Difference between revisions of "Timeline of the environmentalist movement"

Latest revision as of 09:12, 5 June 2021

This is a timeline of the environmentalist movement, focusing on its modern aspect after the industrial revolution. Previous environmental related events are recorded since ancient times.

Big picture

Year/period	Key developments
19th century	The environmentalist movement begins in Europe very early in the century, coming into existence through the Romantic movement.^[1] The late 19th century would see the formation of the first wildlife conservation societies.^[2]
1950s–1960s	The environmental movement continues to grow with many influential books being published. Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson, would become especially influential as it exposes the harmful effects of the pesticide DDT.^[1]
1970s–1980s	Very important period for the green movement with many groups, like Greenpeace, being founded. The first Earth Day and the United Nations first environmental conference also happen in the 70s.^[1] By the 1980s, a growing awareness on global warming increases the prominence of the environmental movement.^[1]
2000s–present	The Great Recession provokes a weakening of the environmental movement’s strength to some degree.^[1] However, climate change has become a top priority issue in international affairs.

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 27, 2021.

Year	environmentalism	corporate environmentalism	liberal environmentalism	radical environmentalism	green environmentalism
1980	372	95	86	101	73
1985	504	110	128	184	143
1990	1,090	269	277	378	422
1995	2,850	782	734	1,120	1,450
2000	4,430	1,500	1,420	1,810	1,880
2002	5,480	2,240	1,940	2,390	2,930
2004	5,620	2,060	1,840	2,350	2,970
2006	6,470	2,500	2,100	2,410	3,500
2008	7,990	3,120	2,430	3,000	4,480
2010	9,820	4,030	2,990	3,730	5,850
2012	11,400	4,800	3,210	3,990	6,570
2014	13,000	5,220	3,820	4,860	8,030
2016	14,600	6,000	4,190	5,580	8,970
2017	14,000	6,630	4,220	5,560	9,370
2018	15,700	6,790	4,770	6,150	9,780
2019	16,300	7,060	4,870	6,360	10,200
2020	15,500	6,240	4,220	6,760	9,940

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Environmentalist movement (Search Term), from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[3]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Environmentalist movement, from 1940 to 2019.^[4]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Environmentalist movement, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.^[5]

Timeline

Year/period	Type of event	Event	Focused area	Location
1662	Publication	The conservation movement can be traced back to John Evelyn's work Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber, presented as a paper to the Royal Society. Published as a book two years later, it still remains one of the most influential texts on forestry.^[6]	Flora conservation	United Kingdom
1842	Policy	The Madras Board of Revenue starts local conservation efforts, headed by Alexander Gibson, a botanist who systematically adopts a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This would be the first case of state management of forests in the world.^[7]	Flora conservation	India
1854	Publication	American philosopher and naturalist Henry David Thoreau writes Walden, which explores living surrounded by nature. The book would come to inspire the environmentalist movement.^[8]	Wildlife conservation	United States
1855	Program launch	British rule introduces the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world in India. This model soon would spread to other colonies, as well the United States.^[9]	Flora conservation	India
1860	Policy	British India bans the use of shifting cultivation.^[10]	Land use	India
1863	Policy	The Britain's Alkali Acts are passed to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous hydrochloric acid) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash.^[11]	Air pollution	United Kingdom
1865	Organization	The British Commons Preservation Society is formed as a movement with the purpose of protecting rural preservation against the encroachments of industrialization.^[12]	Flora conservation, fauna conservation	United Kingdom
1869	Policy	The Sea Birds Preservation Act is passed by the British parliament. The passage is considered one of the first pieces of parliamentary legislation anywhere in the world to protect wildlife, and the first to offer birds protection on the United Kingdom.^[13]	Fauna conservation	United Kingdom
1875	Policy	The United Kingdom Public Health Act 1875 requires all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke.^[14]	Air pollution	United Kingdom
1889	Organization	The Plumage League (later the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) is founded.^[15]	Fauna conservation	United Kingdom
1892	Organization	Sierra Club is founded. It would become one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world.^[16]	General environmental conservation	United States (San Francisco)
1895	Publication	Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius publishes paper On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground, the first scientific work concerning the influence of a rise in carbon dioxide on the atmospheric warming.^[17]	Air pollution	Sweden (Stockholm)
1895	Organization	The Wildlife Conservation Society is founded with "the clear mission to save wildlife and wild places across the globe."^[18]		United States (New York City)
1895	Organization	Naturfreunde International (Friends of Nature) starts in Vienna as a movement with the purpose of making nature accessible to the wider community by providing appropriate recreational and travel facilities. Currently it has more than 500,000 members spread all over the world.^[19]	Nature, wildlife	Austria (Vienna)
1898	Organization	The Coal Smoke Abatement Society is founded by Sir William Blake Richmond. It is one of the oldest environmental NGOs.^[20]	Air pollution	United Kingdom
1922	Organization	The Izaak Walton League is founded as an environmental organization that promotes natural resource protection and outdoor recreation.^[21]	General environmental conservation	United States (Chicago)
1933	Policy	Nazi Germany adopts highly protective legislation on animal rights. This series of laws are considered to have given non–human animals more protection than any other country in the world. The nazi laws would ban all field sports that involve training and using animals to kill game and vermin, under the belief that putting an animal through unnecessary torture would injure the feelings of the German nation.^[22]	Fauna conservation, animal rights	Germany
1935	Organization	The Wilderness Society is founded as a non-profit land conservation organization, dedicated to protecting natural areas and federal public lands in the United States.^[23]	Land conservation	United States
1936	Organization	The United States National Wildlife Federation is founded the purpose of protecting wildlife and habitat and promoting conservationism.^[24]	Land conservation	United States
1947	Organization	Defenders of Wildlife is founded as a non-profit conservation organization with aims at protecting animals and plants native to North America in their natural communities.^[25]	Flora conservation, fauna conservation	United States (Chicago)
1948 (October)	Organization	The International Union for Conservation of Nature is founded as an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.^[26]	Nature conservation, natural resources	France (Fontainebleau)
1949	Publication	American environmentalist Aldo Leopold publishes A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There, a collection of essays advocating ideas such as responsible relationship between people and the land they inhabit. The book would be later considered a landmark in the American conservation movement.^[27]		United States
1951	Organization	The Nature Conservancy is founded. A charitable environmental organization, its claimed mission is to "conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends."^[28]		United States
1961 (April)	Organization	The World Wildlife Foundation (now called World Wide Fund for Nature) is founded. It works in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of humanity's footprint on the environment.^[29]	Wildlife conservation	Switzerland (Morges)
1962 (September)	Publication	American marine biologist Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, calling attention to the threat of toxic chemicals to people and the environment. The book would prove to be a huge influence on environmental policies across the world, and Carson would be regarded as one of the greatest influences in the history of the environmental movement.^[30]	Land pollution	Unites States
1967	Organization	The Environmental Defense Fund is founded. It is a nonprofit environmental advocacy group it is implicated in global warming, ecosystem restoration, oceans and human health.^[31]		United States
1968	Publication	Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich publishes The Population Bomb, which describes the ecological threats of a rapidly growing human population.^[32]	Overpopulation	Unites States
1968 (15 September)	Conference	UNESCO organizes the first Biosphere Conference. Experts from around the world gather to discuss global environmental problems, including pollution, resource loss, and wetlands destruction.^[33]	General environmental issues	France
1969	Organization	Friends of the Earth is founded in San Francisco as an anti-nuclear group. Today it is an international network of environmental organizations with presence in 74 countries.^[34]^[35]	Environmentalism, Human rights	United States
1970 (April 22)		The first Earth Day is celebrated, today a worldwide event. In the United States, 20 million citizens would take to the streets, parks, and auditoriums to demonstrate for a healthy, sustainable environment.^[36]	General environmental issues	Worldwide
1970 (December 2)	Organization	The United States Environmental Protection Agency is formed, with the purpose of consolidating in one agency a variety of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection in the United States.^[37]	General environmental issues	United States
1971	Organization	A group of 12 activists sets out on a fishing trawler from Vancouver, to protest the United States nuclear testing in Alaska. This date is considered the beginning of the international movement called Greenpeace.^[38]	General environmental issues	Canada, United States (Alaska)
1971	Conference	Menton Conference. 2,200 scientists, gathered and sign the “Menton Message” to the United Nations, stressing the need for collective international action in finding solutions to the "problems of pollution, hunger, overpopulation, and war."^[39]	General environmental issues	France (Menton)
1972	Publication	An association of scientists and political leaders known as the Club of Rome publishes The Limits to Growth, a book which predicts civilisation would probably collapse some time the twenieth century at current rates of population growth, resource depletion, and pollution generation.^[40]	Overpopulation, General environmental issues
1972 (June 5)	Organization	The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is established with aims at guiding and coordinating environmental activities within the United Nations (UN) system.^[41]	General environmental issues
1972	Publication	British economist Barbara Ward and microbiologist Rene Dubos publish Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet, written for the forthcoming United Nations Stockholm conference on the Human Environment. The book warns that human actions are undermining the Earth's ability to support us.^[42]	General environmental issues
1972	Conference	The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is held. It would be the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues, marking a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.^[43]^[44]	General environmental issues	Sweden (Stockholm)
1972	Publication	Professor Christopher D. Stone, from the University of Southern California publishes article Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects addressing the question of whether natural objects themselves should have legal rights. In the essay, Stone suggests that his argument is valid because many current rightsholders (women, children) were once seen as objects.^[45]	Animal rights, nature rights	United States
1972	Program launch	United Nations System-wide Earthwatch is established by the United Nations as an initiative to monitor major global disturbance in the environment and to give early warning of problems requiring international action.^[46]	General environmental issues
1973 (April)	Organization	The Chipko movement launches as a forest conservation movement, with the purpose of protecting trees from commercial logging, which began to cause severe deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding in the region. This movement would become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world.^[47]	Flora conservation	India
1974	Publication	Mexican chemist Mario Molina and American chemist Frank Sherwood Rowland publish the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone.^[48]	Air pollution
1979	Crisis	The Three Mile Island accident occurs. In the aftermath, many mass anti-nuclear protests would take place, the largest one being in New York City in September 1979 and involving 200,000 people.^[49]	Nuclear energy	United States
1979	Publication	British scientist James Lovelock publishes Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, putting forth the Gaia hypothesis, which proposes that life on earth can be understood as a single organism. This hypothesis would become an important part of the Deep Green ideology.^[50]		United Kingdom
1980 (April)	Organization	Earth First! is founded as a radical environmental advocacy group.^[51]	General environmental issues	United States
1982	Organization	Nevada Desert Experience starts as an anti-nuclear movement, with the purpose of stopping modern weapons development, including the end of automated warfare and nuclear weaponeering in Southern Nevada.^[52]	Nuclear weapons	United States
1982	Organization	World Resources Institute is founded an independent, non-governmental global research organization with the purpose of developing sustainable natural resource management at a global scale.^[53]^[54]		United States
1985 (22 March)	Organization	The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is signed as a Multilateral Environmental Agreement. Having entered into force in 1988, in terms of universality, the agreement would become one of the most successful treaties of all time, having been ratified by 197 states (all United Nations members as well as the Holy See, Niue and the Cook Islands) as well as the European Union.^[55]	Air pollution	Austria (Vienna)
1985	Background	British research team led by geophysicist Joe Farman reports that there is a hole in the ozone layer over the Antarctica.^[32]
1985	Publication	American environmentalist David Foreman publishes controversial book Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching, a collection of articles which provides with advice and sabotage techniques on monkeywrenching (nonviolent disobedience and sabotage carried out by environmental activists against those whom they perceive to be ecological exploiters^[56]).^[57]	Ecology	United States
1986	Organization	Pro–Natura is founded as an environmental and poverty alleviation NGO. By 1992 it would become internationalized and headquartered in Paris.^[58]	General environmental issues	Brazil
1986	Background	Chernobyl disaster occurs. Massive demonstrations in a number of countries follow in the aftermath. An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people march in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program.^[59]	Nuclear energy	Ukraine, Europe, worldwide
1987	Award	The Global 500 Roll of Honour is established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to recognize the environmental achievements of individuals and organizations around the world.^[60]	General environmental issues
1987	Publication	The World Commission on Environment and Development publishes Our Common Future ( also known as Brundtland Report), within which the theme of Sustainable Development is established.^[44]
1987 (September)	Treaty	The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is adopted to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.^[61]	Air pollution	Canada (Montreal)
1988	Background	Scientists discover a second hole in the ozone layer, this time over the Arctic region.^[32]
1988	Organization	The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is formed as a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations at the request of member governments, it dedicates to the task of providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts.^[62]	Climate change
1988 (August)	Organization	Earthlife Africa is founded as a volunteer driven environmental organization. Earthlife Africa would further work on campaigns and projects related to nuclear energy, climate change, waste management and animal protection.^[63]	nuclear energy, climate change, waste management, animal rights	South Africa (Johannesburg)
1988 (December)	Background	Brazilian environmental leader Chico Mendes is murdered by cattle ranchers. Mendes' murder would make international headlines, leading to an outpouring of support for the environmental movements.^[64]	General environmental issues	Brazil
1989	Organization	GRID-Arendal, a center collaborating with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), is established by the Norwegian Government as a non-profit foundation to support the United Nations in the field of environmental information management and assessment, capacity-building and communications and outreach.^[65]	General environmental issues	Norway (Arendal)
1989	Publication	American environmentalist Bill McKibben publishes The End of Nature. This would be called the first book on global warming written for a general audience.^[66]	Global warming	United States
1991	Organization	UNEP OzonAction is created as a branch of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Part of UNEP's Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, UNEP OzonAction assists developing countries to achieve and sustain their compliance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and make informed decisions on alternative technologies and ozone-friendly policies.^[67]^[68]	Air pollution	France (Paris)
1991	Organization	Voluntary Human Extinction Movement is founded as an environmental movement that seeks to call people to abstain from reproduction in oprder to cause the gradual voluntary extinction of humankind so as to prevent environmental degradation.^[69]	Overpopulation	United States
1991 (October)	Organization	The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is founded. It unites 183 countries in partnership with international institutions, civil society organizations (CSOs). Today the GEF is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment. The GEF is the largest environmental multilateral fund in the world.^[70]^[71]	General environmental issues
1992 (June)	Conference	The Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit is held. 172 governments and, and 116 heads of state participate. An important achievement of the summit would be an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn would lead to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.^[72]^[44]^[73]	Climate change	Brazil
1992	Organization	Environmental Foundation for Africa is founded as a non-governmental organization with the purpose of protecting and restoring the environment in West Africa.^[74]	Sustainable development, wildlife conservation	United Kingdom (headquartered in Sierra Leone
1992 (May)	Treaty	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is adopted as an international environmental treaty. Having entered into force on 21 March 1994, after a sufficient number of countries ratify, The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".^[75]	Climate change	United States (New York City)
1992	Organization	The Sahara and Sahel Observatory (French: Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, OSS) is established as an African intergovernmental organization, with the purpose of protecting the environment in Sahara and Sahel.^[76]	Land conservation	France (Paris)
1992 (June)	Publication	American politician Al Gore publishes Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. The book proposes a "Global Marshall Plan" to address current ecological issues.^[77]	Ecology	United States
1993	Organization	The European Forest Institute (EFI) is founded as an NGO, with the purpose of offering forest research contacts and collaboration at the European level. By 2005 it would become an international organization.^[78]	Flora conservation	Finland (Joensuu)
1993 (October)	Organization	European Environment Agency is formed. Is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent information on the environment.^[79]	General environmental issues	Denmark (Copenhagen)
1994	Organization	Commission for Environmental Cooperation is established by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to implement the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), the environmental side accord to the North American Free Trade Agreement. The CEC supports cooperation among the NAFTA partners to address environmental issues of continental concern, including the environmental challenges and opportunities presented by continent-wide free trade.^[80]^[81]	General environmental issues	North America
1995	Program launch	The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) project is launched by the United Nations Environment Programme inorder assess environmental issues and to have them published, in response to the environmental reporting requirements which requested the production of a new comprehensive global state of the environment report.^[82]	General environmental issues
1995	Organization	The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) is established by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) as an independent advisory body. STAP comprises seven expert advisers supported by the Secretariat, which are together responsible for connecting the GEF to the most up to date, authoritative and globally representative science.^[83]	General environmental issues
1995	Organization	Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta is founded as a council of Senior Aboriginal women from Coober Pedy, South Australia. They fundamentally oppose nuclear waste dump which they see as the imposition of poison ground onto their traditional lands.^[84]	Nuclear waste	Australia
1997	Treaty	The Kyoto Protocol is adopted as an international treaty, with aims at setting specific targets and deadlines to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Under Kyoto, industrialized nations would pledge to cut their yearly emissions of carbon, as measured in six greenhouse gases, by varying amounts. Nearly all nations would further ratify the treaty, with the notable exception of the United States.^[85]	Air pollution	Japan (Kyoto)
1999	Program launch	The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) is launched as a program of the UN's Convention on Biological Diversity. The GSPC seeks to halt the continuing loss of plant diversity, and also to contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development.^[86]	Flora conservation
2001	Organization	The Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP) is established as a United Nations initiative, with aims at conserving the non-human great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, and orangutans) and their habitats.^[87]	Fauna conservation
2002		The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is first published by Yale University as a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies. EPI is designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.^[88]	General environmental issues
2002 (August)	Conference	The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), also known as Earth Summit 2002 is held, with the purpose of discussing sustainable development by the United Nations. Negotiators would agree to restore the world's depleted fisheries by 2015.^[44]^[89]	Sustainable development	South Africa (Johannesburg)
2004 (November)		The Kyoto Protocol comes into force, following ratification by Russia.^[90]	Air pollution
2005	Program launch	Champions of the Earth is launched by the United Nations Environment Programme, as an annual awards program to recognize outstanding environmental leaders. Six awards would be given out each year to a Laureate representing different geographical regions with one additional special prize.^[91]	General environmental issues
2005	Publication	American ecologist Jared Diamond publishes Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. The book explores how climate change, human overpopulation and political conflicts create the conditions for the collapse of civilization.^[92]		United States
2005	Organization	Green Actors of West Africa is created as a network of environmental organizations from West Africa, with the goal of developing ways of enhancing cooperation and coordination between and among the various donors and environmental (nature conservation) actors in the region.^[93]	Nature conservation	Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Togo
2005 (September)	Organization	Stop Climate Chaos is formed as a climate change coalition of primarily environmental and international development NGOs.^[94]	Climate change	United Kingdom
2005 (September)	Organization	Plane Stupid launches as a group of environmental protesters which focuses upon the aviation industry as a prime contributor to climate change.^[95]	Climate change	United Kingdom
2006	Program launch	The Billion Tree Campaign by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as a response to the challenges of global warming, as well as challenges of water supply in face of biodiversity loss. With an initial target of planting one billion trees by 2007, after this achievement, the next target would be set at seven billion trees by 2009. As of 2016, over 14.2 billion trees have been planted.^[96]	Flora conservation
2006 (March)	Program launch	Green.TV is launched in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme, as a multi-channel video publishing network for clean tech, conservation and sustainability.^[97]	General environmental issues
2007	Organization	The International Carbon Action Partnership is launched as an international forum, with aims at providing the opportunity for member jurisdictions to share best practices and discuss emissions trading systems (ETS) design elements with a view to creating a well-functioning global carbon market through linking ETS.^[98]	Air pollution	Portugal (Lisbon)
2008 (September)	Program launch	The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD program) is launched as a collaborative program of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), under the plan "to reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development".^[99]	Flora conservation	Switzerland (Geneva
2008	Publication	British politician Nigel Lawson publishes An Appeal to Reason in which Lawson argues that global warming is happening, but the knowledge about it is far from complete.^[100]	Global warming
2008 (September)	Publication	American journalist Thomas Friedman publishes Hot, Flat, and Crowded which proposes an ambitious national strategy (“Geo-Greenism”) in which clean energy and green technology industries would make the United States regain its political stature in the world.^[101]	Global warming, clean energy	United States
2008 (October)	Organization	Climate Rush is founded as a women–led organization with the purpose of urging the government to take strong action on climate change.^[102]	Climate change	United Kingdom
2010 (November)	Conference	2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held. The meeting would produce the basis for the most comprehensive and far-reaching international response to climate change seen to date in order to reduce carbon emissions.^[103]	Climate change	Mexico (Cancún)
2011	Organization	Deep Green Resistance is founded as an environmental organization. The goal of DGR is "to deprive the rich of their ability to steal from the poor and the powerful of their ability to destroy the planet."^[104]	General environmental conservation
2011 (March)	Crisis	Large anti–nuclear demonstrations are ignited by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The accident would give cause to the largest anti–nuclear demonstration in the history of Germany, with over 200,000 demonstrators.^[105]	Nuclear energy	Japan
2011 (November)	Conference	2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held. The outcomes include a decision by Parties to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change as soon as possible, and no later than 2015.^[106]	climate change	South Africa (Durban)
2012 (February)		The Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC) is launched by the United Nations Environment Programme and six countries:Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden, and the United States. The CCAC aims to catalyze rapid reductions in short-lived climate pollutants to protect human health, agriculture and the environment.^[107]	Air pollution
2012 (April)	Organization	The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is established as an independent intergovernmental body, with aims at strengthening the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services.^[108]	biodiversity, ecosystem	Panama (Panama City)
2012 (June)	Database launch	The UNEP Environmental Data Explorer is launched. It is the authoritative source for data sets used by the UNEP and its partners in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) report and other integrated environment assessments.^[109]	General environmental issues
2012 (November)	Conference	The 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held. The conference reaches an agreement to extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol, which would due to expire at the end of 2012, until 2020.^[110]	Climate change	Qatar (Doha)
2013 (May)	Manifestation	March Against Monsanto takes place by protesters in 436 cities across 52 countries, with the purpose of calling attention to the dangers posed by genetically modified food and the corporations that produce it.^[111]	genetically modified food
2014 (March)	Report	The United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases a report predicting dire environmental and economic consequences for the entire world if the leading economies do not start to reduce greenhouse gas emissions immediately.^[32]	Climate change
2014 (1 May)	Organization	The World Nature Organization is established as an intergovernmental organization with aims at “promoting sustainable development, information and knowledge transfer among states, organizations and the economic sector, as regards preserving the natural environment, environmentally-friendly technologies, green economies, renewable energies, protection of resources, protection of water, forest, air, oceans and climate.^[112]	Sustainable development
2015 (November)	Treaty	The historic Paris climate agreement is held within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 195 United Nations members sign the historic agreement with the ultimate goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.^[44]	Global warming	France (Paris)
2016 (April)	Organization	The Paris Agreement becomes effective. In it, each country would determine, plan and regularly report its own contribution it should make in order to mitigate global warming.^[113]^[114]	Global warming	France (Paris)
2016 (October)	Treaty	The 197 Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopt the Kigali Amendment in order to phase down production and consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) worldwide.^[61]	Air pollution
2017 (June)	Treaty withdrawal	President Donald J. Trump announces United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, denouncing it as a violation of United States sovereignty.^[115]	Global warming

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↑ "Thanks to Hitler, hunting with hounds is still verboten". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
↑ "Wilderness Society". wilderness.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ "National Wildlife Federation is a voice for wildlife, dedicated to protecting wildlife and habitat and inspiring the future generation of conservationists.". nwf.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
↑ "Mission and Vision". defenders.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ "About". iucn.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ "A Sand County Almanac". aldoleopold.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "History & Milestones of The Nature Conservancy". nature.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "World Wildlife Foundation". gutenberg.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "How 'Silent Spring' Ignited the Environmental Movement". nytimes.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "Our story: How EDF got started". edf.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 "Milestones in Environmental Protection". infoplease.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "The Paris Biosphere Conference of 1968". ecosostenibile.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ "When was Friends of the Earth founded?". foe.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "about friends of the earth international". archive.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Earth Day". earthday.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ "EPA History". epa.gov. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ "History: Sept 15, 1971, the Canadian origins of Greenpeace". rcinet.ca. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ "A Message to Our Planet from 1971". mountainsangha.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ "Limits to Growth was right. New research shows we're nearing collapse". theguardian.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)". britannica.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "Only One Earth". newint.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)". un.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 ^44.2 ^44.3 ^44.4 "An Overview of the Paris Agreement" (PDF). cscr.pk. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects". princetonindependent.com. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "Earthwatch". unep.ch. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "The Chipko movement". teri.res.in. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ "Miscellany News, Volume LXVIII, Number 16, 28 September 1979". vassar.edu. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "How James Lovelock introduced Gaia to an unsuspecting world". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ "Earth First!". pollutionissues.com. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "Mission Statement". nevadadesertexperience.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "The WRI Story: 30 Years of Big Ideas". wri.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "About WRI". World Resources Institute. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "Monkeywrenching". britannica.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
↑ "Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching". theanarchistlibrary.org. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
↑ "Pro-Natura: Green Charcoal for Sustainable Development". biochar-international.org. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ Giugni, Marco. Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ "Global 500". global500.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 "The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer". state.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "HISTORY". ipcc.ch. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "Earthlife AFRICA Johannesburg". ngopulse.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Chico Mendes: A living legacy". edf.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "About GRID-Arendal". grida.no. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
↑ "Environmental Writer Turns Words into Action". archive.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Ozone Links". theozonehole.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "United Nations Ozone Action Program Wins U.S. Government Prize". ens-newswire.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement". vhemt.org/. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "UNIDO and the Global Environment Facility". unido.org. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "Canada Increases Funding for Global Effort to Fight Climate Change". acdi-cida.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "THE RIO EARTH SUMMIT: SUMMARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "UNCED Conference". un.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "The Environmental Foundation for Africa" (PDF). thegef.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Article 2" (PDF). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Sahara and Sahel Observatory". oss-online.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
↑ "Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit". amazon.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ "History". efi.int. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "European Environment Agency". europa.eu. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Home COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION". cec.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ "The Commission for Environmental Cooperation and Canada-U.S. Environmental Governance in the NAFTA Era". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ "About Global Assessments". unep.org. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
↑ "PROGRESS REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF UNEP ON THE RECONSTITUTION OF STAP" (PDF). thegef.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "The Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta and the proposed radioactive waste repository in SA: 1998-2004". foe.org.au. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ "What is the Kyoto protocol and has it made any difference?". theguardian.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "The First Asian Plant Conservation Report" (PDF). iucn.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
↑ "Apes Among Us: GRASP Photo Exhibition Speaks for the Ages". medium.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "Analysis of Yale-Environmental Performance Index (EPI)". ecologic.eu. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
↑ Dodds, Felix. Earth Summit 2002: A New Deal. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
↑ "Russian vote saves Kyoto protocol". theguardian.com. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
↑ "What is the Champions of the Earth?". unep.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
↑ "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (book review)". davidbrin.com. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
↑ "Green actors of west africa". greenactorswestafrica.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
↑ "Stop Climate Chaos Scotland". stopclimatechaos.org. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ Boyce, Tammy; Lewis, Justin. Climate Change and the Media. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ "History What happened so far". plant-for-the-planet.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
↑ "Green TV Started in the UK in 2006 – By Now It Is A Smashing Success. Could there be such a channel in the US?". sustainabilitank.info. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ "About ICAP". icapcarbonaction.com. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
↑ "UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 Strategic Framework". unredd.net. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
↑ "Fuelling the debate on climate change". theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ "Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution--and How It Can Renew America". amazon.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ Reading, A.; Katriel, T. Cultural Memories of Nonviolent Struggles: Powerful Times. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
↑ "Cancun Climate Change Conference - November 2010". unfccc.int. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
↑ "About Deep Green Resistance". deepgreenresistance.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ A History of Environmentalism: Local Struggles, Global Histories (Marco Armiero, Lise Sedrez ed.). Retrieved 18 June 2017.
↑ "Durban Climate Change Conference - November/December 2011". unfccc.int. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ "World-Wide Action on Black Carbon, Methane and Other Short-Lived Pollutants Grows as Seven More Countries Join New Coalition". ccacoalition.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
↑ "External Review of IPBES Assessments by Governments and Experts". ipbes.net. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "Environmental Data Explorer". unep.ch. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "The Doha Climate Gateway". unfccc.int. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "Millions march against GM crops". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ "International Law in Brief". asil.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑ "7. d Paris Agreement". un.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)
↑ "Trump quits the Paris climate accord, denouncing it as a violation of U.S. sovereignty". latimes.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[A_Brief_History_On_Environmentalism-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 "A Brief History On Environmentalism". thegreenmedium.com. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[Environmentalism-2] "Environmentalism". britannica.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[3] "Environmentalist movement". Google Trends. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

[4] "Environmentalist movement". books.google.com. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

[5] "Environmentalist movement". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

[6] John Evelyn, Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees ... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet, Fourth Edition (1706), reprinted London: Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv; online edn, March 2007 [1], accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source (John Nisbet) states: "There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming Sylva, ... than can be ascribed to any other individual." Nisbet adds that "Evelyn was by no means the first [author] who wrote on [forestry]. That honour belongs to Master Fitzherbert, whose Boke of Husbandrie was published in 1534" (V1, p. lxvi).

[7] Greg Barton (2002). Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.

[8] "It's Easy Being Green: Happy Birthday, Henry David Thoreau". americanprogress.org. Retrieved 24 June 2017.

[9] Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke (1861). The Forests and Gardens of South India (Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed.). London: W. H. Allen. OCLC 301345427.

[10] Simmons, Ian G. Global Environmental History: 10,000 BC to AD 2000: 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[11] Alkali Acts Amendment. A Bill to Amend the Alkali Acts 1863 and 1874, and to Provide for the More Effectual Condensation of Noxious and Offensive Gases in Alkali and Other Works. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[12] "Open Spaces Society". oss.org.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[13] "The 1869 Sea Birds Preservation Act". iberianature.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[14] "public health act 1875 in a sentence". ichacha.net. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[15] "Well done to The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds on reaching 125 years". express.co.uk. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[16] "WHO WE ARE". sierraclub.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[17] "Svante Arrhenius". nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[18] "Wildlife Conservation Society". si.edu. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[19] "Friends of Nature- Nepal". friendsofnaturenepal.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[20] "The UK's oldest environmental charity faces closure". bbc.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[21] "Izaak Walton League". iwla.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[22] "Thanks to Hitler, hunting with hounds is still verboten". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2017.

[23] "Wilderness Society". wilderness.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[24] "National Wildlife Federation is a voice for wildlife, dedicated to protecting wildlife and habitat and inspiring the future generation of conservationists.". nwf.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.

[25] "Mission and Vision". defenders.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[26] "About". iucn.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[27] "A Sand County Almanac". aldoleopold.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[28] "History & Milestones of The Nature Conservancy". nature.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[29] "World Wildlife Foundation". gutenberg.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[How_.E2.80.98Silent_Spring.E2.80.99_Ignited_the_Environmental_Movement-30] "How 'Silent Spring' Ignited the Environmental Movement". nytimes.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[31] "Our story: How EDF got started". edf.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[Milestones_in_Environmental_Protection-32] 32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 "Milestones in Environmental Protection". infoplease.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[33] "The Paris Biosphere Conference of 1968". ecosostenibile.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[34] "When was Friends of the Earth founded?". foe.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[35] "about friends of the earth international". archive.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[36] "Earth Day". earthday.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[37] "EPA History". epa.gov. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[38] "History: Sept 15, 1971, the Canadian origins of Greenpeace". rcinet.ca. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[39] "A Message to Our Planet from 1971". mountainsangha.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[40] "Limits to Growth was right. New research shows we're nearing collapse". theguardian.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[41] "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)". britannica.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[42] "Only One Earth". newint.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[43] "United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)". un.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[An_Overview_of_the_Paris_Agreement-44] 44.0 ^44.1 ^44.2 ^44.3 ^44.4 "An Overview of the Paris Agreement" (PDF). cscr.pk. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[45] "Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects". princetonindependent.com. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[46] "Earthwatch". unep.ch. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[47] "The Chipko movement". teri.res.in. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[48] "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[49] "Miscellany News, Volume LXVIII, Number 16, 28 September 1979". vassar.edu. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[50] "How James Lovelock introduced Gaia to an unsuspecting world". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[51] "Earth First!". pollutionissues.com. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[52] "Mission Statement". nevadadesertexperience.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[53] "The WRI Story: 30 Years of Big Ideas". wri.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[WR_About-54] "About WRI". World Resources Institute. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[ratifications-55] "Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[56] "Monkeywrenching". britannica.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017.

[57] "Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching". theanarchistlibrary.org. Retrieved 30 June 2017.

[58] "Pro-Natura: Green Charcoal for Sustainable Development". biochar-international.org. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[59] Giugni, Marco. Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[60] "Global 500". global500.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[The_Montreal_Protocol_on_Substances_that_Deplete_the_Ozone_Layer-61] 61.0 ^61.1 "The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer". state.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[62] "HISTORY". ipcc.ch. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[63] "Earthlife AFRICA Johannesburg". ngopulse.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[64] "Chico Mendes: A living legacy". edf.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[65] "About GRID-Arendal". grida.no. Retrieved 11 June 2017.

[66] "Environmental Writer Turns Words into Action". archive.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[67] "Ozone Links". theozonehole.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[68] "United Nations Ozone Action Program Wins U.S. Government Prize". ens-newswire.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[69] "The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement". vhemt.org/. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[70] "UNIDO and the Global Environment Facility". unido.org. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[71] "Canada Increases Funding for Global Effort to Fight Climate Change". acdi-cida.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[THE_RIO_EARTH_SUMMIT:_SUMMARY_OF_THE_UNITED_NATIONS_CONFERENCE_ON_ENVIRONMENT_AND_DEVELOPMENT-72] "THE RIO EARTH SUMMIT: SUMMARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[UNCED_Conference-73] "UNCED Conference". un.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[74] "The Environmental Foundation for Africa" (PDF). thegef.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[art2-75] "Article 2" (PDF). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[76] "Sahara and Sahel Observatory". oss-online.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[77] "Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit". amazon.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[78] "History". efi.int. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[79] "European Environment Agency". europa.eu. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[80] "Home COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION". cec.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[81] "The Commission for Environmental Cooperation and Canada-U.S. Environmental Governance in the NAFTA Era". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[82] "About Global Assessments". unep.org. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[83] "PROGRESS REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF UNEP ON THE RECONSTITUTION OF STAP" (PDF). thegef.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[84] "The Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta and the proposed radioactive waste repository in SA: 1998-2004". foe.org.au. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[85] "What is the Kyoto protocol and has it made any difference?". theguardian.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[86] "The First Asian Plant Conservation Report" (PDF). iucn.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[87] "Apes Among Us: GRASP Photo Exhibition Speaks for the Ages". medium.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[88] "Analysis of Yale-Environmental Performance Index (EPI)". ecologic.eu. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[89] Dodds, Felix. Earth Summit 2002: A New Deal. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[90] "Russian vote saves Kyoto protocol". theguardian.com. Retrieved 17 June 2017.

[91] "What is the Champions of the Earth?". unep.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.

[92] "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (book review)". davidbrin.com. Retrieved 24 June 2017.

[93] "Green actors of west africa". greenactorswestafrica.org. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[94] "Stop Climate Chaos Scotland". stopclimatechaos.org. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[95] Boyce, Tammy; Lewis, Justin. Climate Change and the Media. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[96] "History What happened so far". plant-for-the-planet.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[97] "Green TV Started in the UK in 2006 – By Now It Is A Smashing Success. Could there be such a channel in the US?". sustainabilitank.info. Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[98] "About ICAP". icapcarbonaction.com. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

[99] "UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 Strategic Framework". unredd.net. Retrieved 13 June 2017.

[100] "Fuelling the debate on climate change". theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[101] "Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution--and How It Can Renew America". amazon.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[102] Reading, A.; Katriel, T. Cultural Memories of Nonviolent Struggles: Powerful Times. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[103] "Cancun Climate Change Conference - November 2010". unfccc.int. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[104] "About Deep Green Resistance". deepgreenresistance.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[105] A History of Environmentalism: Local Struggles, Global Histories (Marco Armiero, Lise Sedrez ed.). Retrieved 18 June 2017.

[106] "Durban Climate Change Conference - November/December 2011". unfccc.int. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[107] "World-Wide Action on Black Carbon, Methane and Other Short-Lived Pollutants Grows as Seven More Countries Join New Coalition". ccacoalition.org. Retrieved 17 June 2017.

[108] "External Review of IPBES Assessments by Governments and Experts". ipbes.net. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[109] "Environmental Data Explorer". unep.ch. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[110] "The Doha Climate Gateway". unfccc.int. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[111] "Millions march against GM crops". theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[112] "International Law in Brief". asil.org. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[7._d_Paris_Agreement-113] "7. d Paris Agreement". un.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[114] Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)

[115] "Trump quits the Paris climate accord, denouncing it as a violation of U.S. sovereignty". latimes.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of the environmentalist movement"

Latest revision as of 09:12, 5 June 2021

Contents

Big picture

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Timeline

See also

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-This is a timeline of the environmentalist movement, focusing on its modern aspect after the [[wikipedia:industrial revolution|industrial revolution]]. Previous environmental–related events are recorded since ancient times.
+This is a timeline of the environmentalist movement, focusing on its modern aspect after the [[wikipedia:industrial revolution|industrial revolution]]. Previous environmental related events are recorded since ancient times.
 ==Big picture==
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 |-
 |}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 27, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! environmentalism
+! corporate environmentalism
+! liberal environmentalism
+! radical environmentalism
+! green environmentalism
+|-
+| 1980 || 372 || 95 || 86 || 101 || 73
+|-
+| 1985 || 504 || 110 || 128 || 184 || 143
+|-
+| 1990 || 1,090 || 269 || 277 || 378 || 422
+|-
+| 1995 || 2,850 || 782 || 734 || 1,120 || 1,450
+|-
+| 2000 || 4,430 || 1,500 || 1,420 || 1,810 || 1,880
+|-
+| 2002 || 5,480 || 2,240 || 1,940 || 2,390 || 2,930
+|-
+| 2004 || 5,620 || 2,060 || 1,840 || 2,350 || 2,970
+|-
+| 2006 || 6,470 || 2,500 || 2,100 || 2,410 || 3,500
+|-
+| 2008 || 7,990 || 3,120 || 2,430 || 3,000 || 4,480
+|-
+| 2010 || 9,820 || 4,030 || 2,990 || 3,730 || 5,850
+|-
+| 2012 || 11,400 || 4,800 || 3,210 || 3,990 || 6,570
+|-
+| 2014 || 13,000 || 5,220 || 3,820 || 4,860 || 8,030
+|-
+| 2016 || 14,600 || 6,000 || 4,190 || 5,580 || 8,970
+|-
+| 2017 || 14,000 || 6,630 || 4,220 || 5,560 || 9,370
+|-
+| 2018 || 15,700 || 6,790 || 4,770 || 6,150 || 9,780
+|-
+| 2019 || 16,300 || 7,060 || 4,870 || 6,360 || 10,200
+|-
+| 2020 || 15,500 || 6,240 || 4,220 || 6,760 || 9,940
+|-
+|}
+[[File:Environmentalism tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Environmentalist movement (Search Term), from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmentalist movement |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Environmentalist%20movement |website=Google Trends |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Environmentalist movement gt.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Environmentalist movement, from 1940 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmentalist movement |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Environmentalist+movement&year_start=1940&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Environmentalist movement ngram.jpg|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Environmentalist movement}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmentalist movement |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Environmentalist+movement&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Environmentalist movement wv.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]
 == Timeline ==
@@ Line 19: / Line 88: @@
 ! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Focused area !! Location
 |-
-| 1662 || Publication || The conservation movement can be traced back to [[wikipedia:John Evelyn|John Evelyn]]'s work ''[[wikipedia:Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber|Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber]]'', presented as a paper to the [[wikipedia:Royal Society|Royal Society]]. Published as a book two years later, it would become one of the most influential texts on forestry ever published.<ref>[[John Evelyn]], ''Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees ... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet'', Fourth Edition (1706), reprinted London: Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv; online edn, March 2007 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20778/20778-h/20778-h.htm], accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source (John Nisbet) states: "There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming ''Sylva'', ... than can be ascribed to any other individual." Nisbet adds that "Evelyn was by no means the first [author] who wrote on [forestry]. That honour belongs to Master [[Anthony Fitzherbert|Fitzherbert]], whose ''Boke of Husbandrie'' was published in 1534" (V1, p. lxvi).</ref> || Flora conservation || United Kingdom
+| 1662 || Publication || The conservation movement can be traced back to [[wikipedia:John Evelyn|John Evelyn]]'s work ''[[wikipedia:Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber|Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber]]'', presented as a paper to the [[wikipedia:Royal Society|Royal Society]]. Published as a book two years later, it still remains one of the most influential texts on [[wikipedia:forestry|forestry]].<ref>[[John Evelyn]], ''Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees ... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet'', Fourth Edition (1706), reprinted London: Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv; online edn, March 2007 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20778/20778-h/20778-h.htm], accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source (John Nisbet) states: "There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming ''Sylva'', ... than can be ascribed to any other individual." Nisbet adds that "Evelyn was by no means the first [author] who wrote on [forestry]. That honour belongs to Master [[Anthony Fitzherbert|Fitzherbert]], whose ''Boke of Husbandrie'' was published in 1534" (V1, p. lxvi).</ref> || Flora conservation || United Kingdom
 |-
-| 1842 || Policy || The Madras Board of Revenue starts local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by [[wikipedia:Alexander Gibson (botanist)|Alexander Gibson]], a botanist who systematically adopts a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This would be the first case of state management of forests in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDYlNljAP5AC&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism|author=Greg Barton|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=48}}</ref> || Flora conservation  || India
+| 1842 || Policy || The Madras Board of Revenue starts local conservation efforts, headed by [[wikipedia:Alexander Gibson (botanist)|Alexander Gibson]], a botanist who systematically adopts a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This would be the first case of state management of forests in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDYlNljAP5AC&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism|author=Greg Barton|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=48}}</ref> || Flora conservation  || India
 |-
 | 1854 || Publication || American philosopher and [[wikipedia:Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalist]] [[wikipedia:Henry David Thoreau|Henry David Thoreau]] writes [[wikipedia:Walden|Walden]], which explores living surrounded by nature. The book would come to inspire the environmentalist movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=It’s Easy Being Green: Happy Birthday, Henry David Thoreau|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/07/13/10013/its-easy-being-green-happy-birthday-henry-david-thoreau/|website=americanprogress.org|accessdate=24 June 2017}}</ref> || Wildlife conservation || United States
@@ Line 31: / Line 100: @@
 | 1863 || Policy || The Britain's Alkali Acts are passed to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous [[wikipedia:hydrochloric acid|hydrochloric acid]]) given off by the [[wikipedia:Leblanc process|Leblanc process]], used to produce soda ash.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alkali Acts Amendment. A Bill to Amend the Alkali Acts 1863 and 1874, and to Provide for the More Effectual Condensation of Noxious and Offensive Gases in Alkali and Other Works|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Alkali_Acts_Amendment_A_Bill_to_Amend_th.html?id=KdVqnQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||  United Kingdom
 |-
-| 1865 || Organization || The British [[wikipedia:Open Spaces Society|Commons Preservation Society]] is formed as a movement with aims at protecting rural preservation against the encroachments of industrialization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Open Spaces Society|url=http://www.oss.org.uk/who-we-are/about-us/|website=oss.org.uk|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation, fauna conservation || United Kingdom
+| 1865 || Organization || The British [[wikipedia:Open Spaces Society|Commons Preservation Society]] is formed as a movement with the purpose of protecting rural preservation against the encroachments of industrialization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Open Spaces Society|url=http://www.oss.org.uk/who-we-are/about-us/|website=oss.org.uk|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation, fauna conservation || United Kingdom
 |-
 | 1869 || Policy || The Sea Birds Preservation Act is passed by the British parliament. The passage is considered one of the first pieces of parliamentary legislation anywhere in the world to protect wildlife, and the first to offer birds protection on the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1869 Sea Birds Preservation Act|url=http://iberianature.com/britainnature/the-1869-sea-birds-preservation-act/|website=iberianature.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || Fauna conservation || United Kingdom
@@ Line 45: / Line 114: @@
 | 1895 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Wildlife Conservation Society|Wildlife Conservation Society]] is founded with "the clear mission to save wildlife and wild places across the globe."<ref>{{cite web|title=Wildlife Conservation Society|url=https://emammal.si.edu/wildlife-conservation-society|website=si.edu|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || || United States ([[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]])
 |-
-| 1895 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Friends of Nature|Naturfreunde International]] (Friends of Nature) starts in [[wikipedia:Vienna|Vienna]] as a movement with aims at making nature accessible to the wider community by providing appropriate recreational and travel facilities. Currently it has more than 500000 members spread all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friends of Nature- Nepal|url=http://www.friendsofnaturenepal.org/|website=friendsofnaturenepal.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] (Vienna)
+| 1895 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Friends of Nature|Naturfreunde International]] (Friends of Nature) starts in [[wikipedia:Vienna|Vienna]] as a movement with the purpose of making nature accessible to the wider community by providing appropriate recreational and travel facilities. Currently it has more than 500,000 members spread all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friends of Nature- Nepal|url=http://www.friendsofnaturenepal.org/|website=friendsofnaturenepal.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || Nature, wildlife || [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] (Vienna)
 |-
-| 1898 || Organization || The Coal Smoke Abatement Society is founded by Sir [[wikipedia:William Blake Richmond|William Blake Richmond]]. It is one of the oldest environmental NGOs.<ref>{{cite web|title=The UK's oldest environmental charity faces closure|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15924233|website=bbc.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] || United Kingdom
+| 1898 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Environmental Protection UK|Coal Smoke Abatement Society]] is founded by Sir [[wikipedia:William Blake Richmond|William Blake Richmond]]. It is one of the oldest environmental NGOs.<ref>{{cite web|title=The UK's oldest environmental charity faces closure|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15924233|website=bbc.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] || United Kingdom
 |-
 | 1922 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Izaak Walton League|Izaak Walton League]] is founded as an environmental organization that promotes natural resource protection and outdoor recreation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Izaak Walton League|url=http://www.iwla.org/about-us|website=iwla.org|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental conservation || United States ([[wikipedia:Chicago|Chicago]])
@@ Line 55: / Line 124: @@
 | 1935 || Organization || [[wikipedia:The Wilderness Society (United States)|The Wilderness Society]] is founded as a non-profit land conservation organization, dedicated to protecting natural areas and federal public lands in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilderness Society|url=http://wilderness.org/history|website=wilderness.org|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || Land conservation || United States
 |-
-| 1936 || Organization || The United States [[wikipedia:National Wildlife Federation|National Wildlife Federation]] is founded with aims at protecting wildlife and habitat and promoting conservationism.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Wildlife Federation is a voice for wildlife, dedicated to protecting wildlife and habitat and inspiring the future generation of conservationists.|url=http://www.nwf.org/Who-We-Are.aspx|website=nwf.org|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> || Land conservation || United States
+| 1936 || Organization || The United States [[wikipedia:National Wildlife Federation|National Wildlife Federation]] is founded the purpose of protecting wildlife and habitat and promoting conservationism.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Wildlife Federation is a voice for wildlife, dedicated to protecting wildlife and habitat and inspiring the future generation of conservationists.|url=http://www.nwf.org/Who-We-Are.aspx|website=nwf.org|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> || Land conservation || United States
 |-
 | 1947 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Defenders of Wildlife|Defenders of Wildlife]] is founded as a non-profit conservation organization with aims at protecting animals and plants native to North America in their natural communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mission and Vision|url=http://www.defenders.org/mission-and-vision|website=defenders.org|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation, fauna conservation || United States (Chicago)
@@ Line 63: / Line 132: @@
 | 1949 || Publication || American environmentalist [[wikipedia:Aldo Leopold|Aldo Leopold]] publishes [[wikipedia:A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There|A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There]], a collection of essays advocating ideas such as responsible relationship between people and the land they inhabit. The book would be later considered a landmark in the American [[wikipedia:conservation movement|conservation movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Sand County Almanac|url=https://www.aldoleopold.org/about/aldo-leopold/sand-county-almanac/|website=aldoleopold.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || || United States
 |-
-| 1951 || Organization || [[wikipedia:The Nature Conservancy|The Nature Conservancy]] is founded. A [[wikipedia:charitable organization|charitable]] [[wikipedia:environmental organization|environmental organization]], its claimed mission is to "conserve the [[land]]s and [[water]]s on which all life depends."<ref>{{cite web|title=History & Milestones of The Nature Conservancy|url=https://www.nature.org/about-us/vision-mission/history/index.htm|website=nature.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || || United States
+| 1951 || Organization || [[wikipedia:The Nature Conservancy|The Nature Conservancy]] is founded. A [[wikipedia:charitable organization|charitable]] [[wikipedia:environmental organization|environmental organization]], its claimed mission is to "conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends."<ref>{{cite web|title=History & Milestones of The Nature Conservancy|url=https://www.nature.org/about-us/vision-mission/history/index.htm|website=nature.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || || United States
 |-
 | 1961 (April) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Foundation]] (now called World Wide Fund for Nature) is founded. It works in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of humanity's footprint on the environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Wildlife Foundation|url=http://central.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/World_Wildlife_Foundation|website=gutenberg.org|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || Wildlife conservation || [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] ([[wikipedia:Morges|Morges]])
@@ Line 69: / Line 138: @@
 | 1962 (September) || Publication || American marine biologist [[wikipedia:Rachel Carson|Rachel Carson]] publishes [[wikipedia:Silent Spring|Silent Spring]], calling attention to the threat of toxic chemicals to people and the environment. The book would prove to be a huge influence on environmental policies across the world, and Carson would be regarded as one of the greatest influences in the history of the environmental movement.<ref name="How ‘Silent Spring’ Ignited the Environmental Movement">{{cite web|title=How ‘Silent Spring’ Ignited the Environmental Movement|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how-silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html|website=nytimes.com|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || Land pollution || Unites States
 |-
-| 1967 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Environmental Defense Fund|Environmental Defense Fund]] is founded. It is a [[wikipedia:nonprofit|nonprofit]] [[wikipedia:environmental organization|environmental advocacy group]] it is implicated in [[wikipedia:global warming|global warming]], [[wikipedia:ecosystem restoration|ecosystem restoration]], oceans and human health.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our story: How EDF got started|url=https://www.edf.org/about/our-history|website=edf.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>|| || United States
+| 1967 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Environmental Defense Fund|Environmental Defense Fund]] is founded. It is a [[wikipedia:nonprofit|nonprofit]] [[wikipedia:environmental organization|environmental advocacy group]] it is implicated in [[wikipedia:global warming|global warming]], [[wikipedia:ecosystem restoration|ecosystem restoration]], oceans and human health.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our story: How EDF got started|url=https://www.edf.org/about/our-history|website=edf.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>|| || United States
 |-
-| 1968 || Publication || [[wikipedia:Stanford University|Stanford University]] Professor [[wikipedia:Paul R. Ehrlich|Paul R. Ehrlich]] publishes [[wikipedia:The Population Bomb|The Population Bomb]], which describes the ecological threats of a rapidly growing human population.<ref name="Milestones in Environmental Protection"/> || Overpopulation || Unites States
+| 1968 || Publication || [[wikipedia:Stanford University|Stanford University]] Professor [[wikipedia:Paul R. Ehrlich|Paul R. Ehrlich]] publishes [[wikipedia:The Population Bomb|The Population Bomb]], which describes the ecological threats of a rapidly growing human population.<ref name="Milestones in Environmental Protection"/> || [[wikipedia:Overpopulation|Overpopulation]] || Unites States
 |-
 | 1968 (15 September) || Conference || UNESCO organizes the first Biosphere Conference. Experts from around the world gather to discuss global environmental problems, including pollution, resource loss, and wetlands destruction.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Paris Biosphere Conference of 1968|url=http://www.ecosostenibile.org/parigi1968eng.html|website=ecosostenibile.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>
-  || General environmental protection || [[wikipedia:France|France]]
+  || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:France|France]]
 |-
 | 1969 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Friends of the Earth|Friends of the Earth]] is founded in [[wikipedia:San Francisco|San Francisco]] as an anti-nuclear group. Today it is an international network of [[wikipedia:environmental organization|environmental organization]]s with presence in 74 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=When was Friends of the Earth founded?|url=https://www.foe.co.uk/faqs/when-was-friends-earth-founded|website=foe.co.uk|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=about friends of the earth international|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504190008/http://www.foei.org:80/en/who-we-are/about|website=archive.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || Environmentalism, Human rights || United States
 |-
-| 1970 (22 April) || || The first Earth Day is celebrated, today a worldwide event. In the United States, 20 million citizens would take to the streets, parks, and auditoriums to demonstrate for a healthy, sustainable environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth Day|url=http://www.earthday.org/about/the-history-of-earth-day/|website=earthday.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection || Worldwide
+| 1970 (April 22) || || The first Earth Day is celebrated, today a worldwide event. In the United States, 20 million citizens would take to the streets, parks, and auditoriums to demonstrate for a healthy, sustainable environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth Day|url=http://www.earthday.org/about/the-history-of-earth-day/|website=earthday.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || Worldwide
 |-
-| 1971 || Organization || A group of 12 activists sets out on a fishing trawler from [[wikipedia:Vancouver|Vancouver]], to protest the United States nuclear testing in Alaska. This date is considered the beginning of the international movement called [[wikipedia:Greenpeace|Greenpeace]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History: Sept 15, 1971, the Canadian origins of Greenpeace|url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/09/16/history-sept-15-1971-the-canadian-origins-of-greenpeace/|website=rcinet.ca|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection || Canada, United States ([[wikipedia:Alaska|Alaska]])
+| 1970 (December 2) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:United States Environmental Protection Agency|United States Environmental Protection Agency]] is formed, with the purpose of consolidating in one agency a variety of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=EPA History|url=https://www.epa.gov/history|website=epa.gov|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || United States
 |-
-| 1971 || Conference || Menton Conference. 2,200 scientists, gathered and sign the “Menton Message” to the United Nations, stressing the need for collective international action in finding solutions to the "problems of pollution, hunger, overpopulation, and war."<ref>{{cite web|title=A Message to Our Planet from 1971|url=http://mountainsangha.org/a-message-to-our-planet-from-1971/|website=mountainsangha.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection || France ([[wikipedia:Menton|Menton]])
+| 1971 || Organization || A group of 12 activists sets out on a fishing trawler from [[wikipedia:Vancouver|Vancouver]], to protest the United States nuclear testing in Alaska. This date is considered the beginning of the international movement called [[wikipedia:Greenpeace|Greenpeace]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History: Sept 15, 1971, the Canadian origins of Greenpeace|url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/09/16/history-sept-15-1971-the-canadian-origins-of-greenpeace/|website=rcinet.ca|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || Canada, United States ([[wikipedia:Alaska|Alaska]])
 |-
-| 1972 || Publication || An association of scientists and political leaders known as the [[wikipedia:Club of Rome|Club of Rome]] publishes [[wikipedia:The Limits to Growth|The Limits to Growth]], a book which predicts civilisation would probably collapse some time the twenieth century at current rates of population growth, resource depletion, and pollution generation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Limits to Growth was right. New research shows we're nearing collapse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/02/limits-to-growth-was-right-new-research-shows-were-nearing-collapse|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || Overpopulation, General environmental protection ||
+| 1971 || Conference || Menton Conference. 2,200 scientists, gathered and sign the “Menton Message” to the United Nations, stressing the need for collective international action in finding solutions to the "problems of pollution, hunger, overpopulation, and war."<ref>{{cite web|title=A Message to Our Planet from 1971|url=http://mountainsangha.org/a-message-to-our-planet-from-1971/|website=mountainsangha.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || France ([[wikipedia:Menton|Menton]])
 |-
-| 1972 (5 June) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) is established with aims at guiding and coordinating environmental activities within the United Nations (UN) system.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-Environment-Programme|website=britannica.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1972 || Publication || An association of scientists and political leaders known as the [[wikipedia:Club of Rome|Club of Rome]] publishes [[wikipedia:The Limits to Growth|The Limits to Growth]], a book which predicts civilisation would probably collapse some time the twenieth century at current rates of population growth, resource depletion, and pollution generation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Limits to Growth was right. New research shows we're nearing collapse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/02/limits-to-growth-was-right-new-research-shows-were-nearing-collapse|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> || Overpopulation, General environmental issues ||
 |-
-| 1972 || Publication || British economist [[wikipedia:Barbara Ward|Barbara Ward]] and microbiologist [[wikipedia:Rene Dubos|Rene Dubos]] publish ''Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet'', written for the forthcoming United Nations Stockholm conference on the Human Environment. The book warns that human actions are undermining the Earth's ability to support us.<ref>{{cite web|title=Only One Earth|url=https://newint.org/columns/media/books/1980/09/01/onlyoneearth/|website=newint.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1972 (June 5) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) is established with aims at guiding and coordinating environmental activities within the United Nations (UN) system.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-Environment-Programme|website=britannica.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
-| 1972 || Conference || The [[wikipedia: United Nations Conference on the Human Environment|United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] is held. It would be the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues, marking a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/humanenvironment|website=un.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/> || General environmental protection || [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]] ([[wikipedia:Stockholm|Stockholm]])
+| 1972 || Publication || British economist [[wikipedia:Barbara Ward|Barbara Ward]] and microbiologist [[wikipedia:Rene Dubos|Rene Dubos]] publish ''Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet'', written for the forthcoming United Nations Stockholm conference on the Human Environment. The book warns that human actions are undermining the Earth's ability to support us.<ref>{{cite web|title=Only One Earth|url=https://newint.org/columns/media/books/1980/09/01/onlyoneearth/|website=newint.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
+|-
+| 1972 || Conference || The [[wikipedia: United Nations Conference on the Human Environment|United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] is held. It would be the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues, marking a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/humanenvironment|website=un.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/> || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]] ([[wikipedia:Stockholm|Stockholm]])
 |-
 | 1972 || Publication || Professor Christopher D. Stone, from the [[wikipedia:University of Southern California|University of Southern California]] publishes article ''Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects'' addressing the question of whether natural objects themselves should have legal rights. In the essay, Stone suggests that his argument is valid because many current rightsholders (women, children) were once seen as objects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects|url=http://www.princetonindependent.com/issue01.03/item10d.html|website=princetonindependent.com|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || Animal rights, nature rights || United States
 |-
-| 1972 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:United Nations System-wide Earthwatch|United Nations System-wide Earthwatch]] is established by the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]] as an initiative to monitor major global disturbance in the environment and to give early warning of problems requiring international action.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthwatch|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/earthwatch/|website=unep.ch|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1972 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:United Nations System-wide Earthwatch|United Nations System-wide Earthwatch]] is established by the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]] as an initiative to monitor major global disturbance in the environment and to give early warning of problems requiring international action.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthwatch|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/earthwatch/|website=unep.ch|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
-| 1973 (April) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Chipko movement|Chipko movement]] launches as a forest conservation movement, with aims at protecting trees from commercial logging, which began to cause severe deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding in the region. This movement would become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chipko movement|url=http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/forestry/chipko.htm|website=teri.res.in|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
+| 1973 (April) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Chipko movement|Chipko movement]] launches as a forest conservation movement, with the purpose of protecting trees from commercial logging, which began to cause severe deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding in the region. This movement would become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chipko movement|url=http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/forestry/chipko.htm|website=teri.res.in|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 |-
 | 1974 || Publication || Mexican chemist [[wikipedia:Mario Molina|Mario Molina]] and American chemist [[wikipedia:Frank Sherwood Rowland|Frank Sherwood Rowland]] publish the first warnings of damage to [[wikipedia:stratospheric ozone|stratospheric ozone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/press.html|website=nobelprize.org|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||
@@ Line 102: / Line 173: @@
 | 1979 || Crisis || The [[wikipedia:Three Mile Island accident|Three Mile Island accident]] occurs. In the aftermath, many mass [[wikipedia:Anti-nuclear protests|anti-nuclear protests]] would take place, the largest one being in New York City in September 1979 and involving 200,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miscellany News, Volume LXVIII, Number 16, 28 September 1979|url=http://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=miscellany19790928-01.2.36|website=vassar.edu|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || Nuclear energy ||  United States
 |-
-| 1979 || || "In 1979, James Lovelock, a British scientist, published Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, which put forth the Gaia hypothesis; it proposes that life on earth can be understood as a single organism. This became an important part of the Deep Green ideology. " || ||
+| 1979 || Publication || British scientist [[wikipedia:James Lovelock|James Lovelock]] publishes ''Gaia: A new look at life on Earth'', putting forth the [[wikipedia:Gaia hypothesis|Gaia hypothesis]], which proposes that life on earth can be understood as a single organism. This hypothesis would become an important part of the Deep Green ideology.<ref>{{cite web|title=How James Lovelock introduced Gaia to an unsuspecting world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/aug/27/james-lovelock-gaia|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> || || United Kingdom
 |-
-| 1980 (April) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Earth First!|Earth First!]] is founded as a radical environmental advocacy group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth First!|url=http://www.pollutionissues.com/Co-Ea/Earth-First.html|website=pollutionissues.com|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||United States
+| 1980 (April) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Earth First!|Earth First!]] is founded as a radical environmental advocacy group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth First!|url=http://www.pollutionissues.com/Co-Ea/Earth-First.html|website=pollutionissues.com|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||United States
 |-
-| 1982 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Nevada Desert Experience|Nevada Desert Experience]] starts as an [[wikipedia:anti-nuclear|anti-nuclear]] movement, with the purpose of stopping modern weapons development, including the end of automated warfare and nuclear weaponeering in [[wikipedia:Southern Nevada|Southern Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mission Statement|url=http://nevadadesertexperience.org/about-nde/|website=nevadadesertexperience.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || United States
+| 1982 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Nevada Desert Experience|Nevada Desert Experience]] starts as an [[wikipedia:anti-nuclear|anti-nuclear]] movement, with the purpose of stopping modern weapons development, including the end of automated warfare and nuclear weaponeering in [[wikipedia:Southern Nevada|Southern Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mission Statement|url=http://nevadadesertexperience.org/about-nde/|website=nevadadesertexperience.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Nuclear weapon|Nuclear weapons]] || United States
 |-
 | 1982 || Organization || [[wikipedia:World Resources Institute|World Resources Institute]] is founded an independent, [[wikipedia:non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] global research organization with the purpose of developing [[wikipedia:sustainability and environmental management|sustainable natural resource management]] at a global scale.<ref>{{cite web|title=The WRI Story: 30 Years of Big Ideas|url=http://www.wri.org/wri-story-30-years-big-ideas|website=wri.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref><ref name = "WR About">{{cite web|url=http://www.wri.org/about|title=About WRI|publisher=World Resources Institute|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || || United States
@@ Line 114: / Line 185: @@
 | 1985 || Background || British research team led by geophysicist [[wikipedia:Joe Farman|Joe Farman]] reports that there is a hole in the [[wikipedia:ozone layer|ozone layer]] over the [[wikipedia:Antarctica|Antarctica]].<ref name="Milestones in Environmental Protection"/> || ||
 |-
-| 1985 || || American [[wikipedia:environmentalist|environmentalist]] [[wikipedia:David Foreman|David Foreman]] publishes [[wikipedia:Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching|Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching]] ||||
+| 1985 || Publication || American [[wikipedia:environmentalist|environmentalist]] [[wikipedia:David Foreman|David Foreman]] publishes controversial book  [[wikipedia:Ecodefense|Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching]], a collection of articles which provides with advice and sabotage techniques on [[wikipedia:monkeywrenching|monkeywrenching]] (nonviolent disobedience and sabotage carried out by environmental activists against those whom they perceive to be ecological exploiters<ref>{{cite web|title=Monkeywrenching|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/monkeywrenching|website=britannica.com|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/various-authors-ecodefense-a-field-guide-to-monkeywrenching|website=theanarchistlibrary.org|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Ecology|Ecology]] || United States
 |-
-| 1986 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Pro-Natura International|Pro–Natura]] is founded as an environmental and poverty alleviation NGO. By 1992 it would become internationalized and headquartered in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pro-Natura: Green Charcoal for Sustainable Development|url=http://www.biochar-international.org/Pronatura|website=biochar-international.org|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]
+| 1986 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Pro-Natura International|Pro–Natura]] is founded as an environmental and poverty alleviation NGO. By 1992 it would become internationalized and headquartered in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pro-Natura: Green Charcoal for Sustainable Development|url=http://www.biochar-international.org/Pronatura|website=biochar-international.org|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]
 |-
-| 1986 || Background || [[wikipedia:Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl disaster]] occurs. The accident would inspire massive demonstrations. An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people march in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Giugni|first1=Marco|title=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || Nuclear energy || [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], Europe, worldwide
+| 1986 || Background || [[wikipedia:Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl disaster]] occurs. Massive demonstrations in a number of countries follow in the aftermath. An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people march in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Giugni|first1=Marco|title=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || Nuclear energy || [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], Europe, worldwide
 |-
-| 1987 || Award || The [[wikipedia:Global 500 Roll of Honour|Global 500 Roll of Honour]] is established by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) to recognize the environmental achievements of individuals and organizations around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global 500|url=http://www.global500.org/|website=global500.org|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1987 || Award || The [[wikipedia:Global 500 Roll of Honour|Global 500 Roll of Honour]] is established by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) to recognize the environmental achievements of individuals and organizations around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global 500|url=http://www.global500.org/|website=global500.org|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
 | 1987 || Publication || The [[wikipedia:World Commission on Environment and Development|World Commission on Environment and Development]] publishes ''Our Common Future'' ( also known as Brundtland Report), within which the theme of [[wikipedia:Sustainable Development|Sustainable Development]] is established.<ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/> || ||
@@ Line 133: / Line 204: @@
 | 1988 (August) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Earthlife Africa|Earthlife Africa]] is founded as a volunteer driven environmental organization. Earthlife Africa would further work on campaigns and projects related to nuclear energy, climate change, waste management and animal protection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthlife AFRICA Johannesburg|url=http://www.ngopulse.org/article/earthlife-africa-johannesburg|website=ngopulse.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:nuclear energy|nuclear energy]], [[wikipedia:climate change|climate change]], [[wikipedia:waste management|waste management]], [[wikipedia:animal rights|animal rights]] || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] ([[wikipedia:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]])
 |-
-| 1988 (December) || Background || Brazilian environmental leader [[wikipedia:Chico Mendes|Chico Mendes]] is murdered by cattle ranchers. Mendes' murder would make international headlines, leading to an outpouring of support for the environmental movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chico Mendes: A living legacy|url=https://www.edf.org/climate/chico-mendes-legacy|website=edf.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]
+| 1988 (December) || Background || Brazilian environmental leader [[wikipedia:Chico Mendes|Chico Mendes]] is murdered by cattle ranchers. Mendes' murder would make international headlines, leading to an outpouring of support for the environmental movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chico Mendes: A living legacy|url=https://www.edf.org/climate/chico-mendes-legacy|website=edf.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]
 |-
-| 1989 || Organization || [[wikipedia:GRID-Arendal|GRID-Arendal]], a center collaborating with the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP), is  established by the Norwegian Government as a non-profit foundation to support the United Nations in the field of environmental information management and assessment, capacity-building and communications and outreach.<ref>{{cite web|title=About GRID-Arendal|url=https://www.grida.no/about|website=grida.no|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection || [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] ([[wikipedia:Arendal|Arendal]])
+| 1989 || Organization || [[wikipedia:GRID-Arendal|GRID-Arendal]], a center collaborating with the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP), is  established by the [[wikipedia:Norwegian Government|Norwegian Government]] as a non-profit foundation to support the United Nations in the field of environmental information management and assessment, capacity-building and communications and outreach.<ref>{{cite web|title=About GRID-Arendal|url=https://www.grida.no/about|website=grida.no|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] ([[wikipedia:Arendal|Arendal]])
 |-
 | 1989 || Publication || American environmentalist [[wikipedia:Bill McKibben|Bill McKibben]] publishes [[wikipedia:The End of Nature|The End of Nature]]. This would be called the first book on [[wikipedia:global warming|global warming]] written for a general audience.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Writer Turns Words into Action|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516032727/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/american-life/profiles/Environmental-Writer-Turns-Words-into-Action-91461014.html|website=archive.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:global warming|Global warming]] || United States
@@ Line 141: / Line 212: @@
 | 1991 || Organization || [[wikipedia:UNEP OzonAction|UNEP OzonAction]] is created as a branch of the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP). Part of UNEP's Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, UNEP OzonAction assists developing countries to achieve and sustain their compliance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and make informed decisions on alternative technologies and ozone-friendly policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ozone Links|url=http://www.theozonehole.com/ozonelinks.htm|website=theozonehole.com|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Ozone Action Program Wins U.S. Government Prize|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2005/2005-05-04-02.html|website=ens-newswire.com|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||  [[wikipedia:France|France]] ([[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]])
 |-
-| 1991 || || [[wikipedia:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement|Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]] || ||
+| 1991 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement|Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]] is founded as an [[wikipedia:environmental movement|environmental movement]] that seeks to call people to abstain from reproduction in oprder to cause the gradual voluntary [[wikipedia:Human extinction|extinction of humankind]] so as to prevent [[wikipedia:environmental degradation|environmental degradation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement|url=http://vhemt.org/|website=vhemt.org/|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || Overpopulation || United States
 |-
-| 1991 (October) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Global Environment Facility|Global Environment Facility]] (GEF) is founded. It unites 183 countries in partnership with international institutions, civil society organizations (CSOs).  Today the GEF is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment. The GEF is the largest environmental multilateral fund in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNIDO and the Global Environment Facility|url=https://isid.unido.org/gef.html|website=unido.org|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Increases Funding for Global Effort to Fight Climate Change|url=http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/NAD-52716129-RPP|website=acdi-cida.gc.ca|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1991 (October) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Global Environment Facility|Global Environment Facility]] (GEF) is founded. It unites 183 countries in partnership with international institutions, civil society organizations (CSOs).  Today the GEF is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment. The GEF is the largest environmental multilateral fund in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNIDO and the Global Environment Facility|url=https://isid.unido.org/gef.html|website=unido.org|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Increases Funding for Global Effort to Fight Climate Change|url=http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/NAD-52716129-RPP|website=acdi-cida.gc.ca|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
 | 1992 (June) || Conference || The [[wikipedia:Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit|Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit]] is held. 172 governments and, and 116 heads of state participate. An important achievement of the summit would be an agreement on the [[wikipedia:Climate Change Convention|Climate Change Convention]] which in turn would lead to the [[wikipedia:Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto Protocol]] and the [[wikipedia:Paris Agreement|Paris Agreement]].<ref name="THE RIO EARTH SUMMIT: SUMMARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE RIO EARTH SUMMIT: SUMMARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT|url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp317-e.htm|website=publications.gc.ca|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement">{{cite web|title=An Overview of the Paris Agreement|url=http://cscr.pk/pdf/rb/RB%20_ParisAgreement.pdf|website=cscr.pk|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="UNCED Conference">{{cite web|title=UNCED Conference|url=http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html|website=un.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]] || Brazil
 |-
-| 1992 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Environmental Foundation for Africa|Environmental Foundation for Africa]] || ||
+| 1992 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Environmental Foundation for Africa|Environmental Foundation for Africa]] is founded as a [[wikipedia:non-governmental organization|non-governmental organization]] with the purpose of protecting and restoring the environment in [[wikipedia:West Africa|West Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Environmental Foundation for Africa|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/events/EFA%20Learning%20Centre%20Complete%20Information%20Pack%20-%20MAY%202014.pdf|website=thegef.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>|| Sustainable development, wildlife conservation || United Kingdom (headquartered in [[wikipedia:Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]
 |-
-| 1992 (May) || || [[wikipedia:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] || ||
+| 1992 (May) || Treaty || [[wikipedia:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] is adopted as an [[wikipedia:International law|international]] [[wikipedia:Environmental protocol|environmental treaty]]. Having entered into force on 21 March 1994, after a sufficient number of countries ratify, The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize [[wikipedia:greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas]] concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous [[wikipedia:Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic interference]] with the [[wikipedia:climate system|climate system]]".<ref name="art2">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf|title=Article 2|work=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]]  || United States ([[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]])
 |-
-| 1992 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Sahara and Sahel Observatory|Sahara and Sahel Observatory]] (French: Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, OSS) is established as an African intergovernmental organization, with aims at protecting the environment in Sahara and Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahara and Sahel Observatory|url=http://www.oss-online.org/en/about-oss|website=oss-online.org|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || Land conservation || France (Paris)
+| 1992 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Sahara and Sahel Observatory|Sahara and Sahel Observatory]] (French: Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, OSS) is established as an African intergovernmental organization, with the purpose of protecting the environment in Sahara and Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahara and Sahel Observatory|url=http://www.oss-online.org/en/about-oss|website=oss-online.org|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || Land conservation || France (Paris)
 |-
-| 1992 || || [[wikipedia:Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit|Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit]] ||
+| 1992 (June) || Publication || American politician [[wikipedia:Al Gore|Al Gore]] publishes [[wikipedia:Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit|Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit]]. The book proposes a "[[wikipedia:Global Marshall Plan|Global Marshall Plan]]" to address current ecological issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit|url=https://www.amazon.com/Earth-Balance-Ecology-Human-Spirit/dp/0618056645|website=amazon.com|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:ecology|Ecology]] || United States
 |-
-| 1993 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:European Forest Institute|European Forest Institute]] (EFI) is founded as an [[wikipedia:NGO|NGO]], with the purpose of offering forest research contacts and collaboration at the European level. By 2005 it would become an international organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.efi.int/portal/about_efi/history/|website=efi.int|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] ([[wikipedia:Joensuu|Joensuu]])
+| 1993 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:European Forest Institute|European Forest Institute]] (EFI) is founded as an [[wikipedia:NGO|NGO]], with the purpose of offering forest research contacts and collaboration at the European level. By 2005 it would become an international organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.efi.int/portal/about_efi/history/|website=efi.int|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation || [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] ([[wikipedia:Joensuu|Joensuu]])
 |-
-| 1993 (October) || || [[wikipedia:European Environment Agency|European Environment Agency]] || ||
+| 1993 (October) || Organization || [[wikipedia:European Environment Agency|European Environment Agency]] is formed. Is the [[wikipedia:agency of the European Union|agency]] of the [[wikipedia:European Union|European Union]] (EU) that provides independent information on the environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Environment Agency|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/who/who-we-are|website=europa.eu|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]] ([[wikipedia:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]])
 |-
-| 1994 || || [[wikipedia:Commission for Environmental Cooperation|Commission for Environmental Cooperation]] || ||
+| 1994 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Commission for Environmental Cooperation|Commission for Environmental Cooperation]] is  established by [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]], [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]], and the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] to implement the [[wikipedia:North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation|North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation]] (NAAEC), the environmental side accord to the [[wikipedia:North American Free Trade Agreement|North American Free Trade Agreement]]. The CEC supports cooperation among the NAFTA partners to address environmental issues of continental concern, including the environmental challenges and opportunities presented by continent-wide [[wikipedia:free trade|free trade]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home COMMISSION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION|url=http://cec.org/|website=cec.org|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Commission for Environmental Cooperation and Canada-U.S. Environmental Governance in the NAFTA Era|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02722019709481559?journalCode=rarc20|website=tandfonline.com|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues || [[wikipedia:North America|North America]]
 |-
-| 1995 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Global Environment Outlook|Global Environment Outlook]] (GEO) project is launched by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] inorder assess environmental issues and to have them published, in response to the environmental reporting requirements which requested the production of a new comprehensive global state of the environment report.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Global Assessments|url=http://www.unep.org/geo/assessments/global|website=unep.org|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1995 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Global Environment Outlook|Global Environment Outlook]] (GEO) project is launched by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] inorder assess environmental issues and to have them published, in response to the environmental reporting requirements which requested the production of a new comprehensive global state of the environment report.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Global Assessments|url=http://www.unep.org/geo/assessments/global|website=unep.org|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
-| 1995 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel|Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel]] (STAP) is established by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) as an independent advisory body. STAP comprises seven expert advisers supported by the Secretariat, which are together responsible for connecting the GEF to the most up to date, authoritative and globally representative science.<ref>{{cite web|title=PROGRESS REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF UNEP ON THE RECONSTITUTION OF STAP|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/council-meeting-documents/C.18_12_5.pdf|website=thegef.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 1995 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel|Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel]] (STAP) is established by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) as an independent advisory body. STAP comprises seven expert advisers supported by the Secretariat, which are together responsible for connecting the GEF to the most up to date, authoritative and globally representative science.<ref>{{cite web|title=PROGRESS REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF UNEP ON THE RECONSTITUTION OF STAP|url=https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/council-meeting-documents/C.18_12_5.pdf|website=thegef.org|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
-| 1995 || || [[wikipedia:Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta|Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta]] || || Australia
+| 1995 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta|Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta]] is founded as a council of Senior [[wikipedia:Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] women from [[wikipedia:Coober Pedy, South Australia|Coober Pedy, South Australia]]. They fundamentally oppose nuclear waste dump which they see as the imposition of poison ground onto their traditional lands.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta and the proposed radioactive waste repository in SA: 1998-2004|url=http://www.foe.org.au/kungkas|website=foe.org.au|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Nuclear waste|Nuclear waste]] || Australia
 |-
 | 1997 || Treaty || The [[wikipedia:Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto Protocol]] is adopted as an international treaty, with aims at setting specific targets and deadlines to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Under Kyoto, industrialized nations would pledge to cut their yearly emissions of carbon, as measured in six greenhouse gases, by varying amounts. Nearly all nations would further ratify the treaty, with the notable exception of the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Kyoto protocol and has it made any difference?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/11/kyoto-protocol|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||  [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] ([[wikipedia:Kyoto|Kyoto]])
@@ Line 173: / Line 244: @@
 | 2001 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Great Apes Survival Partnership|Great Apes Survival Partnership]] (GRASP) is established as a [[wikipedia:United Nations initiative|United Nations initiative]], with aims at conserving the non-human great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, and orangutans) and their habitats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apes Among Us: GRASP Photo Exhibition Speaks for the Ages|url=https://medium.com/apes-among-us/apes-among-us-grasp-photo-exhibition-speaks-for-the-ages-d2e915d58897|website=medium.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> || Fauna conservation ||
 |-
-| 2002 || || The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is first published by [[wikipedia:Yale University|Yale University]] as a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies. EPI is designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Analysis of Yale-Environmental Performance Index (EPI)|url=http://ecologic.eu/2135|website=ecologic.eu|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 2002 || || The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is first published by [[wikipedia:Yale University|Yale University]] as a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies. EPI is designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Analysis of Yale-Environmental Performance Index (EPI)|url=http://ecologic.eu/2135|website=ecologic.eu|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
-| 2002 (August) || conference || The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) is held, with the purpose of discussing sustainable development by the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]].<ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/> || Sustainable development || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] ([[wikipedia:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]])
+| 2002 (August) || Conference || The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), also known as [[wikipedia:Earth Summit 2002|Earth Summit 2002]] is held, with the purpose of discussing sustainable development by the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]]. Negotiators would agree to restore the world's depleted fisheries by 2015.<ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dodds|first1=Felix|title=Earth Summit 2002: A New Deal|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EpbrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=%22Earth+Summit+2002%22+%22fisheries%22&source=bl&ots=eK9TdvrKcD&sig=8vFb2YitaStEQ4dqWIj2J6TtYjI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUgrW0iOfUAhXPnJAKHXhWBMoQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=%22Earth%20Summit%202002%22%20%22fisheries%22&f=false|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> || Sustainable development || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] ([[wikipedia:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]])
 |-
 | 2004 (November) || || The [[wikipedia:Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto Protocol]] comes into force, following ratification by Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian vote saves Kyoto protocol|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/23/society.russia|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||
 |-
-| 2005 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:Champions of the Earth|Champions of the Earth]] is launched by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]], as an annual awards program to recognize outstanding environmental leaders. Six awards would be given out each year to a Laureate representing different geographical regions with one additional special prize.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Champions of the Earth?|url=http://www.unep.org/championsofearth/about-0|website=unep.org|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 2005 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:Champions of the Earth|Champions of the Earth]] is launched by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]], as an annual awards program to recognize outstanding environmental leaders. Six awards would be given out each year to a Laureate representing different geographical regions with one additional special prize.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Champions of the Earth?|url=http://www.unep.org/championsofearth/about-0|website=unep.org|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
 |-
 | 2005 || Publication || American ecologist [[wikipedia:Jared Diamond|Jared Diamond]] publishes [[wikipedia:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed|Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]]. The book explores how [[wikipedia:climate change|climate change]], [[wikipedia:Human overpopulation|human overpopulation]] and political conflicts create the conditions for the collapse of civilization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (book review)|url=http://www.davidbrin.com/nonfiction/collapse.html|website=davidbrin.com|accessdate=24 June 2017}}</ref> || || United States
 |-
-| 2005 || || [[wikipedia:Green Actors of West Africa|Green Actors of West Africa]] || ||
+| 2005 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Green Actors of West Africa|Green Actors of West Africa]] is created as a [[wikipedia:Business network|network]] of [[wikipedia:environmental group|environmental organizations]] from [[wikipedia:West Africa|West Africa]], with the goal of developing ways of enhancing cooperation and coordination between and among the various donors and environmental (nature conservation) actors in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green actors of west africa|url=http://www.greenactorswestafrica.org/gawa/background/|website=greenactorswestafrica.org|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || Nature conservation || [[wikipedia:Benin|Benin]], [[wikipedia:Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[wikipedia:Ghana|Ghana]], [[wikipedia:Guinea|Guinea]], [[wikipedia:Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]], [[wikipedia:Liberia|Liberia]], [[wikipedia:Mali|Mali]], [[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[wikipedia:Senegal|Senegal]], [[wikipedia:Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]], [[wikipedia:Gambia|Gambia]], [[wikipedia:Togo|Togo]]
 |-
-| 2005 (September) || || [[wikipedia:Stop Climate Chaos|Stop Climate Chaos]] || || uk
+| 2005 (September) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Stop Climate Chaos|Stop Climate Chaos]] is formed as a climate change coalition of primarily environmental and international development [[wikipedia:NGO|NGOs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stop Climate Chaos Scotland|url=http://www.stopclimatechaos.org/|website=stopclimatechaos.org|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]] || United Kingdom
 |-
-| 2005 (September) || || [[wikipedia:Plane Stupid|Plane Stupid]] || ||
+| 2005 (September) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Plane Stupid|Plane Stupid]] launches as a group of environmental protesters which focuses upon the [[wikipedia:aviation|aviation industry]] as a prime contributor to climate change.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boyce|first1=Tammy|last2=Lewis|first2=Justin|title=Climate Change and the Media|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9_A2KwRLHUwC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%222005%22+%22plane+stupid%22&source=bl&ots=TP1JO1cfaw&sig=CCkWinX7xmx6aSP-hN6ESAqQXqY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS6bjzoN7UAhWEh5AKHdyGC2EQ6AEIUzAL#v=onepage&q=%222005%22%20%22plane%20stupid%22&f=false|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || Climate change || United Kingdom
-|-
-| 2005 (December) || || [[wikipedia:Global Day of Action|Global Day of Action]] || ||
 |-
 | 2006 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Billion Tree Campaign|Billion Tree Campaign]] by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) as a response to the challenges of global warming, as well as challenges of water supply in face of biodiversity loss. With an initial target of planting one billion trees by 2007, after this achievement, the next target would be set at seven billion trees by 2009. As of 2016, over 14.2 billion trees have been planted.<ref>{{cite web|title=History What happened so far|url=https://www.plant-for-the-planet.org/en/treecounter/history|website=plant-for-the-planet.org|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || Flora conservation ||
 |-
-| 2006 (March) || Program launch || [[wikipedia:Green.TV|Green.TV]] is launched in partnership with the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]], as a multi-channel video publishing network for clean tech, conservation and sustainability.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green TV Started in the UK in 2006 – By Now It Is A Smashing Success. Could there be such a channel in the US?|url=http://www.sustainabilitank.info/2008/03/green-tv-started-in-the-uk-in-2006-by-now-it-is-a-smashing-success-could-there-be-such-a-channel-in-the-us/|website=sustainabilitank.info|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 2006 (March) || Program launch || [[wikipedia:Green.TV|Green.TV]] is launched in partnership with the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]], as a multi-channel video publishing network for clean tech, conservation and sustainability.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green TV Started in the UK in 2006 – By Now It Is A Smashing Success. Could there be such a channel in the US?|url=http://www.sustainabilitank.info/2008/03/green-tv-started-in-the-uk-in-2006-by-now-it-is-a-smashing-success-could-there-be-such-a-channel-in-the-us/|website=sustainabilitank.info|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
-|-
-| 2007 || Organization || International Carbon Action Partnership is launched as an international forum, with aims at providing the opportunity for member jurisdictions to share best practices and discuss emissions trading systems (ETS) design elements with a view to creating a well-functioning global carbon market through linking ETS.<ref>{{cite web|title=About ICAP|url=https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/partnership/about|website=icapcarbonaction.com|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||  [[wikipedia:Portugal|Portugal]] ([[wikipedia:Lisbon|Lisbon]])
-|-
-| 2007 || || [[wikipedia:Plane Mad|Plane Mad]] || ||
 |-
-| 2008 (September) || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:United Nations REDD Programme|nited Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation]] (REDD program) is launched as a collaborative program of the [[wikipedia:Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations (FAO), the [[wikipedia:United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP), under the plan "to reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=document&alias=14096-un-redd-pb14-2015-strategic-framework&category_slug=session-3-strategic-and-policy-issues&Itemid=134|title=UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 Strategic Framework|access-date=13 June 2017|website=unredd.net}}</ref> || Flora conservation || [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] ([[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]]
+| 2007 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:International Carbon Action Partnership|International Carbon Action Partnership]] is launched as an international forum, with aims at providing the opportunity for member jurisdictions to share best practices and discuss emissions trading systems (ETS) design elements with a view to creating a well-functioning global carbon market through linking ETS.<ref>{{cite web|title=About ICAP|url=https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/partnership/about|website=icapcarbonaction.com|accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||  [[wikipedia:Portugal|Portugal]] ([[wikipedia:Lisbon|Lisbon]])
 |-
-| 2008 || || [[wikipedia:An Appeal to Reason|An Appeal to Reason]] || ||
+| 2008 (September) || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:United Nations REDD Programme|United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation]] (REDD program) is launched as a collaborative program of the [[wikipedia:Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations (FAO), the [[wikipedia:United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP), under the plan "to reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&view=document&alias=14096-un-redd-pb14-2015-strategic-framework&category_slug=session-3-strategic-and-policy-issues&Itemid=134|title=UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 Strategic Framework|access-date=13 June 2017|website=unredd.net}}</ref> || Flora conservation || [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] ([[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]]
 |-
-| 2008 (September) || || [[wikipedia:Hot, Flat, and Crowded|Hot, Flat, and Crowded]] || ||
+| 2008 || Publication || British politician [[wikipedia:Nigel Lawson|Nigel Lawson]] publishes [[wikipedia:An Appeal to Reason|An Appeal to Reason]] in which Lawson argues that [[wikipedia:global warming|global warming]] is happening, but the knowledge about it is far from complete.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fuelling the debate on climate change|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/19/climatechange.politics|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || Global warming ||
 |-
-| 2008 (October) || || [[wikipedia:Climate Rush|Climate Rush]] || ||
+| 2008 (September) || Publication || American journalist [[wikipedia:Thomas Friedman|Thomas Friedman]] publishes [[wikipedia:Hot, Flat, and Crowded|Hot, Flat, and Crowded]] which proposes an ambitious national strategy (“Geo-Greenism”) in which clean energy and green technology industries would make the United States regain its political stature in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution--and How It Can Renew America|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hot-Flat-Crowded-Revolution-America/dp/0374166854|website=amazon.com|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || Global warming, [[wikipedia:clean energy|clean energy]] || United States
 |-
-| 2010 (October) || || [[wikipedia:Hands off our Forest|Hands off our Forest]] || || uk
+| 2008 (October) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Climate Rush|Climate Rush]] is founded as a women–led organization with the purpose of urging the government to take strong action on [[wikipedia:climate change|climate change]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reading|first1=A.|last2=Katriel|first2=T.|title=Cultural Memories of Nonviolent Struggles: Powerful Times|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=K9K_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=%22Climate+Rush%22+%222008%22&source=bl&ots=LNNOXXUjqp&sig=nA_KSAF8hoo2YmpdLMqnLRKkRlQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjchv-8qd7UAhWHTZAKHblBAisQ6AEISjAK#v=onepage&q=%22Climate%20Rush%22%20%222008%22&f=false|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref> || Climate change || United Kingdom
 |-
-| 2010 (November) || || [[wikipedia:2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] || ||
+| 2010 (November) || Conference || [[wikipedia:2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] is held. The meeting would produce the basis for the most comprehensive and far-reaching international response to climate change seen to date in order to reduce carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cancun Climate Change Conference - November 2010|url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/cancun_nov_2010/meeting/6266.php|website=unfccc.int|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]] || [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]] ([[wikipedia:Cancún|Cancún]])
 |-
-| 2011 || || [[wikipedia:Deep Green Resistance|Deep Green Resistance]] ||
+| 2011 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Deep Green Resistance|Deep Green Resistance]] is founded as an environmental organization. The goal of DGR is "to deprive the rich of their ability to steal from the poor and the powerful of their ability to destroy the planet."<ref>{{cite web|title=About Deep Green Resistance|url=https://deepgreenresistance.org/en/who-we-are/about-deep-green-resistance|website=deepgreenresistance.org|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental conservation ||
 |-
 | 2011 (March) || Crisis || Large anti–nuclear demonstrations are ignited by the [[wikipedia:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]]. The accident would give cause to the largest anti–nuclear demonstration in the history of [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], with over 200,000 demonstrators.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Environmentalism: Local Struggles, Global Histories|edition=Marco Armiero, Lise Sedrez|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IWp7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=%222011%22+%22fukushima%22+%22environmentalism%22&source=bl&ots=tVOrM17_-F&sig=QZIKv7VJ3QOy5yZq2eWhSHiaAq4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY78PXo8bUAhWBQZAKHTiMAhYQ6AEIRDAE#v=onepage&q=%222011%22%20%22fukushima%22%20%22environmentalism%22&f=false|accessdate=18 June 2017}}</ref> || Nuclear energy || [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]
 |-
-| 2011 (June) || || [[wikipedia:Say Yes demonstrations|Say Yes demonstrations]] || Australia
+| 2011 (November) || Conference || [[wikipedia:2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] is held. The outcomes include a decision by Parties to adopt a universal legal agreement on [[wikipedia:climate change|climate change]] as soon as possible, and no later than 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Durban Climate Change Conference - November/December 2011|url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php|website=unfccc.int|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:climate change|climate change]] || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] ([[wikipedia:Durban|Durban]])
-|-
-| 2011 (November) || || [[wikipedia:2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] || ||
 |-
 | 2012 (February) || || The [[wikipedia:Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants|Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants]] (CCAC) is launched by the [[wikipedia:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] and six countries:[[wikipedia:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[wikipedia:canada|Canada]], [[wikipedia:Ghana|Ghana]], [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]], [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. The CCAC aims to catalyze rapid reductions in short-lived climate pollutants to protect human health, agriculture and the environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=World-Wide Action on Black Carbon, Methane and Other Short-Lived Pollutants Grows as Seven More Countries Join New Coalition|url=http://www.ccacoalition.org/en/news/world-wide-action-black-carbon-methane-and-other-short-lived-pollutants-grows-seven-more|website=ccacoalition.org|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||
@@ Line 223: / Line 286: @@
 | 2012 (April) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services|Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]] is established as an independent intergovernmental body, with aims at strengthening the science-policy interface for [[wikipedia:biodiversity|biodiversity]] and [[wikipedia:ecosystem|ecosystem]] services.<ref>{{cite web|title=External Review of IPBES Assessments by Governments and Experts|url=http://www.ipbes.net/|website=ipbes.net|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:biodiversity|biodiversity]], [[wikipedia:ecosystem|ecosystem]] || [[wikipedia:Panama|Panama]] ([[wikipedia:Panama City|Panama City]])
 |-
-| 2012 (June) || Database launch || The [[wikipedia:UNEP Environmental Data Explorer|UNEP Environmental Data Explorer]] is launched. It is the authoritative source for data sets used by the UNEP and its partners in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) report and other integrated environment assessments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Data Explorer|url=http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/|website=unep.ch|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental protection ||
+| 2012 (June) || Database launch || The [[wikipedia:UNEP Environmental Data Explorer|UNEP Environmental Data Explorer]] is launched. It is the authoritative source for data sets used by the UNEP and its partners in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) report and other integrated environment assessments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Data Explorer|url=http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/|website=unep.ch|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || General environmental issues ||
-|-
-| 2012 (July) || || [[wikipedia:Qidong protest|Qidong protest]] || ||
-|-
-| 2012 (July) || || [[wikipedia:Shifang protest|Shifang protest]] || ||
 |-
 | 2012 (November) || Conference || The [[wikipedia:2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] is held. The conference reaches an agreement to extend the life of the [[wikipedia:Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto Protocol]], which would due to expire at the end of 2012, until 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Doha Climate Gateway|url=http://unfccc.int/key_steps/doha_climate_gateway/items/7389.php|website=unfccc.int|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]] || [[wikipedia:Qatar|Qatar]] ([[Wikipedia:Doha|Doha]])
 |-
-| 2013 (May) || || [[wikipedia:March Against Monsanto|March Against Monsanto]] ||
+| 2013 (May) || Manifestation || [[wikipedia:March Against Monsanto|March Against Monsanto]] takes place by protesters in 436 cities across 52 countries, with the purpose of calling attention to the dangers posed by [[wikipedia:genetically modified food|genetically modified food]] and the corporations that produce it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Millions march against GM crops|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/may/26/millions-march-against-monsanto|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:genetically modified food|genetically modified food]] ||
 |-
 | 2014 (March) || Report || The [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nation]]'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases a report predicting dire environmental and economic consequences for the entire world if the leading economies do not start to reduce greenhouse gas emissions immediately.<ref name="Milestones in Environmental Protection">{{cite web|title=Milestones in Environmental Protection|url=https://www.infoplease.com/spot/milestones-environmental-protection|website=infoplease.com|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]] ||
@@ Line 237: / Line 296: @@
 | 2014 (1 May) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Nature Organization|World Nature Organization]] is established as an intergovernmental organization with aims at “promoting sustainable development, information and knowledge transfer among states, organizations and the economic sector, as regards preserving the natural environment, environmentally-friendly technologies, green economies, renewable energies, protection of resources, protection of water, forest, air, oceans and climate.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Law in Brief|url=https://www.asil.org/blogs/intergovernmental-world-nature-organization-wno-treaty-enters-force-may-1-2014|website=asil.org|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> || Sustainable development ||
 |-
-| 2015 (November) || Treaty || The historic [[wikipedia:Paris climate agreement|Paris climate agreement]] is held within the [[wikipedia:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC). 195 United Nations members sign the historic agreement with the ultimate goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.<ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/> || [[wikipedia:climate change|Climate change]] || France (Paris)
+| 2015 (November) || Treaty || The historic [[wikipedia:Paris climate agreement|Paris climate agreement]] is held within the [[wikipedia:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC). 195 United Nations members sign the historic agreement with the ultimate goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.<ref name="An Overview of the Paris Agreement"/> || [[wikipedia:global warming|Global warming]] || France (Paris)
 |-
-| 2016 (April) || Organization || [[wikipedia:Paris Agreement|Paris Agreement]] || ||
+| 2016 (April) || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Paris Agreement|Paris Agreement]] becomes effective. In it, each country would determine, plan and regularly report its own contribution it should make in order to mitigate [[wikipedia:global warming|global warming]].<ref name="7. d Paris Agreement">{{cite web|title=7. d Paris Agreement|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en|website=un.org|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref>Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)</ref> || [[wikipedia:global warming|Global warming]] || [[wikipedia:France|France]] ([[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]])
 |-
 | 2016 (October) || Treaty || The 197 Parties to the [[wikipedia:Montreal Protocol|Montreal Protocol]] adopt the Kigali Amendment in order to phase down production and consumption of [[wikipedia:Hydrofluorocarbons|Hydrofluorocarbons]] (HFCs) worldwide.<ref name="The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer"/> || [[wikipedia:Air pollution|Air pollution]] ||
+|-
+| 2017 (June) || Treaty withdrawal|| [[wikipedia:President Donald J. Trump|President Donald J. Trump]] announces United States [[wikipedia:United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|withdrawal from the Paris Agreement]], denouncing it as a violation of United States sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump quits the Paris climate accord, denouncing it as a violation of U.S. sovereignty|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-paris-20170601-story.html|website=latimes.com|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:global warming|Global warming]] ||
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 247: / Line 308: @@
 ==See also==
+* [[Timeline of pollution]]
 *[[wikipedia:Timeline of history of environmentalism|Timeline of history of environmentalism]]
 == References ==
 {{reflist|30em}}