Difference between revisions of "Timeline of solar power"

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This is a '''timeline of {{w|solar power}}'''.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|solar power}}''', listing imporant events in the development of technologies harnessing solar power.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
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! Time period !! Development summary
 
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| 1970s || As oil prices rise, demand for solar power increases, and research drives costs down.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/>
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| Ancient history || Humans are known to have used solar power since ancient times. In the {{w|Roman Empire}}, solar architecture was used to heat bathhouses. Humans have also been concentrating the sun’s energy with mirrors or magnifying glasses for more than 1,300 years.<ref name="How Solar Power Has Improved Over Time">{{cite web |title=How Solar Power Has Improved Over Time |url=https://www.solarpowerauthority.com/history-of-solar-power-technology |website=solarpowerauthority.com |accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref>
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| 19th century || Solar power technology begins after {{w|Edmond Becquerel}} discovers that some materials produce electricity when exposed to light. {{w|William Grylls Adams}} and his student use selenium to create electricity from light, creating the world’s first photovoltaic power source.<ref name="How Solar Power Has Improved Over Time"/>
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|-
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| 20th century || The era of modern solar cell technology begins in the 1950s when G.L. Pearson, D. Shapin and C. Fuller demonstrate a silicon solar cell capable of 6% energy conversion efficiency with direct sunlight.<ref name="Light, Water, Hydrogen: The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis"/><ref name="A Brief History of Photovoltaics and Solar Energy"/> In the 1970s, as oil prices rise, demand for solar power increases, and research drives costs down.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> By the early 1990s, solar technology enters a truly marketable level of efficiency.<ref name="How Solar Power Has Improved Over Time"/>
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| 21st century || As of 2017, global solar photovoltaic power generating capacity rose to nearly 400 gigawatts  by year-end, a 32% increase versus the end of 2016. Capacity has nearly quadrupled in the past five years. {{w|China}} is the major producer. Other important producers of are {{w|United States}}, {{w|Japan}}, {{w|Germany}} and {{w|Italy}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar energy |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html |website=bp.com |accessdate=1 October 2018}}</ref>  
 
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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| 1839 || || French physicist {{w|Edmond Becquerel}} first discovers the {{w|photovoltaic effect}}. This process occurs when light is absorbed by a material and creates electrical voltage. Most modern solar cells use silicon crystals to attain this effect.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved">{{cite web |title=A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved |url=https://www.solarpowerauthority.com/a-history-of-solar-cells/ |website=solarpowerauthority.com |accessdate=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW">{{cite web |title=SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW |url=https://www.energymatters.com.au/panels-modules/ |website=energymatters.com.au |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1839 || || French physicist {{w|Edmond Becquerel}} first discovers the {{w|photovoltaic effect}}. This process occurs when light is absorbed by a material and creates electrical voltage. Most modern solar cells use silicon crystals to attain this effect.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved">{{cite web |title=A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved |url=https://www.solarpowerauthority.com/a-history-of-solar-cells/ |website=solarpowerauthority.com |accessdate=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW">{{cite web |title=SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW |url=https://www.energymatters.com.au/panels-modules/ |website=energymatters.com.au |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1873 || || English electrical engineer {{w|Willoughby Smith}} discovers that selenium has photoconductive potential.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1873 || Scientific development || English electrical engineer {{w|Willoughby Smith}} discovers that {{w|selenium}} has photoconductive potential.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Jai |last2=Williams |first2=Richard T. |title=Excitonic and Photonic Processes in Materials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YPssBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=%22in+1873%22+Willoughby+Smith+discovers+that+selenium&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA3O2b3r3dAhUDNpAKHfGoCGAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20Willoughby%20Smith%20discovers%20that%20selenium&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hempstead |first1=Colin |last2=Worthington |first2=William |title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jYaOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT910&dq=%22in+1873%22+Willoughby+Smith+discovers+that+selenium&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA3O2b3r3dAhUDNpAKHfGoCGAQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20Willoughby%20Smith%20discovers%20that%20selenium&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McLean |first1=Donald F. |title=Restoring Baird's Image |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1ISFkhG6cZQC&pg=PA18&dq=%22in+1873%22+Willoughby+Smith+discovers+that+selenium&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA3O2b3r3dAhUDNpAKHfGoCGAQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20Willoughby%20Smith%20discovers%20that%20selenium&f=false}}</ref><ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1876 || || William Grylls Adams’ and Richard Evans Day discover that selenium creates electricity when exposed to sunlight.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
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| 1876 || Scientific development || British physicist {{w|William Grylls Adams}} and Richard Evans Day discover that {{w|selenium}} creates electricity when exposed to sunlight.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A Brief History of Photovoltaics and Solar Energy">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Photovoltaics and Solar Energy |url=https://www.empirecleanenergy.com/a-brief-history-of-photovoltaics-and-solar-energy/ |website=empirecleanenergy.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1877 || || American scientists William Adams and Richard Day publish ''The action of light on selenium''.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1877 || Literature || American scientists William Adams and Richard Day publish ''The action of light on selenium''.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1883 || || American inventor {{w|Charles Fritts}} produces the first solar cells made from selenium wafers.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> Fritts coats selenium with a thin layer of gold. This cell achieves an energy conversion rate of 1–2% (most modern solar cells work at an efficiency of 15–20%).<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1883 || Technology || American inventor {{w|Charles Fritts}} produces the first solar cells made from selenium wafers.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> Fritts coats selenium with a thin layer of gold. This cell achieves an energy conversion rate of 1–2% (most modern solar cells work at an efficiency of 15–20%).<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1887 || || German physicist {{w|Heinrich Hertz}} first observes the photoelectric effect, where light is used to free electrons from a solid surface (usually metal) to create power. Hertz finds this process produces more power when exposed to ultraviolet light, rather than more intense visible light. Albert Einstein later receives the Nobel Prize for further explaining the effect. Modern-day solar cells rely on the photoelectric effect to convert sunlight into power.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1887 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Heinrich Hertz}} first observes the photoelectric effect, where light is used to free electrons from a solid surface (usually metal) to create power. Hertz finds this process produces more power when exposed to ultraviolet light, rather than more intense visible light. Albert Einstein later receives the Nobel Prize for further explaining the effect. Modern-day solar cells rely on the photoelectric effect to convert sunlight into power.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1888 || || American chemist Edward Weston receives the first US Patent for solar cell.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs ">{{cite web |title=Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs |url=http://www.dbmsolar.com/photovoltaic-history/ |website=dbmsolar.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1888 || Technology || American chemist Edward Weston receives the first US Patent for solar cell.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs ">{{cite web |title=Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs |url=http://www.dbmsolar.com/photovoltaic-history/ |website=dbmsolar.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1888 – 1891 || || Russian physicist {{w|Aleksandr Stoletov}} develops the first solar cell using the outer photoelectric effect.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
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| 1888 – 1891 || Technology || Russian physicist {{w|Aleksandr Stoletov}} develops the first solar cell using the outer photoelectric effect.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
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| 1902 || || German physicist {{w|Philipp Lenard}} observes that the energy of individual emitted electrons increases with the frequency (which is related to the colour) of the light.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photoelectric Effect |url=http://www.myexistenz.com/raisondetre/article/Phototelectric.html |website=myexistenz.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1902 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Philipp Lenard}} observes that the energy of individual emitted electrons increases with the frequency (which is related to the colour) of the light.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photoelectric Effect |url=http://www.myexistenz.com/raisondetre/article/Phototelectric.html |website=myexistenz.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1904 || || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Hallwachs}} develops a semiconductor-junction solar cell.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1904 || Technology || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Hallwachs}} develops a semiconductor-junction solar cell.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1905 || || {{w|Albert Einstein}} publishes his theory of “photoelectric effect”.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
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| 1905 || Scientific development || {{w|Albert Einstein}} publishes his theory of “photoelectric effect”.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
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| 1918 || || Polish chemist {{w|Jan Czochralski}} invents the {{w|Czochralski process}}, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of {{w|semiconductor}} wafers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nishinaga |first1=Tatau |title=Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1hZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Czochralski%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_bLypr3dAhVBf5AKHesNCUoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Czochralski%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shing |first1=Lau Wai |title=Ulsi Front-end Technology: Covering From The First Semiconductor Paper To Cmos Finfet Technology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KRM0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Czochralski%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_bLypr3dAhVBf5AKHesNCUoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Czochralski%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nemova |first1=Galina |title=Laser Cooling: Fundamental Properties and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OEtnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT333&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Czochralski%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_bLypr3dAhVBf5AKHesNCUoQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Czochralski%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1914 || Scientific development || American scientists Goldman and Brodsky become the first to correlate the photoelectric effect with the existence of a barrier to current flow at a semiconductor-metal interface. This work proves to be a key insight to building practical photovoltaic devices.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1918 || Technology || Polish chemist {{w|Jan Czochralski}} invents the {{w|Czochralski process}}, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of {{w|semiconductor}} wafers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nishinaga |first1=Tatau |title=Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1hZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Czochralski%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_bLypr3dAhVBf5AKHesNCUoQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Czochralski%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shing |first1=Lau Wai |title=Ulsi Front-end Technology: Covering From The First Semiconductor Paper To Cmos Finfet Technology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KRM0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Czochralski%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_bLypr3dAhVBf5AKHesNCUoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Czochralski%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nemova |first1=Galina |title=Laser Cooling: Fundamental Properties and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OEtnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT333&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Czochralski%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_bLypr3dAhVBf5AKHesNCUoQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Czochralski%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1922 || || {{w|Albert Einstein}} receives {{w|Nobel Prizes in Physics}} for his photoelectric effect theory.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
| 1922 || || {{w|Albert Einstein}} receives {{w|Nobel Prizes in Physics}} for his photoelectric effect theory.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
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| 1932 || || Stora and Audobert discover a photovoltaic material, cadmium selenide.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
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| 1932 || Scientific development || Stora and Audobert discover cadmium selenide, a photovoltaic material.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/><ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> ||
 
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| 1941 || || American engineer {{w|Russell Ohl}} invents the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.<ref name="SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1941 || Technology || American engineer {{w|Russell Ohl}} invents the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.<ref name="Light, Water, Hydrogen: The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis">{{cite book |title=Light, Water, Hydrogen: The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis |edition=CRAIG GRIMES, OOMMAN VARGHESE, SUDHIR RANJAN |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=St-j22V8P4sC&pg=PA487&dq=%22in+1941%22+Russell+Ohl+invents+the+solar+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid26WP1b3dAhXFDZAKHV96AQsQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201941%22%20Russell%20Ohl%20invents%20the%20solar%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Isabel |title=The Pros and Cons of Solar Power |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-a_b_KtYJNQC&pg=PA12&dq=%22in+1941%22+Russell+Ohl+invents+the+solar+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid26WP1b3dAhXFDZAKHV96AQsQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201941%22%20Russell%20Ohl%20invents%20the%20solar%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flinn |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Patel |first2=Sarah |title=The Really Useful Primary Design and Technology Book: Subject knowledge and lesson ideas |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U3L7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&dq=%22in+1941%22+Russell+Ohl+invents+the+solar+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid26WP1b3dAhXFDZAKHV96AQsQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201941%22%20Russell%20Ohl%20invents%20the%20solar%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref name="SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1954 || || Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs create the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell. Many argue that this event marks the true invention of PV technology because it is the first instance of a solar technology that could actually power an electric device for several hours of a day.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1954 || Technology || Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs create the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell. Many argue that this event marks the true invention of PV technology because it is the first instance of a solar technology that could actually power an electric device for several hours of a day.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1956 || || American company {{w|Western Electric}} begins selling commercial licenses for its silicon PV technologies. However, the prohibitive costs of silicon solar cells keep them from widespread market saturation.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1956 || Technology || American company {{w|Western Electric}} begins selling commercial licenses for its silicon PV technologies. However, the prohibitive costs of silicon solar cells keep them from widespread market saturation.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1956 || || Solar panels cost roughly US$300 per watt.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
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| 1956 || Cost || Solar panels cost roughly US$300 per watt.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
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| 1957 – 1960 || || Hoffman Electronics makes a number of breakthroughs with photovoltaic efficiency, improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
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| 1957 – 1960 || Technology || Hoffman Electronics makes a number of breakthroughs with photovoltaic efficiency, improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
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| 1958 || || Solar energy is used in space. The {{w|Vanguard I}} satellite uses a tiny one-watt panel to power its radios. Later that year the {{w|Vanguard II}}, {{w|Explorer 3}} and {{w|Sputnik 3}} are all launched with PV technology on board.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||
 
| 1958 || || Solar energy is used in space. The {{w|Vanguard I}} satellite uses a tiny one-watt panel to power its radios. Later that year the {{w|Vanguard II}}, {{w|Explorer 3}} and {{w|Sputnik 3}} are all launched with PV technology on board.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||
 
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| 1960 || Technology || Hoffman Electronics develops a new solar cell with fourteen percent efficiency.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
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| 1959 || Technology || [[w:Les Hoffman|Hoffman Electronics]] achieves 10% efficient, commercially available PV cells and demonstrates the use of a grid contact to significantly reduce series resistance.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> ||
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| 1960 || Technology || [[w:Les Hoffman|Hoffman Electronics]] develops a new solar cell with fourteen percent efficiency.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/><ref>{{cite book |title=Powering Our Future: An Energy Sourcebook for Sustainable Living |publisher=Kimberly K. Smith, Alternative Energy Institute |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DuSYMMOIQ2UC&pg=PA130&dq=%22in+1960%22+hoffman+Electronics+develops+a+new+solar+cell+with+fourteen+percent+efficiency&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjamKb05b3dAhXGgpAKHXhfA18Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20hoffman%20Electronics%20develops%20a%20new%20solar%20cell%20with%20fourteen%20percent%20efficiency&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is New Solar Power Technology on the Horizon? Should You Buy Now? |url=https://www.capitalcitysolar.com/2018/05/18/new-solar-technology-buy-now/ |website=capitalcitysolar.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="A Brief History of Everything Solar">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Everything Solar |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2012/03/21/history-of-solar/ |website=cleantechnica.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> ||
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| 1960 || Technology || The idea of bifacial photovoltaic modules is independently developed by Japanese scientist H. Mori and Russian scientists A.K. Zaitseva and O.P. Fedoseeva. These bifacial photovoltaic modules have two active surfaces and thus have the potencial to generate more electric energy with roughly the same size collector.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> ||
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| 1961 || Technology || American physicist {{w|William Shockley}} and German physicist {{w|Hans-Joachim Queisser}} become the first to define the maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell using a single {{w|p–n junction}} to collect electricity from the cell. The Shockley-Queisser limit is fundamental to direct solar energy conversion.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> ||
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| 1961 || || The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) holds its first specialty conference on photovoltaic energy in {{w|Philadelphia}}.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1963 || Technology || Japanese multinational {{w|Sharp Corporation}} manufactures a feasible photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
| 1963 || Technology || Japanese multinational {{w|Sharp Corporation}} manufactures a feasible photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
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| 1964 || Technology || NASA launches the first Nimbus spacecraft, a satellite able to run entirely on a 470 watt solar array.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Why China, and not the US, is the leader in solar power |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-leader-solar-power-180822102606141.html |website=aljazeera.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Does It – From Eureka Moments to Wacky Wearables |url=http://blog.yinglisolar.com/solar-eureka-moments-wacky-wearables/ |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1964 || Technology || NASA launches the first Nimbus spacecraft, a satellite able to run entirely on a 470 watt solar array.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Why China, and not the US, is the leader in solar power |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-leader-solar-power-180822102606141.html |website=aljazeera.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Does It – From Eureka Moments to Wacky Wearables |url=http://blog.yinglisolar.com/solar-eureka-moments-wacky-wearables/ |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1964 || Book || American physical chemist {{w|Farrington Daniels}} publishes ''Direct Use of the Sun's Energy''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Direct Use of The Sun's Energy By Farrington Daniels. Illustrated. 374 pp. New York: Ballantine Books. $1.95. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/direct-use-of-the-suns-energy-by-farrington-daniels-illustrated-374.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}  
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| 1964 || Literature || American physical chemist {{w|Farrington Daniels}} publishes ''Direct Use of the Sun's Energy''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Direct Use of The Sun's Energy By Farrington Daniels. Illustrated. 374 pp. New York: Ballantine Books. $1.95. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/10/archives/direct-use-of-the-suns-energy-by-farrington-daniels-illustrated-374.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}  
 
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| 1966 || || NASA launches the world’s first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt array.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
+
| 1966 || Technology || NASA launches the world’s first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt array.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| 1968 || || Robert Riehl introduces his solar-powered wristwatch.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Story of Roger W. Riehl and the Synchronar |url=http://watchesnsuch.net/the_story_of_roger_w_riehl_and_the_synchronar.html |website=watchesnsuch.net |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> ||
+
| 1967 || Technology || Russian Soyuz 1 becomes the first manned spacecraft to be powered by solar cells.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1968 || Technology || Robert Riehl introduces his solar-powered wristwatch.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Story of Roger W. Riehl and the Synchronar |url=http://watchesnsuch.net/the_story_of_roger_w_riehl_and_the_synchronar.html |website=watchesnsuch.net |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1968 || || Czechoslovakian-born American scientist {{w|Peter Glaser}} presents the concept for the Solar power Satellite (SPS) system to supply power from space for use on Earth.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1970 || Technology || Soviet team led by {{w|Zhores Alferov}} develops the first highly effective {{w|GaAs}} {{w|heterostructure}} solar cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Optical Spectrocopy on Nanostructrured Materials |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:859589/FULLTEXT01.pdf |website=diva-portal.org |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Palz |first1=Wolfgang |title=The Triumph of the Sun: The Energy of the New Century |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3EpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT142&lpg=PT142&dq=%22in+1970%22+%22Zhores+Alferov%22+solar+cells&source=bl&ots=lY90qnBEF-&sig=DlQBYPjkF1Q8zowWRn_ICKbrGiQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpwe7h2r3dAhWEk5AKHcooCmEQ6AEwBXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201970%22%20%22Zhores%20Alferov%22%20solar%20cells&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Madou |first1=Marc J. |title=From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IBzSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=%22in+1970%22+%22Zhores+Alferov%22+solar+cells&source=bl&ots=ZC75DRGW9a&sig=4GPgm9uLbQpezQvxZDrqggvnn2E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpwe7h2r3dAhWEk5AKHcooCmEQ6AEwB3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201970%22%20%22Zhores%20Alferov%22%20solar%20cells&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Palz |first1=Wolfgang |title=The Triumph of the Sun: The Energy of the New Century |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3EpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT142&dq=%22in+1970%22+%22Zhores+Alferov%22+solar+cells&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMiOjp2r3dAhVMPJAKHRjEC1UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201970%22%20%22Zhores%20Alferov%22%20solar%20cells&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Soviet Union}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1973 || Technology || The {{w|University of Delaware}} constructs the first solar building, named “Solar One.” The system runs on a hybrid supply of solar thermal and solar PV power. It is also the first instance of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Delaware Builds Solar-Powered Residence' |url=http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a1973solarone |website=historycommons.org |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karl Wolfgang Böer Papers |url=http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/boer/ |website=lib.udel.edu |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1974 || Organization || The {{w|National Renewable Energy Laboratory}} (NREL) is established in the {{w|United States}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rimmer |first1=Matthew |title=Intellectual Property and Climate Change: Inventing Clean Technologies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QxsDk32hYYAC&pg=PA286&dq=%22in+1974%22+%22National+Renewable+Energy+Laboratory%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMu6Wx0r3dAhWDlJAKHW7hCooQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201974%22%20%22National%20Renewable%20Energy%20Laboratory%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilling |first1=Vincent |title=Native Defenders of The Enviornment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xADOBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT11&dq=%22in+1974%22+%22National+Renewable+Energy+Laboratory%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMu6Wx0r3dAhWDlJAKHW7hCooQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201974%22%20%22National%20Renewable%20Energy%20Laboratory%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1970 || || Soviet team led by {{w|Zhores Alferov}} develops the first highly effective {{w|GaAs}} {{w|heterostructure}} solar cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Optical Spectrocopy on Nanostructrured Materials |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:859589/FULLTEXT01.pdf |website=diva-portal.org |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Soviet Union}}
+
| 1974 || Program || Japan launches the "Project Sunshine", a broad R&D program in solar energy. The goal is to produce new sources of clean energy by the year 2000.<ref>{{cite book |title=Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics |publisher=Department of Energy, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1979 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5n4THuEnGx4C&pg=SA4-PA12&lpg=SA4-PA12&dq=%22Project+Sunshine%22+%22in+1974%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=_IDzulWw6w&sig=PBOAU_tua3BIeCF7zxegIlL0jCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1wqzin73dAhXCl5AKHR7mATsQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Project%20Sunshine%22%20%22in%201974%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d-9IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128&lpg=PT128&dq=%22Project+Sunshine%22+%22in+1974%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=vn018_oABm&sig=Bmb8QS-b56v1TX1oJw8tk9Jvf38&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1wqzin73dAhXCl5AKHR7mATsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Project%20Sunshine%22%20%22in%201974%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Varieties of Green Business: Industries, Nations and Time |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QFFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81&lpg=PT81&dq=%22Project+Sunshine%22+%22in+1974%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=Rk84vHBoR7&sig=xJGP_CSEnXOSdO0wYVTyc6Td6v4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1wqzin73dAhXCl5AKHR7mATsQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Project%20Sunshine%22%20%22in%201974%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1973 || || The University of Delaware constructs the first solar building, named “Solar One.” The system runs on a hybrid supply of solar thermal and solar PV power. It is also the first instance of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
+
| 1975 || Cost || Solar panels cost drops to just over US$100 a watt.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1974 || Organization || The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is established in the United States}} || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1975 || Organization || The {{w|Florida Solar Energy Center}} (FSEC) is established as the state's energy research institute. FSEC later becomes a world leader in solar energy research.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1974 || || Japan launches the "Project Sunshine", a broad R&D program in solar energy. The goal is to produce new sources of clean energy by the year 2000.<ref>{{cite book |title=Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics |publisher=Department of Energy, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1979 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5n4THuEnGx4C&pg=SA4-PA12&lpg=SA4-PA12&dq=%22Project+Sunshine%22+%22in+1974%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=_IDzulWw6w&sig=PBOAU_tua3BIeCF7zxegIlL0jCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1wqzin73dAhXCl5AKHR7mATsQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Project%20Sunshine%22%20%22in%201974%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d-9IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128&lpg=PT128&dq=%22Project+Sunshine%22+%22in+1974%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=vn018_oABm&sig=Bmb8QS-b56v1TX1oJw8tk9Jvf38&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1wqzin73dAhXCl5AKHR7mATsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Project%20Sunshine%22%20%22in%201974%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Varieties of Green Business: Industries, Nations and Time |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QFFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81&lpg=PT81&dq=%22Project+Sunshine%22+%22in+1974%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=Rk84vHBoR7&sig=xJGP_CSEnXOSdO0wYVTyc6Td6v4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1wqzin73dAhXCl5AKHR7mATsQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Project%20Sunshine%22%20%22in%201974%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
+
| 1976 || Technology || The idea of fluorescent photovoltaic cell is independently developed by German scientists Adolf Goetzberger and W. Greubel, and W.H. Weber and J. Lamb.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds">{{cite book |last1=Cleveland |first1=Cutler J. |last2=Morris |first2=Christopher G. |title=Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ScL77rOCZn0C&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=1973++University+of+Delaware++%E2%80%9CSolar+One.%E2%80%9D&source=bl&ots=nicVlm7tob&sig=_jAvSA1S6-h0wVf7_D5pzJzBg6k&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqv8HP7t7dAhXFQZAKHaS9B2gQ6AEwEHoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=1973%20%20University%20of%20Delaware%20%20%E2%80%9CSolar%20One.%E2%80%9D&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1975 || || Solar panels cost drops to just over US$100 a watt.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
+
| 1976 || Technology || American engineers David Carlson and {{w|Christopher R. Wronski}} invent the hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cell.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1978 || Technology || The first solar-powered calculator is released.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grinnell |first1=Scott |title=Renewable Energy & Sustainable Design |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fWcMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160&dq=%22in+1978%22+first+solar-powered+calculator&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyrsCMrr3dAhXEfZAKHa3-DKwQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201978%22%20first%20solar-powered%20calculator&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fraas |first1=Lewis M. |title=Low-Cost Solar Electric Power |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rtgkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=%22in+1978%22+first+solar-powered+calculator&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyrsCMrr3dAhXEfZAKHa3-DKwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201978%22%20first%20solar-powered%20calculator&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Michael W. |title=Whole Green Catalog: 1000 Best Things for You and the Earth |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X0-dinE_U3YC&pg=PA186&dq=%22in+1978%22+first+solar-powered+calculator&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyrsCMrr3dAhXEfZAKHa3-DKwQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201978%22%20first%20solar-powered%20calculator&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Featured Electronic Hand-held Calculators |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/hand-held_calculators.html |website=vintagecalculators.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> ||
 
| 1978 || Technology || The first solar-powered calculator is released.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grinnell |first1=Scott |title=Renewable Energy & Sustainable Design |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fWcMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160&dq=%22in+1978%22+first+solar-powered+calculator&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyrsCMrr3dAhXEfZAKHa3-DKwQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201978%22%20first%20solar-powered%20calculator&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fraas |first1=Lewis M. |title=Low-Cost Solar Electric Power |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rtgkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=%22in+1978%22+first+solar-powered+calculator&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyrsCMrr3dAhXEfZAKHa3-DKwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201978%22%20first%20solar-powered%20calculator&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Michael W. |title=Whole Green Catalog: 1000 Best Things for You and the Earth |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X0-dinE_U3YC&pg=PA186&dq=%22in+1978%22+first+solar-powered+calculator&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyrsCMrr3dAhXEfZAKHa3-DKwQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201978%22%20first%20solar-powered%20calculator&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Featured Electronic Hand-held Calculators |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/hand-held_calculators.html |website=vintagecalculators.com |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref> ||
Line 89: Line 116:
 
| 1979 || || United States President {{w|Jimmy Carter}} has solar panels installed on the {{w|White House}} during his term as president.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1979 || || United States President {{w|Jimmy Carter}} has solar panels installed on the {{w|White House}} during his term as president.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1980< || || Solar panel prices starts dropping by at least 10 percent every single year. The plummeting cost of solar is largely responsible for the growing popularity of solar and the legitimacy of {{w|photovoltaic}}s as a reliable energy source in today’s world.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
+
| 1980< || Cost || Solar panel prices starts dropping by at least 10 percent every single year. The plummeting cost of solar is largely responsible for the growing popularity of solar and the legitimacy of {{w|photovoltaic}}s as a reliable energy source in today’s world.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1981 || || Paul MacCready builds Solar Challenger, the first aircraft to run on solar power, and flies it across the English Channel from France to Britain.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
| 1981 || || Paul MacCready builds Solar Challenger, the first aircraft to run on solar power, and flies it across the English Channel from France to Britain.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1982 || || Arco Solar builds the first solar park (basically a solar power plant) in {{w|Hesperia, California}}.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1982 || Facility || Arco Solar builds the first solar park (basically a solar power plant) in {{w|Hesperia, California}}.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || Technology || The {{w|University of South Wales}} achieves 20% photovoltaic efficiency for silicon cells.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|Australia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || Organization || {{w|SunPower Corporation}} is established by {{w|Richard Swanson}} to develop and commercialize cost-effective, high-efficiency photovoltaic power systems based on the "all-back contact" cell design.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1986 || Technology || ARCO Solar releases the G-4000, the world's first commercial thin-film photovoltaic module.<ref name="Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1985 || || The University of South Wales achieves 20% photovoltaic efficiency for silicon cells.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|Australia}}
+
| 1989 || Technology || Reflective solar concentrators are first applied with solar cells.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1989 || || Reflective solar concentrators are first applied with solar cells.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
+
| 1991 || Technology || The first efficient photo electrochemical cell and the dye-sensitized solar cell are developed.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || || The first efficient photo electrochemical cell and the dye-sensitized solar cell are developed.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||  
+
| 1992 || Technology || The {{w|University of South Florida}} creates a 15.89 percent efficient thin-film cell.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || The University of South Florida creates a 15.89 percent efficient thin-film cell.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1994 || Technology || The U.S. {{w|National Renewable Energy Laboratory}} develops a new solar cell from gallium indium phosphide and gallium arsenide that exceeds 30% conversion efficiency.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1994 || || The U.S. {{w|National Renewable Energy Laboratory}} develops a new solar cell from gallium indium phosphide and gallium arsenide that exceeds 30% conversion efficiency.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1994 || Program || Japan starts “70,000 Solar Roofs” PV subsidy program, to increase the use of photovoltaic system in the residential sector.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan-Korte |first1=Katrin |title=Government Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: Policy Approaches and Market Development in Germany, the United States, and Japan |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KeIr5mmFPuEC&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=%2270,000+Solar+Roofs%22+%221994%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=F5CLQ5j-74&sig=qDqa4324oQ8VdpwF8Zj7GEMo5RI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiyYGfob3dAhUGj5AKHT7tDLsQ6AEwBXoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2270%2C000%20Solar%20Roofs%22%20%221994%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fthenakis |first1=Vasilis M. |last2=Lynn |first2=Paul A. |title=Electricity from Sunlight: Photovoltaic-Systems Integration and Sustainability |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=enVGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&dq=%2270,000+Solar+Roofs%22+%221994%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=83IARDuRMP&sig=I5YGsBiLtM1PTFC1Mi4xUU-w-g8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiyYGfob3dAhUGj5AKHT7tDLsQ6AEwBnoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2270%2C000%20Solar%20Roofs%22%20%221994%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herbes |first1=Carsten |last2=Friege |first2=Christian |title=Marketing Renewable Energy: Concepts, Business Models and Cases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=a3YpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA379&lpg=PA379&dq=%2270,000+Solar+Roofs%22+%221994%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=JyKqk7DbkJ&sig=LVW8_D0zzTWnWF3jOl4dO4MkhhE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiyYGfob3dAhUGj5AKHT7tDLsQ6AEwCXoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2270%2C000%20Solar%20Roofs%22%20%221994%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1994 || || Japan starts “70,000 Solar Roofs” PV subsidy program, to increase the use of photovoltaic system in the residential sector.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan-Korte |first1=Katrin |title=Government Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: Policy Approaches and Market Development in Germany, the United States, and Japan |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KeIr5mmFPuEC&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=%2270,000+Solar+Roofs%22+%221994%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=F5CLQ5j-74&sig=qDqa4324oQ8VdpwF8Zj7GEMo5RI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiyYGfob3dAhUGj5AKHT7tDLsQ6AEwBXoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2270%2C000%20Solar%20Roofs%22%20%221994%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fthenakis |first1=Vasilis M. |last2=Lynn |first2=Paul A. |title=Electricity from Sunlight: Photovoltaic-Systems Integration and Sustainability |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=enVGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&dq=%2270,000+Solar+Roofs%22+%221994%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=83IARDuRMP&sig=I5YGsBiLtM1PTFC1Mi4xUU-w-g8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiyYGfob3dAhUGj5AKHT7tDLsQ6AEwBnoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2270%2C000%20Solar%20Roofs%22%20%221994%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herbes |first1=Carsten |last2=Friege |first2=Christian |title=Marketing Renewable Energy: Concepts, Business Models and Cases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=a3YpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA379&lpg=PA379&dq=%2270,000+Solar+Roofs%22+%221994%22+%22japan%22&source=bl&ots=JyKqk7DbkJ&sig=LVW8_D0zzTWnWF3jOl4dO4MkhhE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiyYGfob3dAhUGj5AKHT7tDLsQ6AEwCXoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%2270%2C000%20Solar%20Roofs%22%20%221994%22%20%22japan%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
+
| 1995 || Technology || Thomas Faludy files a patent for a retractable awning with integrated solar cells. This is one of the first times solar cells are used in recreational vehicles. Later, this feature would become a popular way to power RVs.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1995 || || Thomas Faludy files a patent for a retractable awning with integrated solar cells. This is one of the first times solar cells are used in recreational vehicles. Later, this feature would become a popular way to power RVs.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||
+
| 1998 || Technology || The remote-controlled solar airplane “Pathfinder” sets an altitude record after reaching 80,000 feet.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Pathfinder-Plus Solar Aircraft Lands in Smithsonian |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/NewsReleases/2007/07-09.html#.W665FXv0mUk |website=nasa.gov |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SOLAR-POWERED PATHFINDER-PLUS HITS NEW UNOFFICIAL ALTITUDE RECORD |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/NewsReleases/1998/98-64_pf.html |website=nasa.gov |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AeroVironment's Pathfinder Solar Unmanned Aircraft Lands in Smithsonian Institution |url=http://investor.avinc.com/news-releases/news-release-details/aerovironments-pathfinder-solar-unmanned-aircraft-lands |website=investor.avinc.com |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || The remote-controlled solar airplane “Pathfinder” sets an altitude record after reaching 80,000 feet.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
+
| 1999 || Technology || The U.S. {{w|National Renewable Energy Laboratory}} creates thin-film solar cells that convert 32% of the sunlight it collects into usable energy.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1999 || || The U.S. {{w|National Renewable Energy Laboratory}} creates thin-film solar cells that convert 32% of the sunlight it collects into usable energy.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/><ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2000 || Technology || [[w:Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia Laboratories]] invents the modern inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels to alternating current (AC), the standard for homes in the United States.<ref name="How Solar Power Has Improved Over Time"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2001 || || NASA breaks record when reaching 96,000 feet with its solar-powered non-rocket aircraft.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
| 2001 || || NASA breaks record when reaching 96,000 feet with its solar-powered non-rocket aircraft.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2005 || || DIY solar panels are released. These would become more prevalent with each new year.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||
+
| 2005 || Technology || DIY solar panels are released. These would become more prevalent with each new year.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/><ref name="A Brief History of Photovoltaics and Solar Energy"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || || Solar cell surpass the 40 percent efficiency.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
+
| 2006 || Technology || Solar cell surpass the 40 percent efficiency.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2007 || || Google launches in the United States the {{w|Project Sunroof}}, with aim at helping homeowners explore whether they should go solar, offering solar estimates for over 43 million houses across 42 states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google launches Project Sunroof to suggest the best solar panel installation for your home |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/08/17/google-launches-project-sunroof-to-suggest-the-best-solar-panel-installation-for-your-home/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Project Sunroof: Solar energy sustainability with Google |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/041116/project-sunroof-solar-energy-sustainability-with-google.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's Project Sunroof: How it could help you save with solar power |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/0818/Google-s-Project-Sunroof-How-it-could-help-you-save-with-solar-power |website=csmonitor.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref>  || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2007 || Program || Google launches in the United States the {{w|Project Sunroof}}, with aim at helping homeowners explore whether they should go solar, offering solar estimates for over 43 million houses across 42 states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google launches Project Sunroof to suggest the best solar panel installation for your home |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/08/17/google-launches-project-sunroof-to-suggest-the-best-solar-panel-installation-for-your-home/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Project Sunroof: Solar energy sustainability with Google |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/041116/project-sunroof-solar-energy-sustainability-with-google.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's Project Sunroof: How it could help you save with solar power |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/0818/Google-s-Project-Sunroof-How-it-could-help-you-save-with-solar-power |website=csmonitor.com |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref>  || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || || The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cell is developed.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
+
| 2008 || Technology || The inverted metamorphic [[w:Multi-junction solar cell|triple-junction solar cell]] is developed.<ref name="Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs "/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || || Solar cells as thin as paper are manufactured using an industrial printer. These have 20% power conversion efficiency, and a single strip can produce up to 50 watts per square meter.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||  
+
| 2015 || Technology || Solar cells as thin as paper are manufactured using an industrial printer. These have 20% power conversion efficiency, and a single strip can produce up to 50 watts per square meter.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || || Researchers at the University of South Wales reach 34.5% photovoltaic efficiency.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|Australia}}
+
| 2016 || Technology || Researchers at the University of South Wales reach 34.5% photovoltaic efficiency.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> || {{w|Australia}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2016 || || {{w|Bertrand Piccard}} completes the first zero-emissions flight around the world with [[w:Solar Impulse|Solar Impulse 2]], the world’s largest and most powerful solar-powered airplane to date.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
| 2016 || || {{w|Bertrand Piccard}} completes the first zero-emissions flight around the world with [[w:Solar Impulse|Solar Impulse 2]], the world’s largest and most powerful solar-powered airplane to date.<ref name="What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || || A research team from the {{w|University of California, Berkeley}}, and the {{w|Australian National University}} discover nanomaterial property called magnetic hyperbolic dispersion, which means the material glows when heated. If combined with thermophotovoltaic cells, it could turn heat into electricity without the need for sunlight.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|Australia}}
+
| 2016 || Scientific development || A research team from the {{w|University of California, Berkeley}}, and the {{w|Australian National University}} discover nanomaterial property called magnetic hyperbolic dispersion, which means the material glows when heated. If combined with thermophotovoltaic cells, it could turn heat into electricity without the need for sunlight.<ref name="A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved"/> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|Australia}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 28, 2021.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! "solar power"
 +
|-
 +
| 1900 || 6
 +
|-
 +
| 1910 || 1
 +
|-
 +
| 1920 || 3
 +
|-
 +
| 1930 || 3
 +
|-
 +
| 1940 || 3
 +
|-
 +
| 1950 || 6
 +
|-
 +
| 1960 || 92
 +
|-
 +
| 1970 || 156
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 2,110
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 1,090
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 2,660
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 13,400
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 31,800
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Solar power gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Solar power (Topic), Nuclear power (Topic),  Wind power (Topic) and Hydroelectricity (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F05t0ydv,%2Fm%2F05k97,%2Fm%2F01phdl,%2Fm%2F021m_w |website=Google Trends |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power, Coal -fired power and Hydroelectricity, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power, Coal -fired power and Hydroelectricity |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=solar+power%2Cnuclear+power%2Cwind+power%2Chydroelectricity%2Ccoal-fired+power&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Csolar%20power%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cnuclear%20power%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cwind%20power%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Chydroelectricity%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ccoal%20-%20fired%20power%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Csolar%20power%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cnuclear%20power%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cwind%20power%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Chydroelectricity%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ccoal%20-%20fired%20power%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power, Coal -fired power and Hydroelectricity ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
Note: Data gaps observed on desktop from October 2014 to June 2015 are the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.
 +
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Solar power}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar power |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Solar+power&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Solar power wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 +
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop of the English Wikipedia articles {{w|Solar power}}, {{w|Nuclear power}}, {{w|Wind power}} and {{w|Hydroelectricity (Topic)}} from December 2007 to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity (Topic) |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=Solar+power&pages[1]=Nuclear+power&pages[2]=Wind+power&pages[3]=Hydroelectricity+%28Topic%29&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=desktop |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity (Topic) wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 +
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 148: Line 249:
  
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 +
 +
* Tables ([https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/solar-energy check "Solar energy installed capacity"], [https://helioscsp.com/concentrated-solar-power-had-a-global-total-installed-capacity-of-6451-mw-in-2019/])
 +
* [https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/04/13/solar-may-cover-75-of-global-electricity-demand-by-2050/?fbclid=IwAR1x0b0WeFDVQwAvfGgIMFQiaLQ2f99i9EyXxdeOo6xz0aJA3Sc4XrqzsyM]
 +
* {{w|Timeline of solar cells}}
  
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===

Latest revision as of 18:03, 9 April 2024

This is a timeline of solar power, listing imporant events in the development of technologies harnessing solar power.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient history Humans are known to have used solar power since ancient times. In the Roman Empire, solar architecture was used to heat bathhouses. Humans have also been concentrating the sun’s energy with mirrors or magnifying glasses for more than 1,300 years.[1]
19th century Solar power technology begins after Edmond Becquerel discovers that some materials produce electricity when exposed to light. William Grylls Adams and his student use selenium to create electricity from light, creating the world’s first photovoltaic power source.[1]
20th century The era of modern solar cell technology begins in the 1950s when G.L. Pearson, D. Shapin and C. Fuller demonstrate a silicon solar cell capable of 6% energy conversion efficiency with direct sunlight.[2][3] In the 1970s, as oil prices rise, demand for solar power increases, and research drives costs down.[4] By the early 1990s, solar technology enters a truly marketable level of efficiency.[1]
21st century As of 2017, global solar photovoltaic power generating capacity rose to nearly 400 gigawatts by year-end, a 32% increase versus the end of 2016. Capacity has nearly quadrupled in the past five years. China is the major producer. Other important producers of are United States, Japan, Germany and Italy.[5]


Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
7th century BC Solar energy already used by humans in the 7th century B.C. in the form of using sunlight to light fires with magnifying glass materials.[6]
3rd century BC Greeks and Romans are known to harness solar power with mirrors to light torches for religious ceremonies. These mirrors become a normalized tool referred to as “burning mirrors.”[6]
20 AD The Chinese civilization documents the use of mirrors for the same purpose like those used by Greeks and Romans.[6] China
Late 1700s – 1800s Researchers and scientists have success using sunlight to power ovens for long voyages. They also harness the power of the sun to produce solar-powered steam boats.[6]
1839 French physicist Edmond Becquerel first discovers the photovoltaic effect. This process occurs when light is absorbed by a material and creates electrical voltage. Most modern solar cells use silicon crystals to attain this effect.[4][7] France
1873 Scientific development English electrical engineer Willoughby Smith discovers that selenium has photoconductive potential.[8][9][10][6][4] United Kingdom
1876 Scientific development British physicist William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day discover that selenium creates electricity when exposed to sunlight.[6][3]
1877 Literature American scientists William Adams and Richard Day publish The action of light on selenium.[11] United States
1883 Technology American inventor Charles Fritts produces the first solar cells made from selenium wafers.[6] Fritts coats selenium with a thin layer of gold. This cell achieves an energy conversion rate of 1–2% (most modern solar cells work at an efficiency of 15–20%).[4] United States
1887 Scientific development German physicist Heinrich Hertz first observes the photoelectric effect, where light is used to free electrons from a solid surface (usually metal) to create power. Hertz finds this process produces more power when exposed to ultraviolet light, rather than more intense visible light. Albert Einstein later receives the Nobel Prize for further explaining the effect. Modern-day solar cells rely on the photoelectric effect to convert sunlight into power.[4] Germany
1888 Technology American chemist Edward Weston receives the first US Patent for solar cell.[11] United States
1888 – 1891 Technology Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov develops the first solar cell using the outer photoelectric effect.[11]
1902 Scientific development German physicist Philipp Lenard observes that the energy of individual emitted electrons increases with the frequency (which is related to the colour) of the light.[12] Germany
1904 Technology German physicist Wilhelm Hallwachs develops a semiconductor-junction solar cell.[11] Germany
1905 Scientific development Albert Einstein publishes his theory of “photoelectric effect”.[11]
1914 Scientific development American scientists Goldman and Brodsky become the first to correlate the photoelectric effect with the existence of a barrier to current flow at a semiconductor-metal interface. This work proves to be a key insight to building practical photovoltaic devices.[13] United States
1918 Technology Polish chemist Jan Czochralski invents the Czochralski process, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of semiconductor wafers.[14][15][16] Germany
1922 Albert Einstein receives Nobel Prizes in Physics for his photoelectric effect theory.[11]
1932 Scientific development Stora and Audobert discover cadmium selenide, a photovoltaic material.[11][13]
1941 Technology American engineer Russell Ohl invents the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.[2][17][18][7] United States
1954 Technology Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs create the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell. Many argue that this event marks the true invention of PV technology because it is the first instance of a solar technology that could actually power an electric device for several hours of a day.[6] United States
1956 Technology American company Western Electric begins selling commercial licenses for its silicon PV technologies. However, the prohibitive costs of silicon solar cells keep them from widespread market saturation.[4] United States
1956 Cost Solar panels cost roughly US$300 per watt.[6]
1957 – 1960 Technology Hoffman Electronics makes a number of breakthroughs with photovoltaic efficiency, improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%.[6]
1958 Solar energy is used in space. The Vanguard I satellite uses a tiny one-watt panel to power its radios. Later that year the Vanguard II, Explorer 3 and Sputnik 3 are all launched with PV technology on board.[6][4][4]
1959 Technology Hoffman Electronics achieves 10% efficient, commercially available PV cells and demonstrates the use of a grid contact to significantly reduce series resistance.[13]
1960 Technology Hoffman Electronics develops a new solar cell with fourteen percent efficiency.[11][19][20][21]
1960 Technology The idea of bifacial photovoltaic modules is independently developed by Japanese scientist H. Mori and Russian scientists A.K. Zaitseva and O.P. Fedoseeva. These bifacial photovoltaic modules have two active surfaces and thus have the potencial to generate more electric energy with roughly the same size collector.[13]
1961 Technology American physicist William Shockley and German physicist Hans-Joachim Queisser become the first to define the maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell using a single p–n junction to collect electricity from the cell. The Shockley-Queisser limit is fundamental to direct solar energy conversion.[13]
1961 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) holds its first specialty conference on photovoltaic energy in Philadelphia.[13] United States
1963 Technology Japanese multinational Sharp Corporation manufactures a feasible photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells.[11]
1964 Technology NASA launches the first Nimbus spacecraft, a satellite able to run entirely on a 470 watt solar array.[6][22][23] United States
1964 Literature American physical chemist Farrington Daniels publishes Direct Use of the Sun's Energy.[24] United States
1966 Technology NASA launches the world’s first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt array.[6]
1967 Technology Russian Soyuz 1 becomes the first manned spacecraft to be powered by solar cells.[13]
1968 Technology Robert Riehl introduces his solar-powered wristwatch.[25]
1968 Czechoslovakian-born American scientist Peter Glaser presents the concept for the Solar power Satellite (SPS) system to supply power from space for use on Earth.[13] United States
1970 Technology Soviet team led by Zhores Alferov develops the first highly effective GaAs heterostructure solar cells.[26][27][28][29] Soviet Union
1973 Technology The University of Delaware constructs the first solar building, named “Solar One.” The system runs on a hybrid supply of solar thermal and solar PV power. It is also the first instance of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).[6][30][31] United States
1974 Organization The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is established in the United States.[32][33] United States
1974 Program Japan launches the "Project Sunshine", a broad R&D program in solar energy. The goal is to produce new sources of clean energy by the year 2000.[34][35][36] Japan
1975 Cost Solar panels cost drops to just over US$100 a watt.[6]
1975 Organization The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) is established as the state's energy research institute. FSEC later becomes a world leader in solar energy research.[13] United States
1976 Technology The idea of fluorescent photovoltaic cell is independently developed by German scientists Adolf Goetzberger and W. Greubel, and W.H. Weber and J. Lamb.[13]
1976 Technology American engineers David Carlson and Christopher R. Wronski invent the hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cell.[13] United States
1978 Technology The first solar-powered calculator is released.[37][38][39][40]
1979 United States President Jimmy Carter has solar panels installed on the White House during his term as president.[6] United States
1980< Cost Solar panel prices starts dropping by at least 10 percent every single year. The plummeting cost of solar is largely responsible for the growing popularity of solar and the legitimacy of photovoltaics as a reliable energy source in today’s world.[6]
1981 Paul MacCready builds Solar Challenger, the first aircraft to run on solar power, and flies it across the English Channel from France to Britain.[6]
1982 Facility Arco Solar builds the first solar park (basically a solar power plant) in Hesperia, California.[4] United States
1985 Technology The University of South Wales achieves 20% photovoltaic efficiency for silicon cells.[6] Australia
1985 Organization SunPower Corporation is established by Richard Swanson to develop and commercialize cost-effective, high-efficiency photovoltaic power systems based on the "all-back contact" cell design.[13] United States
1986 Technology ARCO Solar releases the G-4000, the world's first commercial thin-film photovoltaic module.[13]
1989 Technology Reflective solar concentrators are first applied with solar cells.[11]
1991 Technology The first efficient photo electrochemical cell and the dye-sensitized solar cell are developed.[11]
1992 Technology The University of South Florida creates a 15.89 percent efficient thin-film cell.[11] United States
1994 Technology The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory develops a new solar cell from gallium indium phosphide and gallium arsenide that exceeds 30% conversion efficiency.[4] United States
1994 Program Japan starts “70,000 Solar Roofs” PV subsidy program, to increase the use of photovoltaic system in the residential sector.[41][42][43] Japan
1995 Technology Thomas Faludy files a patent for a retractable awning with integrated solar cells. This is one of the first times solar cells are used in recreational vehicles. Later, this feature would become a popular way to power RVs.[4]
1998 Technology The remote-controlled solar airplane “Pathfinder” sets an altitude record after reaching 80,000 feet.[6][44][45][46]
1999 Technology The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory creates thin-film solar cells that convert 32% of the sunlight it collects into usable energy.[6][4] United States
2000 Technology Sandia Laboratories invents the modern inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels to alternating current (AC), the standard for homes in the United States.[1] United States
2001 NASA breaks record when reaching 96,000 feet with its solar-powered non-rocket aircraft.[6]
2005 Technology DIY solar panels are released. These would become more prevalent with each new year.[4][3]
2006 Technology Solar cell surpass the 40 percent efficiency.[11]
2007 Program Google launches in the United States the Project Sunroof, with aim at helping homeowners explore whether they should go solar, offering solar estimates for over 43 million houses across 42 states.[47][48][49] United States
2008 Technology The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cell is developed.[11]
2015 Technology Solar cells as thin as paper are manufactured using an industrial printer. These have 20% power conversion efficiency, and a single strip can produce up to 50 watts per square meter.[4]
2016 Technology Researchers at the University of South Wales reach 34.5% photovoltaic efficiency.[6] Australia
2016 Bertrand Piccard completes the first zero-emissions flight around the world with Solar Impulse 2, the world’s largest and most powerful solar-powered airplane to date.[6]
2016 Scientific development A research team from the University of California, Berkeley, and the Australian National University discover nanomaterial property called magnetic hyperbolic dispersion, which means the material glows when heated. If combined with thermophotovoltaic cells, it could turn heat into electricity without the need for sunlight.[4] United States, Australia


Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 28, 2021.

Year "solar power"
1900 6
1910 1
1920 3
1930 3
1940 3
1950 6
1960 92
1970 156
1980 2,110
1990 1,090
2000 2,660
2010 13,400
2020 31,800
Solar power gscho.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Solar power (Topic), Nuclear power (Topic), Wind power (Topic) and Hydroelectricity (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[50]

Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power, Coal -fired power and Hydroelectricity, from 1900 to 2019.[51]

Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power, Coal -fired power and Hydroelectricity ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

Note: Data gaps observed on desktop from October 2014 to June 2015 are the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.


The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Solar power, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.[52]

Solar power wv.png


The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop of the English Wikipedia articles Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity (Topic) from December 2007 to March 2021.[53]

Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity (Topic) wv.png


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "How Solar Power Has Improved Over Time". solarpowerauthority.com. Retrieved 26 September 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Light, Water, Hydrogen: The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis (CRAIG GRIMES, OOMMAN VARGHESE, SUDHIR RANJAN ed.). 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "A Brief History of Photovoltaics and Solar Energy". empirecleanenergy.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 "A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved". solarpowerauthority.com. Retrieved 23 August 2018. 
  5. ↑ "Solar energy". bp.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 "What is the history of solar power and when were solar panels invented?". news.energysage.com. Retrieved 23 August 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW". energymatters.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  8. ↑ Singh, Jai; Williams, Richard T. Excitonic and Photonic Processes in Materials. 
  9. ↑ Hempstead, Colin; Worthington, William. Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. 
  10. ↑ McLean, Donald F. Restoring Baird's Image. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 "Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs". dbmsolar.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  12. ↑ "Photoelectric Effect". myexistenz.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher G. Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds. 
  14. ↑ Nishinaga, Tatau. Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals. 
  15. ↑ Shing, Lau Wai. Ulsi Front-end Technology: Covering From The First Semiconductor Paper To Cmos Finfet Technology. 
  16. ↑ Nemova, Galina. Laser Cooling: Fundamental Properties and Applications. 
  17. ↑ Thomas, Isabel. The Pros and Cons of Solar Power. 
  18. ↑ Flinn, Elizabeth; Patel, Sarah. The Really Useful Primary Design and Technology Book: Subject knowledge and lesson ideas. 
  19. ↑ Powering Our Future: An Energy Sourcebook for Sustainable Living. Kimberly K. Smith, Alternative Energy Institute. 
  20. ↑ "Is New Solar Power Technology on the Horizon? Should You Buy Now?". capitalcitysolar.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  21. ↑ "A Brief History of Everything Solar". cleantechnica.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  22. ↑ "Why China, and not the US, is the leader in solar power". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  23. ↑ "Solar Does It – From Eureka Moments to Wacky Wearables". Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  24. ↑ "Direct Use of The Sun's Energy By Farrington Daniels. Illustrated. 374 pp. New York: Ballantine Books. $1.95.". nytimes.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  25. ↑ "The Story of Roger W. Riehl and the Synchronar". watchesnsuch.net. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  26. ↑ "Optical Spectrocopy on Nanostructrured Materials" (PDF). diva-portal.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  27. ↑ Palz, Wolfgang. The Triumph of the Sun: The Energy of the New Century. 
  28. ↑ Madou, Marc J. From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications. 
  29. ↑ Palz, Wolfgang. The Triumph of the Sun: The Energy of the New Century. 
  30. ↑ "University of Delaware Builds Solar-Powered Residence'". historycommons.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018. 
  31. ↑ "Karl Wolfgang Böer Papers". lib.udel.edu. Retrieved 28 September 2018. 
  32. ↑ Rimmer, Matthew. Intellectual Property and Climate Change: Inventing Clean Technologies. 
  33. ↑ Schilling, Vincent. Native Defenders of The Enviornment. 
  34. ↑ Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics. Department of Energy, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1979. 
  35. ↑ Jones, Geoffrey. Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship. 
  36. ↑ Jones, Geoffrey. Varieties of Green Business: Industries, Nations and Time. 
  37. ↑ Grinnell, Scott. Renewable Energy & Sustainable Design. 
  38. ↑ Fraas, Lewis M. Low-Cost Solar Electric Power. 
  39. ↑ Robbins, Michael W. Whole Green Catalog: 1000 Best Things for You and the Earth. 
  40. ↑ "Featured Electronic Hand-held Calculators". vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  41. ↑ Jordan-Korte, Katrin. Government Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: Policy Approaches and Market Development in Germany, the United States, and Japan. 
  42. ↑ Fthenakis, Vasilis M.; Lynn, Paul A. Electricity from Sunlight: Photovoltaic-Systems Integration and Sustainability. 
  43. ↑ Herbes, Carsten; Friege, Christian. Marketing Renewable Energy: Concepts, Business Models and Cases. 
  44. ↑ "Pathfinder-Plus Solar Aircraft Lands in Smithsonian". nasa.gov. Retrieved 28 September 2018. 
  45. ↑ "SOLAR-POWERED PATHFINDER-PLUS HITS NEW UNOFFICIAL ALTITUDE RECORD". nasa.gov. Retrieved 28 September 2018. 
  46. ↑ "AeroVironment's Pathfinder Solar Unmanned Aircraft Lands in Smithsonian Institution". investor.avinc.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018. 
  47. ↑ "Google launches Project Sunroof to suggest the best solar panel installation for your home". venturebeat.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  48. ↑ "Project Sunroof: Solar energy sustainability with Google". deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  49. ↑ "Google's Project Sunroof: How it could help you save with solar power". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  50. ↑ "Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity". Google Trends. Retrieved 14 April 2021. 
  51. ↑ "Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power, Coal -fired power and Hydroelectricity". books.google.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021. 
  52. ↑ "Solar power". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021. 
  53. ↑ "Solar power, Nuclear power, Wind power and Hydroelectricity (Topic)". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021. 
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