Difference between revisions of "Timeline of healthcare in Russia"

This is a '''timeline of [[healthcare in Russia]]'''. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are described.

|Tsarist Russia||During the times of [[Slavery in Russia]], the health conditions of the population range starting from a calamitous level. Generally, lack of preventive measures against diseases results in a very high mortality rate among both adults and children. Severe sanitary neglect, filth and unhygienic living conditions prevail. Six epidemis of Asiatic [[cholera]] strike Russia and claim over 2 million human lifes in the country.<ref name="Disease, Health Care and Government in Late Imperial Russia: Life and Death">{{cite book|last1=Henze|first1=Charlotte E.|title=Disease, Health Care and Government in Late Imperial Russia: Life and Death|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=03mrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=healthcare+czarist+russia&source=bl&ots=Sbo8HMhIxK&sig=k53lWPKyYzH15Q3OA6dRx_JWEXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjklaj9sZXQAhWHDpAKHf_aApcQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=healthcare%20czarist%20russia&f=false|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>

|1922–1991||[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] builds a totally socialist health care model ([[Nikolai Semashko (medicine)|Semashko system]]) with a centralized, integrated, hierarchically organized with the government providing state-funded health care to all citizens. All health personnel are state employees. Control of communicable diseases have priority over non-communicable ones. On the whole, the system tends to primary care, and places much emphasis on specialist and hospital care. Universal healthcare is established in 1930s  and  1940s  as  part  of rapid modernization and industrialization.<ref name="Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation">{{cite web|title=Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>

|1991–2000||Period following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].  Russia’s statist political  economy implodes, and its healthcare system is thrown into crisis. Public expenditures on health  decline dramatically, following a decade-long decline in the economy. Health indicators plummet.  Male life expectancy decline to below 60 years. Infectious diseases re-emerge and  spread, and even childhood immunization programs collapse temporarily in parts of the  country.<ref name="Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation" />

|2000–2010||The Russian healthcare system recovers substantially in terms of financing,  performance, organizational coherence and health  outcomes. Rapid growth the economy from 2000 to 2007 allows growth in spending for public healthcare<ref name="Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation" /><ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/PublicSpendingInRussiaforHealthCare.pdf|title=Public Spending in Russia for Healthcare}}</ref> and by 2006 the figure exceeds the pre-1991 level in real terms.<ref name="worldbank" /> Also there's an increase in life expectancy from 1991-93 levels, and a decrease in infant mortality from 18.1 in 1995 to 8.4 in 2008.<ref name="demoscope.ru">{{Cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/pril.php|title=Russian State Institute of Demography}}</ref>  By 2010, the worst effects on health indicators reverse.<ref name="Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation" /> However, health in [[Russia]] remains well below the levels of developed countries.

|1601–1603||Crisis||The [[Russian famine of 1601–03]] is considered the Russia's worst famine in terms of proportional effect on the population, with deceases estimated at two million people. The famine is part of worldwide record cold winters and crop disruption, which in 2008 geologists linked to the 1600 volcanic eruption of [[Huaynaputina]] in Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/scin.2008.5591740519| title = Disaster goes global: The eruption in 1600 of a seemingly quiet volcano in peru changed global climate and triggered famine as far away as Russia| journal = Science News| volume = 174| issue = 5| pages = 16–21| year = 2009| last1 = Perkins | first1 = S. }}</ref>||  

|1748||Organization||[[City hospital No. 40]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=City hospital No. 40|url=http://www.gb40.ru/|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Saint Petersburg]]

|1758||Organization||[[I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=I.M. SECHENOV FIRST MOSCOW STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY.|url=http://racus.uneekomunikations.com/wp/i-m-sechenov-first-moscow-state-medical-university/|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|1770–1772||Crisis||[[1770–1772 Russian plague]]. It is the last massive outbreak of [[Plague (disease)|plague]] in central [[Russia]], claiming between 52 and 100 thousand lives in Moscow alone (1/6 to 1/3 of its population). Originated in [[Moldova]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |first=John T. |last=Alexander |title=Catherine II, Bubonic Plague, and the Problem of Industry in Moscow |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |year=1974 |pages=637–71 |jstor=1867892 |doi=10.2307/1867892}}</ref>||Central [[Russia]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]]

|1814||Organization||[[Kazan State Medical University]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazan State Medical University|url=http://www.eduinrus.com/en/18-medical-universities/257-kazan-state-medical-university|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Kazan]]

|1891–1892||Crisis||[[Russian famine of 1891–2]]. Originated along the [[Volga River]], it spreads as far as the [[Urals]] and [[Black Sea]].  Between fourteen to twenty million people are estimated to be affected, of which 375,000 to 400,000 died, mostly of disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Russian Famine of 1891-92|url=http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1994-5/Lilly.htm|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref>||[[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], [[Ryazan Oblast]], [[Ryazan Oblast]], [[Republic of Tatarstan]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast]], [[Saratov Oblast]], [[Penza Oblast]], [[Samara Oblast]] and [[Tambov Oblast]].

|1897||Organization||[[First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg|url=http://sputnikeducation.com/mbbs-in-russia-in-first-pavlov|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Saint Petersburg]]

|1906||Organization||The [[Russian National Research Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian National Research Medical University|url=http://www.ureceducation.com/russian-national-research-medical-university-named-ni-pirogov/|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]  

|1910||Organization||[[Lesnoye Sanatorium]] is founded. Its main focus is [[tuberculosis]] treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lesnoye Sanatorium|url=https://sanlesnoe.ru/|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref>||[[Tolyatti]]

|1915||Organization||The [[Anglo-Russian Hospital]] is founded. It is set up during the First World War. Closed in 1918.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anglo-Russian hospital|url=http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/keithallan/2016/02/04/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-anglo-russian-hospital-in-st-petersburg-russia/|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Petrograd]]

|1920||Organization||[[Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=NIZHNY NOVGOROD STATE MEDICAL ACADEMY|url=http://www.edurussia.ru/entrant/universities/nizhny-novgorod-state-medical-academy/|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Nizhny Novgorod]]

|1920||Organization||The Medical Faculty of the Siberian Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Zoology is founded. Today [[Omsk Medical Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Omsk Medical Academy|url=http://www.recas.ru/en/universities-of-russia/medical-universities/515-omsk-state-medical-academy|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Omsk]]

|1921–1922||Crisis||[[1921–22 famine in Tatarstan]]. It is calculated that more than 2,000,000 peasants starved, particularly in [[Arsk]], [[Sviyazhsk]], [[Mamadysh]], [[Menzelinsk]], [[Spassk]], [[Tetyushi]] and [[Chelny]] cantons.{{cn|date=November 2016}}||[[Tatarstan]]

|1921||Organization||The [[Serbsky Center|Serbsky State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry]] is founded. The institution has garnered negative publicity because many [[Soviet dissidents]] were examined there and then sent to [[psychiatric hospital]]s.{{cn|date=November 2016}}||[[Moscow]]

|1922||Organization||[[Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry|url=http://www.msmsu.ru/|accessdate=29 October 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|1925||Organization||[[Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint Petersburg State Pediatric-Medical University|url=http://www.recas.ru/en/universities-of-russia/medical-universities/536-saint-petersburg-state-pediatric-medical-university|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Saint Petersburg]]

|1935||Organization||[[Kursk State Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kursk State Medical University|url=http://www.mediced.com.my/kursk-state-medical-university|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Kursk]]

|1935||Organization||[[Novosibirsk State Medical Academy]] is founded as Novosibirsk State Medical University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novosibirsk State Medical University|url=http://www.recas.ru/en/component/mtree/medical-universities/513-novosibirsk-state-medical-university|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Novosibirsk]]

|1935||Organization||[[Volgograd State Medical University]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volgograd State Medical University|url=http://www.akec.in/volgograd-state-medical.html|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Volgograd]]

|1936||Organization||[[Tver State Medical Academy|Leningrad Dental Institute]] is founded. Later transferred to [[Tver]] and renamed [[Tver State Medical Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tver State Medical University|url=http://www.tsmaonline.ru/academy.php|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Saint Petersburg]]  

|1938||Publication||[[Military Medical Business]] (Военно Санитарное Дело) is launched as a professional medical journal of the Worker's and Peasant's [[Red Army]].<ref>1938, № 11 ''Военно Санитарное Дело'', Москва</ref>||

|1944||Organization||The [[USSR Academy of Medical Sciences]] is founded.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR|pmc=1929489 | pmid=19316366 | volume=75|date=September 1960|journal=Public Health Rep|pages=840}}</ref>||

|1944||Organization||[[Yaroslavl State Medical Academy]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Information About Yaroslavl State Medical University|url=http://ysmu.ru/index.php/ru/welcome/about-academy|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Yaroslavl]]

|1947||Organization||The [[Federal Biomedical Agency]] is formed. It is the national public health institute of the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Biomedical Agency|url=http://fmbaros.ru/fmba/infor/|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]  

|1951||Organization||The [[St Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=St Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital of Specialized Type with Intense Observation|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.461045.2|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref>||[[St Petersburg]]

|1955||Publication||[[Zdoroviye ]]({{lang-ru|Здоровье}}; literally "Health") is founded as a health magazine.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Media Use in Putin's Russia|doi=10.1080/13523270802267906|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13523270802267906|accessdate=27 October 2016|volume=24|journal=Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics|pages=365–385}}</ref>||

|1956||Organization||[[Bakulev Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery]] is founded. It is one of the leading [[cardiovascular surgery]]-related facilities of the [[Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bakulev|url=http://www.24farm.ru/hospitals/bakulev/|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|1956||Organization||[[Vladivostok State Medical University]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vladivostok State Medical University|url=http://www.recas.ru/en/component/mtree/medical-universities/545-vladivostok-state-medical-university|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Vladivostok]]

|1957||Organization||The [[Central Clinical Hospital|Central Clinical Hospital of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central|url=http://www.cchp.ru/|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|1971||Organization||The [[Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics]] is founded. The center is the largest in the world that specializes in the treatment of complex orthopaedic problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.465452.4|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Kurgan]]

|1977|| ||[[People's Doctor of the USSR]] ({{lang-ru|Народный врач СССР}}) is established as an honorary title conferred by the Supreme Soviet's presidency on behalf of the [[Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)|Ministry of Health]]. Bestowed to individual medical doctors and nurses but also to health care structures as [[Hospital#General|general hospital]]s, [[sanatorium]]s, [[maternity ward]]s or [[preventive medicine]] centers.{{cn|date=November 2016}}||

|1979||Crisis||[[Sverdlovsk anthrax leak]]. Spores of anthrax are accidentally released from a military facility. This accident is sometimes called "biological [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl]]". Approximately 100 deaths are estimated.<ref name="Alibek">[[Ken Alibek]] and S. Handelman. ''[[Biohazard (book)|Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it]].'' 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 0-385-33496-6 [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0385334966/].</ref>||[[Yekaterinburg]]

|1987||Policy||After the first case of AIDS is confirmed in Russia, the [[Supreme Soviet]] of the Soviet Union passes the strictest anti-AIDS law in the world, making the knowing transmittal of the infection a criminal offense punishable by up to eight years in jail.<ref name="Health and Health Care in Russia and the Former Soviet Union" />||

|1988||Organization||[[Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex]] is founded by Russian eye surgeon [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]].<ref name="Healthcare in Russia" />||[[Moscow]]

|1988||Organization||The [[Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex]] is founded as a clinical and research ophthalmological center.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex|url=http://www.europeaneyebanks.org/article/MOSCOW%2B-%2BThe%2BS.%2BN.%2BFyodorov%2BEye%2BMicrosurgery%2BState%2BInstitution%2BEye%2BBank/247|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]. Branches in [[Cheboksary]], [[Irkutsk]], [[Kaluga]], [[Khabarovsk]], [[Krasnodar]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Orenburg]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Tambov]], [[Volgograd]], and [[Yekaterinburg]].

|1989||Organization||The [[Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia]] is founded. It first psychiatric association in the USSR not controlled by the State.<ref>{{cite web|title=Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia|url=http://npar.ru/|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|1992||Organization||The [[USSR Academy of Medical Sciences]] is succeeded by the newly founded  [[Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Academy of Medical Sciences|url=http://www.russmed.ru/eng/ramn.htm|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref>||

|1992||Organization||The [[MSU Faculty of Fundamental Medicine]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculty of Fundamental Medicine|url=http://www.msu.ru/en/info/struct/depts/ffm.html|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|1995||Policy||New law stipulates that all visitors remaining more than three months must provide documentation proving that they are not infected with [[HIV]].<ref name="Health and Health Care in Russia and the Former Soviet Union" />||

|2001||Organization||[[Humanitarian Action]] is founded as a non-governmental [[charitable organization]]. It carries out programs and outreach for [[HIV#Prevention|HIV/AIDS prevention]], and aiding [[street children]], [[intravenous drug users]], and [[sex workers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Humanitarian action|url=http://haf-spb.org/about/history/|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Saint Petersburg]]

|2003||Organization||The [[Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health and Social Well-being]] (NDPHS) is formed as a transnational cooperative effort of nine governments, the [[European Commission]] and eight [[List of intergovernmental organizations|international organisations]] to tackle challenges regarding [[health]] and social well-being issues in the [[Northern Dimension]] area.<ref>{{cite web|title=NDPHS|url=http://www.ndphs.org/?about_ndphs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]]

|2003||Organization||[[Saint Petersburg Children’s Hospice]] is founded as a [[non-profit]] institution of [[pediatric]] [[palliative care]] for [[minor (law)|minor]]s under 18 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint-Petersburg Children's Hospice|url=http://defagroup.com/en/social.html|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Saint Petersburg]]

|2005||Campaign||Following a relatively high rate of infection, the Russian government starts a massive increases in expenditure against [[HIV/AIDS]], and a network of regional AIDS centers is established.<ref name="Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation" />||

|2006|| ||The Minister of Health [[Mikhail Zurabov]] and Deputy Chairman of the [[State Duma]] Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko propose reinstating the [[Tax on childlessness|Soviet-era tax on childlessness]], which ended in 1992.<ref name = "pravda">"Childless Russian families to pay taxes for their social inaction," http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/15-09-2006/84467-childless-0 (accessed January 3, 2010.)</ref>||

|2010||Policy||The Russian Government adopts a National Anti-Tobacco Policy Concept, based on  ratification of the [[WHO]] 2008 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.<ref name="Constraints on Universal Health Care  in the Russian Federation" />||

|2011|| ||[[Russian Prime Minister]] [[Vladimir Putin]] announces a large-scale health-care reform and pledges to allocate more than 300 billion rubles ($10 billion) in the next few years to improve health care in the country.<ref name="putin">{{Cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100420/158669620.html|title=Putin says Russia needs major health care reform}}</ref>||

|2011||Organization||The [[Federal Center of Neurosurgery (Tyumen)|Federal Center of Neurosurgery]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Center of Neurosurgery (Tyumen)|url=http://www.fcn-tmn.ru/en/interesnoe-o-nas/history.php|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Tyumen]]

|2012||Organization||The [[Ministry of Health (Russia)|Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation]] succeeds the former Ministry of Health and Social Development.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Health Ministry Orders|url=http://depzdrav.yanao.ru/node/909|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|2012||Policy||[[Russian Prime Minister]] [[Vladimir Putin]] signs the May [[Decree of the President of Russia|Decrees]] which includes a plan to double the wages of healthcare staff by 2018 and gradual privatization of state health services.<ref name=britnell>{{cite book|last1=Britnell|first1=Mark|title=In Search of the Perfect Health System|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave|location=London|isbn=978-1-137-49661-4|page=83}}</ref>||

|2013||Development||United Medical Information and Analytical System of Moscow ([[EMIAS]]) is released as a complex information system that automatises the booking of hospital visits and work of medical professionals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emias|url=http://www.emias.info/|accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>||[[Moscow]]

|2014||||Wage rises in Moscow leads to the closure of 15 hospitals and 7000 redundancies.<ref name=britnell/>||[[Moscow]]

* [[Healthcare in Russia]]

[[Category:Health in Russia]]

[[Category:Health-related timelines]]