Difference between revisions of "Timeline of antibiotics"

Latest revision as of 20:18, 24 June 2023

This is a timeline of antibiotics, mainly focusing on both the introduction of drugs and first reported drug resistances. For historic events focusing on bacteria, visit Timeline of bacteriology.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
<19th century	Although people did not know infections were caused by bacteria, antibiotics have been used for millennia to treat infections. Some of the earliest civilizations used various molds and plant extracts for treatment. The ancient Egyptians, for example, applied mouldy bread to infected wounds.^[1]
19th century	Scientists begin to observe antibacterial chemicals in action.^[1] By the late century, a few notable breakthroughs occur.
20th century	Antibiotics revolutionize medicine during the later half of the 20th century.^[2] The major event in the history of antibiotics is the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. The first antibiotics are prescribed in the late 1930s.^[3] The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotics classes, with no new classes discovered since then.^[4] In fact, between 1944 and 1972 human life expectancy jumps by eight years, largely due to the introduction of antibiotics.^[3] In the 1970s and 1980s synthetic versions of erythromycin, including clarithromycin and azithromycin, are developed.^[5] After the 1970s, with the decline of the discovery rate, the mainstream approach for the development of new drugs to combat emerging and re-emerging resistance of pathogens to antibiotics would be the modification of existing antibiotics.^[4] By the 1980s and 1990s, scientists only manage to make improvements within classes.^[6]
21th century	At present, there are more than 100 antibiotics available to treat human and animal diseases.^[7]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Details	Geographical location
350 CE–550 CE		Traces of tetracycline are found in human skeletal remains from ancient Sudanese Nubia.^[4]^[2]
1877	Scientific development	French microbiologist Louis Pasteur shows that the bacterial disease anthrax can be rendered harmless in animals with the injection of soil bacteria.^[8]^[9]	France
1887	Scientific development	German bacteriologist Rudolf Emmerich shows that the intestinal infection cholera is prevented in animals that have been previously infected with the streptococcus bacterium and then injected with the cholera bacillus.^[10]
1888	Scientific development	German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.^[11]
1896	Scientific development	French medical student Ernest Duchesne originally discovers the antibiotic properties of Penicillium.^[12]^[13]^[14]
1897	Resistance	Doctoral student Ernest Duchesne submits a dissertation, Contribution à l'étude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between molds and microbes), the first known scholarly work to consider the therapeutic capabilities of molds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. In his thesis, Duchesne proposes that bacteria and molds engage in a perpetual battle for survival.^[15]	France
1907	New drug	German chemist Alfred Bertheim and Paul Ehrlich discover arsenic-derived synthetic antibiotics. This marks the beginning of the era of antibacterial treatment.^[16]
1909	Scientific development	Japanese bacteriologist Sahachiro Hata discovers the antisyphilitic activity of arsphenamine.^[1]^[17]
1912	New drug	Paul Ehrlich discovers Neosalvarsan, a synthetic chemotherapeutic.^[18]
1928	New drug	Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called staphylococcus, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.^[11]^[5]	United Kingdom
1930	Scientific development	French-born American microbiologist René Dubos isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.^[19]
1932	New drug	German pathologist Gerhard Domagk develops prontosil, the first sulphonamide microbial.^[20]^[21]^[22]	Germany
1936	New drug	Sulfonamide antibacterial sulfanilamide is introduced in the United States and is immediately established as a powerful antiinfective agent.^[23]	United States
1937	New drug	The first effective antimicrobials (sulfonamides) are introduced.^[24]
1938	New drug	Sulfapyridine is introduced for clinical use for the treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia.^[25]^[26] Today it is used to help control dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease), a skin problem.^[27]
1939	Scientific development	Microbiologist René Dubos manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it tyrothricin.^[19]
1939	New drug	Gramicidin A is discovered from the soil bacterium bacillus brevis, and becomes the first clinically useful topical antibiotic.^[28]^[29]^[30]
1939	Scientific development	Australian pharmacologist Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain manage to elucidate the structure of penicillin G, the first penicillin used in therapy.^[31]^[32]^[33]
1939	New drug	Sulfonamide antibiotic sulfacetamide is first reported in the treatment of diseases of the eye.^[34]^[35] Today it is used to treat bacterial eye infections, such as conjunctivitis.^[36]
1940	New drug	Sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethizole is introduced and marketed as a single compound for the treatment of urinary tract infections.^[37]^[38]^[39]
1941	New drug	β-lactam antibiotics enter initial clinical trials. In time, they would become the most widely produced and used antibacterial drugs in the world.^[40]^[41] β-lactam antibiotics now the most economically important of all the groups of antimicrobials.^[42]
1941	New drug	Penicillin is introduced for medical use.^[43]^[22] Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.^[43]
1942	New drug	Sulfadimidine is introduced for the treatment of bacterial infections.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]
1942	Resistance	Penicillin resistant bacteria are first detected, about one year after the introduction of penicillin.^[43]
1942	New drug	Gramicidin S, the first peptide antibiotic, is isolated by Gauze and Brazhnikova.^[48]^[49]^[50]
1943	New drug	American biochemists Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.^[5]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[22]	United States
1943	New drug	Sulfamerazine is synthesized by American chemists.^[54] The drug is today used as an antibacterial agent.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]	United States
1943	Production	Penicillin is mass produced and used heavily to treat Allied troops fighting in Europe during World War II.^[2]
1943	New drug	Bacitracin is first isolated.^[59]^[60] The drug is used to prevent minor skin infections caused by small cuts, scrapes, or burns.^[61]
1945	New drug	The cephalosporins are discovered from a fungus, Cephalosporium acremonium, in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in Sardinia.^[22]^[62]^[63]^[64]	Italy
1947	New drug	Chloramphenicol is isolated from the soil organism Streptomyces venezuelae. Merketed in 1949, its use would quickly become widespread due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]
1947	New drug	American plant physiologist Benjamin Minge Duggar isolates chlortetracycline from a Missouri River mud sample. It is the first tetracycline introduced.^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]	United States
1947	New drug	The polymyxin family of antibiotics is discovered, with polymyxin B being the first isolated from bacterium paenibacillus polymyxa.^[5]^[73]^[74]
1947	New drug	Drug class Nitrofuran is introduced.^[40] Nitrofurans are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including salmonella and Giardia spp, trichomonads, amebae, and some coccidial species.^[75]
1948	New drug	Mafenide –a sulfonamide-type antibiotic, is approved by the United States FDA.^[76]^[77]
1949	New drug	Jewish-American biochemist Selman Waksman and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolates neomycin, as aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.^[78]^[79]^[80]	United States
1949	Scientific development	British chemist Dorothy Hodgkin reveals the complete structure of molecular penicillin, using the X-ray crystallography.^[24]	United Kingdom
1950	New drug	Oxytetracycline comes into commercial use.^[60]^[81]^[82] Since then, this antibiotic would be used widely in human and veterinary medicine.^[83]
1950	Resistance	Resistance against chloramphenicol is observed.^[84]
1952	New drug	Lincosamides are introduced.^[40] A small group of agents with a novel structure unlike that of any other antibiotic, lincosamides are widely active against Gram-positive bacteria and most anaerobes, with the exception of Gram-negative aerobes. Lincosamides are also active against some mycoplasmas and protozoa.^[85]
1952	New drug	Antibiotic thiamphenicol is first synthesized.^[86] It is a broad spectrum antibiotic with good activity against Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria.^[87]
1952	New drug	Eli Lilly and Company introduces erythromycin, an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis.^[88]^[89]^[90] Erythromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic.^[91]	United States
1952	New drug	Streptogramins are introduced. Streptogramins are effective in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), two of the most rapidly growing strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria.^[40]
1953	New drug	Oxford University scientists discover antibiotic cephalosporin C, from which cephalosporins later develop. Like penicillins, cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan.^[92]^[5]	United Kingdom
1953	Resistance	Macrolide resistance is observed.^[40]
1954	New drug	Benzathine penicillin is established as a method for the treatment of syphilis.^[93]
1954	New drug	Antibiotic cycloserine is discovered. It is used for the treatment of tuberculosis.^[94]^[95]
1955	New drug	Macrolide antibiotic spiramycin is first introduced into the French market.^[96] Spiramycin is used to treat various infections.^[97]	France
1956	New drug	Research team at the Lilly Biological Laboratories in Indiana first isolates vancomycin from bacterium streplomyces orienlalis. Vancomycin is used as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.^[22]^[98]^[99]^[100]	United States
1956	Resistance	Resistance against erythromycin is observed.^[84]
1957	New drug	Kanamycin is discovered. It is used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis.^[60]
1957	New drug	Ansamycins are introduced. These bacterial secondary metabolites show antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.^[40]
1959	New drug	Colistin becomes available for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.^[5]
1959	New drug	Nitroimidazoles are introduced. They are effective bactericidal agents against anaerobes and protozoa.^[40]
1960	New drug	In an attempt to defeat penicillin-resistant strains, scientists develop methicillin, a different antibiotic in the penicillin class.^[2]^[84]
1960	New drug	Metronidazole is commercially introduced as an effective antitrichomonal agent. Since then, its use would be extended to the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, and anaerobic infections, including upper genital tract infections.^[101]^[102]^[103]
1961	Resistance	Methicillin resistance is first reported.^[43]^[84]^[40]
1961	New drug	Antibiotic ampicillin is introduced. Within a short time it would become the drug of choice for treatment of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.^[104]^[105]^[106]^[22]
1961	Resistance	Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is first reported in the United Kingdom, just a year after the antibiotic methicillin was introduced in the country.^[5]
1961	New drug	Spectinomycin is first reported. Today it is used for the treatment of gonorrhea infections.^[107]^[60]
1961	New drug	Ethambutol is discovered. The medication is primarily used for the treatment of tuberculosis.^[108]^[109]^[110]
1962	New drug	The fusidic acid is introduced into clinical practice.^[111] The antibiotic is prescribed for skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria.^[112]
1962	New drug	Quinolones are discovered accidentally, as a byproduct of some research on the antimalarial drug chloroquine.^[5]^[40]
1963	New drug	Weinstein and his colleagues from the Schering Corporation describe the first isolation of the gentamicin complex.^[22]^[113]^[114]^[115]	United States
1963	New drug	Gentamicin is discovered. It is used to treat several types of bacterial infections.^[60]
1963	Resistance	Gram-negative bacterium acinetobacter baumannii becomes an antibiotic resistant pathogen.^[43]
1965	New drug	Antibiotic Cloxacillin synthesized. Today it is useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections,^[116] including impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa.^[116] It is used by mouth and by injection.^[116].^[117]^[118]^[119]
1966	Resistance	Nalidixic acid resistance is observed.^[40]
1966	New drug	Antibiotic doxycycline is synthesized.^[120]^[121]^[122] Today it is used for bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, early Lyme disease, cholera and syphilis.^[123]
1966	Resistance	Resistance against cephalotin is observed.^[84]
1967	New drug	Clindamycin is first produced. Today it is used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.^[60]
1968	New drug	Antibiotic rifampicin is introduced for clinical use.^[124]^[125]^[126] The introduction of rifampicin would greatly shorten the duration of tuberculosis chemotherapy.^[127]	Italy
1968	Resistance	Tetracycline resistance is observed.^[40]^[40]
1968	New drug	Trimethoprim is introduced. It is used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.^[40]
1969	New drug	Fosfomycin (originally named phosphonomycin) is discovered in Spain. It has a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is highly active against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus, and against Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.^[128]^[129]^[130]	Spain
1970	New drug	Non-toxic semi-synthetic acid-resistant isoxazolyl penicillin flucloxacillin is introduced into clinical practice.^[119]^[131]
1971	New drug	Aminoglycoside antibiotic Tobramycin is discovered. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections.^[60]
1971	New drug	Mupirocin is originally isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens.^[132] The antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.^[133]
1972	New drug	Extracellular broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic cephamycin C is first isolated.^[134]^[60]
1972	New drug	Antibiotic minocycline is discovered.^[120]^[121]^[122] It has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Minocycline is used for a variety of infectious diseases and in acne.^[135]
1972	New drug	Tinidazole is introduced.^[136] It is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections.^[137]
1973	New drug	Bactericidal antibiotic Carbenicillin is discovered. It belongs to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins.^[138] Carbenicillin has bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity.^[139]
1974	New drug	Antibiotic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is commercially released.^[140]^[22]
1974	New drug	Cotrimoxazole is introduced.^[60] It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and infections of the urinary tract, ears, and intestines. Cotrimoxazole also is used to treat 'travelers' diarrhea.^[141]
1976	New drug	The Bristol-Banyu research institute in Japan publishes the discovery of antibiotic amikacin.^[22]^[60]^[142] Amikacin is active against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative organisms, including pseudomonas, Escherichia coli and some Gram-positive organisms, like Staphylococcus aureus.^[143]	Japan
1976	Resistance	Tufts University researcher Stuart B. Levy becomes one of the first to identify antibiotic resistance due to their use in animals.^[2]
1978	New drug	Cefoxitin is introduced as an early cephamycin.^[138]^[144] It is synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum.^[145]
1978	New drug	The teicoplanin family of glycopeptides is discovered.^[146] Teicoplanin is used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.^[147]
1979	New drug	Eli Lilly patents antibiotic cefaclor.^[148]^[149]^[150] It is used to treat certain bacterial infections such as pneumonia and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract.	United States
1981	Resistance	AmpC beta-lactamase resistance is observed.^[40]
1981	New drug	Researchers at Bayer discover ciprofloxacin, the first fluoroquinolone. Ciproloxacin is used to treat bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.^[151]
1983	Resistance	Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase resistance is observed.^[40]
1984	New drug	amoxicillin clavulanate is introduced.^[60] It is specifically used for otitis media, strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, animal bites, and tuberculosis.^[152]
1985	New drug	Researchers at Eli Lilly and Company discover antibiotic daptomycin.^[153]^[154]^[155]	United States
1985	New drug	Carbapenems are introduced.^[84] These are commonly used for the treatment of severe or high-risk bacterial infections.
1986	Resistance	Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus is reported.^[84]^[40]
1987	New drug	Antibiotic imipenem/cilastin is introduced.^[22] It is useful for the treatment of pneumonia, sepsis, endocarditis, joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, and urinary tract infections.^[156]
1987	New drug	Highly potent fluoroquinolones are introduced.^[24] These are used to treat a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.^[157] These popular class of antibiotics would be used in a variety of infections. Newer drugs in this class are further developed with a broader spectrum of activity including better coverage of gram-positive organisms and, for some fluoroquinolones, anaerobes.^[158]
1987	Resistance	Resistance against cephalosporins is observed.^[84]
1987	Resistance	Resistance against carbapenems is observed.^[84]
1990s	Resistance	Fluorochinolone resistance is observed.^[40]
1993	New drug	Antibiotic azithromycin is introduced.^[22] It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and infections of the ears, lungs, sinuses, skin, throat, and reproductive organs.^[159]
1993	New drug	Antibiotic clarithromycin is introduced.^[22] It is used to prevent and treat certain infections caused by bacteria.^[160]
1994	New drug	Cefepime is introduced into clinical practice. Approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe infections, such as pneumonia, uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), skin and soft-tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections and febrile neutropenia.^[161]
1997	Resistance	Vancomycin-resistant staphyloccocus is reported.^[40]
1999	New drug	Antibiotic quinupristin/dalfopristin is introduced.^[22] The combination is used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
2000	New drug	Oxazolidinones are introduced.^[40] These synthetic drugs are active against a large spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and anaerobes.^[162]
2000	New drug	Antibiotic linezolid is introduced for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.^[22]^[84] An oxazolidinone antibiotic, linezolid represents the first principally new antibiotic platform that has entered medical practice in more than 30 years.^[163]^[40]
2001	New drug	Antibiotic telithromycin is introduced in the European Union.^[164]^[165]^[166] It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.^[167]
2001	New drug	Broader-spectrum fluoroquinolones are introduced.^[138]
2002	Resistance	Resistance against linezolid is observed.^[84]
2002	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves cefditoren, pivoxil and ertapenem. ^[168]^[60]
2002	Resistance	Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is reported.^[40]
2003	New drug	Lipopeptides are introduced as antibiotics.^[40]
2003	New drug	Daptomycin (a lipopeptide antibiotic) is introduced for treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive organisms.^[22]^[169]^[170]
2004	New drug	Telythromicin is introduced.^[60] It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.^[171]
2005	New drug	Antibiotic tigecycline is introduced for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections and intraabdominal infections.^[172]^[173]^[174]
2010	Publication	Authors of a report on the evolution of resistance note that microbes have “extraordinary genetic capabilities” that benefit “from man’s overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes... to develop [resistance] for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise.”^[2]
2011	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium Difficile Infection.^[175]^[176]	United States
2012	Study	A team of scientists propose adding the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to better help them classify and potentially defeat superbugs.^[2]
2012	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves bedaquiline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.^[177]^[178]	United States
2013	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves telavancin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible staphylococcus aureus.^[179]^[180]^[181]	United States
2013	Resistance	The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifies 17 antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that cause at least 23,000 deaths in the United States.^[7]	United States
2014	Declaration	The World Health Organization (WHO) releases a statement in response to major superbug outbreaks like lebsiella pneumoniae (which causes pneumonia and bloodstream infections in the hospital) and gonorrhea strains all over the world, noting that “this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country.”^[2]
2014	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves four new antibacterial agents, dalbavancin, oritavancin, tedizolid for skin infections, and ceftolozane/tazobactam for complicated intra‐abdominal and urinary tract infections.^[182]	United States
2015	Policy	American fast food company McDonald's announces that it would phase out all meat sources that contain antibiotics.^[2]
2015	New drug	Ceftazidime/avibactam is introduced for use in the United States.^[183]^[184]^[185] The combination is used for treatment against certain multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections.	United States
2015	New drug	Natural antibiotic teixobactin is discovered in a screen of uncultured bacteria. It is found to kill pathogens without detectable resistance.^[186]^[187]
2017	New drug	Scientists produce new, effective and simplified forms of teixobactin - a new generation antibiotic which defeats multi-drug resistant infections such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The research moves closer to defeating 'superbugs' with simplified forms of the drug.^[188]
2018	New drug	The discovery of malacidins is published.^[189] The novel antibiotic can work against many of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.^[190]

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.

Year	antibiotic	antibiotic use	antibiotic resistance	antibiotic therapy	antibiotic resistance genes
1980	14,700	8,710	4,170	5,480	3,150
1985	18,500	12,000	5,640	7,640	4,180
1990	23,500	15,300	7,550	9,210	7,500
1995	35,200	21,100	10,300	12,000	10,300
2000	73,800	57,100	20,100	21,700	18,900
2002	88,600	71,000	25,000	25,800	20,500
2004	107,000	90,800	34,800	34,000	24,500
2006	134,000	105,000	44,500	42,800	26,500
2008	138,000	120,000	53,900	49,800	29,900
2010	161,000	142,000	67,800	60,400	35,300
2012	182,000	163,000	86,000	73,700	46,200
2014	184,000	155,000	89,700	75,300	50,700
2016	154,000	135,000	92,900	73,900	57,800
2017	141,000	123,000	84,300	67,700	59,700
2018	119,000	98,700	80,800	63,200	60,200
2019	88,000	96,100	69,800	55,300	58,300
2020	75,700	70,600	55,800	45,700	52,900

Google trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Antibiotics (Drug type) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.^[191]

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Penicillin (Topic), Amoxicillin (Medication) and Cephalosporin (Drug class) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[192]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Antibiotics from 1500 to 2019.^[193]

Wikipedia views

The image shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia page Antibiotics on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to January 2021.

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

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What the timeline is still missing

A column for bacteria.

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Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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↑ ^22.00 ^22.01 ^22.02 ^22.03 ^22.04 ^22.05 ^22.06 ^22.07 ^22.08 ^22.09 ^22.10 ^22.11 ^22.12 ^22.13 ^22.14 Torok, Estee; Moran, Ed; Cooke, Fiona. Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology.
↑ HUGHES, RAYMOND P. "THE USE OF SULFANILAMIDE IN DERMATOLOGY". doi:10.1001/archderm.1940.01490130037006.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 Davies, Julian; Davies, Dorothy. "Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance" (PDF). doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10.
↑ "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites". karger.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
↑ DETWEILER, H. K.; KINSEY, H. I.; HURST, W. "TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA WITH SULFAPYRIDINE".
↑ "Sulfapyridine (Oral Route)". mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
↑ Bhattacharjee, Mrinal K. Chemistry of Antibiotics and Related Drugs.
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↑ Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, Volume 33.
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@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 | 1947 || New drug || Drug class {{w|Nitrofuran}} is introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> Nitrofurans are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including {{w|salmonella}} and ''Giardia spp'', trichomonads, amebae, and some coccidial species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitrofurans|url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/antibacterial-agents/nitrofurans|website=msdvetmanual.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1948 || New drug || {{w|Mafenide}} –a sulfonamide-type antibiotic, is approved by the United States {{w|FDA}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolve Reach Testing and Remediation Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vxPMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=-wZwzA4gHO&sig=Dt7alH-toK-m87hNnHX3IP9CaNA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIPDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Adult Health Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D6waDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48&lpg=PT48&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=GlaP3MR-hN&sig=ESZK8326K6TCZucZeUJnQMHbyJY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref>
+| 1948 || New drug || {{w|Mafenide}} –a sulfonamide-type antibiotic, is approved by the United States {{w|FDA}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolve Reach Testing and Remediation Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vxPMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=-wZwzA4gHO&sig=Dt7alH-toK-m87hNnHX3IP9CaNA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIPDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Adult Health Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D6waDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48&lpg=PT48&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=GlaP3MR-hN&sig=ESZK8326K6TCZucZeUJnQMHbyJY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1949 || New drug || Jewish-American biochemist {{w|Selman Waksman}} and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolates {{w|neomycin}}, as {{w|aminoglycoside}} antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schindel|first1=Leo|title=Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics: Antibiotics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ff_fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grayson|first1=M Lindsay|last2=Crowe|first2=Suzanne M|last3=McCarthy|first3=James S|last4=Mills|first4=John|last5=Mouton|first5=Johan W|last6=Norrby|first6=S Ragnar|last7=Paterson|first7=David L|last8=Pfaller|first8=Michael A|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XR3cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA742&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 18|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Nwu3tgVqx3IC&pg=PA266&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 | 1954 || New drug || {{w|Benzathine penicillin}} is established as a method for the treatment of {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Albert|last2=Abarbanel|first2=Albert|title=The Encyclopædia of Sexual Behaviour, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FniLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA881&lpg=PA881&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22+benzathine+penicillin%22&source=bl&ots=PT-NukoduX&sig=GPt_S_7nrsOYrsyTDvCRIoHozks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGyOTmxpraAhWHIpAKHYB_D_MQ6AEISTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22%20benzathine%20penicillin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1954 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|cycloserine}} is discovered. It is used for the treatment of tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=David |title=Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA181&dq=%22Cycloserine%22+%22in+1954%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhjZj1ya7bAhXBjpAKHbn9A6QQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22Cycloserine%22%20%22in%201954%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cordes |first1=Eugene H. |title=Hallelujah Moments: Tales of Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lG2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&dq=%22Cycloserine%22+%22in+1954%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhjZj1ya7bAhXBjpAKHbn9A6QQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22Cycloserine%22%20%22in%201954%22&f=false}}</ref>
+| 1954 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|cycloserine}} is discovered. It is used for the treatment of tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=David |title=Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA181&dq=%22Cycloserine%22+%22in+1954%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhjZj1ya7bAhXBjpAKHbn9A6QQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22Cycloserine%22%20%22in%201954%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cordes |first1=Eugene H. |title=Hallelujah Moments: Tales of Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lG2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&dq=%22Cycloserine%22+%22in+1954%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhjZj1ya7bAhXBjpAKHbn9A6QQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22Cycloserine%22%20%22in%201954%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1955 || New drug || {{w|Macrolide}} antibiotic {{w|spiramycin}} is first introduced into the French market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lancini|first1=Giancarlo|last2=Parenti|first2=Francesco|title=Antibiotics: An Integrated View|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5VjSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=%22in+1955%22+%22spiramycin%22&source=bl&ots=aXcqRwkVQR&sig=pw34DhdXBLqw26AYVIcKYKXu0Qg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyks39ypraAhUGGJAKHaJ-DX8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201955%22%20%22spiramycin%22&f=false}}</ref> Spiramycin is used to treat various infections.<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERIC NAME: SPIRAMYCIN - ORAL CAPSULE (spir-uh-MY-sin)|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/spiramycin-oral_capsule/article.htm|website=medicinenet.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 | 1960 || New drug || In an attempt to defeat penicillin-resistant strains, scientists develop {{w|methicillin}}, a different antibiotic in the penicillin class.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || New drug || {{w|Metronidazole}} is commercially introduced as an effective antitrichomonal agent. Since then, its use would be extended to the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, and anaerobic infections, including upper genital tract infections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson Robbie |first1=Marilyn |last2=Sweet |first2=Richard L. |title=Metronidazole use in obstetrics and gynecology: A review |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002937883906932}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8hMr2_SPXDoC&pg=PA224&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FC9pDtB_tz0C&pg=PA88&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref>
+| 1960 || New drug || {{w|Metronidazole}} is commercially introduced as an effective antitrichomonal agent. Since then, its use would be extended to the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, and anaerobic infections, including upper genital tract infections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson Robbie |first1=Marilyn |last2=Sweet |first2=Richard L. |title=Metronidazole use in obstetrics and gynecology: A review |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002937883906932}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8hMr2_SPXDoC&pg=PA224&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FC9pDtB_tz0C&pg=PA88&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1961 || Resistance || {{w|Methicillin}} resistance is first reported.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 | 1961 || New drug || {{w|Spectinomycin}} is first reported. Today it is used for the treatment of {{w|gonorrhea infection}}s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Mrinal K.|title=Chemistry of Antibiotics and Related Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vgXWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=%22Spectinomycin%22+%22in+1961%22&source=bl&ots=GIBBr5tdRw&sig=1cbcn8vC0jowhRMIQfTwnPNjUhE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifoaLU7efaAhVNj1kKHeOkD9sQ6AEIbDAL#v=onepage&q=%22Spectinomycin%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
-| 1961 || New drug || {{w|Ethambutol}} is discovered. The medication is primarily used for the treatment of {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set |edition=M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3xE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2346&dq=%22Ethambutol%22+%22in+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivq_Sl2q7bAhWCk5AKHUXiAJAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ethambutol%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Keith |last2=Edelhauser |first2=Henry F. |last3=Hull |first3=David S. |last4=Potter |first4=David E. |last5=Tripathi |first5=Ramesh C. |title=Advances in Ocular Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dsJ52zQfopcC&pg=PA99&dq=%22Ethambutol%22+%22in+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivq_Sl2q7bAhWCk5AKHUXiAJAQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22Ethambutol%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=John E. |last2=Dolin |first2=Raphael |last3=Blaser |first3=Martin J. |title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA469&dq=%22Ethambutol%22+%22in+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivq_Sl2q7bAhWCk5AKHUXiAJAQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=%22Ethambutol%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref>
+| 1961 || New drug || {{w|Ethambutol}} is discovered. The medication is primarily used for the treatment of {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set |edition=M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3xE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2346&dq=%22Ethambutol%22+%22in+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivq_Sl2q7bAhWCk5AKHUXiAJAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ethambutol%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Keith |last2=Edelhauser |first2=Henry F. |last3=Hull |first3=David S. |last4=Potter |first4=David E. |last5=Tripathi |first5=Ramesh C. |title=Advances in Ocular Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dsJ52zQfopcC&pg=PA99&dq=%22Ethambutol%22+%22in+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivq_Sl2q7bAhWCk5AKHUXiAJAQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22Ethambutol%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=John E. |last2=Dolin |first2=Raphael |last3=Blaser |first3=Martin J. |title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA469&dq=%22Ethambutol%22+%22in+1961%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivq_Sl2q7bAhWCk5AKHUXiAJAQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=%22Ethambutol%22%20%22in%201961%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1962 || || The {{w|fusidic acid}} is introduced into clinical practice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorian |first1=Victor |title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA554&lpg=PA554&dq=%22Fusidic+acid+was+introduced%22&source=bl&ots=50tWNack7A&sig=rYQs8urH8jlXZRtWFVcwUMRdeyc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQgu3_9q7bAhXBiJAKHZhaCAYQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%22Fusidic%20acid%20was%20introduced%22&f=false}}</ref> The antibiotic is prescribed for skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fusidic acid for skin infections |url=https://patient.info/medicine/fusidic-acid-for-skin-infections-fucidin |website=patient.info |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
+| 1962 || New drug || The {{w|fusidic acid}} is introduced into clinical practice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorian |first1=Victor |title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA554&lpg=PA554&dq=%22Fusidic+acid+was+introduced%22&source=bl&ots=50tWNack7A&sig=rYQs8urH8jlXZRtWFVcwUMRdeyc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQgu3_9q7bAhXBiJAKHZhaCAYQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%22Fusidic%20acid%20was%20introduced%22&f=false}}</ref> The antibiotic is prescribed for skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fusidic acid for skin infections |url=https://patient.info/medicine/fusidic-acid-for-skin-infections-fucidin |website=patient.info |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1962 || New drug || {{w|Quinolone}}s are discovered accidentally, as a byproduct of some research on the antimalarial drug {{w|chloroquine}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 | 1966 || Resistance || {{w|Nalidixic acid}} resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1966 || Synthesis || Antibiotic {{w|doxycycline}} is synthesized.<ref name="Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice">{{cite book|last1=Yaffe|first1=Sumner J.|last2=Aranda|first2=Jacob V.|title=Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1e2-yggGeUIC&pg=PA456&dq=%22in+1966%22+%22doxycycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje2ra1oY7aAhVEHJAKHRw4AZYQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201966%22%20%22doxycycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Denyer|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Hodges|first2=Norman A.|last3=Gorman|first3=Sean P.|last4=Gilmore|first4=Brendan F.|title=Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JSebRbvrkmUC&pg=PT241&dq=%22in+1966%22+%22doxycycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje2ra1oY7aAhVEHJAKHRw4AZYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201966%22%20%22doxycycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Neuroinflammation in Stroke">{{cite book|last1=Dirnagl|first1=Ulrich|last2=Elger|first2=Bernd|title=Neuroinflammation in Stroke|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3-cYLFPhTz0C&pg=PA101&dq=%22in+1966%22+%22doxycycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje2ra1oY7aAhVEHJAKHRw4AZYQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201966%22%20%22doxycycline%22&f=false}}</ref> Today it is used for bacterial {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|acne}}, {{w|chlamydia infection}s, early {{w|Lyme disease}}, {{w|cholera}} and {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Streptomyces aureofaciens|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/streptomyces-aureofaciens|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1966 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|doxycycline}} is synthesized.<ref name="Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice">{{cite book|last1=Yaffe|first1=Sumner J.|last2=Aranda|first2=Jacob V.|title=Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1e2-yggGeUIC&pg=PA456&dq=%22in+1966%22+%22doxycycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje2ra1oY7aAhVEHJAKHRw4AZYQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201966%22%20%22doxycycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Denyer|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Hodges|first2=Norman A.|last3=Gorman|first3=Sean P.|last4=Gilmore|first4=Brendan F.|title=Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JSebRbvrkmUC&pg=PT241&dq=%22in+1966%22+%22doxycycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje2ra1oY7aAhVEHJAKHRw4AZYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201966%22%20%22doxycycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Neuroinflammation in Stroke">{{cite book|last1=Dirnagl|first1=Ulrich|last2=Elger|first2=Bernd|title=Neuroinflammation in Stroke|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3-cYLFPhTz0C&pg=PA101&dq=%22in+1966%22+%22doxycycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwje2ra1oY7aAhVEHJAKHRw4AZYQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201966%22%20%22doxycycline%22&f=false}}</ref> Today it is used for bacterial {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|acne}}, {{w|chlamydia infection}}s, early {{w|Lyme disease}}, {{w|cholera}} and {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Streptomyces aureofaciens|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/streptomyces-aureofaciens|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1966 || Resistance || Resistance against {{w|cephalotin}} is observed.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 | 1971 || New drug || {{w|Aminoglycoside}} {{w|antibiotic}} {{w|Tobramycin}} is discovered. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly {{w|Gram-negative}} infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
-| 1971 || New drug || {{w|Mupirocin}} is originally isolated from ''{{w|Pseudomonas fluorescens}}''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Tara F. |last2=Hill |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Chiu |first3=Alex |title=Alteration in Bacterial Culture After Treatment With Topical Mupirocin for Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2478314}}</ref> The antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mupirocin |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00410 |website=drugbank.ca |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
+| 1971 || New drug || {{w|Mupirocin}} is originally isolated from ''{{w|Pseudomonas fluorescens}}''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Tara F. |last2=Hill |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Chiu |first3=Alex |title=Alteration in Bacterial Culture After Treatment With Topical Mupirocin for Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2478314}}</ref> The antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mupirocin |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00410 |website=drugbank.ca |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1972 || New drug || Extracellular broad spectrum {{w|beta-lactam antibiotic}} {{w|cephamycin}} C is first isolated.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diana|first1=Patrizia|last2=Cirrincione|first2=Girolamo|title=Biosynthesis of Heterocycles: From Isolation to Gene Cluster|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dQ91BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA320&lpg=PA320&dq=%22in+1972%22+%22Cephamycin%22&source=bl&ots=jQaDvsvSHp&sig=rte-hL9RKlNXTRPQXIsDggTof_E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF8_fPqOfaAhVITZAKHQm_CroQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20%22Cephamycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 | 1972 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|minocycline}} is discovered.<ref name="Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice"/><ref name="Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology"/><ref name="Neuroinflammation in Stroke"/> It has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Minocycline is used for a variety of infectious diseases and in acne.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ochsendorf|first1=F|title=Minocycline in acne vulgaris: benefits and risks.|doi=10.2165/11319280-000000000-00000.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642295}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1972 || New drug || {{w|Tinidazole}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |title=Drug Therapy in Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rLYKJyeex2wC&pg=PT215&dq=%22Tinidazole%22+%22in+1972%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPmILema_bAhUBCpAKHY8HAtEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Tinidazole%22%20%22in%201972%22&f=false}}</ref> It is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tinidazole Pellets |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalpellets.com/pharmaceutical-pellets/tinidazole-pellets.php |website=pharmaceuticalpellets.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
+| 1972 || New drug || {{w|Tinidazole}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |title=Drug Therapy in Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rLYKJyeex2wC&pg=PT215&dq=%22Tinidazole%22+%22in+1972%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPmILema_bAhUBCpAKHY8HAtEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Tinidazole%22%20%22in%201972%22&f=false}}</ref> It is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tinidazole Pellets |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalpellets.com/pharmaceutical-pellets/tinidazole-pellets.php |website=pharmaceuticalpellets.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1973 || New drug || Bactericidal antibiotic {{w|Carbenicillin}} is discovered. It belongs to the {{w|carboxypenicillin}} subgroup of the penicillins.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE"/> Carbenicillin has bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carbenicillin|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/carbenicillin#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 282: / Line 282: @@
 |-
 |}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! antibiotic
+! antibiotic use
+! antibiotic resistance
+! antibiotic therapy
+! antibiotic resistance genes
+|-
+| 1980 || 14,700 || 8,710 || 4,170 || 5,480 || 3,150
+|-
+| 1985 || 18,500 || 12,000 || 5,640 || 7,640 || 4,180
+|-
+| 1990 || 23,500 || 15,300 || 7,550 || 9,210 || 7,500
+|-
+| 1995 || 35,200 || 21,100 || 10,300 || 12,000 || 10,300
+|-
+| 2000 || 73,800 || 57,100 || 20,100 || 21,700 || 18,900
+|-
+| 2002 || 88,600 || 71,000 || 25,000 || 25,800 || 20,500
+|-
+| 2004 || 107,000 || 90,800 || 34,800 || 34,000 || 24,500
+|-
+| 2006 || 134,000 || 105,000 || 44,500 || 42,800 || 26,500
+|-
+| 2008 || 138,000 || 120,000 || 53,900 || 49,800 || 29,900
+|-
+| 2010 || 161,000 || 142,000 || 67,800 || 60,400 || 35,300
+|-
+| 2012 || 182,000 || 163,000 || 86,000 || 73,700 || 46,200
+|-
+| 2014 || 184,000 || 155,000 || 89,700 || 75,300 || 50,700
+|-
+| 2016 || 154,000 || 135,000 || 92,900 || 73,900 || 57,800
+|-
+| 2017 || 141,000 || 123,000 || 84,300 || 67,700 || 59,700
+|-
+| 2018 || 119,000 || 98,700 || 80,800 || 63,200 || 60,200
+|-
+| 2019 || 88,000 || 96,100 || 69,800 || 55,300 || 58,300
+|-
+| 2020 || 75,700 || 70,600 || 55,800 || 45,700 || 52,900
+|-
+|}
+[[File:Antibio tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google trends ===
+The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Antibiotics (Drug type) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antibiotics |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0tbr |website=trends.google.com |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Antibiotics (Drug type).jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Penicillin (Topic), Amoxicillin (Medication) and Cephalosporin (Drug class) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Penicillin, Amoxicillin and Cephalosporin |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F05t37,%2Fm%2F011z0,%2Fm%2F033gj_ |website=Google Trends |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Penicillin compared gt.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Antibiotics from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antibiotics |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Antibiotics&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=1&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Antibio ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Wikipedia views ===
+The image shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia page {{w|Antibiotics}} on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to January 2021.
+[[File:Antibiotics wv.jpeg|thumb|center|500px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 299: / Line 373: @@
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5775060/]
+* A column for {{w|bacteria}}.
+* Check {{w|Timeline of antibiotics}}
+* {{w|Cinoxacin}}
 ===Timeline update strategy===
 ==See also==
+* [[Timeline of infection control]]
 ==External links==

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of antibiotics"

Latest revision as of 20:18, 24 June 2023

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Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

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What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

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