Difference between revisions of "Timeline of plague"

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This is a '''timeline of [[plague (disease)|plague]]''', describing major events such as [[epidemic]]s and key medical developments.
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This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:plague (disease)|plague]]''', describing major events such as [[wikipedia:epidemic|epidemic]]s and key medical developments.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Key developments
 
! Time period !! Key developments
 
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| 541–750 (circa) || The first plague pandemic spreads from [[Egypt]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] (starting with the [[Plague of Justinian]]) and [[Northwestern Europe]].<ref name="Byrnexxi">{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph Patrick|title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara (CA)|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC|page=xxi|isbn=9781598842531}}</ref>
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| 541–750 (circa) || The first plague pandemic spreads from [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] to the [[wikipedia:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] (starting with the [[wikipedia:Plague of Justinian|Plague of Justinian]]) and [[wikipedia:Northwestern Europe|Northwestern Europe]].<ref name="Byrnexxi">{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph Patrick|title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara (CA)|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KtDfvlSrDAC|page=xxi|isbn=9781598842531}}</ref>
 
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| 1346–1840 || The second plague pandemic spreads from [[Central Asia]] to the Mediterranean and Europe.<ref name="Byrnexxi"/> The [[Black Death]] of 1346-53 is considered to be unparalleled in human history.<ref name="The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever" /> From 1347 to 1665, the Black Death is responsible for about 25 million deaths in [[Europe]].<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" />  
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| 1346–1840 || The second plague pandemic spreads from [[wikipedia:Central Asia|Central Asia]] to the Mediterranean and Europe.<ref name="Byrnexxi"/> The [[wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] of 1346-53 is considered to be unparalleled in human history.<ref name="The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever" /> From 1347 to 1665, the Black Death is responsible for about 25 million deaths in [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]].<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" />  
 
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| 1866–1960s || The [[third plague pandemic]], which originated in [[China]], results in about 2.2 million deaths.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> [[Waldemar Haffkine|Haffkine]] develops the first vaccine against [[bubonic plague]].<ref name="Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India" />  Antibiotic drugs are developed in the 1940s which dramatically reduce the death rate from plague.<ref>{{cite web|title=Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4829a1.htm|website=cdc.gov|publisher=|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref>
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| 1866–1960s || The [[wikipedia:third plague pandemic|third plague pandemic]], which originated in [[wikipedia:China|China]], results in about 2.2 million deaths.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> [[wikipedia:Waldemar Haffkine|Haffkine]] develops the first vaccine against [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]].<ref name="Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India" />  Antibiotic drugs are developed in the 1940s which dramatically reduce the death rate from plague.<ref>{{cite web|title=Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4829a1.htm|website=cdc.gov|publisher=|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref>
 
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| 1950–2000 || Plague cases are massively reduced during the second half of the 20th century. However, outbreaks would still occur, especially in developing countries. Between 1954 and 1997, human plague is reported in 38 countries, making the disease a reemerging threat to human health.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> Also, between 1987 and 2001, 36,876 confirmed cases of plague with 2,847 deaths are reported to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" />
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| 1950–2000 || Plague cases are massively reduced during the second half of the 20th century. However, outbreaks would still occur, especially in developing countries. Between 1954 and 1997, human plague is reported in 38 countries, making the disease a reemerging threat to human health.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> Also, between 1987 and 2001, 36,876 confirmed cases of plague with 2,847 deaths are reported to the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]].<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" />
 
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| Recent years || Today, fewer than 200 people die of the plague worldwide each year, mainly due to lack of treatment.<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe" /> Plague is considered to be endemic in 26 countries around the world, with most cases found in remote areas of [[Africa]].<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?">{{cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Maria Cristina|last2=Najera|first2=Patricia|last3=Aldighieri|first3=Sylvain|last4=Galan|first4=Deise I.|last5=Bertherat|first5=Eric|last6=Ruiz|first6=Alfonso|last7=Dumit|first7=Elsy|last8=Gabastou|first8=Jean Marc|last9=Espinal|first9=Marcos A.|title=Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002680|pmc=3916238}}</ref> The 3 most endemic countries are [[Madagascar]], the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] and [[Peru]].<ref name="Plague fact sheet" />
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| Recent years || Today, fewer than 200 people die of the plague worldwide each year, mainly due to lack of treatment.<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe" /> Plague is considered to be endemic in 26 countries around the world, with most cases found in remote areas of [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]].<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?">{{cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Maria Cristina|last2=Najera|first2=Patricia|last3=Aldighieri|first3=Sylvain|last4=Galan|first4=Deise I.|last5=Bertherat|first5=Eric|last6=Ruiz|first6=Alfonso|last7=Dumit|first7=Elsy|last8=Gabastou|first8=Jean Marc|last9=Espinal|first9=Marcos A.|title=Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002680|pmc=3916238}}</ref> The 3 most endemic countries are [[wikipedia:Madagascar|Madagascar]], the [[wikipedia:Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] and [[wikipedia:Peru|Peru]].<ref name="Plague fact sheet" />
 
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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<gallery align="center" perrow="2" widths="370" heights="370" mode="nolines">
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File:Cases of Human Plague in 1994–2003 in the Countries That Reported at least 100 Confirmed or Suspected Cases.png|thumb|none|400px|Cases of human plague for the period 1994–2003 in countries that reported at least 100 confirmed or suspected cases. Case-fatality rates in % are represented on the left vertical.<ref name="Plague into the 21st Century">{{cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Thomas|title=Plague into the 21st Century|journal=[[Oxford Journals]]|doi=10.1086/604718|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/5/736.full|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>
 
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File:Plague cases reported in Africa to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported in Africa to the [[World Health Organization]] for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease">{{cite web|title=WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease|url=http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/plague.pdf|publisher=[[WHO]]|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>
 
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File:Plague cases reported in Americas to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported in Americas to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" />
 
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File:Plague cases reported in Asia to the World Health Organizations for the period 1954-1986.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported in Asia to the World Health Organizations for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" />
 
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File:Plague cases reported to the World Health Organization by continent. Cumulative.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported to the World Health Organization by continent. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" />
 
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</gallery>
 
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
! Year/Period !! Event type !! Event !! Present-day geographic location
 
! Year/Period !! Event type !! Event !! Present-day geographic location
 
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| 224 BC || || Plague infection is first recorded in China.<ref name="Epidemics of the Past">{{cite web|title=Epidemics of the Past|url=http://www.infoplease.com/cig/dangerous-diseases-epidemics/bubonic-plague.html|website=infoplease.com|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[People's Republic of China]]
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| 224 BC || || Plague infection is first recorded in China.<ref name="Epidemics of the Past">{{cite web|title=Epidemics of the Past|url=http://www.infoplease.com/cig/dangerous-diseases-epidemics/bubonic-plague.html|website=infoplease.com|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
 
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| 430 BC || Epidemic || [[Plague of Athens]] devastates the city's population. The outbreak also affects much of the eastern Mediterranean region.<ref name="'One of the big-league diseases of all time'" /> || [[Greece]], [[Mediterranean basin]]
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| 430 BC || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Plague of Athens|Plague of Athens]] devastates the city's population. The outbreak also affects much of the eastern Mediterranean region.<ref name="'One of the big-league diseases of all time'" /> || [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]], [[wikipedia:Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean basin]]
 
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| 262 AD || Epidemic || Plague breaks out in [[Rome]]. It is estimated to kill about 5000 people a day.<ref name="'One of the big-league diseases of all time'">{{cite web|last1=KERCHEVAL|first1=HOWARD|title='One of the big-league diseases of all time'|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/18/One-of-the-big-league-diseases-of-all-time/6985395812800/?spt=su|publisher=[[United Press International]]|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Italy]]
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| 262 AD || Epidemic || Plague breaks out in [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]]. It is estimated to kill about 5000 people a day.<ref name="'One of the big-league diseases of all time'">{{cite web|last1=KERCHEVAL|first1=HOWARD|title='One of the big-league diseases of all time'|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/18/One-of-the-big-league-diseases-of-all-time/6985395812800/?spt=su|publisher=[[wikipedia:United Press International|United Press International]]|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
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| 540 AD || Epidemic || Plague epidemic originates in Ethiopia spreads to [[Pelusium]] in Egypt.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[Ethiopia]], [[Egypt]]
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| 540 AD || Epidemic || Plague epidemic originates in Ethiopia spreads to [[wikipedia:Pelusium|Pelusium]] in Egypt.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]
 
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| 541–542 AD || Epidemic || The [[Plague of Justinian]] breaks out and develops as an extended epidemic in the Mediterranean basin. Frequent outbreaks over the next two hundred years would eventually kill an estimated 25 million people. The Justinian Plague is considered the first recorded pandemic.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /><ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Mediterranean Basin]]
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| 541–542 AD || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:Plague of Justinian|Plague of Justinian]] breaks out and develops as an extended epidemic in the Mediterranean basin. Frequent outbreaks over the next two hundred years would eventually kill an estimated 25 million people. The Justinian Plague is considered the first recorded pandemic.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /><ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/history/|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean Basin]]
 
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| 542 AD || Epidemic || The plague arrives in [[Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]). By spring of 542, about 5,000 deaths per day in the city are calculated, although some estimates vary to 10,000 per day. The epidemic would go on to kill over a third of the city’s population.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[Turkey]]
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| 542 AD || Epidemic || The plague arrives in [[wikipedia:Constantinople|Constantinople]] (now [[wikipedia:Istanbul|Istanbul]]). By spring of 542, about 5,000 deaths per day in the city are calculated, although some estimates vary to 10,000 per day. The epidemic would go on to kill over a third of the city’s population.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]]
 
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| 543 AD || Epidemic || After passing from Italy to Syria, Palestine, and Iraq, plague reaches what is now modern Iran.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[Iran]]
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| 543 AD || Epidemic || After passing from Italy to Syria, Palestine, and Iraq, plague reaches what is now modern Iran.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[wikipedia:Iran|Iran]]
 
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| 627 AD || Epidemic || A large epidemic of plague breaks out in [[Ctesiphon]], the capital of the [[Sasanian Empire]], killing more than 100,000 people.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[Iran]]
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| 627 AD || Epidemic || A large epidemic of plague breaks out in [[wikipedia:Ctesiphon|Ctesiphon]], the capital of the [[wikipedia:Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Empire]], killing more than 100,000 people.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[wikipedia:Iran|Iran]]
 
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| 1334 || Epidemic ||The second plague pandemic breaks out in [[China]]. Widely known as the "Black Death" or the Great Plague, it is regarded as one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.<ref name="History" /> || [[Eurasia]]
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| 1334 || Epidemic ||The second plague pandemic breaks out in [[wikipedia:China|China]]. Widely known as the "Black Death" or the Great Plague, it is regarded as one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.<ref name="History" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]]
 
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| 1345 || ||  Plague occurs in southern Russia, around the lower Volga River basin.<ref name="Introduction to Global Politics">{{cite book|last1=Mansbach,|first1=Richard W.|last2=Taylor|first2=Kirsten L.|title=Introduction to Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kU4R6-O8ILkC&pg=PA411&dq=%221345%22+%22Plague%22++%22Russia%22+%22Volga%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14cPk3srRAhXBHZAKHbGHAqEQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=%221345%22%20%22Plague%22%20%20%22Russia%22%20%22Volga%22&f=false|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe">{{cite journal|last1=Schmid|first1=Boris V.|last2=Büntgen|first2=Ulf|last3=Easterday|first3=W. Ryan|last4=Ginzler|first4=Christian|last5=Walløe|first5=Lars|last6=Bramanti|first6=Barbara|last7=Stenseth|first7=Nils Chr.|title=Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe|doi=10.1073/pnas.1412887112|pmc=4364181}}</ref> || [[Russia]]
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| 1345 || ||  Plague occurs in southern Russia, around the lower Volga River basin.<ref name="Introduction to Global Politics">{{cite book|last1=Mansbach,|first1=Richard W.|last2=Taylor|first2=Kirsten L.|title=Introduction to Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kU4R6-O8ILkC&pg=PA411&dq=%221345%22+%22Plague%22++%22Russia%22+%22Volga%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14cPk3srRAhXBHZAKHbGHAqEQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=%221345%22%20%22Plague%22%20%20%22Russia%22%20%22Volga%22&f=false|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe">{{cite journal|last1=Schmid|first1=Boris V.|last2=Büntgen|first2=Ulf|last3=Easterday|first3=W. Ryan|last4=Ginzler|first4=Christian|last5=Walløe|first5=Lars|last6=Bramanti|first6=Barbara|last7=Stenseth|first7=Nils Chr.|title=Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe|doi=10.1073/pnas.1412887112|pmc=4364181}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]
 
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| 1338–1339 || || Bubonic plague is reported in central Asia.<ref name="The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know" /> ||
 
| 1338–1339 || || Bubonic plague is reported in central Asia.<ref name="The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know" /> ||
 
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| 1346 || Epidemic || Bubonic plague breaks out in China and India.<ref name="The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know">{{cite web|title=The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/black_plague.html|website=web.cn.edu|publisher=[[Carson-Newman University]]|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> || [[China]], [[India]]
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| 1346 || Epidemic || Bubonic plague breaks out in China and India.<ref name="The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know">{{cite web|title=The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/black_plague.html|website=web.cn.edu|publisher=[[wikipedia:Carson-Newman University|Carson-Newman University]]|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 
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| 1347 || Epidemic || The plague spreads to Constantinople, a major port city. It also infects the Black Sea port of [[Kaffa (city)|Kaffa]] down from southern Russia.<ref name="Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe" /><ref name="The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know"/> || [[Turkey]], [[Ukraine]]
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| 1347 || Epidemic || The plague spreads to Constantinople, a major port city. It also infects the Black Sea port of [[wikipedia:Kaffa (city)|Kaffa]] down from southern Russia.<ref name="Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe" /><ref name="The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know"/> || [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]], [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]]
 
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| 1347 || Epidemic || Italian traders bring the plague in rat-infested ships from [[Constantinople]] to Sicily, which becomes the first place in Europe to suffer the [[Black death]] epidemic. The same year, Venice is also hit.<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe">{{cite web|title=The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe|url=http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-26-2-the-black-death-a-catastrophe-in-medieval-europe.html|publisher=Constitutional Rights Foundation|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Italy]]
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| 1347 || Epidemic || Italian traders bring the plague in rat-infested ships from [[wikipedia:Constantinople|Constantinople]] to Sicily, which becomes the first place in Europe to suffer the [[wikipedia:Black death|Black death]] epidemic. The same year, Venice is also hit.<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe">{{cite web|title=The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe|url=http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-26-2-the-black-death-a-catastrophe-in-medieval-europe.html|publisher=Constitutional Rights Foundation|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
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| 1347–1350 || Medical development || During the 1347–1350 outbreak, doctors are completely unable to prevent or cure the plague. Some of the cures they try include cooked [[onion]]s, ten-year-old [[treacle]], [[arsenic]], crushed [[emerald]]s, sitting in the sewers, sitting in a room between two enormous fires, fumigating the house with herbs, trying to stop God punishing the sick for their sin. [[Flagellant]]s would go on [[procession]]s whipping themselves.<ref name="cures" /> ||  
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| 1347–1350 || Medical development || During the 1347–1350 outbreak, doctors are completely unable to prevent or cure the plague. Some of the cures they try include cooked [[wikipedia:onion|onion]]s, ten-year-old [[wikipedia:treacle|treacle]], [[wikipedia:arsenic|arsenic]], crushed [[wikipedia:emerald|emerald]]s, sitting in the sewers, sitting in a room between two enormous fires, fumigating the house with herbs, trying to stop God punishing the sick for their sin. [[wikipedia:Flagellant|Flagellant]]s would go on [[wikipedia:procession|procession]]s whipping themselves.<ref name="cures" /> ||  
 
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| 1348 || Medical development || Italian writer [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] in his book Decameron writes a description of symptoms of the plague.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[Italy]]
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| 1348 || Medical development || Italian writer [[wikipedia:Giovanni Boccaccio|Giovanni Boccaccio]] in his book Decameron writes a description of symptoms of the plague.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
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| 1348–1350 || Epidemic || The Black Death arrives at [[Melcombe Regis]] in the south of England. Over the next year, the plague spreads into [[Wales]], [[Ireland]] and [[Northern England]]. By 1350, the plague reaches Scotland. The estimated death toll for the British Isles and Ireland is calculated at 3.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Course of the Black Death|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/middle_ages/the_black_death/revision/4/|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> || [[United Kingdom]], [[Republic of Ireland]]
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| 1348–1350 || Epidemic || The Black Death arrives at [[wikipedia:Melcombe Regis|Melcombe Regis]] in the south of England. Over the next year, the plague spreads into [[wikipedia:Wales|Wales]], [[wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]] and [[wikipedia:Northern England|Northern England]]. By 1350, the plague reaches Scotland. The estimated death toll for the British Isles and Ireland is calculated at 3.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Course of the Black Death|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/middle_ages/the_black_death/revision/4/|publisher=[[wikipedia:BBC|BBC]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]]
 
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| 1349 || Genocide || [[Black Death Jewish persecutions]]. A rumor rises claiming that [[Jews]] are responsible for the plague as an attempt to kill Christians and dominate the world. Supported by a widely distributed report of the trial of Jews who supposedly had poisoned wells in Switzerland, the rumor spreads quickly. As a result, a wave of [[pogrom]]s against Jews breaks out. Christians start to attack Jews in their communities, burning their homes, and murder them with clubs and axes. In the [[Strasbourg massacre]], it is estimated that people locked up and burned 900 Jews alive. Finally, [[Pope Clement VI]] issues a religious order to stop the violence against the Jews, claiming that the plague is “the result of an angry God striking at the Christian people for their sins.”<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe" />  || [[France]], [[Switzerland]]
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| 1349 || Genocide || [[wikipedia:Black Death Jewish persecutions|Black Death Jewish persecutions]]. A rumor rises claiming that [[wikipedia:Jews|Jews]] are responsible for the plague as an attempt to kill Christians and dominate the world. Supported by a widely distributed report of the trial of Jews who supposedly had poisoned wells in Switzerland, the rumor spreads quickly. As a result, a wave of [[wikipedia:pogrom|pogrom]]s against Jews breaks out. Christians start to attack Jews in their communities, burning their homes, and murder them with clubs and axes. In the [[wikipedia:Strasbourg massacre|Strasbourg massacre]], it is estimated that people locked up and burned 900 Jews alive. Finally, [[wikipedia:Pope Clement VI|Pope Clement VI]] issues a religious order to stop the violence against the Jews, claiming that the plague is “the result of an angry God striking at the Christian people for their sins.”<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe" />  || [[wikipedia:France|France]], [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]]
 
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| 1351 || Epidemic || [[Black Death]] epidemic reaches Russia, attacking [[Novgorod]] and reaching [[Pskov]], before being temporarily suppressed by the Russian winter.<ref name="The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever">{{cite web|title=The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever|url=http://www.historytoday.com/ole-j-benedictow/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever|website=historytoday.com|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Russia]]
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| 1351 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] epidemic reaches Russia, attacking [[wikipedia:Novgorod|Novgorod]] and reaching [[wikipedia:Pskov|Pskov]], before being temporarily suppressed by the Russian winter.<ref name="The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever">{{cite web|title=The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever|url=http://www.historytoday.com/ole-j-benedictow/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever|website=historytoday.com|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]
 
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| 1352 || Epidemic || The plague reaches Moscow, only a few hundred miles from Caffa, the first city struck by the epidemic. Thus, the Black Death completes a great circle, killing from one-third to one-half of medieval Europe’s total population.<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe"/> || [[Russia]]
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| 1352 || Epidemic || The plague reaches Moscow, only a few hundred miles from Caffa, the first city struck by the epidemic. Thus, the Black Death completes a great circle, killing from one-third to one-half of medieval Europe’s total population.<ref name="The ‘Black Death’: A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe"/> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]
 
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|-
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| 1361–1364 || Medical development ||  During an outbreak, doctors learn how to help the patient recover by bursting the [[bubo]]es.<ref name="cures">{{cite web|title=The Black Death|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/middle_ages/the_black_death/revision/5/|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
+
| 1361–1364 || Medical development ||  During an outbreak, doctors learn how to help the patient recover by bursting the [[wikipedia:bubo|bubo]]es.<ref name="cures">{{cite web|title=The Black Death|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/middle_ages/the_black_death/revision/5/|publisher=[[wikipedia:BBC|BBC]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1374 || Epidemic || Black Death epidemic re-emerges in Europe. In [[Venice]], various public health controls such as isolating victims from healthy people and preventing ships with disease from landing at port are instituted.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> ||
+
| 1374 || Epidemic || Black Death epidemic re-emerges in Europe. In [[wikipedia:Venice|Venice]], various public health controls such as isolating victims from healthy people and preventing ships with disease from landing at port are instituted.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1377 || Program launch || The [[Republic of Ragusa]] establishes a landing station for vessels far from the city and harbour in which travellers suspected to have the plague must spend thirty days, to see whether they became ill and died or whether they remained healthy and could leave.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[Croatia]]
+
| 1377 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Republic of Ragusa|Republic of Ragusa]] establishes a landing station for vessels far from the city and harbour in which travellers suspected to have the plague must spend thirty days, to see whether they became ill and died or whether they remained healthy and could leave.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1403 || || After finding thirty days isolation to be too short, [[Venice]] dictates that travellers from the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean be isolated in a hospital for forty days, the ''quarantena'' or ''quaranta giorni'', from which the term ''[[quarantine]]'' is derived.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[Italy]]
+
| 1403 || || After finding thirty days isolation to be too short, [[wikipedia:Venice|Venice]] dictates that travellers from the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean be isolated in a hospital for forty days, the ''quarantena'' or ''quaranta giorni'', from which the term ''[[wikipedia:quarantine|quarantine]]'' is derived.<ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" /> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1629–1631 || Epidemic || The [[Italian plague of 1629–1631]] develops as a series of outbreaks of bubonic plague. About 280,000 people are estimated to be killed in [[Lombardy]] and other territories of northern Italy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohn|first1=George C.|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=italian+plague+1629+280,000+people&source=bl&ots=hQ7S8q2azX&sig=VGcpMeu3h9h2bZwj5-wLrERajpM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqhqXEtcrRAhXCGpAKHSKsB6YQ6AEILzAE#v=onepage&q=italian%20plague%201629%20280%2C000%20people&f=false|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> The Italian plague is estimated to have claimed between 35 and 69 percent of the local population.<ref name="Epidemics of the Past"/> || [[Italy]]
+
| 1629–1631 || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:Italian plague of 1629–1631|Italian plague of 1629–1631]] develops as a series of outbreaks of bubonic plague. About 280,000 people are estimated to be killed in [[wikipedia:Lombardy|Lombardy]] and other territories of northern Italy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohn|first1=George C.|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=italian+plague+1629+280,000+people&source=bl&ots=hQ7S8q2azX&sig=VGcpMeu3h9h2bZwj5-wLrERajpM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqhqXEtcrRAhXCGpAKHSKsB6YQ6AEILzAE#v=onepage&q=italian%20plague%201629%20280%2C000%20people&f=false|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> The Italian plague is estimated to have claimed between 35 and 69 percent of the local population.<ref name="Epidemics of the Past"/> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| 1637 || Epidemic || Plague breaks out in [[Andalusia]], killing about 20,000 people in less than four months.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present">{{cite book|last1=Kohn|first1=George C.|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA374&dq=Great+Plague+of+London+(1647%E2%80%931652)+%22quarter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5tv_66M7RAhWHhZAKHb8pCGMQ6AEIGDAA#v=onepage&q=Great%20Plague%20of%20Seville%20(1647%E2%80%931652)%20%22quarter%22&f=false|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Spain]]
+
| 1637 || Epidemic || Plague breaks out in [[wikipedia:Andalusia|Andalusia]], killing about 20,000 people in less than four months.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present">{{cite book|last1=Kohn|first1=George C.|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA374&dq=Great+Plague+of+London+(1647%E2%80%931652)+%22quarter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5tv_66M7RAhWHhZAKHb8pCGMQ6AEIGDAA#v=onepage&q=Great%20Plague%20of%20Seville%20(1647%E2%80%931652)%20%22quarter%22&f=false|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1647–1652 || Epidemic || Plague ravages Spain. About 30,000 die in Valencia. The [[great Plague of Seville]] breaks out.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present" /> || [[Spain]]
+
| 1647–1652 || Epidemic || Plague ravages Spain. About 30,000 die in Valencia. The [[wikipedia:great Plague of Seville|great Plague of Seville]] breaks out.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present" /> || [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1665–1666 || Epidemic ||[[Great Plague of London]]. 100,000 people are killed within 18 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Plague of London, 1665|url=http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/plague.html|website=Contagion, Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[United Kingdom]]
+
| 1665–1666 || Epidemic ||[[wikipedia:Great Plague of London|Great Plague of London]]. 100,000 people are killed within 18 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Plague of London, 1665|url=http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/plague.html|website=Contagion, Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1679 || Epidemic || The [[Great Plague of Vienna]] kills at least 76,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Stephen|title=The Great Plague|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&pg=PA139&dq=Great+Plague+of+Vienna+%2276,000%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX7pya987RAhXHGJAKHROKAsgQ6AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=Great%20Plague%20of%20Vienna%20%2276%2C000%22&f=false|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Austria]]
+
| 1679 || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:Great Plague of Vienna|Great Plague of Vienna]] kills at least 76,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Stephen|title=The Great Plague|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=x2EBkPNnUXEC&pg=PA139&dq=Great+Plague+of+Vienna+%2276,000%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX7pya987RAhXHGJAKHROKAsgQ6AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=Great%20Plague%20of%20Vienna%20%2276%2C000%22&f=false|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1722 || Publication ||  Daniel Defoe publishes ''[[A Journal of the Plague Year]]'', a fictional  account of the Great Plague of London in 1665. This novel is often read as non-fiction.<ref name="A Journal of the Plague Year">{{cite web|title=A Journal of the Plague Year|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-journal-of-the-plague-year-9780199572830?cc=us&lang=en&|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[United Kingdom]]
+
| 1722 || Publication ||  Daniel Defoe publishes ''[[wikipedia:A Journal of the Plague Year|A Journal of the Plague Year]]'', a fictional  account of the Great Plague of London in 1665. This novel is often read as non-fiction.<ref name="A Journal of the Plague Year">{{cite web|title=A Journal of the Plague Year|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-journal-of-the-plague-year-9780199572830?cc=us&lang=en&|publisher=[[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1738 || Epidemic || [[Great Plague of 1738]] kills at least 36,000 people.<ref name="Demographic Changes">{{cite web|title=Demographic Changes|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/280.html|website=oszk.hu|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Romania]], [[Hungary]], [[Ukraine]], [[Serbia]], [[Croatia]], [[Austria]]
+
| 1738 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Great Plague of 1738|Great Plague of 1738]] kills at least 36,000 people.<ref name="Demographic Changes">{{cite web|title=Demographic Changes|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/280.html|website=oszk.hu|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], [[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]], [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[wikipedia:Serbia|Serbia]], [[wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]], [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1772–1850 || Epidemic || The human plague is reported intermittently in the Chinese province of [[Yunnan]], where the [[third plague pandemic]] would begin in the 1860s.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China">{{cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Lei|last2=Liu|first2=Qiyong|last3=Stige|first3=Leif Chr.|last4=Ben Ar|first4=Tamara|last5=Fang|first5=Xiye|last6=Chan|first6=Kung-Sik|last7=Wang|first7=Shuchun|last8=Stenseth|first8=Nils Chr.|last9=Zhang|first9=Zhibin|title=Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China|doi=10.1073/pnas.1019486108|pmc=3121851}}</ref><ref name="Natural Disasters">{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Lee Allyn|title=Natural Disasters|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=1896+The+pandemic+in+China+and+India+is+over.&source=bl&ots=yVyyqXG7hb&sig=YAVstYSlO85rZ1USvHVKeR305wc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin5N_PwMrRAhVEFJAKHappCD4Q6AEINzAF#v=onepage&q=1896%20The%20pandemic%20in%20China%20and%20India%20is%20over.&f=false|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[People's Republic of China]]
+
| 1772–1850 || Epidemic || The human plague is reported intermittently in the Chinese province of [[wikipedia:Yunnan|Yunnan]], where the [[wikipedia:third plague pandemic|third plague pandemic]] would begin in the 1860s.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China">{{cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Lei|last2=Liu|first2=Qiyong|last3=Stige|first3=Leif Chr.|last4=Ben Ar|first4=Tamara|last5=Fang|first5=Xiye|last6=Chan|first6=Kung-Sik|last7=Wang|first7=Shuchun|last8=Stenseth|first8=Nils Chr.|last9=Zhang|first9=Zhibin|title=Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China|doi=10.1073/pnas.1019486108|pmc=3121851}}</ref><ref name="Natural Disasters">{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Lee Allyn|title=Natural Disasters|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=1896+The+pandemic+in+China+and+India+is+over.&source=bl&ots=yVyyqXG7hb&sig=YAVstYSlO85rZ1USvHVKeR305wc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin5N_PwMrRAhVEFJAKHappCD4Q6AEINzAF#v=onepage&q=1896%20The%20pandemic%20in%20China%20and%20India%20is%20over.&f=false|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1867 || Epidemic || The plague spreads from Yunnan Province to [[Beihai]] on the Chinese coastline.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> || [[People's Republic of China]]
+
| 1867 || Epidemic || The plague spreads from Yunnan Province to [[wikipedia:Beihai|Beihai]] on the Chinese coastline.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> || [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1869 || Epidemic || The plague is observed in Taiwan.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> || [[Taiwan]]
+
| 1869 || Epidemic || The plague is observed in Taiwan.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> || [[wikipedia:Taiwan|Taiwan]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1894 || Epidemic || The plague spreads to [[Guangzhou Province]] and results in the death of about 70,000 people.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> || [[People's Republic of China]]
+
| 1894 || Epidemic || The plague spreads to [[wikipedia:Guangzhou Province|Guangzhou Province]] and results in the death of about 70,000 people.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /> || [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1894 || Scientific development ||  Working independently, both French bacteriologist [[Alexandre Yersin]] and Japanese bacteriologist [[Shibasaburo Kitasato]] isolate the bacterium that causes [[bubonic plague]]. Yersin discovers that rodents are the mode of infection. The bacterium is named ''[[yersinia pestis]]'' after Yersin.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /><ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics">{{cite journal|last1=Frith|first1=John|title=The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics|journal=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|url=http://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/|accessdate=16 January 2017|issn=1839-2733}}</ref> ||
+
| 1894 || Scientific development ||  Working independently, both French bacteriologist [[wikipedia:Alexandre Yersin|Alexandre Yersin]] and Japanese bacteriologist [[wikipedia:Shibasaburo Kitasato|Shibasaburo Kitasato]] isolate the bacterium that causes [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]]. Yersin discovers that rodents are the mode of infection. The bacterium is named ''[[wikipedia:yersinia pestis|yersinia pestis]]'' after Yersin.<ref name="Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China" /><ref name="The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics">{{cite journal|last1=Frith|first1=John|title=The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics|journal=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|url=http://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/|accessdate=16 January 2017|issn=1839-2733}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1896–1897 || Medical development || Russian bacteriologist [[Waldemar Haffkine]] successfully protects rabbits against an inoculation of virulent plague microbes, by treating them previously with a subcutaneous injection of a culture of the microbes in broth. The first vaccine for [[bubonic plague]] is developed. The rabbits treated in this way become immune to plague. In the next year, Haffkine causes himself to be inoculated with a similar preparation, thus proving in his own person the harmlessness of the fluid. This is considered the first vaccine against [[bubonic plague]].<ref name="Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India">{{cite web|last1=Hawgood|first1=Barbara J|title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India|url=http://jameslindlibrary.org/wp-data/uploads/2011/08/HaffkinePublished.pdf|website=jameslindlibrary.org|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[India]] ([[Bombay]])
+
| 1896–1897 || Medical development || Russian bacteriologist [[wikipedia:Waldemar Haffkine|Waldemar Haffkine]] successfully protects rabbits against an inoculation of virulent plague microbes, by treating them previously with a subcutaneous injection of a culture of the microbes in broth. The first vaccine for [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]] is developed. The rabbits treated in this way become immune to plague. In the next year, Haffkine causes himself to be inoculated with a similar preparation, thus proving in his own person the harmlessness of the fluid. This is considered the first vaccine against [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]].<ref name="Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India">{{cite web|last1=Hawgood|first1=Barbara J|title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India|url=http://jameslindlibrary.org/wp-data/uploads/2011/08/HaffkinePublished.pdf|website=jameslindlibrary.org|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:India|India]] ([[wikipedia:Bombay|Bombay]])
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1899 || Epidemic || Plague is first introduced in [[Latin America]] in Paraguay, followed by Brazil and Argentina in the same year.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Paraguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]]
+
| 1899 || Epidemic || Plague is first introduced in [[wikipedia:Latin America|Latin America]] in Paraguay, followed by Brazil and Argentina in the same year.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Paraguay|Paraguay]], [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]], [[wikipedia:Argentina|Argentina]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1901 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Uruguay.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Uruguay]]
+
| 1901 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Uruguay.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Uruguay|Uruguay]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1902 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Mexico.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Mexico]]
+
| 1902 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Mexico.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1903 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Chile and Peru.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Chile]], [[Peru]]
+
| 1903 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Chile and Peru.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Chile|Chile]], [[wikipedia:Peru|Peru]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1905 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Panama.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Panama]]
+
| 1905 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Panama.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Panama|Panama]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1908 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Ecuador and Venezuela.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]]
+
| 1908 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Ecuador and Venezuela.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Ecuador|Ecuador]], [[wikipedia:Venezuela|Venezuela]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1910 || Epidemic || Pneumonic plague breaks out in Manchuria, killing about 60,000 people over the course of a year.<ref name="CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MANCHURIAN PLAGUE EPIDEMIC, 1920-21.">{{cite journal|last1=TEH|first1=WU LIEN|last2=CHUN|first2=J. W. H.|last3=POLLITZER.|first3=R.|title=CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MANCHURIAN PLAGUE EPIDEMIC, 1920-21.|journal=Manchurian Plague Prevention Service, China.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167336/pdf/jhyg00291-0097.pdf|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[People's Republic of China]]
+
| 1910 || Epidemic || Pneumonic plague breaks out in Manchuria, killing about 60,000 people over the course of a year.<ref name="CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MANCHURIAN PLAGUE EPIDEMIC, 1920-21.">{{cite journal|last1=TEH|first1=WU LIEN|last2=CHUN|first2=J. W. H.|last3=POLLITZER.|first3=R.|title=CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MANCHURIAN PLAGUE EPIDEMIC, 1920-21.|journal=Manchurian Plague Prevention Service, China.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167336/pdf/jhyg00291-0097.pdf|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1912 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Cuba and Puerto Rico.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]]
+
| 1912 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Cuba and Puerto Rico.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Cuba|Cuba]], [[wikipedia:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1921 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Bolivia.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[Bolivia]]
+
| 1921 || Epidemic || Plague infection is first reported in Bolivia.<ref name="Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?" /> || [[wikipedia:Bolivia|Bolivia]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1924–1925 || Epidemic || [[1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak|Plague breaks out in Los Angeles]]. 32 people get infected and only 2 survive. It is the last rat-borne epidemic occurring in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=KELLOGG|first1=W. H.|title=The Plague Situation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559064/pdf/amjphnation00900-0089.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2017|pmc=1559064}}</ref> || [[United States]]
+
| 1924–1925 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak|Plague breaks out in Los Angeles]]. 32 people get infected and only 2 survive. It is the last rat-borne epidemic occurring in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=KELLOGG|first1=W. H.|title=The Plague Situation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559064/pdf/amjphnation00900-0089.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2017|pmc=1559064}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1947 || Publication ||  French novelist [[Albert Camus]] publishes [[The Plague]], a novel about a fictional outbreak of plague in Oran, Algeria.  The book helps to show the effects the plague has on a populace.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Camus’ The Plague: a story for our, and all, times|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2015/jan/05/albert-camus-the-plague-fascist-death-ed-vulliamy|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[France]]  
+
| 1947 || Publication ||  French novelist [[wikipedia:Albert Camus|Albert Camus]] publishes [[wikipedia:The Plague|The Plague]], a novel about a fictional outbreak of plague in Oran, Algeria.  The book helps to show the effects the plague has on a populace.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Camus’ The Plague: a story for our, and all, times|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2015/jan/05/albert-camus-the-plague-fascist-death-ed-vulliamy|publisher=[[wikipedia:The Guardian|The Guardian]]|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:France|France]]  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| 1994 || Epidemic || [[1994 plague in India|Plague in India]]. The country experiences a large outbreak of [[pneumonic plague]] after 30 years with no reports of the disease.  693 suspected bubonic or pneumonic plague cases are reported.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status">{{cite journal|last1=Shahraki|first1=Abdolrazagh Hashemi|last2=Carniel|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Mostafavi|first3=Ehsan|title=Plague in Iran: its history and current status|pmc=5037359}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=cdc.gov|title=International Notes Update: Human Plague -- India, 1994|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00032992.htm|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[India]]
+
| 1994 || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1994 plague in India|Plague in India]]. The country experiences a large outbreak of [[wikipedia:pneumonic plague|pneumonic plague]] after 30 years with no reports of the disease.  693 suspected bubonic or pneumonic plague cases are reported.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status">{{cite journal|last1=Shahraki|first1=Abdolrazagh Hashemi|last2=Carniel|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Mostafavi|first3=Ehsan|title=Plague in Iran: its history and current status|pmc=5037359}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=cdc.gov|title=International Notes Update: Human Plague -- India, 1994|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00032992.htm|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2003 || Epidemic || An outbreak of plague is reported in [[wikipedia:Algeria|Algeria]], in an area considered plague-free for 50 years.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[wikipedia:Algeria|Algeria]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || Epidemic || 100 cases of suspected [[wikipedia:pneumonic plague|pneumonic plague]], including 19 deaths, are reported in [[wikipedia:Orientale Province|Orientale Province]], Congo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_06_14/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || Epidemic || 13 cases, with 2 deaths, are reported in the states of [[wikipedia:New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[wikipedia:Colorado|Colorado]], [[wikipedia:California|California]], and [[wikipedia:Texas|Texas]].<ref name="Plague into the 21st Century" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || Infection || Plague is reported in Libya, after 25 years without a case of the disease.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[wikipedia:Libya|Libya]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || Infection || A case of bubonic plague is reported in a region of Kyrgyzstan bordering Kazakhstan.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[wikipedia:Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || Infection || 783 cases of plague are reported worldwide in 2013, including 126 deaths.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /><ref name="Plague fact sheet">{{cite web|title=Plague|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || Scientific development || Researchers at [[wikipedia:Duke University School of Medicine|Duke University School of Medicine]] and [[wikipedia:Duke-NUS Medical School|Duke-NUS Medical School]] [[wikipedia:Singapore|Singapore]] find the [[wikipedia:yersinia pestis|yersinia pestis]] [[wikipedia:bacteria|bacteria]] to hitchhike on immune cells in the [[wikipedia:lymph node|lymph node]]s and eventually ride into the [[wikipedia:lung|lung]]s and the [[wikipedia:blood stream|blood stream]], thus spreading bubonic plague effectively to others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Researchers discover exactly how the bubonic plague spread so effectively - and say it could improve our handling of Ebola|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2803779/Researchers-discover-exactly-bubonic-plague-spread-effectively-say-improve-handling-Ebola.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:Dailymail|Dailymail]]|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], [[wikipedia:Singapore|Singapore]] 
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || Epidemic || {{w|2017 Madagascar plague outbreak}}. From the 1 August through 22 November, a total of 2348 confirmed, probable and suspected cases of plague, including 202 deaths (case fatality rate 8.6 %).<ref>{{cite web|title=Plague – Madagascar|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/27-november-2017-plague-madagascar/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Madagascar}}
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
= Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 20, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! plague
 +
|-
 +
| 1900 || 2,150
 +
|-
 +
| 1910 || 1,480
 +
|-
 +
| 1920 || 1,280
 +
|-
 +
| 1930 || 942
 +
|-
 +
| 1940 || 940
 +
|-
 +
| 1950 || 1,390
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || Epidemic || An outbreak of plague is reported in [[Algeria]], in an area considered plague-free for 50 years.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[Algeria]]
+
| 1960 || 2,000
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || Epidemic || 100 cases of suspected [[pneumonic plague]], including 19 deaths, are reported in [[Orientale Province]], Congo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2006_06_14/en/|publisher=[[WHO]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> || [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
+
| 1970 || 3,770
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || Epidemic || 13 cases, with 2 deaths, are reported in the states of [[New Mexico]], [[Colorado]], [[California]], and [[Texas]].<ref name="Plague into the 21st Century" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1980 || 5,050
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || Infection || Plague is reported in Libya, after 25 years without a case of the disease.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[Libya]]
+
| 1990 || 8,340
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || Infection || A case of bubonic plague is reported in a region of Kyrgyzstan bordering Kazakhstan.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /> || [[Kyrgyzstan]]
+
| 2000 || 17,500
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || Infection || 783 cases of plague are reported worldwide in 2013, including 126 deaths.<ref name="Plague in Iran: its history and current status" /><ref name="Plague fact sheet">{{cite web|title=Plague|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/|publisher=[[WHO]]|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2010 || 37,200
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || Scientific development || Researchers at [[Duke University School of Medicine]] and [[Duke-NUS Medical School]] [[Singapore]] find the [[yersinia pestis]] [[bacteria]] to hitchhike on immune cells in the [[lymph node]]s and eventually ride into the [[lung]]s and the [[blood stream]], thus spreading bubonic plague effectively to others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Researchers discover exactly how the bubonic plague spread so effectively - and say it could improve our handling of Ebola|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2803779/Researchers-discover-exactly-bubonic-plague-spread-effectively-say-improve-handling-Ebola.html|publisher=[[Dailymail]]|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]], [[Singapore]] 
+
| 2020 || 29,900
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Plague gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Plague (Disease), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F01195hyq |website=Google Trends |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Plague gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Plague, from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Plague&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=11 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Plague ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Plague}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Plague&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Plague wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 +
 +
=== Other ===
 +
 +
<gallery align="center" perrow="2" widths="370" heights="370" mode="nolines">
 +
File:Cases of Human Plague in 1994–2003 in the Countries That Reported at least 100 Confirmed or Suspected Cases.png|thumb|none|400px|Cases of human plague for the period 1994–2003 in countries that reported at least 100 confirmed or suspected cases. Case-fatality rates in % are represented on the left vertical.<ref name="Plague into the 21st Century">{{cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Thomas|title=Plague into the 21st Century|journal=[[wikipedia:Oxford Journals|Oxford Journals]]|doi=10.1086/604718|url=http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/5/736.full|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>
 +
File:Plague cases reported in Africa to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported in Africa to the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease">{{cite web|title=WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease|url=http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/plague.pdf|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>
 +
File:Plague cases reported in Americas to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported in Americas to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" />
 +
File:Plague cases reported in Asia to the World Health Organizations for the period 1954-1986.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported in Asia to the World Health Organizations for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" />
 +
File:Plague cases reported to the World Health Organization by continent. Cumulative.png|thumb|none|400px|Plague cases reported to the World Health Organization by continent. Cumulative.<ref name="WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" />
 +
</gallery>
 +
 +
 +
==Meta information on the timeline==
 +
 +
===How the timeline was built===
 +
 +
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
 +
 +
{{funding info}} is available.
 +
 +
===What the timeline is still missing===
 +
 +
===Timeline update strategy===
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
  
−
* [[Timeline of cholera]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of cholera|Timeline of cholera]]
−
* [[Timeline of tuberculosis]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of tuberculosis|Timeline of tuberculosis]]
−
* [[Timeline of typhus]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of typhus|Timeline of typhus]]
 +
 
 +
==External links==
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
  
−
[[Category:Plague (disease)]]
+
[[wikipedia:Category:Plague (disease)|Category:Plague (disease)]]
−
[[Category:Medicine timelines]]
+
[[wikipedia:Category:Medicine timelines|Category:Medicine timelines]]

Latest revision as of 21:57, 25 March 2024

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of plague". The original page still exists at Timeline of plague. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This is a timeline of plague, describing major events such as epidemics and key medical developments.

Big picture

Time period Key developments
541–750 (circa) The first plague pandemic spreads from Egypt to the Mediterranean (starting with the Plague of Justinian) and Northwestern Europe.[1]
1346–1840 The second plague pandemic spreads from Central Asia to the Mediterranean and Europe.[1] The Black Death of 1346-53 is considered to be unparalleled in human history.[2] From 1347 to 1665, the Black Death is responsible for about 25 million deaths in Europe.[3]
1866–1960s The third plague pandemic, which originated in China, results in about 2.2 million deaths.[3] Haffkine develops the first vaccine against bubonic plague.[4] Antibiotic drugs are developed in the 1940s which dramatically reduce the death rate from plague.[5]
1950–2000 Plague cases are massively reduced during the second half of the 20th century. However, outbreaks would still occur, especially in developing countries. Between 1954 and 1997, human plague is reported in 38 countries, making the disease a reemerging threat to human health.[3] Also, between 1987 and 2001, 36,876 confirmed cases of plague with 2,847 deaths are reported to the World Health Organization.[6]
Recent years Today, fewer than 200 people die of the plague worldwide each year, mainly due to lack of treatment.[7] Plague is considered to be endemic in 26 countries around the world, with most cases found in remote areas of Africa.[8] The 3 most endemic countries are Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Peru.[9]

=

Full timeline

Year/Period Event type Event Present-day geographic location
224 BC Plague infection is first recorded in China.[10] People's Republic of China
430 BC Epidemic Plague of Athens devastates the city's population. The outbreak also affects much of the eastern Mediterranean region.[11] Greece, Mediterranean basin
262 AD Epidemic Plague breaks out in Rome. It is estimated to kill about 5000 people a day.[11] Italy
540 AD Epidemic Plague epidemic originates in Ethiopia spreads to Pelusium in Egypt.[12] Ethiopia, Egypt
541–542 AD Epidemic The Plague of Justinian breaks out and develops as an extended epidemic in the Mediterranean basin. Frequent outbreaks over the next two hundred years would eventually kill an estimated 25 million people. The Justinian Plague is considered the first recorded pandemic.[3][13] Mediterranean Basin
542 AD Epidemic The plague arrives in Constantinople (now Istanbul). By spring of 542, about 5,000 deaths per day in the city are calculated, although some estimates vary to 10,000 per day. The epidemic would go on to kill over a third of the city’s population.[12] Turkey
543 AD Epidemic After passing from Italy to Syria, Palestine, and Iraq, plague reaches what is now modern Iran.[6] Iran
627 AD Epidemic A large epidemic of plague breaks out in Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire, killing more than 100,000 people.[6] Iran
1334 Epidemic The second plague pandemic breaks out in China. Widely known as the "Black Death" or the Great Plague, it is regarded as one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.[13] Eurasia
1345 Plague occurs in southern Russia, around the lower Volga River basin.[14][15] Russia
1338–1339 Bubonic plague is reported in central Asia.[16]
1346 Epidemic Bubonic plague breaks out in China and India.[16] China, India
1347 Epidemic The plague spreads to Constantinople, a major port city. It also infects the Black Sea port of Kaffa down from southern Russia.[15][16] Turkey, Ukraine
1347 Epidemic Italian traders bring the plague in rat-infested ships from Constantinople to Sicily, which becomes the first place in Europe to suffer the Black death epidemic. The same year, Venice is also hit.[7] Italy
1347–1350 Medical development During the 1347–1350 outbreak, doctors are completely unable to prevent or cure the plague. Some of the cures they try include cooked onions, ten-year-old treacle, arsenic, crushed emeralds, sitting in the sewers, sitting in a room between two enormous fires, fumigating the house with herbs, trying to stop God punishing the sick for their sin. Flagellants would go on processions whipping themselves.[17]
1348 Medical development Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio in his book Decameron writes a description of symptoms of the plague.[12] Italy
1348–1350 Epidemic The Black Death arrives at Melcombe Regis in the south of England. Over the next year, the plague spreads into Wales, Ireland and Northern England. By 1350, the plague reaches Scotland. The estimated death toll for the British Isles and Ireland is calculated at 3.2 million.[18] United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland
1349 Genocide Black Death Jewish persecutions. A rumor rises claiming that Jews are responsible for the plague as an attempt to kill Christians and dominate the world. Supported by a widely distributed report of the trial of Jews who supposedly had poisoned wells in Switzerland, the rumor spreads quickly. As a result, a wave of pogroms against Jews breaks out. Christians start to attack Jews in their communities, burning their homes, and murder them with clubs and axes. In the Strasbourg massacre, it is estimated that people locked up and burned 900 Jews alive. Finally, Pope Clement VI issues a religious order to stop the violence against the Jews, claiming that the plague is “the result of an angry God striking at the Christian people for their sins.”[7] France, Switzerland
1351 Epidemic Black Death epidemic reaches Russia, attacking Novgorod and reaching Pskov, before being temporarily suppressed by the Russian winter.[2] Russia
1352 Epidemic The plague reaches Moscow, only a few hundred miles from Caffa, the first city struck by the epidemic. Thus, the Black Death completes a great circle, killing from one-third to one-half of medieval Europe’s total population.[7] Russia
1361–1364 Medical development During an outbreak, doctors learn how to help the patient recover by bursting the buboes.[17]
1374 Epidemic Black Death epidemic re-emerges in Europe. In Venice, various public health controls such as isolating victims from healthy people and preventing ships with disease from landing at port are instituted.[12]
1377 Program launch The Republic of Ragusa establishes a landing station for vessels far from the city and harbour in which travellers suspected to have the plague must spend thirty days, to see whether they became ill and died or whether they remained healthy and could leave.[12] Croatia
1403 After finding thirty days isolation to be too short, Venice dictates that travellers from the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean be isolated in a hospital for forty days, the quarantena or quaranta giorni, from which the term quarantine is derived.[12] Italy
1629–1631 Epidemic The Italian plague of 1629–1631 develops as a series of outbreaks of bubonic plague. About 280,000 people are estimated to be killed in Lombardy and other territories of northern Italy.[19] The Italian plague is estimated to have claimed between 35 and 69 percent of the local population.[10] Italy
1637 Epidemic Plague breaks out in Andalusia, killing about 20,000 people in less than four months.[20] Spain
1647–1652 Epidemic Plague ravages Spain. About 30,000 die in Valencia. The great Plague of Seville breaks out.[20] Spain
1665–1666 Epidemic Great Plague of London. 100,000 people are killed within 18 months.[21] United Kingdom
1679 Epidemic The Great Plague of Vienna kills at least 76,000 people.[22] Austria
1722 Publication Daniel Defoe publishes A Journal of the Plague Year, a fictional account of the Great Plague of London in 1665. This novel is often read as non-fiction.[23] United Kingdom
1738 Epidemic Great Plague of 1738 kills at least 36,000 people.[24] Romania, Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria
1772–1850 Epidemic The human plague is reported intermittently in the Chinese province of Yunnan, where the third plague pandemic would begin in the 1860s.[3][25] People's Republic of China
1867 Epidemic The plague spreads from Yunnan Province to Beihai on the Chinese coastline.[3] People's Republic of China
1869 Epidemic The plague is observed in Taiwan.[3] Taiwan
1894 Epidemic The plague spreads to Guangzhou Province and results in the death of about 70,000 people.[3] People's Republic of China
1894 Scientific development Working independently, both French bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin and Japanese bacteriologist Shibasaburo Kitasato isolate the bacterium that causes bubonic plague. Yersin discovers that rodents are the mode of infection. The bacterium is named yersinia pestis after Yersin.[3][12]
1896–1897 Medical development Russian bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine successfully protects rabbits against an inoculation of virulent plague microbes, by treating them previously with a subcutaneous injection of a culture of the microbes in broth. The first vaccine for bubonic plague is developed. The rabbits treated in this way become immune to plague. In the next year, Haffkine causes himself to be inoculated with a similar preparation, thus proving in his own person the harmlessness of the fluid. This is considered the first vaccine against bubonic plague.[4] India (Bombay)
1899 Epidemic Plague is first introduced in Latin America in Paraguay, followed by Brazil and Argentina in the same year.[8] Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina
1901 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Uruguay.[8] Uruguay
1902 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Mexico.[8] Mexico
1903 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Chile and Peru.[8] Chile, Peru
1905 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Panama.[8] Panama
1908 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Ecuador and Venezuela.[8] Ecuador, Venezuela
1910 Epidemic Pneumonic plague breaks out in Manchuria, killing about 60,000 people over the course of a year.[26] People's Republic of China
1912 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Cuba and Puerto Rico.[8] Cuba, Puerto Rico
1921 Epidemic Plague infection is first reported in Bolivia.[8] Bolivia
1924–1925 Epidemic Plague breaks out in Los Angeles. 32 people get infected and only 2 survive. It is the last rat-borne epidemic occurring in the United States.[27] United States
1947 Publication French novelist Albert Camus publishes The Plague, a novel about a fictional outbreak of plague in Oran, Algeria. The book helps to show the effects the plague has on a populace.[28] France
1994 Epidemic Plague in India. The country experiences a large outbreak of pneumonic plague after 30 years with no reports of the disease. 693 suspected bubonic or pneumonic plague cases are reported.[6][29] India
2003 Epidemic An outbreak of plague is reported in Algeria, in an area considered plague-free for 50 years.[6] Algeria
2006 Epidemic 100 cases of suspected pneumonic plague, including 19 deaths, are reported in Orientale Province, Congo.[30] Democratic Republic of the Congo
2006 Epidemic 13 cases, with 2 deaths, are reported in the states of New Mexico, Colorado, California, and Texas.[31] United States
2009 Infection Plague is reported in Libya, after 25 years without a case of the disease.[6] Libya
2013 Infection A case of bubonic plague is reported in a region of Kyrgyzstan bordering Kazakhstan.[6] Kyrgyzstan
2013 Infection 783 cases of plague are reported worldwide in 2013, including 126 deaths.[6][9]
2014 Scientific development Researchers at Duke University School of Medicine and Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore find the yersinia pestis bacteria to hitchhike on immune cells in the lymph nodes and eventually ride into the lungs and the blood stream, thus spreading bubonic plague effectively to others.[32] United States, Singapore
2017 Epidemic 2017 Madagascar plague outbreak. From the 1 August through 22 November, a total of 2348 confirmed, probable and suspected cases of plague, including 202 deaths (case fatality rate 8.6 %).[33] Madagascar

Numerical and visual data =

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 20, 2021.

Year plague
1900 2,150
1910 1,480
1920 1,280
1930 942
1940 940
1950 1,390
1960 2,000
1970 3,770
1980 5,050
1990 8,340
2000 17,500
2010 37,200
2020 29,900
Plague gscho.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Plague (Disease), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[34]

Plague gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Plague, from 1500 to 2019.[35]

Plague ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Plague, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.[36]

Plague wv.png

Other

  • Cases of human plague for the period 1994–2003 in countries that reported at least 100 confirmed or suspected cases. Case-fatality rates in % are represented on the left vertical.[31]

  • Plague cases reported in Africa to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.[37]

  • Plague cases reported in Americas to the World Health Organization for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.[37]

  • Plague cases reported in Asia to the World Health Organizations for the period 1954-1986. Cumulative.[37]

  • Plague cases reported to the World Health Organization by continent. Cumulative.[37]


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO. p. xxi. ISBN 9781598842531. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever". historytoday.com. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Xu, Lei; Liu, Qiyong; Stige, Leif Chr.; Ben Ar, Tamara; Fang, Xiye; Chan, Kung-Sik; Wang, Shuchun; Stenseth, Nils Chr.; Zhang, Zhibin. "Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in China". PMC 3121851Freely accessible. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019486108. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hawgood, Barbara J. "Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India" (PDF). jameslindlibrary.org. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious Diseases". cdc.gov. Retrieved 28 January 2017. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Shahraki, Abdolrazagh Hashemi; Carniel, Elizabeth; Mostafavi, Ehsan. "Plague in Iran: its history and current status". PMC 5037359Freely accessible. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "The 'Black Death': A Catastrophe in Medieval Europe". Constitutional Rights Foundation. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Schneider, Maria Cristina; Najera, Patricia; Aldighieri, Sylvain; Galan, Deise I.; Bertherat, Eric; Ruiz, Alfonso; Dumit, Elsy; Gabastou, Jean Marc; Espinal, Marcos A. "Where Does Human Plague Still Persist in Latin America?". PMC 3916238Freely accessible. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002680. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Plague". WHO. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Epidemics of the Past". infoplease.com. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 KERCHEVAL, HOWARD. "'One of the big-league diseases of all time'". United Press International. Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Frith, John. "The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics". Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. ISSN 1839-2733. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "History". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 11 January 2017. 
  14. ↑ Mansbach,, Richard W.; Taylor, Kirsten L. Introduction to Global Politics. Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schmid, Boris V.; Büntgen, Ulf; Easterday, W. Ryan; Ginzler, Christian; Walløe, Lars; Bramanti, Barbara; Stenseth, Nils Chr. "Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe". PMC 4364181Freely accessible. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412887112. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "The Black Plague: The Least You Need to Know". web.cn.edu. Carson-Newman University. Retrieved 16 January 2017. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The Black Death". BBC. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  18. ↑ "Course of the Black Death". BBC. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  19. ↑ Kohn, George C. Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kohn, George C. Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  21. ↑ "The Great Plague of London, 1665". Contagion, Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics. Harvard University. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  22. ↑ Porter, Stephen. The Great Plague. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  23. ↑ "A Journal of the Plague Year". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  24. ↑ "Demographic Changes". oszk.hu. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  25. ↑ Davis, Lee Allyn. Natural Disasters. Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  26. ↑ TEH, WU LIEN; CHUN, J. W. H.; POLLITZER., R. "CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MANCHURIAN PLAGUE EPIDEMIC, 1920-21." (PDF). Manchurian Plague Prevention Service, China. Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  27. ↑ KELLOGG, W. H. "The Plague Situation" (PDF). PMC 1559064Freely accessible. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  28. ↑ "Albert Camus' The Plague: a story for our, and all, times". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  29. ↑ cdc.gov. "International Notes Update: Human Plague -- India, 1994". Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  30. ↑ "Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". WHO. Retrieved 17 January 2017. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Butler, Thomas. "Plague into the 21st Century". Oxford Journals. doi:10.1086/604718. Retrieved 14 January 2017. 
  32. ↑ "Researchers discover exactly how the bubonic plague spread so effectively - and say it could improve our handling of Ebola". Dailymail. Retrieved 18 January 2017. 
  33. ↑ "Plague – Madagascar". who.int. Retrieved 7 April 2018. 
  34. ↑ "Plague". Google Trends. Retrieved 11 April 2021. 
  35. ↑ "Plague". books.google.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021. 
  36. ↑ "Plague". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 11 April 2021. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 

Category:Plague (disease) Category:Medicine timelines

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