Difference between revisions of "Timeline of healthcare in Nigeria"
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| − | This is a '''timeline of [[healthcare in Nigeria]]''', focusing on modern healthcare system. Major events such as policies and organizations are included. | + | This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:healthcare in Nigeria|healthcare in Nigeria]]''', focusing on modern healthcare system. Major events such as policies and organizations are included. |
==Big picture== | ==Big picture== | ||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
! Year/period !! Key developments | ! Year/period !! Key developments | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |<1472||[[Traditional African medicine|Traditional medicine]] is the system of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. Traditional healing and medical practices include [[herbalism|herbalists]], [[Faith healing|divine healers]], [[Divination|soothsayers]], [[Midwife|midwives]], [[Spiritualism|spiritualists]], [[Bonesetter|bone-setters]], [[Mental health|mental health therapists]] and [[surgeon]]s. Still today, these practices remain a viable part of the healthcare system in the country.<ref name=Emuakpor/> | + | |<1472||[[wikipedia:Traditional African medicine|Traditional medicine]] is the system of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. Traditional healing and medical practices include [[wikipedia:herbalism|herbalists]], [[wikipedia:Faith healing|divine healers]], [[wikipedia:Divination|soothsayers]], [[wikipedia:Midwife|midwives]], [[wikipedia:Spiritualism|spiritualists]], [[wikipedia:Bonesetter|bone-setters]], [[wikipedia:Mental health|mental health therapists]] and [[wikipedia:surgeon|surgeon]]s. Still today, these practices remain a viable part of the healthcare system in the country.<ref name=Emuakpor/> |
|- | |- | ||
|1472–1880||Western-style healthcare is introduced in Nigeria by doctors brought by explorers and traders to cater for their own well being.<ref name=Emuakpor/><ref name=timeline/> | |1472–1880||Western-style healthcare is introduced in Nigeria by doctors brought by explorers and traders to cater for their own well being.<ref name=Emuakpor/><ref name=timeline/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1880–1945||Infrastructural base takes shape through the foundation of [[hospital]]s erected mainly by [[Christian mission]]aries.<ref name=Emuakpor/> | + | |1880–1945||Infrastructural base takes shape through the foundation of [[wikipedia:hospital|hospital]]s erected mainly by [[wikipedia:Christian mission|Christian mission]]aries.<ref name=Emuakpor/> |
|- | |- | ||
|1945–Present||Development of nationwide healthcare service in Nigeria through national development plans starting from the First Colonial Development plan in 1945 until the Five year Strategic Plan from 2004–2008. Nigeria is still a developing country with serious issues pertaining to healthcare. Poverty and large-scale corruption are big obstacles to improvement in the health and well being of the Nigerian population.<ref name=Emuakpor/> | |1945–Present||Development of nationwide healthcare service in Nigeria through national development plans starting from the First Colonial Development plan in 1945 until the Five year Strategic Plan from 2004–2008. Nigeria is still a developing country with serious issues pertaining to healthcare. Poverty and large-scale corruption are big obstacles to improvement in the health and well being of the Nigerian population.<ref name=Emuakpor/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
==Full timeline== | ==Full timeline== | ||
| Line 21: | Line 22: | ||
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1472||Background||Portuguese navigators reach Nigerian coast. They bring [[Medicine|European medicine]], first to satisfy their own need.<ref name=Emuakpor/><ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |1472||Background||Portuguese navigators reach Nigerian coast. They bring [[wikipedia:Medicine|European medicine]], first to satisfy their own need.<ref name=Emuakpor/><ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1861||Background||[[British empire|Britain]] establishes the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.<ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |1861||Background||[[wikipedia:British empire|Britain]] establishes the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.<ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1880||Organization||The first healthcare facility in Nigeria is a dispensary opened by the Church Missionary Society.<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[Obosi]] | + | |1880||Organization||The first healthcare facility in Nigeria is a dispensary opened by the Church Missionary Society.<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[wikipedia:Obosi|Obosi]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1885||Organization||The [[Sacred Heart Hospital (Nigeria)|Sacred Heart Hospital]] is the first hospital established in Nigeria. It is built by the Roman Catholic Mission.<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[Abeokuta]] | + | |1885||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Sacred Heart Hospital (Nigeria)|Sacred Heart Hospital]] is the first hospital established in Nigeria. It is built by the Roman Catholic Mission.<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[wikipedia:Abeokuta|Abeokuta]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1886||Organization||Healthcare dispensaries are opened in [[Onitsha]] and [[Ibadan]].<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[Anambra State]], [[Oyo State]] | + | |1886||Organization||Healthcare dispensaries are opened in [[wikipedia:Onitsha|Onitsha]] and [[wikipedia:Ibadan|Ibadan]].<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[wikipedia:Anambra State|Anambra State]], [[wikipedia:Oyo State|Oyo State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1893||Organization||[[Lagos Island General Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghlagos.org.ng/about/|title=Lagos Island General Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1893||Organization||[[wikipedia:Lagos Island General Hospital|Lagos Island General Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghlagos.org.ng/about/|title=Lagos Island General Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1945–1955||Policy||The First Colonial Development plan for healthcare in Nigeria is launched. The health system is regionalized. Most public hospitals provide cost free care for civil servants and their dependents while parallel church-owned hospitals provide care for the most needy in this period.<ref name=Emuakpor>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriamedj.com/article.asp?issn=0300-1652;year=2010;volume=51;issue=2;spage=53;epage=65;aulast=Scott-Emuakpor|title=The evolution of health care systems in Nigeria: Which way forward in the twenty-first century|author=Ajovi Scott-Emuakpor|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/search4dev/files/428890/455718.pdf|title=Achieving universal health coverage in Nigeria: The National Health Insurance Scheme as a tool|author=Eno Ekaete Usoroh|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1945–1955||Policy||The First Colonial Development plan for healthcare in Nigeria is launched. The health system is regionalized. Most public hospitals provide cost free care for civil servants and their dependents while parallel church-owned hospitals provide care for the most needy in this period.<ref name=Emuakpor>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriamedj.com/article.asp?issn=0300-1652;year=2010;volume=51;issue=2;spage=53;epage=65;aulast=Scott-Emuakpor|title=The evolution of health care systems in Nigeria: Which way forward in the twenty-first century|author=Ajovi Scott-Emuakpor|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/search4dev/files/428890/455718.pdf|title=Achieving universal health coverage in Nigeria: The National Health Insurance Scheme as a tool|author=Eno Ekaete Usoroh|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1945||Organization||[[National Orthopaedic Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/nbte-accredits-orthopaedic-hospitals-college/|title=National Orthopaedic Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1945||Organization||[[wikipedia:National Orthopaedic Hospital|National Orthopaedic Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/nbte-accredits-orthopaedic-hospitals-college/|title=National Orthopaedic Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1951||Organization||The [[Nigerian Medical Association]] (NMA) is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalnma.org/history.php/|title=Nigerian Medical Association|author=|date=|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Abuja]] | + | |1951||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Nigerian Medical Association|Nigerian Medical Association]] (NMA) is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalnma.org/history.php/|title=Nigerian Medical Association|author=|date=|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1952||Organization||[[ECWA Hospital Egbe]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egbehospital.org/egbe-hospital-history/|title=ECWA Hospital Egbe|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Egbe]], [[Kogi State]] | + | |1952||Organization||[[wikipedia:ECWA Hospital Egbe|ECWA Hospital Egbe]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egbehospital.org/egbe-hospital-history/|title=ECWA Hospital Egbe|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Egbe|Egbe]], [[wikipedia:Kogi State|Kogi State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1952||Organization||[[Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siryahayahospital.com/|title=Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Birnin Kebbi]], [[Kebbi State]] | + | |1952||Organization||[[wikipedia:Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital|Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siryahayahospital.com/|title=Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Birnin Kebbi|Birnin Kebbi]], [[wikipedia:Kebbi State|Kebbi State]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1952–1954||Policy||The control of medical services is transferred to the Regional governments.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | |1952–1954||Policy||The control of medical services is transferred to the Regional governments.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1952||Organization||[[University College Hospital, Ibadan]] is the first medical school established in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uch-ibadan.org.ng/|title=University College Hospital, Ibadan|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Ibadan]], [[Oyo State]] | + | |1952||Organization||[[wikipedia:University College Hospital, Ibadan|University College Hospital, Ibadan]] is the first medical school established in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uch-ibadan.org.ng/|title=University College Hospital, Ibadan|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Ibadan|Ibadan]], [[wikipedia:Oyo State|Oyo State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1954||Policy||The overall national policy for Nationwide Health Care Services is stated in the [[Eastern Nigeria]] government report on "Policy for Medical and Health Services". The report states that the aim is to provide national health services for all, emphasizing the need for expansion of healthcare to rural areas.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | + | |1954||Policy||The overall national policy for Nationwide Health Care Services is stated in the [[wikipedia:Eastern Nigeria|Eastern Nigeria]] government report on "Policy for Medical and Health Services". The report states that the aim is to provide national health services for all, emphasizing the need for expansion of healthcare to rural areas.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1956–1962||Policy||The Second Colonial Development plan for healthcare in Nigeria is launched.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | |1956–1962||Policy||The Second Colonial Development plan for healthcare in Nigeria is launched.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1959||Organization||[[ECWA Evangel Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmcabeokuta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=59|title=ECWA Evangel Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Jos]], [[Plateau State]] | + | |1959||Organization||[[wikipedia:ECWA Evangel Hospital|ECWA Evangel Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmcabeokuta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=59|title=ECWA Evangel Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Jos|Jos]], [[wikipedia:Plateau State|Plateau State]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1960||Background||Independence of Nigeria.<ref name=timeline/>|| | |1960||Background||Independence of Nigeria.<ref name=timeline/>|| | ||
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|1962–1968||Policy||The First National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | |1962–1968||Policy||The First National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1965||Organization||The [[United Nigeria Insurance Company]] (UNIC) is incorporated as a health maintenance organization (HMO). It provides medical insurance scheme and international medical insurance cover.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria>{{cite web|url= http://www.ehealthinsurance.com.ng/top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/|title=Top List Of Accredited HMOs In Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos State]] | + | |1965||Organization||The [[wikipedia:United Nigeria Insurance Company|United Nigeria Insurance Company]] (UNIC) is incorporated as a health maintenance organization (HMO). It provides medical insurance scheme and international medical insurance cover.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria>{{cite web|url= http://www.ehealthinsurance.com.ng/top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/|title=Top List Of Accredited HMOs In Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos State|Lagos State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1968||Organization||[[St. Nicholas Hospital, Lagos]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintnicholashospital.com/pages.php?Index=106|title=St. Nicholas Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1968||Organization||[[wikipedia:St. Nicholas Hospital, Lagos|St. Nicholas Hospital, Lagos]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintnicholashospital.com/pages.php?Index=106|title=St. Nicholas Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1970–1975||Policy||The Second National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | |1970–1975||Policy||The Second National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1972||Crisis||First appearance of epidemic [[cholera]] in Nigeria. From then on, intermittent outbreaks will occur throughout the years.<ref name=cholera>{{cite journal|title=cholera|author=Adagbada AO, Adesida SA, Nwaokorie FO, Niemogha MT, Coker AO|date=|pmc=3428179|pmid=22937199|volume=12|year=2012|journal=Pan Afr Med J|pages=59}}</ref>|| | + | |1972||Crisis||First appearance of epidemic [[wikipedia:cholera|cholera]] in Nigeria. From then on, intermittent outbreaks will occur throughout the years.<ref name=cholera>{{cite journal|title=cholera|author=Adagbada AO, Adesida SA, Nwaokorie FO, Niemogha MT, Coker AO|date=|pmc=3428179|pmid=22937199|volume=12|year=2012|journal=Pan Afr Med J|pages=59}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1975–1980||Policy||The Third National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | |1975–1980||Policy||The Third National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1981||Organization||[[Imo State University Teaching Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220102225/http://www.imostate.gov.ng:80/universities.php|title=Imo State University Teaching Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Owerri]], [[Imo State]] | + | |1981||Organization||[[wikipedia:Imo State University Teaching Hospital|Imo State University Teaching Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220102225/http://www.imostate.gov.ng:80/universities.php|title=Imo State University Teaching Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Owerri|Owerri]], [[wikipedia:Imo State|Imo State]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1981–1985||Policy||The Fourth National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | |1981–1985||Policy||The Fourth National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.<ref name=Emuakpor/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1982||Organization||[[Eko Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekohospitals.com/|title=Eko Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1982||Organization||[[wikipedia:Eko Hospital|Eko Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekohospitals.com/|title=Eko Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1984||Organization||Hygeia international ltd is established as a Health Insurance Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifcext.ifc.org/IFCExt/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/14860784542C6D738525727300573C40|title=Hygeia international|author=|date=|accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1984||Organization||Hygeia international ltd is established as a Health Insurance Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifcext.ifc.org/IFCExt/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/14860784542C6D738525727300573C40|title=Hygeia international|author=|date=|accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1986||Organization||[[Lagoon Hospitals]] is founded as a healthcare company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hygeiagroup.com/|title=Lagoon Hospitals|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1986||Organization||[[wikipedia:Lagoon Hospitals|Lagoon Hospitals]] is founded as a healthcare company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hygeiagroup.com/|title=Lagoon Hospitals|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
|1987||Policy||The federal government launches its primary health care plan with the following major objectives: Improving collection and monitoring of health data, improving personnel development in the health care, ensuring the provision of essential drug availability, improving on immunization programs, promoting treatment of epidemic diseases, improving food supply and nutrition, improving material, child care, and family planning; and educating people on prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Menizibeya Osain Welcome |date= |title=The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems |journal= J Pharm Bioallied Sci|publisher= |volume= 3|issue= |pages= 470–8|doi=10.4103/0975-7406.90100 |pmc=3249694 |pmid= 22219580 |year=2011}}</ref>|| | |1987||Policy||The federal government launches its primary health care plan with the following major objectives: Improving collection and monitoring of health data, improving personnel development in the health care, ensuring the provision of essential drug availability, improving on immunization programs, promoting treatment of epidemic diseases, improving food supply and nutrition, improving material, child care, and family planning; and educating people on prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Menizibeya Osain Welcome |date= |title=The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems |journal= J Pharm Bioallied Sci|publisher= |volume= 3|issue= |pages= 470–8|doi=10.4103/0975-7406.90100 |pmc=3249694 |pmid= 22219580 |year=2011}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1988||Report||Casual survey in [[Benin City]] shows that for every sign-post that indicates a Western-style clinic or office, there are 3 that indicates a [[Traditional African medicine|traditional doctor]].<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[Benin City]], [[Edo State]] | + | |1988||Report||Casual survey in [[wikipedia:Benin City|Benin City]] shows that for every sign-post that indicates a Western-style clinic or office, there are 3 that indicates a [[wikipedia:Traditional African medicine|traditional doctor]].<ref name=Emuakpor/>||[[wikipedia:Benin City|Benin City]], [[wikipedia:Edo State|Edo State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1990||Organization||Zenith medicare limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It offers health insurance services to individuals, small groups of employers and to large corporate organizations in Nigeria.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[Abuja]] | + | |1990||Organization||Zenith medicare limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It offers health insurance services to individuals, small groups of employers and to large corporate organizations in Nigeria.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1993||Organization||[[Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmcabeokuta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=59|title=Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Abeokuta]] | + | |1993||Organization||[[wikipedia:Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta|Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmcabeokuta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=59|title=Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Abeokuta|Abeokuta]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1997||Organization||[[Ahmadiyya Hospital Newbussa]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aophc.com/find-doctors-clinics--hospitals-in-nigeria-kastina-kebbi-kogi-kwara-nasarawa-niger-ogun--ondo-states.html|title=Clinics & Hospitals in Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[New Bussa]], [[Niger State]] | + | |1997||Organization||[[wikipedia:Ahmadiyya Hospital Newbussa|Ahmadiyya Hospital Newbussa]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aophc.com/find-doctors-clinics--hospitals-in-nigeria-kastina-kebbi-kogi-kwara-nasarawa-niger-ogun--ondo-states.html|title=Clinics & Hospitals in Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:New Bussa|New Bussa]], [[wikipedia:Niger State|Niger State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1997||Organization||Premium health limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It offers insurance covers to individuals, groups and corporate entities.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[Ibadan]], [[Oyo State]] | + | |1997||Organization||Premium health limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It offers insurance covers to individuals, groups and corporate entities.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[wikipedia:Ibadan|Ibadan]], [[wikipedia:Oyo State|Oyo State]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1997||Organization||Healthcare International is established as a healthcare provider.<ref name=NHIS/>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1997||Organization||Healthcare International is established as a healthcare provider.<ref name=NHIS/>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1997||Organization||Prepaid Medical services limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It provides services for individuals, families, groups and corporate organizations.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[Abuja]] | + | |1997||Organization||Prepaid Medical services limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It provides services for individuals, families, groups and corporate organizations.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1998||Organization||Total Health Trust starts operations as a healthcare provider.<ref name=NHIS>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesslist.com.ng/companies/nhis|title=NHIS - Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |1998||Organization||Total Health Trust starts operations as a healthcare provider.<ref name=NHIS>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesslist.com.ng/companies/nhis|title=NHIS - Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1999||Background||Parliamentary and presidential elections. [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] is elected president. Nigeria regains [[democracy]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13951696|title=timeline|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |1999||Background||Parliamentary and presidential elections. [[wikipedia:Olusegun Obasanjo|Olusegun Obasanjo]] is elected president. Nigeria regains [[wikipedia:democracy|democracy]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13951696|title=timeline|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
|1999–2005||Policy||A new National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Act amends the Nigerian health insurance, first incepted in 1962. The new scheme will not become operational until 2005.<ref name=ehealthinsurance>{{cite web|url=http://www.ehealthinsurance.com.ng/history-of-health-insurance-in-nigeria/|title=History of Health Insurance In Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref>|| | |1999–2005||Policy||A new National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Act amends the Nigerian health insurance, first incepted in 1962. The new scheme will not become operational until 2005.<ref name=ehealthinsurance>{{cite web|url=http://www.ehealthinsurance.com.ng/history-of-health-insurance-in-nigeria/|title=History of Health Insurance In Nigeria|author=|date=|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1999||Organization||[[National Hospital, Abuja]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalhospitalabuja.net/|title=National Hospital, Abuja|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Abuja]] | + | |1999||Organization||[[wikipedia:National Hospital, Abuja|National Hospital, Abuja]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalhospitalabuja.net/|title=National Hospital, Abuja|author=|date=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2000||Background||Adoption of [[Sharia]] law by several [[Islam in Nigeria|Islamic northern states]].<ref name=timeline/>|| | + | |2000||Background||Adoption of [[wikipedia:Sharia|Sharia]] law by several [[wikipedia:Islam in Nigeria|Islamic northern states]].<ref name=timeline/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2000||Organization||Mediplan healthcare limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It provides healthcare services to the public and corporate organizations.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[Lagos]] | + | |2000||Organization||Mediplan healthcare limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It provides healthcare services to the public and corporate organizations.<ref name=top-list-of-accredited-hmos-in-nigeria/>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2001||Organization||[[Reddington Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reddingtonhospital.com/|title=Reddington Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Lagos]] | + | |2001||Organization||[[wikipedia:Reddington Hospital|Reddington Hospital]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reddingtonhospital.com/|title=Reddington Hospital|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Lagos|Lagos]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2001||Agreement||[[Abuja Declaration (2001)|Abuja Declaration]]. The [[African Union]] countries meet and pledge to set a target of allocating at least 15% of their annual budget on healthcare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthsystems/publications/abuja_declaration/en/|title=Abuja Declaration|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Abuja]] | + | |2001||Agreement||[[wikipedia:Abuja Declaration (2001)|Abuja Declaration]]. The [[wikipedia:African Union|African Union]] countries meet and pledge to set a target of allocating at least 15% of their annual budget on healthcare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthsystems/publications/abuja_declaration/en/|title=Abuja Declaration|author=|date=|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]] |
|- | |- | ||
|2004||Report||Health insurance coverage is estimated to be at 150,000 people, or about 0.1% of the total population of Nigeria.<ref name=ehealthinsurance/>|| | |2004||Report||Health insurance coverage is estimated to be at 150,000 people, or about 0.1% of the total population of Nigeria.<ref name=ehealthinsurance/>|| | ||
| Line 119: | Line 120: | ||
|2014||Report||Insurance coverage reaches about 5 million people in 2014 (a 3% of the total Nigerian population).<ref name=ehealthinsurance/>|| | |2014||Report||Insurance coverage reaches about 5 million people in 2014 (a 3% of the total Nigerian population).<ref name=ehealthinsurance/>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2016||Report||[[Life expectancy]] in Nigeria is estimated at 63.4 years, being ranked 216th out of 228 political subdivisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=015&year=2016&st=crworld&asde=d&page=3|title=The World: Life Expectancy (2016)|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| | + | |2016||Report||[[wikipedia:Life expectancy|Life expectancy]] in Nigeria is estimated at 63.4 years, being ranked 216th out of 228 political subdivisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=015&year=2016&st=crworld&asde=d&page=3|title=The World: Life Expectancy (2016)|author=|date=|accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
| + | |- | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Numerical and visual data == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Google Scholar === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 5, 2021. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
| + | ! Year | ||
| + | ! healthcare in Nigeria | ||
| + | ! Malaria in Nigeria | ||
| + | ! HIV in Nigeria | ||
| + | ! traditional medicine in Nigeria | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1980 || 22 || 360 || 67 || 556 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1985 || 35 || 498 || 106 || 660 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1990 || 58 || 564 || 366 || 912 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1995 || 175 || 664 || 804 || 1,420 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2000 || 611 || 1,400 || 2,000 || 2,380 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2002 || 1,070 || 2,000 || 3,290 || 3,050 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2004 || 1,650 || 2,770 || 5,110 || 4,310 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2006 || 2,470 || 3,740 || 6,550 || 4,810 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2008 || 3,890 || 4,780 || 8,250 || 6,490 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2010 || 5,610 || 6,250 || 10,100 || 8,970 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2012 || 9,290 || 7,640 || 13,000 || 12,700 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2014 || 14,200 || 10,300 || 16,600 || 17,100 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2016 || 19,600 || 11,500 || 18,500 || 20,400 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2017 || 21,800 || 12,000 || 19,400 || 21,800 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2018 || 24,500 || 12,000 || 19,300 || 22,600 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2019 || 26,100 || 12,300 || 18,000 || 23,100 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2020 || 32,000 || 13,200 || 21,500 || 24,600 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Healthcare in Nigeria tb.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Google Trends === | ||
| + | The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Healthcare in Nigeria (Search term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare in Nigeria |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Healthcare%20in%20Nigeria |website=Google Trends |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Healthcare in Nigeria gt.png|thumb|center|600px]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Google Ngram Viewer === | ||
| + | The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Healthcare in Nigeria from 1950 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare in Nigeria |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Healthcare+in+Nigeria&year_start=1950&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t4%3B%2CHealthcare%20in%20Nigeria%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bhealthcare%20in%20Nigeria%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BHealthcare%20in%20Nigeria%3B%2Cc0#t4%3B%2CHealthcare%20in%20Nigeria%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bhealthcare%20in%20Nigeria%3B%2Cc1%3B%3BHealthcare%20in%20Nigeria%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=25 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Healthcare in Nigeria ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Wikipedia Views === | ||
| + | The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Healthcare in Nigeria}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare in Nigeria |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Healthcare+in+Nigeria&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Healthcare in Nigeria wv.jpg|thumb|center|400px]] | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | * [[Health in Nigeria]] | + | * [[wikipedia:Health in Nigeria|Health in Nigeria]] |
| − | * [[Healthcare in Nigeria]] | + | * [[wikipedia:Healthcare in Nigeria|Healthcare in Nigeria]] |
| − | * [[Timeline of global health]] | + | * [[wikipedia:Timeline of global health|Timeline of global health]] |
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|30em}} | {{Reflist|30em}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Health in Nigeria| ]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Health in Nigeria| ]] |
| − | [[Category:Healthcare in Nigeria| ]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Healthcare in Nigeria| ]] |
| − | [[Category:Health-related timelines]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Health-related timelines|Category:Health-related timelines]] |
Latest revision as of 20:31, 12 March 2024
The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of healthcare in Nigeria". The original page still exists at Timeline of healthcare in Nigeria. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.
This is a timeline of healthcare in Nigeria, focusing on modern healthcare system. Major events such as policies and organizations are included.
Contents
Big picture
| Year/period | Key developments |
|---|---|
| <1472 | Traditional medicine is the system of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. Traditional healing and medical practices include herbalists, divine healers, soothsayers, midwives, spiritualists, bone-setters, mental health therapists and surgeons. Still today, these practices remain a viable part of the healthcare system in the country.[1] |
| 1472–1880 | Western-style healthcare is introduced in Nigeria by doctors brought by explorers and traders to cater for their own well being.[1][2] |
| 1880–1945 | Infrastructural base takes shape through the foundation of hospitals erected mainly by Christian missionaries.[1] |
| 1945–Present | Development of nationwide healthcare service in Nigeria through national development plans starting from the First Colonial Development plan in 1945 until the Five year Strategic Plan from 2004–2008. Nigeria is still a developing country with serious issues pertaining to healthcare. Poverty and large-scale corruption are big obstacles to improvement in the health and well being of the Nigerian population.[1] |
Full timeline
| Year/period | Type of event | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1472 | Background | Portuguese navigators reach Nigerian coast. They bring European medicine, first to satisfy their own need.[1][2] | |
| 1861 | Background | Britain establishes the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.[2] | |
| 1880 | Organization | The first healthcare facility in Nigeria is a dispensary opened by the Church Missionary Society.[1] | Obosi |
| 1885 | Organization | The Sacred Heart Hospital is the first hospital established in Nigeria. It is built by the Roman Catholic Mission.[1] | Abeokuta |
| 1886 | Organization | Healthcare dispensaries are opened in Onitsha and Ibadan.[1] | Anambra State, Oyo State |
| 1893 | Organization | Lagos Island General Hospital is founded.[3] | Lagos |
| 1945–1955 | Policy | The First Colonial Development plan for healthcare in Nigeria is launched. The health system is regionalized. Most public hospitals provide cost free care for civil servants and their dependents while parallel church-owned hospitals provide care for the most needy in this period.[1][4] | |
| 1945 | Organization | National Orthopaedic Hospital is founded.[5] | Lagos |
| 1951 | Organization | The Nigerian Medical Association (NMA) is established.[6] | Abuja |
| 1952 | Organization | ECWA Hospital Egbe is founded.[7] | Egbe, Kogi State |
| 1952 | Organization | Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital is founded.[8] | Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State |
| 1952–1954 | Policy | The control of medical services is transferred to the Regional governments.[1] | |
| 1952 | Organization | University College Hospital, Ibadan is the first medical school established in Nigeria.[9] | Ibadan, Oyo State |
| 1954 | Policy | The overall national policy for Nationwide Health Care Services is stated in the Eastern Nigeria government report on "Policy for Medical and Health Services". The report states that the aim is to provide national health services for all, emphasizing the need for expansion of healthcare to rural areas.[1] | |
| 1956–1962 | Policy | The Second Colonial Development plan for healthcare in Nigeria is launched.[1] | |
| 1959 | Organization | ECWA Evangel Hospital is founded.[10] | Jos, Plateau State |
| 1960 | Background | Independence of Nigeria.[2] | |
| 1962–1968 | Policy | The First National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.[1] | |
| 1965 | Organization | The United Nigeria Insurance Company (UNIC) is incorporated as a health maintenance organization (HMO). It provides medical insurance scheme and international medical insurance cover.[11] | Lagos State |
| 1968 | Organization | St. Nicholas Hospital, Lagos is founded.[12] | Lagos |
| 1970–1975 | Policy | The Second National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.[1] | |
| 1972 | Crisis | First appearance of epidemic cholera in Nigeria. From then on, intermittent outbreaks will occur throughout the years.[13] | |
| 1975–1980 | Policy | The Third National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.[1] | |
| 1981 | Organization | Imo State University Teaching Hospital is founded.[14] | Owerri, Imo State |
| 1981–1985 | Policy | The Fourth National Development Plan for healthcare is launched in Nigeria by the government.[1] | |
| 1982 | Organization | Eko Hospital is founded.[15] | Lagos |
| 1984 | Organization | Hygeia international ltd is established as a Health Insurance Company.[16] | Lagos |
| 1986 | Organization | Lagoon Hospitals is founded as a healthcare company.[17] | Lagos |
| 1987 | Policy | The federal government launches its primary health care plan with the following major objectives: Improving collection and monitoring of health data, improving personnel development in the health care, ensuring the provision of essential drug availability, improving on immunization programs, promoting treatment of epidemic diseases, improving food supply and nutrition, improving material, child care, and family planning; and educating people on prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them.[18] | |
| 1988 | Report | Casual survey in Benin City shows that for every sign-post that indicates a Western-style clinic or office, there are 3 that indicates a traditional doctor.[1] | Benin City, Edo State |
| 1990 | Organization | Zenith medicare limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It offers health insurance services to individuals, small groups of employers and to large corporate organizations in Nigeria.[11] | Abuja |
| 1993 | Organization | Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta is founded.[19] | Abeokuta |
| 1997 | Organization | Ahmadiyya Hospital Newbussa is founded.[20] | New Bussa, Niger State |
| 1997 | Organization | Premium health limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It offers insurance covers to individuals, groups and corporate entities.[11] | Ibadan, Oyo State |
| 1997 | Organization | Healthcare International is established as a healthcare provider.[21] | Lagos |
| 1997 | Organization | Prepaid Medical services limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It provides services for individuals, families, groups and corporate organizations.[11] | Abuja |
| 1998 | Organization | Total Health Trust starts operations as a healthcare provider.[21] | Lagos |
| 1999 | Background | Parliamentary and presidential elections. Olusegun Obasanjo is elected president. Nigeria regains democracy.[2] | |
| 1999–2005 | Policy | A new National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Act amends the Nigerian health insurance, first incepted in 1962. The new scheme will not become operational until 2005.[22] | |
| 1999 | Organization | National Hospital, Abuja is founded.[23] | Abuja |
| 2000 | Background | Adoption of Sharia law by several Islamic northern states.[2] | |
| 2000 | Organization | Mediplan healthcare limited is incorporated as a health maintenance organization. It provides healthcare services to the public and corporate organizations.[11] | Lagos |
| 2001 | Organization | Reddington Hospital is founded.[24] | Lagos |
| 2001 | Agreement | Abuja Declaration. The African Union countries meet and pledge to set a target of allocating at least 15% of their annual budget on healthcare.[25] | Abuja |
| 2004 | Report | Health insurance coverage is estimated to be at 150,000 people, or about 0.1% of the total population of Nigeria.[22] | |
| 2004–2008 | Policy | Nigeria's Five year Strategic Plan for healthcare is launched by the government. | |
| 2006 | Policy | New national health policy is adopted. The plan includes a re-designed National health insurance scheme that protects citizens against high costs of treatment, and a fair financing of health care providers.[26] | |
| 2010 | Crisis | Cholera epidemic breaks out in the north of Nigeria and extends to the rest of the country. 3,000 cases involved and 781 deaths.[13] | |
| 2014 | Report | Insurance coverage reaches about 5 million people in 2014 (a 3% of the total Nigerian population).[22] | |
| 2016 | Report | Life expectancy in Nigeria is estimated at 63.4 years, being ranked 216th out of 228 political subdivisions.[27] |
Numerical and visual data
Google Scholar
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 5, 2021.
| Year | healthcare in Nigeria | Malaria in Nigeria | HIV in Nigeria | traditional medicine in Nigeria |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 22 | 360 | 67 | 556 |
| 1985 | 35 | 498 | 106 | 660 |
| 1990 | 58 | 564 | 366 | 912 |
| 1995 | 175 | 664 | 804 | 1,420 |
| 2000 | 611 | 1,400 | 2,000 | 2,380 |
| 2002 | 1,070 | 2,000 | 3,290 | 3,050 |
| 2004 | 1,650 | 2,770 | 5,110 | 4,310 |
| 2006 | 2,470 | 3,740 | 6,550 | 4,810 |
| 2008 | 3,890 | 4,780 | 8,250 | 6,490 |
| 2010 | 5,610 | 6,250 | 10,100 | 8,970 |
| 2012 | 9,290 | 7,640 | 13,000 | 12,700 |
| 2014 | 14,200 | 10,300 | 16,600 | 17,100 |
| 2016 | 19,600 | 11,500 | 18,500 | 20,400 |
| 2017 | 21,800 | 12,000 | 19,400 | 21,800 |
| 2018 | 24,500 | 12,000 | 19,300 | 22,600 |
| 2019 | 26,100 | 12,300 | 18,000 | 23,100 |
| 2020 | 32,000 | 13,200 | 21,500 | 24,600 |
Google Trends
The image below shows Google Trends data for Healthcare in Nigeria (Search term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[28]
Google Ngram Viewer
The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Healthcare in Nigeria from 1950 to 2019.[29]
Wikipedia Views
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Healthcare in Nigeria, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.[30]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Ajovi Scott-Emuakpor. "The evolution of health care systems in Nigeria: Which way forward in the twenty-first century". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "timeline". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ "Lagos Island General Hospital". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ Eno Ekaete Usoroh. "Achieving universal health coverage in Nigeria: The National Health Insurance Scheme as a tool" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ "National Orthopaedic Hospital". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ "Nigerian Medical Association". Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "ECWA Hospital Egbe". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "University College Hospital, Ibadan". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "ECWA Evangel Hospital". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Top List Of Accredited HMOs In Nigeria". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ↑ "St. Nicholas Hospital". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Adagbada AO, Adesida SA, Nwaokorie FO, Niemogha MT, Coker AO (2012). "cholera". Pan Afr Med J. 12: 59. PMC 3428179
. PMID 22937199.
- ↑ "Imo State University Teaching Hospital". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "Eko Hospital". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ "Hygeia international". Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ↑ "Lagoon Hospitals". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ Menizibeya Osain Welcome (2011). "The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems". J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 3: 470–8. PMC 3249694. PMID 22219580. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.90100.
- ↑ "Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "Clinics & Hospitals in Nigeria". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "NHIS - Nigeria". Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "History of Health Insurance In Nigeria". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ↑ "National Hospital, Abuja". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ↑ "Reddington Hospital". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ "Abuja Declaration". Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- ↑ "Health Maintenance Organizations In Nigeria". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ↑ "The World: Life Expectancy (2016)". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ "Healthcare in Nigeria". Google Trends. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ↑ "Healthcare in Nigeria". books.google.com. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ↑ "Healthcare in Nigeria". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
