic MR applications take place. In the late century, the human genome project is completed, leading to the development of genetic tests for a wide range of inherited and acquired diseases.
21st century	Laboratory testing continues to evolve, with the development of new technologies such as PCR^[8], DNA microarray^[9], and next-generation sequencing^[10], allowing for more accurate and efficient testing.

Full timeline

Year	Test type	Event type	Details	Country/region
4000 BC	Laboratory (urine test)	Test introduction	Records of urinalysis for uroscopy by Babylonian and Sumerian physicians date back to this time.^[11]
c.1500–c.1300 BC	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Test introduction	An Egyptian papyrus offers a method for diagnosing pregnancy. It advises women to pee into a bag of barley and a bag of wheat.^[12]	Egypt (ancient)
600 BC	Laboratory (urine test)	Scientific development	Physicians record that ants are attracted to sugar in patients' urine.^[13]
c.460–c.370 BC	Consulting room (auscultation)	Scientific development	Greek physician Hippocrates lives. He and his colleagues lay the foundations by establishing medicine as a profession and by declaring that it has a rational basis. This is the first of a number of crucial developments having shaped physical diagnosis as we know it today.^[1] Also, the use of auscultation dates back to Hippocrates, who would place his ear to his patient’s chest and listen for sounds.^[14]	Greece (ancient)
1316	Consulting room (physical examination)	Literature	Italian physician Mondino de Luzzi writes his Anothomia, the first text dedicated solely to anatomy. Based on his own dissections of human bodies, this book would be widely used and go through 39 editions and translations. It is an unillustrated manual for dissection, rather than a formal anatomical text. Mondino's approach is to start with the abdominal organs, then move on to the chest and neck, concluding with the skull. It would become a popular guide among students and would help to increase the popularity of dissection.^[1] Today, in order to perform a proper physical examination, a healthcare provider must have a good understanding of anatomy. The knowledge of anatomy is essential to making accurate diagnosis, determining the best course of treatment, and providing effective care.	Italy
1363	Ear, Nose and Throat	Device	The otoscope has its roots dating back to this time, when French physician Guy de Chauliac first conceives of the idea for a tool to aid in the diagnosis of ear and nose pain.^[15]	France
1543	Consulting room (physical examination)	Literature	Flemish anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius publishes his De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem, which is based upon personal dissection of human bodies. This book represents a remarkable departure from the zoological anatomy of Galen. The dissections of human bodies that resumed in the thirteenth century make Vesalius' achievements possible.^[1] He is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.^[16]	Belgium (Habsburg Netherlands)
1666–1683	Consulting room (physical examination)	Scientific development	English physician Thomas Sydenham defines disease, leading to the nosological concept of it. This is another crucial development shaping physical diagnosis.^[1]	United Kingdom
1674	Laboratory (urine test)	Scientific development	English doctor Thomas Willis describes diabetic urine as “wonderfully sweet as if it were imbued with honey or sugar.”^[13]	United Kingdom
1760	Consulting room (physical examination)	Scientific development	Austrian physician Leopold Auenbrugger discovers percussion. Some consider this to be the actual beginning of physical diagnosis.^[1] Percussion is a method of tapping body parts with fingers, hands, or small instruments as part of a physical examination.^[17]	Austria
1761	Consulting room (physical examination)	Literature	Italian anatomist Giovanni Battista Morgagni publishes his De sedibus et causis morborum (The Seats and Causes of Diseases)^[1], establishing morbid anatomy, or pathology, as a discipline.^[1] Medical testing and morbid anatomy are closely related because medical testing is often used to detect and diagnose structural changes in the body that are indicative of disease. While morbid anatomy provides the basis for understanding the structural changes that occur in the body as a result of disease, medical testing provides the means to detect and diagnose these changes.	Italy
1794	Laboratory (urine test)	Scientific development	The discovery of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate dates back to this time.^[18] Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a nonspecific marker of inflammation.^[19]
1797	Laboratory (urine test)	Scientific development	German botanist Carl Friedrich Gärtner conceptualizes the idea of measuring components of urine, pioneering urine testing at the bedside.^[20]^[21]	Germany
1797	Laboratory (urine test)	Scientific development	British physician and anatomist William Cumberland Cruikshank describes for the first time the property of coagulation on heating, exhibited by many urines.^[22]	United Kingdom
1808	Consulting room (physical examination)	Scientific development	French physician Jean-Nicolas Corvisart disseminates percussion, which was discovered by Auenbrugger in 1760.^[1]	France
1816	Consulting room (auscultation)	Device	The stethoscope is invented in France by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] This invention begins a century of explosive development in physical diagnosis.^[1]	France	René Laennec
1817	General	Literature	English physiologist Marshall Hall publishes On diagnosis. Its four chapters describe the phœnomena of health and disease, the diagnosis of the diseases of adults, the diagnosis of local diseases, and the diagnosis of the diseases of children.^[27]	United Kingdom
1841	Laboratory (urine test)	Test introduction	German physician Karl Tommer develops the first clinical test for sugar in urine, which involves subjecting a urine sample to acid hydrolysis.^[13]	Germany
1850	Laboratory (urine test)	Device	French chemist Jules Maumené develops the first urine test strip.^[28] Also called urine dipstick, it is a simple diagnostic tool used to detect a variety of chemicals in urine. Primarily used to check for urinary tract infections, it can also screen for a few other diseases. The only equipment needed is the urine test strip kit and a small amount of urine.^[29]	France
1852	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	German physiologist Karl von Vierordt publishes the first procedure for performing a blood count, which involves spreading a known volume of blood on a microscope slide and counting every cell.^[30]	Germany
1854	Ear, Nose and Throat (laryngoscopy)	Device	Spanish vocal pedagogist Manuel García becomes the first man to view the functioning glottis and larynx in a living human. García develops a tool that uses two mirrors for which the Sun serves as an external light source.^[31]	Spain	Laryngoscope handles
1859	Laboratory	Test introduction	Italian naturalized chemist Hugo Schiff produces the first report of a spot test for the detection of uric acid.^[32]	Italy
1865	Skin test	Test introduction	English doctor Charles H. Blackley introduces an early skin allergy test, after managing to abrade a small area of his own skin with a lancet, applying grass pollen on a piece of wet lint and covering the scarified area with a bandage.^[33]	United Kingdom
1865	Consulting room	Test introduction	William Adams describes the Forward Bending Test for scoliosis.^[34] Also known as the Adams test, it is considered effective in detecting scoliosis and a noticeable asymmetry in the ribs during forward bending is considered a positive result.^[35]
1874	Laboratory (blood test)	Device	French histologist Louis-Charles Malassez invents the hemocytometer, simplifying the microscopic analysis of blood cells, thus improving complete blood count.^[36] A hemocytometer is a tool used to manually count cells, originally designed for counting blood cells. It is a specialized slide that is used with a microscope and there are several types available with different counting grids.^[37]	France	Hemocytometer
1874	Breath test	Scientific development	Research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as this time when English doctor Francis E. Anstie makes the observation that small amounts of alcohol are excreted in breath.^[38]	United Kingdom
1875	Neurological test	Scientific development	Richard Caton (1842–1926), a physician practicing in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal.^[39] This would lead to the development of electroencephalography.	United Kingdom
1877	Laboratory	Device	British neurologist William Gowers invents a hemocytometer with a built-in counting grid, eliminating the need to produce specially calibrated eyepieces for each microscope.^[40] A Hemocytometer is used to count cells in a biological fluid by observing them through microscope.^[41]	United Kingdom	William Gowers
1880	Radiology (ultrasonography)	Scientific development	French physicist Pierre Curie discovers piezoelectricity. This allows for ultrasonic waves to be deliberately generated for industry.^[42] Piezoelectric materials can be used to generate a small electrical charge in response to mechanical stress. This property can be used in a variety of medical applications such as ultrasonic imaging, high-frequency surgery, and drug delivery.^[43]	France	Pierre Curie
1880	Surgical	Field development	German physician Paul Ehrlich publishes an account of a successful liver biopsy procedure performed in Berlin, along with graphical published an account of the procedure performed in 1880 in Berlin, along with graphical illustrations of the instruments and the liver samples collected. This would be documented in Ehrlich´s book On diabetes, published in 1884.^[44]	Germany
1883	Gastrointestinal (liver biopsy)	Field development	Paul Ehrlich performs the first needle biopsy of the liver.^[45]^[46] Today, a liver biopsy remains the best method for identifying various liver conditions. As the techniques have improved, it has become a safe and effective tool for doctors who specialize in liver diseases to diagnose a wide range of liver problems.^[47]	Germany	Paul Ehrlich
1886	Consulting room	Test introduction	German ophthalmologist Julius Hirschberg develops the technique later called Hirschberg test, using a candle to observe the light reflex in an eye with strabismus.^[48] The Hirschberg test, also known as the corneal light reflex test, is an easy and efficient method to evaluate the alignment of the eyes. It is particularly useful in cases such as screening for strabismus in infants, children, patients with poor vision, patients who have difficulty fixating or following objects or when a complete eye movement examination is not possible.^[49]	Germany
1890	Neurological test	Scientific development	Electroencephalography: Polish physiologist Adolf Beck publishes an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck starts experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals, placing electrodes directly on the surface of the brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity would lead to the conclusion of brain waves.^[50]	Poland	Adolf Beck
1891	Consulting room (physical examination)	Scientific development	American surgeon Charles McBurney publishes a treatise on appendicitis, in which he describes what today is known as “McBurney’s point”, which is the exact point on the abdomen at which tenderness is maximal in cases of acute appendicitis.^[51]	United States	Charles McBurney
1895	Cardiovascular	Scientific development	Willem Einthoven assigns the letters P, Q, R, S, and T to the deflections later seen on a typical electrocardiogram.^[52] This system of labeling the deflections is still used today and is an essential part of interpreting the ECG, which is used to diagnose and monitor cardiovascular conditions.	Netherlands	Willem Einthoven
1895	Laboratory	Test introduction	L. Lucatello in Rome reports cytology as a diagnosis method for liver disease.^[44]	Italy
1896	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	French physician Georges-Fernand Widal develops the later called Widal test, the first serologic test for typhoid fever, an agglutination assay that detects the presence of antibodies against the O and H antigens of Salmonella Typhi.^[53]	France
1900	Laboratory (blood test)	Scientific development	Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner finds an important practical application of the agglutination reaction. Landsteiner's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups is the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which would make transfusion possible and safer.^[54]	Austria	File:Karl Landsteiner 1930b-cr2.jpg Karl Landsteiner
1901	Surgical	Test introduction	The first laparoscopic procedure is performed by German surgeon Georg Kelling. Laparoscopy is a procedure used to check the organs in the abdomen.^[55] It is performed under general anaesthetic.^[56]	Germany
1901	Consulting room (rectal examination)	Field development	William Osier indicates that in the early stages of acute appendicitis, rectal examination rarely provides any valuable information.^[57]
1903	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	The Kastle–Meyer test is first described.^[58]^[59] It is a quick and easy chemical test for blood used in forensic analyses.^[60] It is a form of catalytic blood test, one of the two main classes of forensic tests commonly employed by crime labs in the chemical identification of blood.^[61] It is named after the American agricultural chemist, Joseph Hoeing Kastle, who in 1901, invented and tested the crude blood test, and the German physician and chemist, Erich Meyer, who modified the test in 1903.^[62]		Joseph Hoeing Kastle
1904	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	A test for the presence of blood by a wet-chemical method using benzidine is introduced.^[63]
1907	Surgical	Field development	The first application of liver biopsy for the diagnosis of cirrhotic liver disease in humans and rats is published in a series by Schüpfer in France.^[64] He performed liver and spleen biopsies with a thicker needle. This new approach provides cylindrical-shaped tissue samples which could be histologically prepared and analyzed.^[44]	France
1909	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Test introduction	Swiss biochemist Emil Abderhalden finds that on identification of a foreign protein in the blood, the body reacts with a "defensive fermentation" (in modern terms, a protease reaction) that causes disintegration of the protein. He would develop the called Abderhalden reaction test in 1912, soon becoming a subject of contention. One such publication would conclude "...the individual variations of both pregnant and non-pregnant sera make the results from both overlap so completely as to render the reaction, even with quantitative technique, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative diagnosis of pregnancy."^[65]. The test's overall unreliability would lead to its being superseded in 1928 by the Aschheim-Zondek test. Due to Abderhalden's high reputation, it would not be internationally acknowledged until long after his death that the underlying theory of "defensive enzymes" (Abwehrfermente) was entirely fraudulent.^[66]	Switzerland	Emil Abderhalden
1910	Surgical	Field development	Swedish internist Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopic operation in humans.^[67] His procedure is based on the animal experiments of German surgeon Georg Kelling, who performed the first laparoscopic intervention in 1901 using a Nitz cystoscope in a dog.^[68]	Sweden	HC Jacobaeus
1912	Skin test	Test introduction	Italian physician Tomaso Casoni first describes what would later be called Casoni test, a skin test used in the diagnosis of cystic equinococosis.^[69] This intradermal test would be for a long time a principal diagnostic tool for suspected hydatid disease.^[70]	Italy	Tomaso Casoni
1913	Ear, Nose and Throat (layingoscopy)	Field development	American physician Chevalier Jackson becomes the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea.^[71] Jackson introduces a new laryngoscope blade that has a light source at the distal tip.^[72] This new blade incorporates a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endoracheal tube or bronchoscope.^[73]	United States
1913	Skin test	Test introduction	Hungarian-born American pediatrician Béla Schick invents the later called Schick test, a skin test used to determine whether or not a person is susceptible to diphtheria.^[74]^[75]	United States	A positive reaction
1915	Cardiovascular (echocardiography)	Scientific development	Langevin develops the SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) system, with the purpose to be used for detecting enemy submarines during World War I.^[76] This technology would later be used in echocardiography.^[77]
1918	Rheumatologic	Field development	Professor Kenji Takagi in Tokyo arguably performs the first arthroscopic examination of a knee joint.^[78] Arthroscopic examination is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool that may be more affordable and available than computed tomography.^[79]	Japan
c.1920	Laboratory	Field development	Austrian chemist Fritz Feigl publishes his technique of spot analysis.^[80] It is a chemical test where analytic assays are executed in only one, or a few drops, of a chemical solution, preferably in a great piece of filter paper, without using any sophisticated instrumentation.	Austria
1920	Immunologic	Scientific development	German physical chemist Fritz Weigert first observes fluorescence polarization, which would be later applied to fluorescence polarization immunoassay^[81], a homogeneous immunoassay useful for rapid and accurate detection of antibody or antigen.^[82]	Germany
1920	Laboratory (blood test)	Scientific development	A method to convert the different forms of hemoglobin to one stable form (cyanmethemoglobin or hemiglobincyanide) is introduced, allowing hemoglobin levels to be measured automatically. The cyanmethemoglobin method remains the reference method for hemoglobin measurement and is still used in many automated hematology analyzers.^[83]^[84]^[85]
1921	Immunologic	Test introduction	German physicians Otto Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner develop the later called Prausnitz–Küstner test, when Prausnitz injects Küstner's serum into his abdominal skin.^[86]^[87]	Germany
1922	Laboratory	Test introduction	The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is first introduced.^[13] It is a method used to measure the body's ability to use glucose, which is the body's main source of energy.^[88] It involves consuming a specific amount of glucose and measuring the person's blood glucose levels at regular intervals for a period of 2-3 hours. The test is typically used to diagnose diabetes or prediabetes.
1923	Obstetric/gynaecological (pap smear)	Test introduction	Greek physician Georgios Papanikolaou starts his research leading to the later called pap test,^[89]^[90]^[91] the most common test used to look for early changes in cells that can lead to cervical cancer. Also called Pap smear, it involves gathering a sample of cells from the cervix.^[92]	United States	G Papanikolaou
1923	Gastrointestinal	Field development	The first report of percutaneous liver biopsy is described.^[93]^[94] This procedure consists in a needle being introduced through the skin and, eventually, liver tissue to obtain a specimen to help aid in the diagnosis, staging, and/or the development of treatment modalities for a variety of liver disorders.^[95]
1925	Obstetric/Gynaecological	Field development	Colposcopy is developed by Hans Hinselmann.^[96] It is a type of cervical cancer test^[97] in which a lighted, magnifying instrument called a colposcope is used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva.^[98]	Germany
1925	Skin test	Test introduction	German dermatologist Wilhelm Siegmund Frei develops what would later be called the Frei test, which aims to identify lymphogranuloma venereum.^[99]
1920s	Laboratory (urine test)	Test introduction	Swedish medical researcher Robert Fåhraeus and Alf Westergren develop erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurement as we know it today. Known as the Westergren method, it is widely considered to be the gold standard for ESR measurement. It is recognized by organizations such as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH), and continues to be widely used due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide quick results.^[18]	Sweden
1926	Consulting room (physical examination)	Field development	Carnett's sign is first described.^[100] It is a clinical examination finding that is useful for confirming whether pain originates from the abdominal viscera or from the abdominal wall.^[101]
1926	Skin test	Field development	Brazilian physician João Montenegro first describes the leishmanin skin test^[102], an immunologic skin test that measures delayed-type hypersensitivity to Leishmania antigen.^[103]^[104]	Brazil
1927	Cardiovascular	Field development	Portuguese physician Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon first develops the technique for cerebral angiography.^[105]^[106]^[107] Angiography is a type of X-ray used to check blood vessels.^[108] Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that uses x-ray and a special dye to see blood flow in the brain. The procedure is done in a hospital or radiology center, where the patient is given a mild sedative and their head is held still. A catheter is inserted through an artery in the groin or wrist and guided to the brain, where dye is injected and x-ray images are taken to show blood flow and detect any blockages. The procedure is usually done with less invasive methods such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or CT angiography.^[109]	Portugal	Egas Moniz
1927	Breath test	Field development	Emil Bogen publishes a paper, describing how he collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1cc of urine.^[110]
1928	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Test introduction	German gynecologists Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek introduce a pregancy test based on the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)^[111], a hormone produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy.^[112]	Germany
1929	Cardiovascular	Field development	Heart catheterization is first performed when the German physician Werner Forssmann inserts a plastic tube in his cubital vein and guides it to the right chamber of the heart.^[113] It is a medical procedure in which a thin flexible tube called catheter is guided through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions such as clogged artery or irregular heartbeats. It provides important information about the heart muscle, valves and blood vessels in the heart.^[114]	Germany
1929	Laboratory	Field development	Austrian-born American physician Maxwell Wintrobe introduces the Wintrobe hematocrit method, which in turn allows him to define the red blood cell indices.^[30]	United States
1930	Immunologic	Scientific development	William S. Tillett and Thomas Francis discover the c-reactive protein (CRP)^[115], which is a blood test that measures levels of inflammation in the body.	United States
Early 1930s	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Field development	University of Cape Town researchers Hillel Shapiro and Harry Zwarenstein discover that if urine from a pregnant female is injected into the South African Xenopus toad and the toad ovulates, this indicates that the woman is pregnant. This test would be used throughout the world from the 1930s to 1960s, with Xenopus toads being exported in great numbers.^[116]^[117]	South Africa
1930s	Laboratory (urine test)	Field development	Urine diagnostics makes major progress as reliability improves and test performance becomes progressively easier.^[118]
1931	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Test introduction	Maurice Harold Friedman and Maxwell Edward Lapham at the University of Pennsylvania develop the "rabbit test" (also called "Friedman test"), an early pregnancy test.	United States
1931	Breath test	Device	Rolla Neil Harger at the Indiana University School of Medicine develops the drunkometer, the first practical roadside breath-testing device. The drunkometer collects a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine.^[119]	United States
1938	Laboratory	Device	The Vim–Silverman needle is introduced.^[64] It can be used to obtain tissue from superficially located tumors and organs, and is particularly useful in obtaining biopsies of the thyroid in suspected cases of thyroiditis.^[120]
1941	Skin test	Field development	Norwegian pathologist Morten Ansgar Kveim first reports what would later be called Kveim test, by using lymph node tissue from sarcoidosis patients. The Kveim test is a skin test used to detect sarcoidosis, where part of a spleen from a patient with known sarcoidosis is injected into the skin of a patient suspected to have the disease.^[121]	Norway
1941	Cardiovascular (echocardiography)	Field development	Austrian neurologist Karl Dussik becomes probably the first to apply ultrasound for medical diagnosis. He initially attempts to outline the ventricles of the brain. His approach uses transmission ultrasound rather than reflected ultrasound.^[122] However, after a decade of work, his efforts would not be fruitful, due to the great attenuation and reflection of ultrasonic waves by the bony structure of the cranium.^[76]	Austria
1941	Immunologic	Field development	American physician Albert Coons conceptualizes and first implements the procedure of immunohistochemistry^[123], a method to identify specific antigens within tissue sections utilizing an antigen-specific antibody.^[124]	United States
1942	Radiology (ultrasonography)	Device	American acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone devises the first ultrasonic echo imaging device, the Supersonic Reflectoscope, to detect internal flaws in metal castings.^[76]	United States
1945	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	Robin Coombs, A.E. Mourant and Robert Russell Race publish a description of the antiglobulin test (also known as the Coombs test).^[125] This test is central to the diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and to an understanding of the antibody-mediated mechanism of red blood cell destruction in this disorder.^[126]	United Kingdom	R.R. Race
1946	Cardiovascular (echocardiography)	Field development	French physiotherapist André Denier proposes that ultrasound might be used to visualize the internal organs of the human body.^[76] This concept lays the foundation for the development of modern medical ultrasound technology, which is now widely used in medical imaging to diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions.
1947	Surgical	Field development	French gynecologist Raoul Palmer writes the first publication on modern diagnostic laparoscopy.^[127] This publication would lead to wide spread acceptance of laparoscopy in obstetrics and gynecology.^[128]	France
1948	Laboratory	Field development	Swedish physician Örjan Ouchterlony introduces the test later known as Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (ODID).^[129] It is a laboratory technique used to identify and measure the concentration of specific proteins, such as antibodies and antigens, in a sample. This technique is commonly used in immunology laboratory courses as a teaching assay to observe the geometric precipitation line patterns that form in the gel-like matrix.^[130]	Sweden
1949	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	Eli Lilly introduces its Test Kit No. 7, providing a quick and easy blood test for diabetes.^[131]	United States
1950s	Laboratory (urine test)	Test introduction	Urine test strips are introduced for commercial use.^[13]
1950	Cardiovascular	Field development	German physician W. D. Keidel is credited to be the first to use ultrasound to examine the heart.^[122]^[132]^[133] With no known risks, diagnostic ultrasound is a safe procedure that uses low-power sound waves.^[134]	Germany
1951	Skin test	Field development	The Heaf test is first described. It is a diagnostic skin test performed to determine whether or not children have been exposed to tuberculosis infection. The test is named after F. R. G. Heaf. It is also known as the Sterneedle test.^[135]
1953	Cardiovascular	Field development	Swedish cardiologist Inge Edler produces the first echocardiographs using an industrial Firestone-Sperry Ultrasonic Reflectoscope.^[136]^[137] Echocardiography is a test that uses sound waves to produce live images of the heart.^[138]		Echocardiograph
1953	Laboratory (blood test)	Scientific development	American electrical engineer Wallace H. Coulter patents the later called Coulter principle, which is considered a landmark in the automation of blood cell counts. The Coulter principle uses electrical impedance measurements to count blood cells and determine their sizes; it is a technology that remains in use in many automated analyzers.	United States
1956	Laboratory (urine test)	Field development	American chemist Helen Murray Free and her husband, Alfred Free, pioneer dry reagent urinalysis by developing Clinistix (also known as Clinistrip), the first dip-and-read test for glucose in urine for patients with diabetes.^[139]	United States	Helen Murray Free
1957	Cardiovascular	Field development	John J. Wild, H. D. Crawford, and John Reid introduce echocardiography in the United States, after being able to identify a myocardial infarction and publishing their findings in the American Heart Journal.^[122] Echocardiography is a medical test that utilizes sound waves to generate real-time images of the heart, known as an echocardiogram. This test enables healthcare providers to track the performance of the heart and its valves.^[140]	United States
1957	Obstetric/gynaecological	Test introduction	Canadian physician Anna Marion Hilliard introduces a simplified version of the Pap test.^[141]	Canada
1958	Consulting room	Field development	Dr. Edward H. Hon invents the Doppler fetal monitor^[142], an electronic device which is used to listen to the baby's heart rate/fetal heart sound, and is used in the same way as a pinard stethoscope.^[143]
1958	Surgical	Field development	G. Menghini first introduces the technique of percutaneous needle biopsy.^[144]^[145] The latter is a method of obtaining a tissue or cell sample for analysis. An interventional radiologist, an expert in image-guided procedures, performs the procedure, using a needle to extract a sample through the skin.^[146]
1958	Gastrointestinal	Field development	L.M. Bernstein describes the acid perfusion test.^[147] Also called the Bernstein test, it is originally designed as a test for esophagitis and a means to differentiate pain of esophageal origin from that of angina pectoris.^[148] The acid perfusion test is part of a test called esophageal pH testing.^[149]
1959	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Field development	Hormone-based pregnancy test Primodos is first made available for sale in the United Kingdom. It would be discontinued in 1978 amid allegations that hormonal pregnancy tests cause miscarriage and a range of birth defects.^[150]^[151]	United Kingdom
1960	Gastrointestinal	Field development	Colonoscopy is introduced in the clinical practice and becomes “golden standard” in the diagnostics and therapy of the diseases of the large intestine.^[152] During a colonoscopy, a medical examination is conducted to investigate the inside of the colon and rectum. The procedure uses a long and flexible tube that has a small camera on one end, which is inserted through the rectum. The test can help identify the cause of bowel symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits.^[153]		Colonoscopy being performed
1960	Immunologic	Scientific development	American medical physicist Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson publish paper first describing radioimmunoassay.^[154] Direct measurement of antigens, such as hCG, would be made possible after this invention.^[155] Radioimmunoassays requires sophisticated apparatus and special radiation precautions and are expensive.^[156]	United States	Rosalyn Yalow
1960	Gastrointestinal	Field development	S.G. Tuttle becomes the first to describe the formal measurement of acid in the esophagus.^[157]
1960	Immunologic	Test introduction	Immunologic pregnancy tests are introduced when Leif Wide and Carl Axel Gemzell present a test based on in-vitro hemagglutination inhibition. This is a first step away from in-vivo pregnancy testing^[158]^[159] and initiates a series of improvements in pregnancy testing leading to the contemporary at-home testing.^[159]
1962	Laboratory	Field development	American biochemist Leland Clark and Ann Lyons from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital develop the first glucose enzyme electrode. This biosensor is based on a thin layer of glucose oxidase (GOx) on an oxygen electrode. Thus, the readout is the amount of oxygen consumed by GOx during the enzymatic reaction with the substrate glucose. This publication would become one of the most often cited papers in life sciences. Due to this work Clark is considered the “father of biosensors,” especially with respect to the glucose sensing for diabetes patients.^[160]^[161]	United States
1964	Laboratory (urine test)	Field development	Boehringer Mannheim (today Roche) launches its first Combur test strips.^[162] Also known as urine reagent strips, Combur test strips are used to quickly detect, diagnose, and monitor various health conditions.^[163]
1960s	Gastrointestinal	Field development	Dr. Niwa and Dr. Yamagata at Tokyo University develop the fibre-optic colonoscope, a long, flexible tube that has a small camera and a light source at the end. The camera sends images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to see the inside of the colon and rectum. The instrument can be inserted through the rectum and advanced through the colon, allowing the doctor to check for any abnormal growths or other issues.^[164]^[165]	Japan
1964	Ear, Nose and Throat (electronystagmography)	Field development	Electronystagmography is first used when Dr Jack Pulec converts a Swedish electrocardiogram machine to detect corneal retinal potentials based on Nils Henriksson’s thesis on electrical analysis of eye movements in nystagmus.^[166]	Sweden
1964	Radiology	Field development	The Bourne test, which is first introduced. Today it is still used as a supplementary examination in the diagnosis of colovesical fistulae, which is a condition where there is an abnormal connection between the colon and the bladder. It is typically performed when the results of a barium enema, which is another diagnostic test, are inconclusive or negative.^[167]
1965	Obstetric/gynaecological (mammography)	Field development	Screening mammography is developed.^[168] It is a diagnostic test used to identify breast cancer in women who do not have any symptoms. It uses low-dose X-rays to produce images of the breast tissue, which are then examined for any signs of cancer.^[169]
1965	Laboratory (blood test)	Scientific development	Louis Kamentsky develops the rapid cell spectrophotometer to automate cervical cytology. This instrument can generate blood cell scattergrams using cytochemical staining techniques.^[170]^[171]
1967	Surgical (biopsy)	Field development	Transvenous liver biopsy is introduced as an alternative to percutaneous biopsy in patients with coagulopathy in order to decrease the risk of bleeding.^[45]
1968	Screening	Literature	The World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the Principles and practice of screening for disease (also referred to as Wilson and Jungner criteria).^[172] Their authors, James Maxwell Glover Wilson and Gunnar Jungner, emphasize that the successful implementation of a screening program is just as crucial as the principles behind it. Since then, many organizations would establish to oversee screening practices, but so far there would be limited discussion on how these organizations affect the implementation and perception of screening, as well as the balance of benefits and harms it produces.^[173]
1968	Radiology (ultrasonography)	Field development	Dr Raymond Gramiak discovers a contrast medium for medical ultrasonography, consisting in a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles^[174] to increase echogenicity of blood.^[175] which Gramiak names contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This contrast medical imaging modality is used throughout the world for echocardiography in particular in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia.^[176]
1968	Cardiovascular	Field development	Hewlett-Packard 8020A is released as the first commercial fetal monitor for cardiotocography.^[5] Developed in a partnership between Hewlett-Packard division in Böblingen, Germany, and Dr. Konrad Hammacher, this cardiotocograph is the world’s first non-invasive electronic fetal heart monitor.^[177]	United States
1969	Gastrointestinal	Field development	Dr William Wolff and Dr Hiromi Shinya pioneer colonoscopy in the United States.^[165] A colonoscopy is a procedure that allows for the examination of the large intestine, or colon, to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal issues such as colon cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. It is also used as a preventative measure by healthcare providers who recommend routine colonoscopies for middle-aged and older adults as a screening test for colon cancer.^[178]	United States
1969	Gastrointestinal	Field development	The use of prolonged monitoring of oesophageal pH as a measure of gastro-oesophageal reflux is first described.^[179]^[180] More than a decade after its introduction as a hospital based technique for inpatients, oesophageal pH monitoring would become rather popular when ambulatory data recorders become available.^[181]^[179]
1969	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Field development	Organon International obtains the first patent on a home pregnancy test, two years after product designer Margaret Crane noticed that the laboratory testing procedure was relatively simple and made a prototype. The product would become available in Canada in 1971, and the United States in 1977, after delays caused by concerns over sexual morality and the ability of women to perform test and cope with the results without a doctor.^[182]	Canada, United States
1970	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	The lymphocyte proliferation test is introduced as a method to diagnose metal allergy.^[183] LPT is a commonly used laboratory method to evaluate the functioning of the body's cellular immune system. This test involves growing lymphocytes and mitogens together in a lab dish and observing changes in their shape and growth, which can indicate the level of immune function.^[184]
1970	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	Ames introduces the first glucose monitor.^[13] It is a device that helps track and regulate blood sugar levels for individuals and their doctors. It allows for monitoring sugar intake and understanding how different foods affect the body, which can prevent future complications.^[185]		Glucose meters
1971	Breath test	Scientific development	American chemist Linus Pauling demonstrates that human breath is a complex gas, containing more than 200 different volatile organic compounds. This discovery marks the beginning of modern breath testing.^[186]	United States	Linus Pauling
1971	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA is first described by Engvall and Perlmann.^[187] It is a type of immunological assay that is commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins, and glycoproteins in biological samples.^[188]		An ELISA being developed with TMB
1974	Gastrointestinal	Field development	Prolonged esophageal pH monitoring becomes feasible when Johnson and DeMeester develop a dependable external reference electrode.^[189] It is used for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is a common condition that presents with unusual symptoms such as nausea, hiccups, chest pain, hoarseness, coughing, or breathing difficulties. It can be challenging to diagnose as these patients may not show signs of esophagitis on radiographic or endoscopic exams. In such cases, prolonged esophageal pH monitoring is an effective method to measure acid reflux and link it to symptoms in an outpatient setting.^[190]		pH-probe
1977	Immunologic	Scientific development	American medical physicist Rosalyn Sussman Yalow is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her work in immunoassays.^[191] Immunoassay is a method of measuring the presence or amount of specific substances in a sample, using antibodies or antigens as recognition agents. It can be used to detect a wide range of molecules, from small to large.^[192] Immunoassay is commonly used in medical testing.
1977	Cardiovascular	Field development	The first wireless EKG heart rate monitor is invented by Polar Electro as a training aid for the Finnish National Cross Country Ski team.^[193]	Finland
1979	Skin test	Device	The first commercial instrument for measuring skin hydration is sold under the name corneometry, which is derived from the German trademark Corneometer.^[194]
1982	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	Screening for congenital hypo thyroidism is introduced.^[195]
1982	Consulting room	Field development	Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is introduced to assess intracranial arteries noninvasively.^[196] It is a non-invasive ultrasound test that measures blood flow velocity in the brain's major blood vessels, it is used to evaluate cerebrovascular diseases such as cerebrovascular stenosis, occlusion, emboli, and vasospasm.^[197]
1983	Immunologic	Field development	Cecil Czerkinsky first describes ELISpot as a new way to quantify the production of an antigen-specific immunoglobulin by hybridoma cells. ELISpot (enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot) is a type of assay that focuses on quantitatively measuring the frequency of cytokine secretion for a single cell. The ELISpot Assay is also a form of immunostaining since it is classified as a technique that uses antibodies to detect a protein analyte, with the word analyte referring to any biological or chemical substance being identified or measured.^[198]
1983	Immunologic	Field development	The flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) is introduced.^[199] It is a novel method that allows for sensitive detection of clinically relevant complement-binding antibodies. FCXM detects dead cells with viability dye that ensue from the binding of allospecific lytic antibodies.^[200] It is very extremely useful in the clinical transplantation setting.^[201]
1984	Laboratory test	Test introduction	The first functional assay, the platelet aggregation test (PAT), is introduced.^[202]^[203] PAT is a laboratory test that measures the ability of platelets, a type of blood cell, to clump together and form a clot. The test is typically used to evaluate the function of platelets in patients who have a bleeding disorder or who are taking medication that affects platelet function.
1985	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	The US Food and Drug Administration approves the first-ever test to screen blood donors for exposure to HIV.^[204]^[205]	United States
1986	Consulting Room (rectal examination)	Test introduction	Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is introduced. Before this, the digital rectal examination was the sole method of screening men for prostate cancer.^[206]
1986	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	The ALT and anti-HBc tests are introduced to identify donors at risk of transmitting PT-NANB hepatitis.^[207]
1987	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	The hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test is introduced to assess the functional integrity of the human sperm membrane.^[208]
1987	Laboratory	Field development	The Ambulatory glucose profile is first developed by Drs. Roger Mazze and David Rodbard,^[209] with colleagues at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.^[210] AGP is a test used to evaluate a patient's glucose control over a 24-hour period, typically using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. It is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and other conditions that affect glucose metabolism, such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and other endocrine disorders. The test is performed by having the patient wear a CGM device for 24 hours and recording all food intake, physical activity, and other events that may affect glucose levels. After the test, the data is analyzed by a healthcare professional and used to identify patterns and trends in glucose control to adjust treatment and set new goals for the patient.^[211]	United States
1988	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	The "prostate-specific antigen" (PSA) blood test is introduced to detect prostate cancer.^[212] Approved by the FDA in 1986 for monitoring the progression of prostate cancer in men who had already been diagnosed, in 1994 it would be approved for use in conjunction with a digital rectal exam (DRE) to detect prostate cancer in men 50 years and older. PSA test is also used to determine the nature of prostate symptoms. PSA levels can be elevated in people with benign conditions such as prostatitis and BPH, but these conditions do not lead to prostate cancer.^[213]	United States
1988	Radiology	Field development	Sonourethrography (SUG) is introduced to overcome the limitations of retrograde urethrography and to provide more accurate results.^[214]
1989	Consulting Room (rectal examination)	Field development	Functional anorectal exams are first conducted.^[215] Anorectal manometry is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate the function of the rectal and anal muscles, which are known as the anorectal sphincter. The test measures the pressures created by the muscles, the sensation in the rectum and the neural reflexes necessary for normal bowel movements, it can help determine if these muscles are too loose, too tight or are not engaging at the right moment. It can aid in the diagnosis of conditions like constipation, fecal incontinence, and nerve damage.^[216]
1989	Consulting room	Device	Videonystagmography is developed in France. It is one of few tests that enable separate evaluation of both labyrinths. During the test, the patient is asked to put on special glasses, resembling goggles used for skiing, that tightly cover the eyes and block infrared radiation.^[217]	France
1989	Laboratory	Field development	The first enzyme immunoassay (EIA), which detects antibody to a single viral antigen, is introduced.^[218]
1991	Consulting room	Test introduction	J.A. Durkan proposes the later called Durkan's test, a medical procedure to diagnose a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome. It is a new variation of Tinel's sign.^[219] The test is usually conducted by a physician or a physiotherapist. It takes only a few minutes to perform and it's non-invasive.^[220]
1992	Laboratory (blood test)	Test introduction	A blood test to protect traditional blood transfusions is introduced.^[221]
1994	Gastrointestinal	Field development	Computed tomography colonography (CTC) (also known as ‘virtual colonoscopy’) is introduced as a noninvasive method of imaging the colon using helical CT.^[222]		CT colonography of a rectal mass
1994	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	MELISA (Memory Lymphocyte Immunostimulation Assay) is first described.^[183] MELISA is a blood test to aid the diagnosis of metal hypersensitivity.^[223]
1995	Laboratory	Field development	The concept of "microarray" is introduced in a study where it was demonstrated how this new technology can simultaneously measure the activity of multiple genes by using a sample array made by robotically printing cDNA on glass.^[224]
1996	Laboratory	Field development	Real-time PCR is introduced, since then replacing conventional PCR methods. It is a laboratory technique used to quantitatively measure the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample. RT-PCR is considered the gold standard for quantitative PCR and is widely used for PCR diagnostics. Its closed-tube detection system reduces the risk of contamination and false positive results, and its use of fluorescently labeled probes allows for real-time monitoring of PCR product accumulation. Compared to conventional PCR, RT-PCR would increase analytical sensitivity and specificity, with a lower limit of detection of 5 molecules and reduced risk of contamination.^[225]
1997	Laboratory	Field development	Researchers from Stanford University publish the first whole-genome microarray study of gene expression by placing the whole yeast genome on a microarray.^[224] A microarray is a laboratory test platform that allows rapid analysis of thousands of different deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences.^[226]	United States
1997	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	Nyfeler and Pichler establish the sensitivity and specificity of the lymphocyte transformation test when used for the diagnosis of drug allergies.^[183] The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) is a laboratory test used to assess the activation of drug-specific T cells in response to different antigens. The test can be used to determine the causative agent in various types of drug reactions.^[227]
1997	Gastrointestinal (capsule endoscopy)	Field development	Gabi Iddan and Paul Swain develop the capsule endoscopy technology, with the first pill swallowed in this year.^[228] Capsule endoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a small camera in a capsule form that is swallowed by the patient. The camera takes pictures of the digestive tract as it travels through it and the pictures are transmitted to a recorder worn by the patient. It allows doctors to see inside the small intestine, which is not easily accessible with traditional endoscopy methods that use a long tube with a camera passed through the throat or rectum.^[229]		capsule endoscopy
1997	Radiology (ultrasonography)	Field development	Russian biologist Alexander Klibanov designs targeted microbubbles, which are used in molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging).^[230]^[231]
1998	Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test)	Field development	A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.^[232]
1999	Radiology (ultrasonography)	Scientific development	Dr. Paul Dayton first demonstrates acoustic radiation force as a technique in molecular ultrasonography (also used for shear wave elastography), which is applied in order to literally push the targeted microbubbles towards microvessels wall.^[233]
2000	Gastrointestinal	Device	The capsule endoscopy (CE) is introduced, greatly advancing the diagnostics of both upper and lower gastrointestinal diseases and issues. CE might be used to diagnose esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and varices. However, reliability in identifying gastroduodenal pathology is unknown.^[234]
2001	Diagnostic tool	Field development	The 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is introduced as a diagnostic tool to screen adult patients in a primary care setting for the presence and severity of depression.^[235]^[236]
2003	Laboratory (blood test)	Organization	Theranos is founded by Elizabeth Holmes. Claiming that it could perform a wildly large number of tests, such as measuring glucose levels and detecting different types of antibodies, the company would later be dissolved and liquidated, with founder indicted for wire fraud and conspiracy.^[237]^[238]	United States
2004	Consulting room	Field development	Optical rhinometry (ORM) is introduced in Germany as a method for nasal cavity examination.^[239] ORM is a method that allows for direct monitoring of changes in blood flow (optical density) in the nasal blood vessels, it also assess the changes in the evaluated variable over time like the blood flow and oxygen saturation.^[240] It is a non-invasive diagnostic test that uses infrared light to measure the size and shape of the nasal passages.^[241]	Germany
2005	Imaging test	Field development	Siemens releases the first Dual Source CT scanner, called the SOMATOM Definition. It has the ability to achieve a temporal resolution of 83 ms per image, with only a quarter-rotation required for each of the two detector systems to acquire enough data to create an image. This is the first time that the heart could be imaged without any motion artifacts, even at high heart rates or during arrhythmia.^[242]
2005	Laboratory	Field development	Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is introduced for commercial use. It is a technology for determining the sequence of DNA or RNA to study genetic variation associated with diseases or other biological phenomena.^[10]
2006	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	HelicoCARE direct is introduced as a trademark for a Helicobacter pylori whole-blood antibody test. Manufactured by CARE diagnostica, it is an immunochromatographic test which detects the presence of antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in whole-blood samples. This test is suitable for screening large populations for peptic ulcer disease.^[243]
2006	Laboratory	Test introduction	The NS1 antigen test (nonstructural protein 1), is introduced as a test for dengue. It allows rapid detection on the first day of fever, before antibodies appear some 5 or more days later.^[244]		Dengue testing
2006	Skin test	Field development	The term "trichoscopy" is first introduced by Lidia Rudnicka and Malgorzata Olszewska.^[245] Trichoscopy is a method of hair and scalp evaluation and is used for diagnosing hair and scalp diseases.^[246]
2006	Immunologic	Field development	The mass spectrometric immunoassay is patented by Randall Nelson, Peter Williams and Jennifer Reeve Krone. It consists in a rapid method used to detect and/ or quantify antigens and or antibody analytes.^[247]
2007	Breath test	Field development	Swiss chemist Renato Zenobi and Spanish chemist Pablo Sinues apply secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) to breath analysis for the first time.^[248]^[249]^[250] SESI is the use of the ionized electrospray solvent to ionize a neutral analyte that is not dissolved in the solvent.^[251]	Switzerland	SESI-MS
2008	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	Scientists announce that the more cost effective saliva testing could eventually replace some blood tests, as saliva contains 20% of the proteins found in blood.^[252]^[253]
2011	Laboratory (blood test)	Device	Canadian researchers at the University of Calgary announce a microchip for blood tests, which can control the exact size and spacing of the droplets. This test can improve the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of laboratory tests while also doing it cheaply.^[254]	Canada
2011	Laboratory (blood test)	Field development	A team of researchers from University of California, Berkeley, Dublin City University and University of Valparaíso develop their Self-powered Integrated Microfluidic Blood Analysis System (SIMBAS), lab-on-a-chip device that can diagnose diseases within 10 minutes without the use of external tubing and extra components. It uses tiny trenches to separate blood cells from plasma (99 percent of blood cells were captured during experiments). Plastic components are used to reduce manufacturing costs.^[255]^[256]	United States
2014	Laboratory (microbiology)	Test introduction	Stool testing:The United States FDA approves a multi-target stool DNA test as a screening test for non-symptomatic, average-risk adults 50 years or older.^[257]	United States
2020 (January 10)	Laboratory	Test introduction	Shortly after the novel virus is first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, Public Health England introduces a COVID-19 test,^[258] using a real-time RT-PCR (RdRp gene) assay based on oral swabs.^[259]	United Kingdom
2022 (January)	Surgical	Device	A robot performs the first ever successful laparoscopic surgery without the help of a human. The robot performs the surgery on the soft tissue of a pig. It succeeds at intestinal anastomosis, a procedure that involves connecting two ends of an intestine. The robot, named the Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR), was designed by a team of John Hopkins researchers.^[260]	United States

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of August 10, 2021.

Year	"medical test"
1900	8
1910	3
1920
1930	4
1940	3
1950	2
1960	6
1970	18
1980	40
1990	103
2000	291
2010	871
2020	1,530

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Medical testing (Search term), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[261]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Medical testing, from 1900 to 2019.^[262]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-This is a '''timeline of {{w|medical test}}ing''', which refers to the various procedures and techniques used to diagnose and evaluate a patient's health condition. Monitoring is also included, as it consists in repeated testing intended to detect a specified change in a patient.
+This is a '''timeline of {{w|medical test}}ing''', which refers to the various procedures and techniques used to diagnose and evaluate a patient's health condition.
 == Sample questions ==
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 * What are the several types of medical tests described in this timeline?
-** Sort the full timeline by "Test type".
+** Sort the full timeline by "Test type". You will see the following categories:
+*** Consulting room tests, which are conducted in a doctor's office and may involve taking a patient's vital signs and performing a physical examination, often without medical device.
+*** Laboratory tests, which are performed on samples of {{w|blood}}, {{w|urine}}, {{w|tissue}}, or other {{w|bodily fluid}}s or substances.
+*** {{w|Breath test}}s, which involve analyzing a person's breath to detect or measure the presence of certain substances in the body.
+*** Cardiovascular tests, which are used to evaluate the function and health of the heart and blood vessels. These tests can include {{w|electrocardiogram}}s (ECGs), {{w|echocardiogram}}s, [[w:Cardiac stress test|stress tests]], {{w|cardiac catheterization}}, {{w|angiography}}, and others.
+*** Gastrointestinal tests, which are used to diagnose and monitor conditions of the digestive system.
+*** Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) tests, a group of medical examinations used to diagnose and monitor conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.
+*** Obstetric and gynecological (OB/GYN) tests, a group of medical examinations used to diagnose and monitor conditions of the female reproductive system. These may include {{w|pregnancy test}}s, pelvic examination, {{w|pap smear}}, and {{w|mammogram}}s.
+*** Radiology, which uses imaging techniques such as {{w|X-ray}}s, {{w|computed tomography}} (CT), {{w|magnetic resonance imaging}} (MRI), {{w|ultrasound}}, and other forms of radiation to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.
+*** Skin tests, which are used to identify allergens (substances that cause an allergic reaction) in a person.
+*** Surgical tests, a group of medical examinations that involve surgical procedures to diagnose or treat a condition. These may include {{w|biopsies}}, {{w|laparoscopic}}, and exploratory surgery.
 * What are some notable scientific events that would be found to be applicable to the field of {{w|medical test}}ing?
 ** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Scientific development".
-** You will see both the development of concepts as well as scientific discoveries field-related phenomena, such as erythrocyte sedimentation and percussion.
+** You will see both the development of concepts as well as scientific discoveries field-related phenomena, such as [[w:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|erythrocyte sedimentation]] and [[w:Percussion (medicine)|percussion]].
 * What are some notable medical tests having been introduced?
 ** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Test introduction".
+** You will see events spanning from the development of urinalysis for uroscopy in ancient times, to the COVID-19 test in 2020.
 * What are other notable or illustrative developments within the field of medical testing?
 ** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Field development".
 * What are some notable devices having been developed over time?
 ** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Device".
+** You will see a variety of medical devices, from the development of the {{w|stethoscope}}, to a robot performing surgery in recent years.
 * What are some notable publications in the field of medical testing?
 ** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Literature".
+** You will see some early milestone publications in the field.
 ==Big picture==
@@ Line 32: / Line 45: @@
 | 19th century || The development of the microscope and staining techniques allow for the identification of {{w|bacteria}} and other {{w|microorganism}}s, and the improvement of the microscope allows scientists to study cells and tissues. In the first half of the century, the French School, exemplified by Pierre Louis, synthesizes previous developments and puts physical diagnosis on a secure footing at the bedside and in the autopsy room. The German School, epitomized by Johannes Mueller, lays the foundation for experimental laboratory science from 1830 until 1900.<ref name="Walker"/> In the late 1800s, clinical chemistry and the use of laboratory tests to diagnose disease begin to develop.
 |-
-| 20th century || During the 1920s and 1930s the testing of blood groups for large numbers of people becomes a common practice in the developed world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=William H. |title=The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics: Initial Discovery and Diffusion |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |date=1996 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=277–303 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331959 |issn=0391-9714}}</ref> In the 1940s, the urine and blood glucose tests for diabetes start becoming intensively used in mass screening.<ref name="History of medical screen"/> The discovery of DNA and the development of molecular biology techniques lead to the development of genetic testing. Also, Modern-day CTG is developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s.<ref name=sdrt>{{Cite journal|last=Ayres-de-Campos|first=Diogo|date=June 2018|title=Electronic fetal monitoring or cardiotocography, 50 years later: what's in a name |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.011|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=218|issue=6|pages=545–546|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.011|issn=0002-9378}}</ref> In the 1960s, mammography becomes available as a screening test, allowing mass screening of breast cancer.<ref name="History of medical screen">{{cite journal |last1=Morabia |first1=A. |last2=Zhang |first2=F. F. |title=History of medical screening: from concepts to action |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=1 August 2004 |volume=80 |issue=946 |pages=463–469 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2003.018226 |url=https://pmj.bmj.com/content/80/946/463 |language=en |issn=0032-5473}}</ref> In the 1970s {{w|computed tomography scan}}s are introduced, drastically improving the capacity to scrutinize the human body for signs of trouble.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unnecessary Medical Tests: Overuse of Medical Tests and Screening |url=https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/industry-dx/to-screen-or-not-to-screen-risks-of-over-imaging-and-testing |website=University of Michigan |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> "In the 1970s, the discovery of {{w|monoclonal antibodies}} led to the development of the relatively simple and cheap {{w|immunoassay}}s, such as agglutination-inhibition-based assays and [[w:ELISA#Sandwich ELISA|sandwich ELISA]], used in modern home pregnancy tests.  Tests are now so cheap that they can be mass-produced in a general publication and used for advertising."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nudd|first1=Ti|title=Ikea Wants You to Pee on This Ad. If You're Pregnant, It Will Give You a Discount on a Crib|url=http://www.adweek.com/creativity/ikea-wants-you-to-pee-on-this-ad-if-youre-pregnant-it-will-give-you-a-discount-on-a-crib/|access-date=13 January 2018|work={{w|Adweek}}|date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In the early 1980s {{w|magnetic resonance imaging}} is introduced clinically, and during that decade a veritable explosion of technical refinements and diagnostic MR applications take place. In the late century, the human genome project is completed, leading to the development of genetic tests for a wide range of inherited and acquired diseases.
+| 20th century || During the 1920s and 1930s the testing of blood groups for large numbers of people becomes a common practice in the developed world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=William H. |title=The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics: Initial Discovery and Diffusion |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |date=1996 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=277–303 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331959 |issn=0391-9714}}</ref> In the 1940s, the urine and blood glucose tests for diabetes start becoming intensively used in mass screening.<ref name="History of medical screen"/> The discovery of DNA and the development of molecular biology techniques lead to the development of genetic testing. Also, Modern-day CTG is developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s.<ref name=sdrt>{{Cite journal|last=Ayres-de-Campos|first=Diogo|date=June 2018|title=Electronic fetal monitoring or cardiotocography, 50 years later: what's in a name |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.011|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=218|issue=6|pages=545–546|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.011|issn=0002-9378}}</ref> In the 1960s, mammography becomes available as a screening test, allowing mass screening of breast cancer.<ref name="History of medical screen">{{cite journal |last1=Morabia |first1=A. |last2=Zhang |first2=F. F. |title=History of medical screening: from concepts to action |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |date=1 August 2004 |volume=80 |issue=946 |pages=463–469 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2003.018226 |url=https://pmj.bmj.com/content/80/946/463 |language=en |issn=0032-5473}}</ref> In the 1970s {{w|computed tomography scan}}s are introduced, drastically improving the capacity to scrutinize the human body for signs of trouble.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unnecessary Medical Tests: Overuse of Medical Tests and Screening |url=https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/industry-dx/to-screen-or-not-to-screen-risks-of-over-imaging-and-testing |website=University of Michigan |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1970s, the discovery of {{w|monoclonal antibodies}} leads to the development of the relatively simple and cheap {{w|immunoassay}}s, such as agglutination-inhibition-based assays and [[w:ELISA#Sandwich ELISA|sandwich ELISA]], used in modern home pregnancy tests.  Tests are now so cheap that they can be mass-produced in a general publication and used for advertising.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nudd|first1=Ti|title=Ikea Wants You to Pee on This Ad. If You're Pregnant, It Will Give You a Discount on a Crib|url=http://www.adweek.com/creativity/ikea-wants-you-to-pee-on-this-ad-if-youre-pregnant-it-will-give-you-a-discount-on-a-crib/|access-date=13 January 2018|work={{w|Adweek}}|date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In the early 1980s {{w|magnetic resonance imaging}} is introduced clinically, and during that decade a veritable explosion of technical refinements and diagnostic MR applications take place. In the late century, the human genome project is completed, leading to the development of genetic tests for a wide range of inherited and acquired diseases.
 |-
-| 21th century || Laboratory testing continues to evolve, with the development of new technologies such as PCR, microarray, and next-generation sequencing, allowing for more accurate and efficient testing.
+| 21st century || Laboratory testing continues to evolve, with the development of new technologies such as PCR<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villar |first1=Jesús |last2=Méndez |first2=Sebastián |last3=Slutsky |first3=Arthur S |title=[No title found] |journal=Critical Care |date=2001 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=125 |doi=10.1186/cc1011 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137272/}}</ref>, {{w|DNA microarray}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhiman |first1=Neelam |last2=Bonilla |first2=Ruben |last3=O’Kane J |first3=Dennis |last4=Poland |first4=Gregory A. |title=Gene expression microarrays: a 21st century tool for directed vaccine design |journal=Vaccine |date=October 2001 |volume=20 |issue=1-2 |pages=22–30 |doi=10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00319-x}}</ref>, and next-generation sequencing<ref name="www.thermofisher.com"/>, allowing for more accurate and efficient testing.
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 45: / Line 58: @@
 | 4000 BC || Laboratory ([[w:Clinical urine tests|urine test]]) || Test introduction || Records of {{w|urinalysis}} for uroscopy by Babylonian and Sumerian physicians date back to this time.<ref name="Connor 507–509">{{Cite journal|last=Connor|first=Henry|date=2001-11-01|title=Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords – Part 1: uroscopy|journal=Clinical Medicine|language=en|volume=1|issue=6|pages=507–509|doi=10.7861/clinmedicine.1-6-507|issn=1470-2118|pmid=11792095|pmc=4953881}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| c.1500–c.1300 BC || Pregnancy test || Test introduction || An Egyptian papyrus offers a method for diagnosing pregnancy. It advises women to pee into a bag of barley and a bag of wheat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Nell |title=Ancient Egyptian medical knowledge revealed by 3,500-year-old texts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/31/health/ancient-egypt-medical-knowledge/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=13 January 2023 |language=en |date=31 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}} ([[w:Ancient Egypt|ancient]])
+| c.1500–c.1300 BC || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Test introduction || An Egyptian papyrus offers a method for diagnosing pregnancy. It advises women to pee into a bag of barley and a bag of wheat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Nell |title=Ancient Egyptian medical knowledge revealed by 3,500-year-old texts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/31/health/ancient-egypt-medical-knowledge/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=13 January 2023 |language=en |date=31 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}} ([[w:Ancient Egypt|ancient]])
 |-
 | 600 BC || Laboratory ([[w:Clinical urine tests|urine test]]) || Scientific development || Physicians record that ants are attracted to sugar in patients' urine.<ref name="Diabetes Testi"/> ||
@@ Line 52: / Line 65: @@
 |-
 | 1316 || Consulting room (physical examination) || Literature || Italian physician {{w|Mondino de Luzzi}} writes his ''Anothomia'', the first text dedicated solely to {{w|anatomy}}. Based on his own dissections of human bodies, this book would be widely used and go through 39 editions and translations. It is an unillustrated manual for dissection, rather than a formal anatomical text. Mondino's approach is to start with the abdominal organs, then move on to the chest and neck, concluding with the skull. It would become a popular guide among students and would help to increase the popularity of dissection.<ref name="Walker"/> Today, in order to perform a proper physical examination, a healthcare provider must have a good understanding of anatomy. The knowledge of anatomy is essential to making accurate diagnosis, determining the best course of treatment, and providing effective care. || {{w|Italy}}
+|-
+| 1363 || Ear, Nose and Throat || Device || The {{w|otoscope}} has its roots dating back to this time, when French physician {{w|Guy de Chauliac}} first conceives of the idea for a tool to aid in the diagnosis of ear and nose pain.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Otoscope |url=https://photoni.care/history-of-the-otoscope/ |website=PhotoniCare |access-date=21 January 2023 |date=10 March 2021}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
 | 1543 || Consulting room (physical examination) || Literature || Flemish anatomist and physician {{w|Andreas Vesalius}} publishes his ''{{w|De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem}}'', which is based upon personal dissection of human bodies. This book represents a remarkable departure from the zoological anatomy of Galen. The dissections of human bodies that resumed in the thirteenth century make Vesalius' achievements possible.<ref name="Walker"/> He is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Harold |title=Andreas Vesalius: father of modern anatomy |journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine |date=2 December 2014 |volume=75 |issue=12 |pages=711–711 |doi=10.12968/hmed.2014.75.12.711}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}} ({{w|Habsburg Netherlands}})
@@ Line 85: / Line 100: @@
 | 1859 || Laboratory || Test introduction || Italian naturalized chemist {{w|Hugo Schiff}} produces the first report of a spot test for the detection of {{w|uric acid}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=1.2: Spot Tests |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/01%3A_Elemental_Analysis/1.02%3A_Spot_Tests |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |access-date=17 March 2022 |language=en |date=13 July 2016}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1865 || Dermatology || Test introduction || English doctor Charles H. Blackley introduces an early {{w|skin allergy test}}, after managing to abrade a small area of his own skin with a lancet, applying grass pollen on a piece of wet lint and covering the scarified area with a bandage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skin allergy test (1865) {{!}} British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/skin-allergy-test-1865 |website=www.immunology.org |access-date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1865 || Skin test || Test introduction || English doctor Charles H. Blackley introduces an early {{w|skin allergy test}}, after managing to abrade a small area of his own skin with a lancet, applying grass pollen on a piece of wet lint and covering the scarified area with a bandage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skin allergy test (1865) {{!}} British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/skin-allergy-test-1865 |website=www.immunology.org |access-date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1865 || Consulting room || Test introduction || William Adams describes the [[w:Adams Forward Bend Test|Forward Bending Test]] for {{w|scoliosis}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fairbank |first1=Jeremy |title=Historical perspective: William Adams, the forward bending test, and the spine of Gideon Algernon Mantell |journal=Spine |date=1 September 2004 |volume=29 |issue=17 |pages=1953–1955 |doi=10.1097/01.brs.0000137072.41425.ec |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15534423/ |issn=1528-1159}}</ref> Also known as the Adams test, it is considered effective in detecting scoliosis and a noticeable asymmetry in the ribs during forward bending is considered a positive result.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adams Forward Bend Test |url=https://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/scoliosis/adams-forward-bend-test |website=spineuniverse.com |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 99: / Line 114: @@
 | 1880 || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Scientific development || French physicist {{w|Pierre Curie}} discovers {{w|piezoelectricity}}. This allows for ultrasonic waves to be deliberately generated for industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=This Month In Physics History |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201403/physicshistory.cfm |website=www.aps.org |access-date=14 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Piezoelectric materials can be used to generate a small electrical charge in response to mechanical stress. This property can be used in a variety of medical applications such as ultrasonic imaging, high-frequency surgery, and drug delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Piezoelectricity - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/piezoelectricity |website=www.sciencedirect.com |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref> || {{w|France}} || [[File:Pierre Curie by Dujardin c1906.jpg|thumb|center|100px|{{w|Pierre Curie}}]]
 |-
-| 1880 || Surgery || Field development || [[w:Germany|German]] physician {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} publishes an account of a successful {{w|liver biopsy}} procedure performed in Berlin, along with graphical published an account of the procedure performed in 1880 in Berlin, along with graphical illustrations of the instruments and the liver samples collected. This would be documented in Ehrlich´s book ''On diabetes'', published in 1884.<ref name="Georgescu">{{cite web |last1=Streba |first1=Letiția Adela Maria |last2=Georgescu |first2=Eugen Florin |last3=Streba |first3=Costin Teodor |title=Risks and Benefits of Liver Biopsy in Focal Liver Disease |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/41006 |publisher=IntechOpen |access-date=6 October 2022 |language=en |date=21 November 2012}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1880 || Surgical || Field development || [[w:Germany|German]] physician {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} publishes an account of a successful {{w|liver biopsy}} procedure performed in Berlin, along with graphical published an account of the procedure performed in 1880 in Berlin, along with graphical illustrations of the instruments and the liver samples collected. This would be documented in Ehrlich´s book ''On diabetes'', published in 1884.<ref name="Georgescu">{{cite web |last1=Streba |first1=Letiția Adela Maria |last2=Georgescu |first2=Eugen Florin |last3=Streba |first3=Costin Teodor |title=Risks and Benefits of Liver Biopsy in Focal Liver Disease |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/41006 |publisher=IntechOpen |access-date=6 October 2022 |language=en |date=21 November 2012}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 1883 || Gastrointestinal ({{w|liver biopsy}}) || Field development || {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} performs the first needle biopsy of the liver.<ref name="dser"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Diagnostic Liver Biopsy: Background, Indications, Contraindications |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1819437-overview |website=emedicine.medscape.com |access-date=18 October 2021 |date=3 April 2021}}</ref> Today, a liver biopsy remains the best method for identifying various liver conditions. As the techniques have improved, it has become a safe and effective tool for doctors who specialize in liver diseases to diagnose a wide range of liver problems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Nivedita |last2=Hoilat |first2=Gilles J. |last3=John |first3=Savio |title=Liver Biopsy |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470567/ |website=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |access-date=14 January 2023 |date=2022}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}} || [[File:Paul Ehrlich 1915.jpg|thumb|center|100px|{{w|Paul Ehrlich}}]]
@@ Line 125: / Line 140: @@
 | 1904 || Laboratory (blood test) || Field development || A test for the presence of blood by a wet-chemical method using {{w|benzidine}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reactions of TMB and benzidine with chemical catalysts and oxidants. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Reactions-of-TMB-and-benzidine-with-chemical-catalysts-and-oxidants_tbl2_224945671 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=20 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1907 || Surgery || Field development || The first application of {{w|liver biopsy}} for the diagnosis of cirrhotic liver disease in humans and rats is published in a series by Schüpfer in France.<ref name="Bedossa">{{cite journal |last1=Bedossa |first1=Pierre |last2=Paradis |first2=Valerie |last3=Zucman-Rossi |first3=Jessica |title=2 - Cellular and Molecular Techniques |journal=Macsween's Pathology of the Liver (Seventh Edition) |date=1 January 2018 |pages=88–110 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702066979000029 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en}}</ref> He performed liver and spleen biopsies with a thicker needle. This new approach provides cylindrical-shaped tissue samples which could be histologically prepared and analyzed.<ref name="Georgescu"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1907 || Surgical || Field development || The first application of {{w|liver biopsy}} for the diagnosis of cirrhotic liver disease in humans and rats is published in a series by Schüpfer in France.<ref name="Bedossa">{{cite journal |last1=Bedossa |first1=Pierre |last2=Paradis |first2=Valerie |last3=Zucman-Rossi |first3=Jessica |title=2 - Cellular and Molecular Techniques |journal=Macsween's Pathology of the Liver (Seventh Edition) |date=1 January 2018 |pages=88–110 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702066979000029 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en}}</ref> He performed liver and spleen biopsies with a thicker needle. This new approach provides cylindrical-shaped tissue samples which could be histologically prepared and analyzed.<ref name="Georgescu"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1909 || {{w|Pregnancy test}} || Test introduction || Swiss biochemist {{w|Emil Abderhalden}} finds that on identification of a foreign protein in the blood, the body reacts with a "defensive fermentation" (in modern terms, a {{w|protease}} reaction) that causes disintegration of the protein. He would develop the  called {{w|Abderhalden reaction}} test in 1912, soon becoming a subject of contention. One such publication would conclude "...the individual variations of both pregnant and non-pregnant sera make the results from both overlap so completely as to render the reaction, even with quantitative technique, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative diagnosis of pregnancy."<ref>Van Slyke ''et al.'' 1915</ref>. The test's overall unreliability would lead to its being superseded in 1928 by the {{w|Aschheim-Zondek test}}. Due to Abderhalden's high reputation, it would not be internationally acknowledged until long after his death that the underlying theory of "defensive enzymes" (''Abwehrfermente'') was entirely fraudulent.<ref>Deichmann & Müller-Hill 1998</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}} || [[File:Emil Abderhalden.jpg|thumb|center|120px|{{w|Emil Abderhalden}}]]
+| 1909 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Test introduction || Swiss biochemist {{w|Emil Abderhalden}} finds that on identification of a foreign protein in the blood, the body reacts with a "defensive fermentation" (in modern terms, a {{w|protease}} reaction) that causes disintegration of the protein. He would develop the  called {{w|Abderhalden reaction}} test in 1912, soon becoming a subject of contention. One such publication would conclude "...the individual variations of both pregnant and non-pregnant sera make the results from both overlap so completely as to render the reaction, even with quantitative technique, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative diagnosis of pregnancy."<ref>Van Slyke ''et al.'' 1915</ref>. The test's overall unreliability would lead to its being superseded in 1928 by the {{w|Aschheim-Zondek test}}. Due to Abderhalden's high reputation, it would not be internationally acknowledged until long after his death that the underlying theory of "defensive enzymes" (''Abwehrfermente'') was entirely fraudulent.<ref>Deichmann & Müller-Hill 1998</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}} || [[File:Emil Abderhalden.jpg|thumb|center|120px|{{w|Emil Abderhalden}}]]
 |-
 | 1910 || Surgical || Field development || Swedish internist {{w|Hans Christian Jacobaeus}} performs the first laparoscopic operation in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hatzinger |first1=M. |last2=Häcker |first2=A. |last3=Langbein |first3=S. |last4=Kwon |first4=S. |last5=Hoang-Böhm |first5=J. |last6=Alken |first6=P. |title=Hans-Christian Jacobaeus (1879–1937): Die erste Laparoskopie und Thorakoskopie beim Menschen |journal=Der Urologe |date=September 2006 |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=1184–1186 |doi=10.1007/s00120-006-1069-8}}</ref> His procedure is based on the animal experiments of German surgeon {{w|Georg Kelling}}, who performed the first laparoscopic intervention in 1901 using a Nitz cystoscope in a dog.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hatzinger |first1=Martin |last2=Kwon |first2=S.T. |last3=Langbein |first3=S. |last4=Kamp |first4=S. |last5=Häcker |first5=Axel |last6=Alken |first6=Peter |title=Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy |journal=Journal of Endourology |date=November 2006 |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=848–850 |doi=10.1089/end.2006.20.848}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}} || [[File:Jacbaeus.JPG|thumb|center|100px|HC Jacobaeus]]
@@ Line 151: / Line 166: @@
 | 1922 || Laboratory || Test introduction || The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is first introduced.<ref name="Diabetes Testi"/> It is a method used to measure the body's ability to use {{w|glucose}}, which is the body's main source of energy.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is an oral glucose tolerance test? |url=http://www.csun.edu/~sg4002/courses/Forensic/Lab_Average_Nearest_neighbor.pdf |website=csun.edu |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> It involves consuming a specific amount of glucose and measuring the person's blood glucose levels at regular intervals for a period of 2-3 hours. The test is typically used to diagnose diabetes or prediabetes.  ||
 |-
-| 1923 || Obstetric/gynaecological || Test introduction || Greek physician {{w|Georgios Papanikolaou}} starts his research leading to the later called {{w|pap test}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mammas |first1=Ioannis N. |last2=Spandidos |first2=Demetrios A. |title=George N. Papanicolaou (1883–1962), an exceptional human, scientist and academic teacher: An interview with Dr Neda Voutsa-Perdiki |journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine |date=October 2017 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=3346–3349 |doi=10.3892/etm.2017.5011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pap Smear |url=https://www.elitetallahassee.com/library/8419/PapSmear.html |website=www.elitetallahassee.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Georgios Papanikolaou - Is honoured for his scientific work by Google |url=https://www.ellines.com/en/good-news/45275-is-honoured-for-his-scientific-work-by-google/ |website=www.ellines.com |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref> the most common test used to look for early changes in cells that can lead to cervical cancer. Also called Pap smear, it involves gathering a sample of cells from the cervix.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pap Test |url=https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/tests-and-procedures/pap-test#:~:text=A%20Pap%20test%20is%20the,that%20opens%20to%20the%20vagina. |website=Cancer.Net |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=en |date=23 February 2011}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} || [[File:Gnpapanikolaou.jpg|thumb|center|100px|G Papanikolaou]]
+| 1923 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pap smear) || Test introduction || Greek physician {{w|Georgios Papanikolaou}} starts his research leading to the later called {{w|pap test}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mammas |first1=Ioannis N. |last2=Spandidos |first2=Demetrios A. |title=George N. Papanicolaou (1883–1962), an exceptional human, scientist and academic teacher: An interview with Dr Neda Voutsa-Perdiki |journal=Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine |date=October 2017 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=3346–3349 |doi=10.3892/etm.2017.5011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pap Smear |url=https://www.elitetallahassee.com/library/8419/PapSmear.html |website=www.elitetallahassee.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Georgios Papanikolaou - Is honoured for his scientific work by Google |url=https://www.ellines.com/en/good-news/45275-is-honoured-for-his-scientific-work-by-google/ |website=www.ellines.com |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref> the most common test used to look for early changes in cells that can lead to cervical cancer. Also called Pap smear, it involves gathering a sample of cells from the cervix.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pap Test |url=https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/tests-and-procedures/pap-test#:~:text=A%20Pap%20test%20is%20the,that%20opens%20to%20the%20vagina. |website=Cancer.Net |access-date=29 January 2022 |language=en |date=23 February 2011}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} || [[File:Gnpapanikolaou.jpg|thumb|center|100px|G Papanikolaou]]
 |-
 | 1923 || Gastrointestinal || Field development || The first report of percutaneous {{w|liver biopsy}} is described.<ref name=GrantNeuberger>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grant A, Neuberger J |title=Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice |journal=Gut |volume=45 |issue= Suppl 4|pages=IV1–IV11 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10485854 |pmc=1766696 |doi= 10.1136/gut.45.2008.iv1|url=}}</ref><ref name=AGA_Elastography>{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=JK |last2=Flamm |first2=SL |last3=Singh |first3=S |last4=Falck-Ytter |first4=YT |last5=Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American Gastroenterological |first5=Association. |title=American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Role of Elastography in the Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis. |journal=Gastroenterology |date=May 2017 |volume=152 |issue=6 |pages=1536–1543 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.017 |pmid=28442119|doi-access=free }}</ref> This procedure consists in a needle being introduced through the skin and, eventually, liver tissue to obtain a specimen to help aid in the diagnosis, staging, and/or the development of treatment modalities for a variety of liver disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Matthew |last2=Navarro |first2=Victor J. |title=Percutaneous Liver Biopsy |journal=StatPearls |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553146/#:~:text=Percutaneous%20liver%20biopsy%20is%20a%20procedure%20where%20a%20needle%20is,the%20procedure%20was%20in%201923. |publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 169: / Line 184: @@
 | 1927 || {{w|Breath test}} || Field development || Emil Bogen publishes a paper, describing how he collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1cc of {{w|urine}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bogen E | title = The Diagnosis of Drunkenness-A Quantitative Study of Acute Alcoholic Intoxication | journal = California and Western Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 778–83 | date = June 1927 | pmid = 18740360 | pmc = 1655515 }}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1928 || Pregnancy test || Test introduction || German gynecologists {{w|Selmar Aschheim}} and {{w|Bernhard Zondek}} introduce a {{w|pregancy test}} based on the presence of {{w|human chorionic gonadotropin}} (hCG)<ref>{{cite book | last = Speert | first = Harold | title = Iconographia Gyniatrica | publisher = F. A. Davis | year = 1973 | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8036-8070-8 }}</ref>, a hormone produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Betz |first1=Danielle |last2=Fane |first2=Kathleen |title=Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |journal=StatPearls |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/#:~:text=Human%20chorionic%20gonadotropin%20is%20a,the%20liver%2C%20and%20the%20colon. |publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1928 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Test introduction || German gynecologists {{w|Selmar Aschheim}} and {{w|Bernhard Zondek}} introduce a {{w|pregancy test}} based on the presence of {{w|human chorionic gonadotropin}} (hCG)<ref>{{cite book | last = Speert | first = Harold | title = Iconographia Gyniatrica | publisher = F. A. Davis | year = 1973 | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8036-8070-8 }}</ref>, a hormone produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Betz |first1=Danielle |last2=Fane |first2=Kathleen |title=Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |journal=StatPearls |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/#:~:text=Human%20chorionic%20gonadotropin%20is%20a,the%20liver%2C%20and%20the%20colon. |publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 1929 || Cardiovascular || Field development || Heart catheterization is first performed when the German physician {{w|Werner Forssmann}} inserts a plastic tube in his [[w:Median cubital vein|cubital vein]] and guides it to the right chamber of the heart.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levin |first1=Sheldon Marvin |title=The first cardiac catheter |journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery |date=1 June 2014 |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1744–1746 |doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2012.06.086 |url=https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(12)01503-0/fulltext |language=English |issn=0741-5214}}</ref> It is a medical procedure in which a thin flexible tube called catheter is guided through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions such as clogged artery or irregular heartbeats. It provides important information about the heart muscle, valves and blood vessels in the heart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cardiac catheterization - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-catheterization/about/pac-20384695 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |access-date=14 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
@@ Line 177: / Line 192: @@
 | 1930 || Immunologic || Scientific development || {{w|William S. Tillett}} and Thomas Francis discover the {{w|c-reactive protein}} (CRP)<ref name="pmid19869788">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tillett WS, Francis T | title = Serological reactions in pneumonia with a nonprotein somatic fraction of pneumococcus | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 561–71 | date = September 1930 | pmid = 19869788 | pmc = 2131884 | doi = 10.1084/jem.52.4.561 }}</ref>, which is a blood test that measures levels of inflammation in the body. || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| Early 1930s || {{w|Pregnancy test}} || Field development || {{w|University of Cape Town}} researchers [[w:Hillel Abbe Shapiro|Hillel Shapiro]] and Harry Zwarenstein discover that if urine from a pregnant female is injected into the South African {{w|Xenopus}} toad and the toad ovulates, this indicates that the woman is pregnant. This test would be used throughout the world from the 1930s to 1960s, with Xenopus toads being exported in great numbers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christophers|first=S. R.|date=16 November 1946|title=The Government Lymph Establishment|journal=Br Med J|language=en|volume=2|issue=4480|pages=752|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4480.752|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2054716}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=H. A. |last2=Zwarenstein |first2=H. |title=A Rapid Test for Pregnancy on Xenopus lævis |journal=Nature |date=May 1934 |volume=133 |issue=3368 |pages=762–762 |doi=10.1038/133762a0}}</ref> || {{w|South Africa}}
+| Early 1930s || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Field development || {{w|University of Cape Town}} researchers [[w:Hillel Abbe Shapiro|Hillel Shapiro]] and Harry Zwarenstein discover that if urine from a pregnant female is injected into the South African {{w|Xenopus}} toad and the toad ovulates, this indicates that the woman is pregnant. This test would be used throughout the world from the 1930s to 1960s, with Xenopus toads being exported in great numbers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christophers|first=S. R.|date=16 November 1946|title=The Government Lymph Establishment|journal=Br Med J|language=en|volume=2|issue=4480|pages=752|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4480.752|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2054716}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=H. A. |last2=Zwarenstein |first2=H. |title=A Rapid Test for Pregnancy on Xenopus lævis |journal=Nature |date=May 1934 |volume=133 |issue=3368 |pages=762–762 |doi=10.1038/133762a0}}</ref> || {{w|South Africa}}
 |-
 | 1930s || Laboratory ([[w:Clinical urine tests|urine test]]) || Field development || Urine {{w|diagnostics}} makes major progress as reliability improves and test performance becomes progressively easier.<ref name="Voswinckel">{{cite journal |last1=Voswinckel |first1=P. |title=A marvel of colors and ingredients. The story of urine test strip |journal=Kidney International. Supplement |date=November 1994 |volume=47 |pages=S3–7 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7869669/ |issn=0098-6577}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1931 || {{w|Pregnancy test}} || Test introduction || Maurice Harold Friedman and Maxwell Edward Lapham at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}} develop the "rabbit test" (also called "Friedman test"), an early {{w|pregnancy test}}. || {{w|United States}}
+| 1931 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Test introduction || Maurice Harold Friedman and Maxwell Edward Lapham at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}} develop the "rabbit test" (also called "Friedman test"), an early {{w|pregnancy test}}. || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1931 || {{w|Breath test}} || Device || {{w|Rolla Neil Harger}} at the {{w|Indiana University School of Medicine}} develops the drunkometer, the first practical roadside breath-testing device. The drunkometer collects a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rolla N. Harger Dies; Invented Drunkometer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/10/obituaries/rolla-n-harger-dies-invented-drunkometer.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 April 2022 |date=10 August 1983}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 223: / Line 238: @@
 | 1958 || Consulting room || Field development || Dr. Edward H. Hon invents the {{w|Doppler fetal monitor}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Roger K. |last2=Garite |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Nageotte |first3=Michael P. |title=Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring |date=2003 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-3524-7 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WH_1eln4aVgC&lpg=PA3&ots=SaSJMoV82p&dq=Edward+Hon+doppler+1958&pg=PA3&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Edward%20Hon%20doppler%201958&f=false |language=en}}</ref>, an electronic device which is used to listen to the baby's heart rate/fetal heart sound, and is used in the same way as a pinard stethoscope.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fetal monitoring in Norway |url=https://www.helsenorge.no/en/childbirth/fetal-monitoring/#:~:text=A%20Doppler%20fetal%20monitor%20is,way%20as%20a%20pinard%20stethoscope. |website=www.helsenorge.no |access-date=6 October 2022 |language=en |date=29 March 2021}}</ref> || || [[File:Sonoline B by Baby Doppler .jpg|thumb|center|100px]]
 |-
-| 1958 || Surgery || Field development || G. Menghini first introduces the technique of percutaneous needle biopsy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lefkowitch |first1=Jay H. |title=General Principles of Biopsy Assessment |journal=Scheuer's Liver Biopsy Interpretation |date=2021 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-7584-1.00001-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=MENGHINI |first1=G |title=One-second needle biopsy of the liver. |journal=Gastroenterology |date=August 1958 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=190-9 |pmid=13562404}}</ref> || ||
+| 1958 || Surgical || Field development || G. Menghini first introduces the technique of percutaneous needle biopsy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lefkowitch |first1=Jay H. |title=General Principles of Biopsy Assessment |journal=Scheuer's Liver Biopsy Interpretation |date=2021 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-7584-1.00001-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=MENGHINI |first1=G |title=One-second needle biopsy of the liver. |journal=Gastroenterology |date=August 1958 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=190-9 |pmid=13562404}}</ref> The latter is a method of obtaining a tissue or cell sample for analysis. An interventional radiologist, an expert in image-guided procedures, performs the procedure, using a needle to extract a sample through the skin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Percutaneous Needle Biopsy {{!}} Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/percutaneous-needle-biopsy#:~:text=A%20percutaneous%20needle%20biopsy%20is,collect%20a%20sample%20of%20tissue. |website=www.mskcc.org |access-date=22 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> || ||
 |-
 | 1958 || Gastrointestinal || Field development || L.M. Bernstein describes the {{w|acid perfusion test}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acid perfusion test: Does it have a role in the assessment of non cardiac chest pain? |url=https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/30/3/305.full.pdf |website=gut.bmj.com |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> Also called the Bernstein test, it is originally designed as a test for {{w|esophagitis}} and a means to differentiate pain of esophageal origin from that of angina pectoris.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pelemans |first1=W. |last2=Vantrappen |first2=G. |title=The Acid Infusion Test |journal=Diseases of the Esophagus |date=1974 |pages=262–265 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-86429-2_11 |access-date=}}</ref> The acid perfusion test is part of a test called esophageal pH testing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bernstein Test |url=https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/bernstein-test#:~:text=The%20Bernstein%20test%20(esophageal%20acid,symptom%20of%20GERD%20is%20heartburn. |website=Saint Luke's Health System |access-date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || ||
 |-
-| 1959 || Pregnancy test || Field development || Hormone-based pregnancy test {{w|Primodos}} is first made available for sale in the United Kingdom. It would be discontinued in 1978 amid allegations that hormonal pregnancy tests cause miscarriage and a range of birth defects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hormone pregnancy tests : MHRA |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231057/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/Generalsafetyinformationandadvice/Product-specificinformationandadvice/Product-specificinformationandadvice-G-L/Hormonalcontraceptives/Hormonepregnancytests/index.htm |website=web.archive.org |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=12 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ACDHPT – Association for Children Damaged by Hormone Pregnancy Tests |url=https://primodos.org/ |website=primodos.org |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1959 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Field development || Hormone-based pregnancy test {{w|Primodos}} is first made available for sale in the United Kingdom. It would be discontinued in 1978 amid allegations that hormonal pregnancy tests cause miscarriage and a range of birth defects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hormone pregnancy tests : MHRA |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231057/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/Generalsafetyinformationandadvice/Product-specificinformationandadvice/Product-specificinformationandadvice-G-L/Hormonalcontraceptives/Hormonepregnancytests/index.htm |website=web.archive.org |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=12 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ACDHPT – Association for Children Damaged by Hormone Pregnancy Tests |url=https://primodos.org/ |website=primodos.org |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1960 || Gastrointestinal || Field development || {{w|Colonoscopy}} is introduced in the clinical practice and becomes “golden standard” in the diagnostics and therapy of the diseases of the {{w|large intestine}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vazharov |first1=Ivailo P. |last2=Jordanov |first2=D. |title=RHYTHM DISORDERS DURING COLONOSCOPY |doi=10.5272/jimab.2012183.270 |url=https://www.journal-imab-bg.org/issue-2012/book3/JofIMAB2012vol18b3p270-272.pdf}}</ref> During a colonoscopy, a medical examination is conducted to investigate the inside of the colon and rectum. The procedure uses a long and flexible tube that has a small camera on one end, which is inserted through the rectum. The test can help identify the cause of bowel symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colonoscopy |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/colonoscopy/#:~:text=A%20colonoscopy%20is%20a%20test,are%20empty%20for%20the%20test. |website=nhs.uk |access-date=14 January 2023 |language=en |date=14 June 2019}}</ref>  || || [[File:US Navy 110405-N-KA543-028 Hospitalman Urian D. Thompson, left, Lt. Cmdr. Eric A. Lavery and Registered Nurse Steven Cherry review the monitor whil.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Colonoscopy being performed]]
@@ Line 247: / Line 262: @@
 | 1964 || Radiology || Field development || The {{w|Bourne test}}, which is first introduced. Today it is still used as a supplementary examination in the diagnosis of colovesical fistulae, which is a condition where there is an abnormal connection between the colon and the bladder. It is typically performed when the results of a barium enema, which is another diagnostic test, are inconclusive or negative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Uroenteric Fistula |url=https://cbc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0616SCdis.pdf |website=cbc.org.br |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1965 || Obstetric / Gynaecological || Field development || Screening {{w|mammography}} is developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/breast-imaging-for-cancer-screening-mammography-and-ultrasonography |website=www.uptodate.com |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> It is a diagnostic test used to identify breast cancer in women who do not have any symptoms. It uses low-dose X-rays to produce images of the breast tissue, which are then examined for any signs of cancer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Screening Mammography |url=https://www.insideradiology.com.au/screening-mammography/ |website=InsideRadiology |access-date=14 January 2023 |language=en-AU |date=21 September 2016}}</ref> ||
+| 1965 || Obstetric/gynaecological ({{w|mammography}}) || Field development || Screening {{w|mammography}} is developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/breast-imaging-for-cancer-screening-mammography-and-ultrasonography |website=www.uptodate.com |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> It is a diagnostic test used to identify breast cancer in women who do not have any symptoms. It uses low-dose X-rays to produce images of the breast tissue, which are then examined for any signs of cancer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Screening Mammography |url=https://www.insideradiology.com.au/screening-mammography/ |website=InsideRadiology |access-date=14 January 2023 |language=en-AU |date=21 September 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1965 || Laboratory (blood test) || Scientific development || Louis Kamentsky develops the rapid cell spectrophotometer to automate cervical cytology. This instrument can generate blood cell scattergrams using cytochemical staining techniques.<ref>Shapiro, HM (2003). pp. 84–85.</ref><ref name="melamed-8">Melamed, M. (2001). p. 8.</ref> ||
@@ Line 253: / Line 268: @@
 | 1967 || Surgical ({{w|biopsy}}) || Field development || Transvenous liver biopsy is introduced as an alternative to percutaneous biopsy in patients with coagulopathy in order to decrease the risk of bleeding.<ref name="dser">{{cite book |title=Schiff's Diseases of the Liver |edition=Eugene R. Schiff, Willis C. Maddrey, K. Rajender Reddy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SmFbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22fibrotest%22+%22introduced+in+1950..2018%22&source=bl&ots=PBK8YvN6of&sig=ACfU3U3W6apW-CeXvdVadiL5UgKryU0XSw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimudnMj_fsAhVCE7kGHSADDDIQ6AEwB3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=%22fibrotest%22%20%22introduced%20in%201950..2018%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || || Literature || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes guidelines on the ''Principles and practice of screening for disease'' (also referred to as ''Wilson and Jungner criteria'').<ref name=Wilson>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=JMG |last2=Jungner |first2=G |year=1968 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37650/1/WHO_PHP_34.pdf |title=Principles and practice of screening for disease | journal=WHO Chronicle |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=281–393 |postscript= Public Health Papers, #34.|pmid=4234760 }}</ref> Their authors, James Maxwell Glover Wilson and Gunnar Jungner, emphasize that the successful implementation of a screening program is just as crucial as the principles behind it. Since then, many organizations would establish to oversee screening practices, but so far there would be limited discussion on how these organizations affect the implementation and perception of screening, as well as the balance of benefits and harms it produces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sturdy |first1=Steve |last2=Miller |first2=Fiona |last3=Hogarth |first3=Stuart |last4=Armstrong |first4=Natalie |last5=Chakraborty |first5=Pranesh |last6=Cressman |first6=Celine |last7=Dobrow |first7=Mark |last8=Flitcroft |first8=Kathy |last9=Grossman |first9=David |last10=Harris |first10=Russell |last11=Hoebee |first11=Barbara |last12=Holloway |first12=Kelly |last13=Kinsinger |first13=Linda |last14=Krag |first14=Marlene |last15=Löblová |first15=Olga |last16=Löwy |first16=Ilana |last17=Mackie |first17=Anne |last18=Marshall |first18=John |last19=O'Hallahan |first19=Jane |last20=Rabeneck |first20=Linda |last21=Raffle |first21=Angela |last22=Reid |first22=Lynette |last23=Shortland |first23=Graham |last24=Steele |first24=Robert |last25=Tarini |first25=Beth |last26=Taylor-Phillips |first26=Sian |last27=Towler |first27=Bernie |last28=van der Veen |first28=Nynke |last29=Zappa |first29=Marco |title=Half a Century of Wilson & Jungner: Reflections on the Governance of Population Screening |journal=Wellcome Open Research |date=6 July 2020 |volume=5 |pages=158 |doi=10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16057.1}}</ref> ||
+| 1968 || [[w:Screening (medicine)|Screening]] || Literature || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes guidelines on the ''Principles and practice of screening for disease'' (also referred to as ''Wilson and Jungner criteria'').<ref name=Wilson>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=JMG |last2=Jungner |first2=G |year=1968 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37650/1/WHO_PHP_34.pdf |title=Principles and practice of screening for disease | journal=WHO Chronicle |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=281–393 |postscript= Public Health Papers, #34.|pmid=4234760 }}</ref> Their authors, James Maxwell Glover Wilson and Gunnar Jungner, emphasize that the successful implementation of a screening program is just as crucial as the principles behind it. Since then, many organizations would establish to oversee screening practices, but so far there would be limited discussion on how these organizations affect the implementation and perception of screening, as well as the balance of benefits and harms it produces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sturdy |first1=Steve |last2=Miller |first2=Fiona |last3=Hogarth |first3=Stuart |last4=Armstrong |first4=Natalie |last5=Chakraborty |first5=Pranesh |last6=Cressman |first6=Celine |last7=Dobrow |first7=Mark |last8=Flitcroft |first8=Kathy |last9=Grossman |first9=David |last10=Harris |first10=Russell |last11=Hoebee |first11=Barbara |last12=Holloway |first12=Kelly |last13=Kinsinger |first13=Linda |last14=Krag |first14=Marlene |last15=Löblová |first15=Olga |last16=Löwy |first16=Ilana |last17=Mackie |first17=Anne |last18=Marshall |first18=John |last19=O'Hallahan |first19=Jane |last20=Rabeneck |first20=Linda |last21=Raffle |first21=Angela |last22=Reid |first22=Lynette |last23=Shortland |first23=Graham |last24=Steele |first24=Robert |last25=Tarini |first25=Beth |last26=Taylor-Phillips |first26=Sian |last27=Towler |first27=Bernie |last28=van der Veen |first28=Nynke |last29=Zappa |first29=Marco |title=Half a Century of Wilson & Jungner: Reflections on the Governance of Population Screening |journal=Wellcome Open Research |date=6 July 2020 |volume=5 |pages=158 |doi=10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16057.1}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1968 || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Field development || Dr Raymond Gramiak discovers a [[w:contrast media|contrast medium]] for medical ultrasonography, consisting in a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Michel |title=Characteristics of SonoVue™ |journal=Echocardiography |date=October 1999 |volume=16 |issue=s1 |pages=743–746 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-8175.1999.tb00144.x}}</ref> to increase {{w|echogenicity}} of blood.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00004424-196809000-00011 |title=Echocardiography of the Aortic Root |year=1968 |last1=Gramiak |first1=Raymond |last2=Shah |first2=Pravin M. |journal=Investigative Radiology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=356–66 |pmid=5688346}}</ref> which Gramiak names {{w|contrast-enhanced ultrasound}}. This contrast {{w|medical imaging}} modality is used throughout the world for {{w|echocardiography}} in particular in the United States and for {{w|ultrasound}} {{w|radiology}} in {{w|Europe}} and {{w|Asia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEUS Around the World |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213232/http://www.icus-society.org/attachments/article/103/ICUS%20CEUS%20Use%20Around%20the%20World-2.pdf |website=web.archive.org |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 263: / Line 278: @@
 | 1969 || Gastrointestinal || Field development || The use of prolonged monitoring of oesophageal pH as a measure of gastro-oesophageal reflux is first described.<ref name=Bredenoord>{{cite journal |last1=Bredenoord |first1=A J |title=Symptom association analysis in ambulatory gastro-oesophageal reflux monitoring |journal=Gut |date=28 May 2005 |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1810–1817 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.072629 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774780/}}</ref><ref>Spencer J. Prolonged pH recording in the study of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Br J Surg 1969;56:912–14.</ref> More than a decade after its introduction as a hospital based technique for inpatients, oesophageal pH monitoring would become rather popular when ambulatory data recorders become available.<ref>Falor WH, Chang B, White HA, et al. Twenty-four hour esophageal pH monitoring by telemetry. Cost-effective use in outpatients. Am J Surg 1981;142:514–16</ref><ref name=Bredenoord/> ||
 |-
-| 1969 || Pregnancy test || Field development || {{w|Organon International}} obtains the first patent on a home pregnancy test, two years after product designer {{w|Margaret Crane}} noticed that the laboratory testing procedure was relatively simple and made a prototype. The product would become available in Canada in 1971, and the United States in 1977, after delays caused by concerns over sexual morality and the ability of women to perform test and cope with the results without a doctor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/opinion/sunday/could-women-be-trusted-with-their-own-pregnancy-tests.html|title=Could Women Be Trusted With Their Own Pregnancy Tests?|last=Kennedy|first=Pagan|date=29 July 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}, {{w|United States}}
+| 1969 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Field development || {{w|Organon International}} obtains the first patent on a home pregnancy test, two years after product designer {{w|Margaret Crane}} noticed that the laboratory testing procedure was relatively simple and made a prototype. The product would become available in Canada in 1971, and the United States in 1977, after delays caused by concerns over sexual morality and the ability of women to perform test and cope with the results without a doctor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/opinion/sunday/could-women-be-trusted-with-their-own-pregnancy-tests.html|title=Could Women Be Trusted With Their Own Pregnancy Tests?|last=Kennedy|first=Pagan|date=29 July 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}, {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1970 || Laboratory ({{w|blood test}}) || Field development || The lymphocyte proliferation test is introduced as a method to diagnose metal allergy.<ref name="Metal Allergy"/> LPT is a commonly used laboratory method to evaluate the functioning of the body's cellular immune system. This test involves growing lymphocytes and mitogens together in a lab dish and observing changes in their shape and growth, which can indicate the level of immune function.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Bochen |last2=Tang |first2=Dazhi |last3=Yan |first3=Shaojia |last4=Fan |first4=Hao |last5=Li |first5=Guang |last6=Shahid |first6=Muhammad Suhaib |last7=Mahmood |first7=Tahir |last8=Guo |first8=Yuming |title=Effects of age on immune function in broiler chickens |journal=Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology |date=December 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/s40104-021-00559-1}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 299: / Line 314: @@
 | 1987 || Laboratory ({{w|blood test}}) || Test introduction || The hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test is introduced to assess the functional integrity of the human sperm membrane.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Themes |first1=U. F. O. |title=Chapter 7 – Sperm Vitality: Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test |url=https://basicmedicalkey.com/chapter-7-sperm-vitality-hypo-osmotic-swelling-test/ |website=Basicmedical Key |access-date=11 April 2022 |date=6 April 2021}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1987 || || Field development || The {{w|Ambulatory glucose profile}} is first developed by Drs. Roger Mazze and David Rodbard,<ref>Mazze R, Lucido D, Langer O, Hartmann K, Rodbard, D. The Ambulatory Glucose Profile: A Representation of Verified Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data. Diabetes Care, 1987;10(1):111-117.</ref> with colleagues at the {{w|Albert Einstein College of Medicine}}.<ref>Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1631-1640.</ref> AGP is a test used to evaluate a patient's glucose control over a 24-hour period, typically using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. It is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and other conditions that affect glucose metabolism, such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and other endocrine disorders. The test is performed by having the patient wear a CGM device for 24 hours and recording all food intake, physical activity, and other events that may affect glucose levels. After the test, the data is analyzed by a healthcare professional and used to identify patterns and trends in glucose control to adjust treatment and set new goals for the patient.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kröger |first1=Jens |last2=Reichel |first2=Andreas |last3=Siegmund |first3=Thorsten |last4=Ziegler |first4=Ralph |title=Clinical Recommendations for the Use of the Ambulatory Glucose Profile in Diabetes Care |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |date=May 2020 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=586–594 |doi=10.1177/1932296819883032}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1987 || Laboratory || Field development || The {{w|Ambulatory glucose profile}} is first developed by Drs. Roger Mazze and David Rodbard,<ref>Mazze R, Lucido D, Langer O, Hartmann K, Rodbard, D. The Ambulatory Glucose Profile: A Representation of Verified Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data. Diabetes Care, 1987;10(1):111-117.</ref> with colleagues at the {{w|Albert Einstein College of Medicine}}.<ref>Danne, T., Nimri, R., Battelino, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Close, K. L., DeVries, J. H., ... & Beck, R. (2017). International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1631-1640.</ref> AGP is a test used to evaluate a patient's glucose control over a 24-hour period, typically using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. It is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and other conditions that affect glucose metabolism, such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and other endocrine disorders. The test is performed by having the patient wear a CGM device for 24 hours and recording all food intake, physical activity, and other events that may affect glucose levels. After the test, the data is analyzed by a healthcare professional and used to identify patterns and trends in glucose control to adjust treatment and set new goals for the patient.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kröger |first1=Jens |last2=Reichel |first2=Andreas |last3=Siegmund |first3=Thorsten |last4=Ziegler |first4=Ralph |title=Clinical Recommendations for the Use of the Ambulatory Glucose Profile in Diabetes Care |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |date=May 2020 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=586–594 |doi=10.1177/1932296819883032}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1988 || Laboratory (blood test) || Test introduction || The "prostate-specific antigen" (PSA) blood test is introduced to detect prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Medicine |first1=Contact DetailsDr Thomas E. Ahlering School of |last2=California |first2=University of |last3=West |first3=Irvine 333 City Blvd |last4=Orange |first4=RT 81 Mail Code: 5395 |title=Reduced PSA Prostate Cancer Screening: Life-threatening consequences? |url=https://researchoutreach.org/articles/reduced-psa-prostate-cancer-screening-life-threatening-consequences/ |website=Research Outreach |date=17 December 2018}}</ref> Approved by the FDA in 1986 for monitoring the progression of prostate cancer in men who had already been diagnosed, in 1994 it would be approved for use in conjunction with a digital rectal exam (DRE) to detect prostate cancer in men 50 years and older. PSA test is also used to determine the nature of prostate symptoms. PSA levels can be elevated in people with benign conditions such as prostatitis and BPH, but these conditions do not lead to prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test - NCI |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/psa-fact-sheet#:~:text=Prostate%2Dspecific%20antigen%2C%20or%20PSA,to%20a%20laboratory%20for%20analysis. |website=www.cancer.gov |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en |date=21 March 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 325: / Line 340: @@
 |-
 | 1994 || Laboratory ({{w|blood test}}) || Field development || {{w|MELISA}} (Memory Lymphocyte Immunostimulation Assay) is first described.<ref name="Metal Allergy">{{cite book |title=Metal Allergy: From Dermatitis to Implant and Device Failure |edition=Jennifer K Chen, Jacob P. Thyssen |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=hKlVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=%22test%22+%22MELISA%22+%22introduced+in%22&source=bl&ots=iuCEU-Xf9j&sig=ACfU3U1iocV4ucxeKDeT-S0OVcXXyYkeNw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH9OKAl_bsAhX1ILkGHatJAbwQ6AEwB3oECAwQAg#v=onepage&q=%22test%22%20%22MELISA%22%20%22introduced%20in%22&f=false}}</ref> MELISA is a blood test to aid the diagnosis of metal hypersensitivity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sending blood |url=https://melisa.org/sending-blood/ |website=MELISA |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1995 || Laboratory || Field development || The concept of "microarray" is introduced in a study where it was demonstrated how this new technology can simultaneously measure the activity of multiple genes by using a sample array made by robotically printing cDNA on glass.<ref name="News-Medical.net">{{cite web |title=History of Microarrays |url=https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/History-of-Microarrays.aspx#:~:text=In%201995%2C%20the%20first%20study,printing%20of%20cDNA%20on%20glass. |website=News-Medical.net |access-date=22 January 2023 |language=en |date=14 December 2017}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1996 || Laboratory || Field development || Real-time PCR is introduced, since then replacing conventional PCR methods. It is a laboratory technique used to quantitatively measure the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample. RT-PCR is considered the gold standard for quantitative PCR and is widely used for PCR diagnostics. Its closed-tube detection system reduces the risk of contamination and false positive results, and its use of fluorescently labeled probes allows for real-time monitoring of PCR product accumulation. Compared to conventional PCR, RT-PCR would increase analytical sensitivity and specificity, with a lower limit of detection of 5 molecules and reduced risk of contamination.<ref>{{cite web |last1=admin |first1=Site Factory |title=Real-time PCR |url=https://pcrlab.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/veterinary-diagnostics/real-time-pcr |website=Real-time PCR Research and Diagnostics Core Facility |access-date=12 March 2022 |language=en |date=15 March 2016}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1997 || Laboratory || Field development || Researchers from {{w|Stanford University}} publish the first whole-genome microarray study of gene expression by placing the whole yeast genome on a microarray.<ref name="News-Medical.net"/> A microarray is a laboratory test platform that allows rapid analysis of thousands of different deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)/Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) for Selected Hereditary Conditions |url=https://static.cigna.com/assets/chcp/pdf/coveragePolicies/medical/mm_0493_coveragepositioncriteria_array_comparative_genomic_hybridization.pdf |website=static.cigna.com |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1997 || Laboratory (blood test) || Field development || Nyfeler and Pichler establish the sensitivity and specificity of the lymphocyte transformation test when used for the diagnosis of drug allergies.<ref name="Metal Allergy"/> The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) is a laboratory test used to assess the activation of drug-specific T cells in response to different antigens. The test can be used to determine the causative agent in various types of drug reactions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kano |first1=Y. |last2=Hirahara |first2=K. |last3=Mitsuyama |first3=Y. |last4=Takahashi |first4=R. |last5=Shiohara |first5=T. |title=Utility of the lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of drug sensitivity: dependence on its timing and the type of drug eruption |journal=Allergy |date=December 2007 |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1439–1444 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01553.x |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17983378/#:~:text=Background%3A%20Lymphocyte%20transformation%20test%20(LTT,and%20the%20influence%20of%20treatment. |issn=0105-4538}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 334: / Line 353: @@
 | 1997 || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Field development || Russian biologist [[w:Alexander Klibanov (biologist)|Alexander Klibanov]] designs targeted microbubbles, which are used in molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9240089 |year=1997|last1=Klibanov|first1=A. L. |last2=Hughes |first2=M. S. |last3=Marsh |first3=J. N. |last4=Hall |first4=C. S. |last5=Miller |first5=J. G. |last6=Wilble |first6=J. H. |last7=Brandenburger |first7=G. H. |title=Targeting of ultrasound contrast material. An in vitro feasibility study |volume=412 |pages=113–120 |journal=Acta Radiologica Supplementum}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00104-5 |title=Targeted delivery of gas-filled microspheres, contrast agents for ultrasound imaging |year=1999 |last1=Klibanov |first1=A |journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews |volume=37 |pages=139–157 |pmid=10837732 |issue=1–3}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1998 || {{w|Pregnancy test}} || Field development || A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastian |first1=L. A. |title=Diagnostic Efficiency of Home Pregnancy Test Kits: A Meta-analysis |journal=Archives of Family Medicine |date=1 September 1998 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=465–469 |doi=10.1001/archfami.7.5.465}}</ref> ||
+| 1998 || Obstetric/gynaecological (pregnancy test) || Field development || A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastian |first1=L. A. |title=Diagnostic Efficiency of Home Pregnancy Test Kits: A Meta-analysis |journal=Archives of Family Medicine |date=1 September 1998 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=465–469 |doi=10.1001/archfami.7.5.465}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1999 || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Scientific development || Dr. Paul Dayton first demonstrates {{w|acoustic radiation force}} as a technique in molecular ultrasonography (also used for shear wave {{w|elastography}}), which is applied in order to literally push the targeted microbubbles towards microvessels wall.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00062-9 |title=Acoustic radiation force in vivo: A mechanism to assist targeting of microbubbles |year=1999 |last1=Dayton |first1=Paul |last2=Klibanov |first2=Alexander |last3=Brandenburger |first3=Gary|last4=Ferrara, Kathy |journal=Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1195–1201 |pmid=10576262}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 344: / Line 363: @@
 | 2003 || Laboratory ({{w|blood test}}) || Organization || {{w|Theranos}} is founded by {{w|Elizabeth Holmes}}. Claiming that it could perform a wildly large number of tests, such as measuring glucose levels and detecting different types of antibodies, the company would later be dissolved and liquidated, with founder indicted for {{w|wire fraud}} and {{w|conspiracy}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pflanzer |first1=Lydia Ramsey |title=The rise and fall of Theranos, the blood-testing startup that went from Silicon Valley darling to facing fraud charges |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-history-of-silicon-valley-unicorn-theranos-and-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-2018-5 |website=Business Insider |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Theranos: Scandal hit blood-testing firm to shut |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45418615 |website=BBC News |access-date=6 March 2021 |date=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2004 || Consulting room (Optical rhinometry) || Field development || Optical rhinometry is introduced in Germany as a method for nasal cavity examination.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krzych-Fałta |first1=Edyta |last2=Sybilski |first2=Adam |last3=Wojas |first3=Oksana |last4=Samoliński |first4=Bolesław |title=Optical rhinometry in nasal provocation testing |doi=10.5114/pdia.2015.56099 |pmid=26755909 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697026/ |pmc=4697026}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 2004 || Consulting room || Field development || Optical rhinometry (ORM) is introduced in Germany as a method for nasal cavity examination.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krzych-Fałta |first1=Edyta |last2=Sybilski |first2=Adam |last3=Wojas |first3=Oksana |last4=Samoliński |first4=Bolesław |title=Optical rhinometry in nasal provocation testing |doi=10.5114/pdia.2015.56099 |pmid=26755909 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697026/ |pmc=4697026}}</ref> ORM is a method that allows for direct monitoring of changes in blood flow (optical density) in the nasal blood vessels, it also assess the changes in the evaluated variable over time like the blood flow and oxygen saturation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krzych-Fałta |first1=Edyta |last2=Sybilski |first2=Adam |last3=Wojas |first3=Oksana |last4=Samoliński |first4=Bolesław |title=Optical rhinometry in nasal provocation testing |journal=Advances in Dermatology and Allergology |date=2015 |volume=6 |pages=449–454 |doi=10.5114/pdia.2015.56099}}</ref> It is a non-invasive diagnostic test that uses infrared light to measure the size and shape of the nasal passages.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krzych-Fałta |first1=Edyta |last2=Furmańczyk |first2=Konrad |last3=Lishchuk-Yakymovych |first3=Khrystyna |last4=Samel-Kowalik |first4=Piotr |last5=Wojas |first5=Oksana |last6=Sybilski |first6=Adam |title=Optical rhinometry in assessing the nasal mucosa reaction during nasal allergen provocation testing |url=http://www.ltcn.eu/Optical-rhinometry-in-assessing-the-nasal-mucosa-r-nreaction-during-nasal-allergen-provocation-testing,7,46140,1,1.html |website=Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii |access-date=21 January 2023 |pages=902–907 |language=english |doi=10.5114/ada.2021.112459 |date=2022}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+|-
+| 2005 || [[w:Medical imaging|Imaging test]] || Field development || Siemens releases the first Dual Source CT scanner, called the SOMATOM Definition. It has the ability to achieve a temporal resolution of 83 ms per image, with only a quarter-rotation required for each of the two detector systems to acquire enough data to create an image. This is the first time that the heart could be imaged without any motion artifacts, even at high heart rates or during arrhythmia.<ref name="Back to the Future">{{cite web |title=Back to the Future: 10 Years of Dual Source CT |url=https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/computed-tomography/news/mso-back-to-the-future.html |website=www.siemens-healthineers.com |access-date=19 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2005 || {{w|Computed Tomography}} || Field development || Siemens releases the first Dual Source CT scanner, called the SOMATOM Definition. It has the ability to achieve a temporal resolution of 83 ms per image, with only a quarter-rotation required for each of the two detector systems to acquire enough data to create an image. This is the first time that the heart could be imaged without any motion artifacts, even at high heart rates or during arrhythmia.<ref name="Back to the Future">{{cite web |title=Back to the Future: 10 Years of Dual Source CT |url=https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/computed-tomography/news/mso-back-to-the-future.html |website=www.siemens-healthineers.com |access-date=19 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ||
+| 2005 || Laboratory || Field development || Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is introduced for commercial use. It is a technology for determining the sequence of DNA or RNA to study genetic variation associated with diseases or other biological phenomena.<ref name="www.thermofisher.com">{{cite web |title=What is Next-Generation Sequencing? - US |url=https://www.thermofisher.com/ar/es/home/life-science/sequencing/sequencing-learning-center/next-generation-sequencing-information/ngs-basics/what-is-next-generation-sequencing.html |website=www.thermofisher.com |access-date=21 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2006 || Laboratory (blood test) || Field development || {{w|HelicoCARE direct}} is introduced as a trademark for a Helicobacter pylori whole-blood antibody test. Manufactured by CARE diagnostica, it is an immunochromatographic test which detects the presence of antibodies against {{w|Helicobacter pylori}} in whole-blood samples. This test is suitable for screening large populations for peptic ulcer disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=HelicoCARE direct {{!}} Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing - eBooks {{!}} Read eBooks online |url=http://www.self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/HelicoCARE_direct?View=embedded%27%27 |website=www.self.gutenberg.org |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 439: / Line 460: @@
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-* {{w|Medical test}}
-* [https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ list of tests]
-* {{w|Monitoring (medicine)}}
-* "medical test" "introduced in 1800..2020"
-* medical testing companies
-* {{w|Category:Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood}}
-* {{w|Electroencephalography}} (info here)
-* {{w|Electromyography}} (info here)
-* {{w|Category:Physical examination}}
-* {{w|Category:Medical monitoring}}
-* {{w|List of medical tests}} (use one column for this)
-* {{w|Breath test}}
-* {{w|Category:Pulmonary function testing}}
-* {{w|Category:Medical tests}}
-* {{w|Category:Immunologic tests}}
-* {{w|Pregnancy test}}
-* {{w|Category:Tests for pregnancy}}
-* Wikimedia commons pics
-* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458/ The Origins of the History and Physical Examination]
 ===Timeline update strategy===

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of medical testing"

Latest revision as of 22:24, 21 January 2023

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