Difference between revisions of "Timeline of economic statistics"

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== Numerical and visual data  ==
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=== Google Scholar ===
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The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 27, 2021.
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! economic statistics
 +
! business economic statistics
 +
! econometrics
 +
! economic data
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 51,800 || 13,200 || 2,740 || 93,600
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|-
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| 1985 || 44,200 || 15,500 || 3,070 || 116,000
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|-
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| 1990 || 90,300 || 23,000 || 5,720 || 220,000
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|-
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| 1995 || 118,000 || 46,200 || 7,860 || 381,000
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|-
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| 2000 || 265,000 || 99,000 || 13,800 || 954,000
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|-
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| 2002 || 300,000 || 129,000 || 16,100 || 1,120,000
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|-
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| 2004 || 357,000 || 166,000 || 23,500 || 1,300,000
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|-
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| 2006 || 416,000 || 187,000 || 30,300 || 1,500,000
 +
|-
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| 2008 || 472,000 || 232,000 || 34,400 || 1,590,000
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|-
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| 2010 || 521,000 || 266,000 || 45,300 || 1,620,000
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|-
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| 2012 || 510,000 || 280,000 || 51,400 || 1,700,000
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|-
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| 2014 || 487,000 || 257,000 || 50,500 || 1,590,000
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|-
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| 2016 || 370,000 || 217,000 || 44,500 || 1,110,000   
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|-
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| 2017 || 279,000 || 165,000 || 47,100 || 913,000 
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|-
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| 2018 || 231,000 || 131,000 || 45,000 || 743,000
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|-
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| 2019 || 170,000 || 92,700 || 40,600 || 440,000
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|-
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| 2020 || 117,000 || 78,600 || 31,300 || 233,000 
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|-
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|}
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[[File:Economic satis tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Google Trends ===
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The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Economic statistics (Search Term) and Economic statistics (Topic), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map. <ref>{{cite web |title=Economic statistics |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Economic%20statistics,%2Fm%2F025sqjb |website=Google Trends |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Economic statistics gt.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]
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=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
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The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Economic statistics, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic statistics |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Economic+statistics&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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[[File:Economic statistics ngram.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]
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=== Wikipedia Views ===
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The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Economic statistics}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic statistics |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Economic+statistics&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Economic statistics wv.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
  
 
==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
Line 13: Line 83:
 
! Year !! Month and date !! Event type !! Details !! Region based !! Region covered
 
! Year !! Month and date !! Event type !! Details !! Region based !! Region covered
 
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|-
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| 1665 || || || {{w|Willam Petty}} produces estimates of the income and expenditure, population, land, and other assets of England and Wales, in order to assess the country's resources to finance the Anglo-Dutch War through taxes. Based on these, he argues that more efficient use of the existing land, labor, and capital would allow England to outperform its competitors Holland and France. Petty also applies {{w|double-entry bookkeeping}} to keep national records.<ref name=gdp-brief-history>{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books/about/GDP.html?id=t7pKCAAAQBAJ|title = GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History|last = Coyle|first = Diane|accessdate = October 17, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|8}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
+
| 1665 || || || In an appendix to ''The Political Anatomy of Ireland'' titled ''Verbium Sapenti'' and subtitled ''Account of the Wealth and Expences of England and the Method of raising Taxes in the most Equal manner. Shewing also that the Nation can bear the charge of Four Millions per Annum, when the occasions of the Government require it''.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|30}} {{w|Willam Petty}} produces estimates of the income and expenditure, population, land, and other assets of England and Wales, in order to assess the country's resources to finance the Anglo-Dutch War through taxes. Based on these, he argues that more efficient use of the existing land, labor, and capital would allow England to outperform its competitors Holland and France. Petty also applies {{w|double-entry bookkeeping}} to keep national records.<ref name=gdp-brief-history>{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books/about/GDP.html?id=t7pKCAAAQBAJ|title = GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History|last = Coyle|first = Diane|accessdate = October 17, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|8}} He uses his work to argue that taxing income, and not just land, can be an effective way to raise government revenue.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|32}} The document would be published posthumously in 1691.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|30}} Petty's approach would be inspirational to Colin Clark, pioneering 20th century UK economic statistician.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|42-43}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
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|-
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| 1676 || || || Petty publishes his second estimate of England's national income, in a document titled ''Political Arithmetick'', with subtitle ''The Extent of Value of Lands, People, Buildings. As the same relates to every Country in general, but more particularly to the Territories of His Majesty in Great Britain, and his neighbors of Holland and France''. This would be published posthumously in 1690. The document emphasizes the importance of building infrastructure, agricultural progress, and increase in trade and economic activity as ways to increase national income. Petty also argues that an improved tax system can lead to more revenue to finance a better military.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|33-35}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1695 || || || {{w|Charles Davenant}} publishes ''An Essay upon the Ways and Means of Supplying the War'', with estimates in the same spirit as those of Petty.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|8}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 
| 1695 || || || {{w|Charles Davenant}} publishes ''An Essay upon the Ways and Means of Supplying the War'', with estimates in the same spirit as those of Petty.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|8}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1749 || || Government statistics || The Tabellverket (Office of Tables) is set up in Sweden. This is the predecessor to {{w|Statistics Sweden}}, Sweden's statistics agency that publishes economic statistics. It does include population estimates, not clear what other estimates it includes that relate to modern economic statistics. || Sweden || Sweden
 
| 1749 || || Government statistics || The Tabellverket (Office of Tables) is set up in Sweden. This is the predecessor to {{w|Statistics Sweden}}, Sweden's statistics agency that publishes economic statistics. It does include population estimates, not clear what other estimates it includes that relate to modern economic statistics. || Sweden || Sweden
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|-
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| 1776 || || || In ''{{w|The Wealth of Nations}}'', economist {{w|Adam Smith}} argues that only the production of physical goods (both agriculture and industry) should be counted in national income, not the production of services. Smith's view would be the dominant view, taken further by {{w|Karl Marx}}, until being overtaken by the views of {{w|Alfred Marshall}}.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|22}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1781 || || || {{w|Jacques Necker}}, the French finance minister, delivers a ''compte rende au roi'', or report to the king, on the strength of the French economy. This allows the king to raise new loans.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|8-9}} || France || France
 
| 1781 || || || {{w|Jacques Necker}}, the French finance minister, delivers a ''compte rende au roi'', or report to the king, on the strength of the French economy. This allows the king to raise new loans.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|8-9}} || France || France
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|-
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| 1836 || || || The second edition of ''Principles of Political Economy'' by {{w|Thomas Robert Malthus}} is published, and includes a lot of deliberations on the meaning and calculation of national income. Like Smith, Malthus includes only material goods in national income.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|43-44}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1858 || || Government statistics || {{w|Statistics Sweden}} (Swedish: Statistiska centralbyrån, abbreviated SCB) is founded. The agency is responsible for publishing Sweden's economic statistics figures to this day. || Sweden || Sweden
 
| 1858 || || Government statistics || {{w|Statistics Sweden}} (Swedish: Statistiska centralbyrån, abbreviated SCB) is founded. The agency is responsible for publishing Sweden's economic statistics figures to this day. || Sweden || Sweden
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1868 || || Government statistics || The first version of what would become the Bureau of Statistics in Japan is created. This would undergo many restructurings and renamings till reaching close to its present structure in 1984. || Japan || Japan
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| 1868 || || Government statistics || The first version of what would become the Bureau of Statistics in Japan is created. This would undergo many restructurings and renamings till reaching close to its present structure in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Statistics of Japan|url=http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/|website=stat.go.jp|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> || Japan || Japan
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1884 || || Government statistics || The {{w|Bureau of Labor Statistics}} is founded. || United States || United States
 
| 1884 || || Government statistics || The {{w|Bureau of Labor Statistics}} is founded. || United States || United States
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| 1890 || || Principles || {{w|Alfred Marshall}}'s book ''{{w|Principles of Economics}}'' is published. In the book, Marshall firmly states, ''contra'' Adam Smith, that wealth consists of both material and non-material wealth (which would imply that both goods and services should be included in national accounting). The book would lead to the first phase of work on national income accounting.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|24}}<ref name=tily>{{cite journal|url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.654.7667&rep=rep1&type=pdf|title = John Maynard Keynes and the Development of National Accounts in Britan, 1895–1941|last = Tily|first = Geoff|journal = Review of Income and Wealth|volume = 55|number = 2|date = June 1, 2009|accessdate = November 4, 2017}}</ref> Three of Marshall's pupils would go on to lead instrumental work on national income accounting and economic statistics in the United Kingdom: {{w|Arthur Lyon Bowley}}, {{w|Alfred William Flux}}, and {{w|Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp}}.<ref name=tily/>
 
| 1890 || || Principles || {{w|Alfred Marshall}}'s book ''{{w|Principles of Economics}}'' is published. In the book, Marshall firmly states, ''contra'' Adam Smith, that wealth consists of both material and non-material wealth (which would imply that both goods and services should be included in national accounting). The book would lead to the first phase of work on national income accounting.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|24}}<ref name=tily>{{cite journal|url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.654.7667&rep=rep1&type=pdf|title = John Maynard Keynes and the Development of National Accounts in Britan, 1895–1941|last = Tily|first = Geoff|journal = Review of Income and Wealth|volume = 55|number = 2|date = June 1, 2009|accessdate = November 4, 2017}}</ref> Three of Marshall's pupils would go on to lead instrumental work on national income accounting and economic statistics in the United Kingdom: {{w|Arthur Lyon Bowley}}, {{w|Alfred William Flux}}, and {{w|Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp}}.<ref name=tily/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1895 || || || {{w|Arthur Lyon Bowley}} ppublishes the first work in a series of works on national income accounting in the United Kingdom. This first work is ''Changes in Average Wages (Nominal and Real) in the United Kingdom Between 1860 and 1891'' and is published by the ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society''.<ref name=tily/>{{rp|337}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
+
| 1895 || || || {{w|Arthur Lyon Bowley}} publishes the first work in a series of works on national income accounting in the United Kingdom. This first work is ''Changes in Average Wages (Nominal and Real) in the United Kingdom Between 1860 and 1891'' and is published by the ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society''.<ref name=tily/>{{rp|337}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1899 || || Government statistics || {{w|Statistics Netherlands}}, also known as the Dutch Central Bureau, wuth Dutch name Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) is founded. || Netherlands || Netherlands
+
| 1899 || || Government statistics || {{w|Statistics Netherlands}}, also known as the Dutch Central Bureau, with Dutch name Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) is founded. || Netherlands || Netherlands
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1907 || || Government statistics || A Census of Production is undertaken in the United Kingdom. In the "General Introduction" to the ''Final Report'', {{w|Alfred William Flux}} summarizes the result and includes estimates of value added by industry. In the final section, called "Production, Consumption, and Income of the UK", Flux makes possibly the first estimate of the United Kingdom's national income that does not use the income approach.<ref name=tily/>{{rp|336}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 
| 1907 || || Government statistics || A Census of Production is undertaken in the United Kingdom. In the "General Introduction" to the ''Final Report'', {{w|Alfred William Flux}} summarizes the result and includes estimates of value added by industry. In the final section, called "Production, Consumption, and Income of the UK", Flux makes possibly the first estimate of the United Kingdom's national income that does not use the income approach.<ref name=tily/>{{rp|336}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
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|-
 
| 1918 || || Government statistics || The division that would later be called the {{w|Statistics of Income}} (SOI) division of the {{w|Internal Revenue Service}} (IRS) would start operating, under Dr. Edware White.<ref name=history-90-years>{{cite web|url = https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/08rpsoi90.pdf|title = Statistics of Income: A Collection of Historical Articles|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> It would fulfill the mandate for publication of economic statistics created by the {{w|Revenue Act of 1916}}.<ref name=soi-tax-stats-pf>{{cite web|url = https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-purpose-and-function-of-statistics-of-income-soi-program|title = SOI Tax Stats - Purpose and Function of Statistics of Income (SOI) Program|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> || United States || United States
 
| 1918 || || Government statistics || The division that would later be called the {{w|Statistics of Income}} (SOI) division of the {{w|Internal Revenue Service}} (IRS) would start operating, under Dr. Edware White.<ref name=history-90-years>{{cite web|url = https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/08rpsoi90.pdf|title = Statistics of Income: A Collection of Historical Articles|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> It would fulfill the mandate for publication of economic statistics created by the {{w|Revenue Act of 1916}}.<ref name=soi-tax-stats-pf>{{cite web|url = https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-purpose-and-function-of-statistics-of-income-soi-program|title = SOI Tax Stats - Purpose and Function of Statistics of Income (SOI) Program|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> || United States || United States
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|-
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| 1920 || || || ''The Economics of Welfare'' by {{w|Arthur Cecil Pigou}} is published. The book explores the concept of "economic welfare" and its relation with (and disconnect from) national income.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|45-46}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1921 || July || Government statistics || The {{w|Survey of Current Business}}, a monthly publication, starts. It would eventually be under the {{w|Bureau of Economic Analysis}}. || United States || United States
 
| 1921 || July || Government statistics || The {{w|Survey of Current Business}}, a monthly publication, starts. It would eventually be under the {{w|Bureau of Economic Analysis}}. || United States || United States
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| 1930s || || || {{w|Simon Kuznets}} develops the initial version of the United States national income accounts and GDP calculation. In 1932, Congress asks Kuznets to begin work in 1932.<ref name=economist-gdp>{{cite web|url = https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21697845-gross-domestic-product-gdp-increasingly-poor-measure-prosperity-it-not-even|title = The trouble with GDP. Gross domestic product (GDP) is increasingly a poor measure of prosperity. It is not even a reliable gauge of production|publisher = ''The Economist''|date = April 30, 2016|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref> In 1934, Kuznets presents his progress (report titled "National Income, 1929-32") and cautions against its overuse.<ref name=solutions-journal>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/a-short-history-of-gdp-moving-towards-better-measures-of-human-well-being/|title = A Short History of GDP: Moving Towards Better Measures of Human Well-being|last = Costanza|first = Robert|last2 = Hart|first2 = Maureen|last3 = Kubiszewski|first3 = Ida|last4 = Talberth|first4 = John}}</ref> In 1937, Kuznets presents completed calculations in a report to the United States Congress titled "National Income, 1929-35." || United States || United States
 
| 1930s || || || {{w|Simon Kuznets}} develops the initial version of the United States national income accounts and GDP calculation. In 1932, Congress asks Kuznets to begin work in 1932.<ref name=economist-gdp>{{cite web|url = https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21697845-gross-domestic-product-gdp-increasingly-poor-measure-prosperity-it-not-even|title = The trouble with GDP. Gross domestic product (GDP) is increasingly a poor measure of prosperity. It is not even a reliable gauge of production|publisher = ''The Economist''|date = April 30, 2016|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref> In 1934, Kuznets presents his progress (report titled "National Income, 1929-32") and cautions against its overuse.<ref name=solutions-journal>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/a-short-history-of-gdp-moving-towards-better-measures-of-human-well-being/|title = A Short History of GDP: Moving Towards Better Measures of Human Well-being|last = Costanza|first = Robert|last2 = Hart|first2 = Maureen|last3 = Kubiszewski|first3 = Ida|last4 = Talberth|first4 = John}}</ref> In 1937, Kuznets presents completed calculations in a report to the United States Congress titled "National Income, 1929-35." || United States || United States
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1940 || || || The book ''{{w|How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer}}'' by {{w|John Maynard Keynes}} is published. In the vein of similar 17th century works, it seeks to find ways to finance and justify the costs of a war that the United Kingdom is involved in, with Keynes relying heavily on the numbers published by Colin Clark in the 1930s. The book includes national income calculations that would prove influential in postwar economic statistics.<ref name=tily/>{{rp|347-349}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
+
| 1940 || || || The book ''{{w|How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer}}'' by {{w|John Maynard Keynes}} is published. In the vein of similar 17th century works, it seeks to find ways to finance and justify the costs of a war that the United Kingdom is involved in, with Keynes relying heavily on the numbers published by Colin Clark in the 1930s. The book includes national income calculations that would prove influential in postwar economic statistics.<ref name=tily/>{{rp|347-349}}<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|48}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1941 || {{dts|January 27}} || Government statistics || A formal announcement is made to establish the {{w|Central Statistical Office}} for the United Kingdom. This would be responsible for collating and publishing economic statistics for the UK, and would be succeeded by the {{w|Office of National Statistics}}. || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
+
| 1940 || || || The book ''The Conditions of Economic Progress'' by Colin Clark is published. The culmination of several years of data gathering and effort, the book is the first large-scale international comparison of national accounts figures. The book also introduces the idea of the ''international unit'', an early version of purchasing power parity-type calculations, to compare different countries by controlling for the different prices there. Clark finds that per capita living standards in the United States and Canada are about 14 times those in the poorest nations, and concludes that the age of plenty for all is far away. Clark's figures would be influential in the growth of development aid to the poorest nations after World War II. Clark's data also shows that as an economy gets richer, its employment structure shifts from agriculture and industry to services. Angus Maddison, an economist who would spend several decades reconstructing historical economic estimates, would speak highly of Clark's work.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|42-46}}<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|65}} || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1944 || || || At a three-way meeting between the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, Richard Stone (influenced by John Maynard Keynes), representing the UK delegation, pushes for the inclusion of government expenditure in GDP calculation, and his approach is accepted.<ref name=gdp-modernity-making/>{{rp|33-35}} Simon Kuznets, the main influence in United States GDP calculation, who is not in favor of Stone's method, is not present at the meeting to oppose Stone; the United States government officials, such as {{w|Milton Gilbert}} of the Commerce Department, are in favor of including government spending.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|27-28}} The change is believed to be a factor in making governments turn to increasing government spending to boost measured GDP, including European governments under pressure to show growth as a result of the {{w|Marshall Plan}} as well as developing country governments in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name=gdp-modernity-making>{{cite book|title = The Great Invention: The Story of GDP and the Making and Unmaking of the Modern World|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fE89DAAAQBAJ|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|33-35}}
+
| 1941 || {{dts|January 27}} || Government statistics || A formal announcement is made to estabish the [[w:Central Statistical Office (United Kingdom)|Central Statistical Office]]. Austin Robinson commissions Richard Stone and James Meade to publish the first set of modern official national accounts for the UK. These are published in April 1941 in a white paper titled ''Analysis of the Sources of War Finance and Estimate of the National Income and Expenditure in 1938 and 1940'', in time for UK budget negotiations.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|30}}<ref name=power-of-gdp>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K8B1CwAAQBAJ|title = The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP|last = Lepenies|first = Philip|accessdate = November 15, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|67}} Responsibility for collation of the statistics is then passed off to the newly formed CSO, of which Richard Meade would become head.<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|71}} || United Kingdom || United Kingdom
 +
|-
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| 1941 || || || A request by the newly formed Office of Price Administration and Civil Supply to increase government expenditure in 1942 is rejected on the grounds that it will not increase GDP. At this time, government spending is not included in GDP; the rejection would be one reason for greater (and eventually successful) push to include government spending in GDP in subsequent years.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|27}}<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|93}} || United States || United States
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|-
 +
| 1942 || || Government statistics || The first American GNP statistics are published, distinguishing between the types of expenditure, including by government, and permitting economists to see the economy's potential for war production.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|28}} || United States || United States
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1944 || {{dts|July 1}}–22 || || The {{w|Bretton Woods Conference}} is held, leading to the creation of the {{W|International Monetary Fund}} and {{w|International Bank for Reconstruction and Development}}, and currency exchange standards. The use of GDP as a measure of a country's economic standing would be attributed to this conference.<ref name=fp-gdp>{{cite web|url = http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/03/gdp-a-brief-history/|title = GDP: a brief history. One stat to rule them all.|last = Dickinson|first = Elizabeth|publisher = ''Foreign Policy''|date = January 3, 2011|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name=solutions-journal/> || United States || Various
 
| 1944 || {{dts|July 1}}–22 || || The {{w|Bretton Woods Conference}} is held, leading to the creation of the {{W|International Monetary Fund}} and {{w|International Bank for Reconstruction and Development}}, and currency exchange standards. The use of GDP as a measure of a country's economic standing would be attributed to this conference.<ref name=fp-gdp>{{cite web|url = http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/03/gdp-a-brief-history/|title = GDP: a brief history. One stat to rule them all.|last = Dickinson|first = Elizabeth|publisher = ''Foreign Policy''|date = January 3, 2011|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name=solutions-journal/> || United States || Various
 +
|-
 +
| 1944 || {{dts|September}} || || At a three-way meeting between the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, Richard Stone (influenced by John Maynard Keynes), representing the UK delegation, pushes for the inclusion of government expenditure in GDP calculation, and his approach is accepted.<ref name=gdp-modernity-making/>{{rp|33-35}} Simon Kuznets, the main influence in United States GDP calculation, who is not in favor of Stone's method, is not present at the meeting to oppose Stone; the United States government officials, such as {{w|Milton Gilbert}} of the Commerce Department, are in favor of including government spending.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|27-28}}<ref name=power-of-gdp/>{{rp|109}} The change is believed to be a factor in making governments turn to increasing government spending to boost measured GDP, including European governments under pressure to show growth as a result of the {{w|Marshall Plan}} as well as developing country governments in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name=gdp-modernity-making>{{cite book|title = The Great Invention: The Story of GDP and the Making and Unmaking of the Modern World|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fE89DAAAQBAJ|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|33-35}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1946 || || Government statistics || The {{w|Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques}} (INSEE) is founded. It is the successor to the National Statistics Service in {{w|Vichy France}}. It is responsible for publishing French national income accounts and GDP numbers. || France || France
 
| 1946 || || Government statistics || The {{w|Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques}} (INSEE) is founded. It is the successor to the National Statistics Service in {{w|Vichy France}}. It is responsible for publishing French national income accounts and GDP numbers. || France || France
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1953 || || SNA || The first version of the United Nations {{w|System of National Accounts}} is published. This version has six standard accounts and a set of 12 standard tables presenting detail and alternative classifications of the flows in the economy. It is meant to be widely applicable across countries, both developed and developing.<ref name=hsna/><ref name=sna-53>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1953SNA.pdf|title = A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables|publisher = United Nations|date = January 1, 1953|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1953 || || SNA || The first version of the United Nations {{w|System of National Accounts}} is published. This version has six standard accounts and a set of 12 standard tables presenting detail and alternative classifications of the flows in the economy. It is meant to be widely applicable across countries, both developed and developing.<ref name=hsna/><ref name=sna-53>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1953SNA.pdf|title = A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables|publisher = United Nations|date = January 1, 1953|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1954 || || || ''An International Comparison of National Products and the Purchasing Power of Currencies'' by {{w|Milton Gilbert}} of the Organisation of European Economic Co-operation (OEEC, predecessor to the OECD), and {{w|Irving Kravis}} of the University of Pennsylvania, is published by the OEEC. This is a pioneering work on international comparison of production and purchasing power, and co-author Kravis would continue on to do a lot more influential work on internal price comparisons, including starting the {{w|International Comparison Program}} that would lead to the creation of the {{w|Penn World Table}}.<ref name=gdp-modernity-making/>{{rp|35}}<ref>{{cite book|title = An international comparison of national products and the purchasing power of currencies|url = https://books.google.com/books/about/An_international_comparison_of_national.html?id=bhsrAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Organisation for European Economic Co-operation|accessdate = November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=cpi-ppp-comparison>{{cite web|url = https://www.oecd.org/std/prices-ppp/2424597.pdf|title = Integration of CPI and PPP: Methodological Issues, Feasibility and Recommendations|last = Rao|first = Prasada|date = January 30, 2001|accessdate = November 14, 2017|publisher = [[OECD]]|quote = Basic work on the need for purchasing power parities as currency conversion factors began with the seminal work of Gilbert and Kravis for the OEEC in 1954 and the subsequent work of Gilbert and Associates (1958). These two studies demonstrate the fact that there can be a considerable gap between the official exchange rates and purchasing power parities, and therefore the need for research on the computation of PPPs for different currencies. This has led to the eventual establishment of the International Comparison Project (ICP) at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Heston, Summers and Kenessey. The work by Kravis et al. (1975 and 1978) was instrumental in establishing the procedures and guidelines for undertaking international comparisons. The report of Kravis, Heston and Summers (1982) on Phase III of the ICP, may be considered as a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. The ICP had been upgraded subsequently from the status of a project to a program due to the increased coverage of more than 65 countries in Phase IV. The publication of the Handbook of the International Comparison Programme (UN, 1992), is another major source for the procedures recommended for use in international comparisons. There are several OECD publications, all with the title "Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures" (OECD 1987, 1996 and 1999), that deal with procedures underlying PPP computation. Similar publications are regularly published by Eurostat.}}</ref><ref name=wapo-gilbert-obit>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1979/09/30/milton-gilbert-economist-authority-on-gold/a7983cbc-dba7-47ae-8e92-c2aa501e41ae/|title = Milton Gilbert, Economist, Authority on Gold|publisher = ''Washington Post''|date = September 30, 1979|accessdate = October 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name=aea-kravis-memoir/>{{rp|177–178}}<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|65}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1959 || || || {{w|Eurostat}} is founded with its present name. || Luxembourg || Europe
 
| 1959 || || || {{w|Eurostat}} is founded with its present name. || Luxembourg || Europe
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1961 || || || The {{w|Economics and Statistics Administration}} is founded. || United States || United States
 
| 1961 || || || The {{w|Economics and Statistics Administration}} is founded. || United States || United States
 +
|-
 +
| 1961 || || || The '''Price Statistics Review Committee''', informally known as the {{w|Stigler Commission}}, is convened to study the measurement of inflation in the United States. Based on its recommendations, the {{w|Bureau of Labor Statistics}} opens a price research division. || United States || United States
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1964 || || SNA || The second revision, and hence third version, of the United Nations System of National Accounts is published.<ref name=hsna/><ref name=sna-64>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1964SNA.pdf|title = A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
 
| 1964 || || SNA || The second revision, and hence third version, of the United Nations System of National Accounts is published.<ref name=hsna/><ref name=sna-64>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1964SNA.pdf|title = A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
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| 1968 || || SNA || A major new version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1968SNA.pdf|title = A System of National Accounts|date = January 1, 1968|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
 
| 1968 || || SNA || A major new version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1968SNA.pdf|title = A System of National Accounts|date = January 1, 1968|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1968 || || || The {{w|International Comparison Program}} is established "as a joint venture of the {{w|United Nations Statistical Division}} (UNSD) and the International Comparisons Unit of the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}} with financial contributions from the {{w|Ford Foundation}} and the {{w|World Bank}}".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/ICPEXT/0,,contentMDK:22377133~menuPK:6782010~pagePK:60002244~piPK:62002388~theSitePK:270065,00.html |title=International Comparison Program - History |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> The ICP produces internationally comparable [[wikipedia:Purchasing power parity|purchasing power parity]] estimates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/faq.htm#q4d |date=April 18, 2017 |title=World Economic Outlook - Frequently Asked Questions |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |quote=The International Comparisons Program (ICP) is a global statistical initiative that produces internationally comparable Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) estimates. The PPP exchange rate estimates, maintained and published by the World Bank, the OECD, and other international organizations, are used by WEO to calculate its own PPP weight time series. Currently, WEO PPP exchange rates are based on the ICP’s 2011 report.}}</ref>
+
| 1968 || || ICP/PWT || The {{w|International Comparison Program}} is established "as a joint venture of the {{w|United Nations Statistical Division}} (UNSD) and the International Comparisons Unit of the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}} with financial contributions from the {{w|Ford Foundation}} and the {{w|World Bank}}".<ref name=icp-history>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp#2 |title=International Comparison Program - History |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> The ICP produces internationally comparable [[wikipedia:Purchasing power parity|purchasing power parity]] estimates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/faq.htm#q4d |date=April 18, 2017 |title=World Economic Outlook - Frequently Asked Questions |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |quote=The International Comparisons Program (ICP) is a global statistical initiative that produces internationally comparable Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) estimates. The PPP exchange rate estimates, maintained and published by the World Bank, the OECD, and other international organizations, are used by WEO to calculate its own PPP weight time series. Currently, WEO PPP exchange rates are based on the ICP’s 2011 report.}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1968 || || || International comparison work for the {{w|System of National Accounts}} begins at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}. "Irving Kravis, a student of [[wikipedia:Simon Kuznets|Kuznets]], was the original leader of the work in developing procedures for utilizing prices collected in different countries." {{w|Alan Heston}} joins the project during this year.<ref name="pwt-history">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010602103238/http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu:80/history/history.html |title=History of the Project |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1968 || || || International comparison work for the {{w|System of National Accounts}} begins at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}. "Irving Kravis, a student of [[wikipedia:Simon Kuznets|Kuznets]], was the original leader of the work in developing procedures for utilizing prices collected in different countries." {{w|Alan Heston}} joins the project during this year.<ref name="pwt-history">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010602103238/http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu:80/history/history.html |title=History of the Project |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1970 || || || The first version of the European System of Accounts (ESA), an internationally compatible accounting framework used for statistical reporting in the European Union, is created.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=869|title = EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS 1995 (ESA)|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref> || Europe || Europe
+
| 1968 || || || Pakistani economist {{w|Mahbub ul Haq}} gives a famous speech in Karachi called "22 Families", lambasting the single-minded focus on GDP and noting that wealth in Pakistan is concentrated in the hands of 22 families.<ref name=gdp-modernity-making/> Haq would later lead the efforts to create a Human Development Index (HDI) that would combine GDP-related measures with measures of education and life expectancy. || Pakistan || Pakistan
 +
|-
 +
| 1969 || || MPS || The {{w|Material Product System}} (MPS) is developed for use by communist countries. It is similar to SNA except that it counts only physical goods rather than both goods and services.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|62}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1970 || || ESA || The first version of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA), an internationally compatible accounting framework used for statistical reporting in the European Union, is created.<ref name=esa-95>{{cite web|url = https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=869|title = EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS 1995 (ESA)|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref> || Europe || Europe
 +
|-
 +
| 1970 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 10 countries.<ref name=icp-history/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971 || || || {{w|Robert Summers}} joins the {{W|System of National Accounts}} international comparison project at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}, which would later lead to the {{w|Penn World Table}}.<ref name="pwt-history" />
+
| 1971 || || ICP/PWT || {{w|Robert Summers}} joins the {{W|System of National Accounts}} international comparison project at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}, which would later lead to the {{w|Penn World Table}}.<ref name="pwt-history" />
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1971 || || || The first unclassified edition of ''{{w|The World Factbook}}'' by the {{w|Central Intelligence Agency}} (CIA) in the United States is published. The Factbook includes economic statistics estimates such as GDP and GDP per capita estimates for all countries. || United States || Various
 
| 1971 || || || The first unclassified edition of ''{{w|The World Factbook}}'' by the {{w|Central Intelligence Agency}} (CIA) in the United States is published. The Factbook includes economic statistics estimates such as GDP and GDP per capita estimates for all countries. || United States || Various
Line 99: Line 193:
 
| 1972 || {{dts|January 1}} || || The {{w|Bureau of Economic Analysis}} is established. || United States || United States
 
| 1972 || {{dts|January 1}} || || The {{w|Bureau of Economic Analysis}} is established. || United States || United States
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1978 || || PWT || "Real GDP Per Capita for More Than One Hundred Countries" by Irving B. Kravis, {{w|Alan W. Heston}}, and {{w|Robert Summers}} is published. This is the paper that would lead to the {{w|Penn World Table}} data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voxeu.org/article/newer-better-penn-world-table-growth-estimates |title=Is newer better? The Penn World Table growth estimates |first1=Simon |last1=Johnson |first2=Arvind |last2=Subramanian |first3=Will |last3=Larson |first4=Chris |last4=Papageorgiou |publisher=VOX, CEPR's Policy Portal |date=December 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=fp-gdp/><ref name=aea-kravis-memoir>{{cite journal|url = http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.7.3.175|title = Irving B. Kravis: Memoir of a Distinguished Fellow|last = Klein|first = Lawrence|date = Summer 1993|journal = ''[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]''|volume = 7|number = 3|accessdate = October 19, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|178}}
+
| 1972 || || || In their book chapter '''Is Growth Obsolete?''', William Nordhaus and James Tobin of Yale University introduce [[w:measurable economic welfare|measures of economic welfare]] (MEW) and sustainable MEW (MEW-S) as alternatives to GDP.<ref name=nordhaus-tobin-1972>{{cite web|url = http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7620.pdf|title = Is Growth Obsolete|last = Nordhaus|first = William|authorlink = w:William Nordhaus|last2 = Tobin|first2 = James|authorlink2 = James Tobin}}</ref><ref name=econ-online-mew>{{cite web|url = http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Measure_of_economic_welfare_MEW.html|title = Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW)|publisher = Economics Online|accessdate = November 13, 2017}}</ref> These would be precursors to subsequent sophisticated indices of sustainable economic development.
 +
|-
 +
| 1973 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 16 countries.<ref name=icp-history/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1975 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 34 countries. After this comparison, the ICP discards its research status and becomes a regular part of the UNSD work program and is regionalized.<ref name=icp-history/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1978 || || ICP/PWT || "Real GDP Per Capita for More Than One Hundred Countries" by {{w|Irving Kravis}}, {{w|Alan W. Heston}}, and {{w|Robert Summers}} is published. This is the paper that would lead to the {{w|Penn World Table}} data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voxeu.org/article/newer-better-penn-world-table-growth-estimates |title=Is newer better? The Penn World Table growth estimates |first1=Simon |last1=Johnson |first2=Arvind |last2=Subramanian |first3=Will |last3=Larson |first4=Chris |last4=Papageorgiou |publisher=VOX, CEPR's Policy Portal |date=December 7, 2009 |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=fp-gdp/><ref name=aea-kravis-memoir>{{cite journal|url = http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.7.3.175|title = Irving B. Kravis: Memoir of a Distinguished Fellow|last = Klein|first = Lawrence|date = Summer 1993|journal = ''[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]]''|volume = 7|number = 3|accessdate = October 19, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|178}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1978 || || ESA || A slightly modified version of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) is published. The original ESA was published in 1970.<ref name=esa-95/> || Europe || Europe
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 60 countries.<ref name=icp-history/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1982 || || ICP/PWT || The second version of the Penn World Table, on which work started in 1975, is completed. This work is dubbed Phase III of the International Comparison Program. The paper provides a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP.<ref name=cpi-ppp-comparison/> This is the first version to incorporate the {{w|Geary–Khamis dollar}} in international price comparisons.<ref name=aea-kravis-memoir/>{{rp|179}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1983 || || || The first {{w|Survey of Consumer Finances}} (SCF) by the United States {{w|Federal Reserve Board of Governors}}, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is conducted. Previously, some similar surveys were conducted by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/files/1983_bull0984.pdf|title = Survey of Consumer Finances, 1983|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = Federal Reserve}}</ref> || United States || United States
 
| 1983 || || || The first {{w|Survey of Consumer Finances}} (SCF) by the United States {{w|Federal Reserve Board of Governors}}, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is conducted. Previously, some similar surveys were conducted by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/files/1983_bull0984.pdf|title = Survey of Consumer Finances, 1983|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = Federal Reserve}}</ref> || United States || United States
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 64 countries.<ref name=icp-history/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1988 || August 23 || || The {{w|Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act}}, signed into law August 23, leads to the creation of the National Trade Data Bank (NTDB) whose goal is to serve as a central repository of all federal trade-related data.  In 1994, this would be renamed STAT-USA and operate on a cost-recovery basis (i.e., no federal appropriations).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.stat-usa.gov:80/hometest.nsf/ref/About_Us|title = About Us|publisher = STAT-USA|accessdate = November 13, 2017}}</ref> STAT-USA would cease operating in 2010 but its data continues to be available from other sources.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://libguides.utsa.edu/statusa|title = Free Statistics in Former Stat-USA|accessdate = November 13, 2017|publisher = UTSA Libraries}}</ref>|| United States || United States
 +
|-
 +
| 1989 || || || Repetto and colleagues develop the concept of depreciation accounting, which factors in environmental depreciation.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p6bwKkM1GC8C|title = Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development|author = Jeroen van den Bergh}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1989 || || || ''Economic Accounting for Sustainable Development'', a report by Yusuf Ahmad, Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz that compiles papers from several UNEP-World Bank sponsored workshops conducted after 1983, is published.<ref name=ahmad-89>{{cite web|url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/12/03/000178830_98101901491957/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|title = Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development|last = Ahmad|first = Yusuf J.|last2 = Serafy|first2 = Salah El|last3 = Lutz|first3 = Ernst|accessdate = November 13, 2017}}</ref> The central theme is that the System of National Accounts (SNA) is inadequate because it does not take into account other factors such as environmental impact.
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || || || John Hartwick presents an accounting methodology to find NNP inclusive of the depletion of natural resource stock by representing the use of natural resources as "economic depreciation magnitudes".<ref>{{cite web|last = Hartwick|first = John|url =
 +
http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/working_papers/papers/qed_wp_771.pdf|title = Natural Resources, National Accounting and Economic Depreciation|accessdate = November 13, 2017}}</ref> This would lead to the System of Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounts (SEEA), published by the United Nations as an appendix to the 1993 SNA.<ref name="Joy">{{cite web|url = http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C13/E1-21-03-04.pdf|last = Hecht|first = Joy|title = The Evolving System of Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounts|publisher = Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, 2004}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || || HDI || The first Human Development Report, including the {{w|Human Development Index}} (HDI) is published by the Human Development Reports Office of the {{w|United Nations Development Programme}}. The HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. The work is led by Pakistani economist {{w|Mahbub ul Haq}}, a critic of single-minded focus on GDP, and also incorporates ideas from the work of economist {{w|Amartya Sen}}.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|87}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1991 || || || The {{w|Federal Reserve Economic Data}} (FRED) starts off as an electronic bulletin board.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stlouisfed.org/On-The-Economy/2014/November/The-History-of-FRED|title = The History of FRED|date = November 6, 2014|accessdate = October 16, 2017|publisher = Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> || United States || ?
 
| 1991 || || || The {{w|Federal Reserve Economic Data}} (FRED) starts off as an electronic bulletin board.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stlouisfed.org/On-The-Economy/2014/November/The-History-of-FRED|title = The History of FRED|date = November 6, 2014|accessdate = October 16, 2017|publisher = Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> || United States || ?
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| Early 1990s || || || The Total Economy Database is first developed by the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the {{W|University of Groningen}}. 2007, the database would be transferred from the University of Groningen to The Conference Board.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27722 |title=About Total Economy Database™ |publisher=The Conference Board |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/C4buv |archivedate=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
| Early 1990s || || || The Total Economy Database is first developed by the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the {{W|University of Groningen}}. 2007, the database would be transferred from the University of Groningen to The Conference Board.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27722 |title=About Total Economy Database™ |publisher=The Conference Board |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/C4buv |archivedate=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1993 || || SNA || A new version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.<ref name=hsna/> This is the version of the SNA to receive its own website.<ref name=sna-93>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna1993.asp|title = System of National Accounts 1993 - 1993 SNA|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
+
| 1993 || || SNA || A new version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.<ref name=hsna/> This is the first version of the SNA to receive its own website.<ref name=sna-93>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna1993.asp|title = System of National Accounts 1993 - 1993 SNA|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 117 countries (110 according to Coyle).<ref name=icp-history/><ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|67}} Neither China nor India participates in this survey; China having never participated, and India having participated in 1985. Data for India is extrapolated from the 1985 survey.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|67}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1993–1995 || || || Barro and Lee's growth data set, titled "Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries", is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://admin.nber.org/pub/barro.lee/readme.txt |title=Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries |date=September 29, 1994 |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/c2Rlk |archivedate=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Economics/Growth/datasets.htm |title=Growth data sets |quote=Barro-Lee (1993) growth data set |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/v7uCa |archivedate=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Economics/Growth/barlee.htm |title=Economic Growth Resources |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |quote=This page gives instructions on how to obtain the cross-country data set used in the 1995 book by Robert Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, ''Economic Growth''. |archiveurl=https://archive.is/IV9OQ |archivedate=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
| 1993–1995 || || || Barro and Lee's growth data set, titled "Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries", is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://admin.nber.org/pub/barro.lee/readme.txt |title=Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries |date=September 29, 1994 |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/c2Rlk |archivedate=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Economics/Growth/datasets.htm |title=Growth data sets |quote=Barro-Lee (1993) growth data set |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/v7uCa |archivedate=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Economics/Growth/barlee.htm |title=Economic Growth Resources |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |quote=This page gives instructions on how to obtain the cross-country data set used in the 1995 book by Robert Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, ''Economic Growth''. |archiveurl=https://archive.is/IV9OQ |archivedate=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || || ESA || The European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA) is published. This is a major revision of the original 1970 European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) (somewhat modified 1978). The new ESA is fully compatible with the 1993 SNA, but somewhat more tuned to the circumstances and data needs of the European Union.<ref name=esa-95/> || Europe || Europe
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1996 || || || The first volume of the {{w|Handbook of National Accounting}} by the {{w|United Nations Statistics Division}} is published. The volume is titled ''Use of the System of National Accounts in Economies in Transition''. Several more volumes of the handbook would be published, with the most recent one, as of 2014, being on ''Financial Production, Flows and Stocks in the System of National Accounts''.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/pubsDB.asp?pType=2|title = National Accounts Publications|publisher = United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1996 || || || The first volume of the {{w|Handbook of National Accounting}} by the {{w|United Nations Statistics Division}} is published. The volume is titled ''Use of the System of National Accounts in Economies in Transition''. Several more volumes of the handbook would be published, with the most recent one, as of 2014, being on ''Financial Production, Flows and Stocks in the System of National Accounts''.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/pubsDB.asp?pType=2|title = National Accounts Publications|publisher = United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate = October 15, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1996 || || WDI || The first ''World Development Indicators'' is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statswiki.unece.org/download/attachments/120981330/Session%205-%20Jomo%20Tariku.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1475130317736&api=v2 |title=Behind the Scenes of World Bank Data |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |quote=First free standing publication in 1996}}</ref>{{rp|8}} Prior to becoming a standalone publication, the ''World Development Indicators'' was published as an appendix to the ''World Development Report''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/615561468766151166/pdf/multi-page.pdf |title=World Development Indicators 1997 |date=March 1997 |publisher=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-iw-OlvRzMC&lpg=PA180&dq=%22world%20development%20indicators%22%201996&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q=%22world%20development%20indicators%22%201996&f=false |title=World Development Report 1996: From Plan to Market |year=1996 |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |quote=A new, freestanding, and more comprehensive ''World Development Indicators'' will appear in the autumn of 1996. The traditional annex to the ''World Development Report'' is being replaced in this edition by a set of Selected World Development Indicators drawn from the WDI data sets.}}</ref>{{rp|180}} (Note: A World Bank blog post from 2012 calls the WDI 2012 the 16th edition of the WDI, implying that the first edition is WDI 1997. The WDI 1996, if it exists, is difficult to locate because it was probably called just "WDI" without a year.)<ref name="wdi-2012-blog-post" /> || || Various
 
| 1996 || || WDI || The first ''World Development Indicators'' is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statswiki.unece.org/download/attachments/120981330/Session%205-%20Jomo%20Tariku.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1475130317736&api=v2 |title=Behind the Scenes of World Bank Data |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |quote=First free standing publication in 1996}}</ref>{{rp|8}} Prior to becoming a standalone publication, the ''World Development Indicators'' was published as an appendix to the ''World Development Report''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/615561468766151166/pdf/multi-page.pdf |title=World Development Indicators 1997 |date=March 1997 |publisher=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-iw-OlvRzMC&lpg=PA180&dq=%22world%20development%20indicators%22%201996&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q=%22world%20development%20indicators%22%201996&f=false |title=World Development Report 1996: From Plan to Market |year=1996 |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |quote=A new, freestanding, and more comprehensive ''World Development Indicators'' will appear in the autumn of 1996. The traditional annex to the ''World Development Report'' is being replaced in this edition by a set of Selected World Development Indicators drawn from the WDI data sets.}}</ref>{{rp|180}} (Note: A World Bank blog post from 2012 calls the WDI 2012 the 16th edition of the WDI, implying that the first edition is WDI 1997. The WDI 1996, if it exists, is difficult to locate because it was probably called just "WDI" without a year.)<ref name="wdi-2012-blog-post" /> || || Various
 +
|-
 +
| 1996 || December 4 || || The {{w|Boskin Commission}} submits its final report, titled '''Toward A More Accurate Measure Of The Cost Of Living'''. The Commission was appointed in 1995 by the United States Senate to study possible bias in the {{w|Consumer Price Index}}. The report concludes that the CPI overstated inflation by about 1.1 percentage points per year in 1996 and about 1.3 percentage points prior to 1996. These results are important because they influence estimates of budget deficit as well as intertemporal comparisons of real per capita income. || United States || United States
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1997 || {{dts|March}}–April || WDI || The World Development Indicators 1997 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/615561468766151166/World-development-indicators-1997 |title=World development indicators 1997 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1997 || {{dts|March}}–April || WDI || The World Development Indicators 1997 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/615561468766151166/World-development-indicators-1997 |title=World development indicators 1997 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1999 || {{dts|May}} || WDI || Possibly the first version of the Little Data Book, "a pocket version of the World Development Indicators", is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/379631468136196173/The-little-data-book-1999 |title=The little data book 1999 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> Subsequently the Little Data Book would be published (almost?) annually along with the World Development Indicators.
 
| 1999 || {{dts|May}} || WDI || Possibly the first version of the Little Data Book, "a pocket version of the World Development Indicators", is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/379631468136196173/The-little-data-book-1999 |title=The little data book 1999 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> Subsequently the Little Data Book would be published (almost?) annually along with the World Development Indicators.
 +
|-
 +
| 1999 || {{dts|November}} || || {{w|PARIS21}}, the '''Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century consortium''', is launched in response to the {{w|UN Economic and Social Council}} resolution on the goals of the UN Conference on Development. The consortium is a partnership of policymakers, analysts, and statisticians from all countries of the world, focusing on promoting high-quality statistics, making these data meaningful, and designing sound policies.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2000 || {{dts|March}}–April || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2000 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-4553-2 |title=World Development Indicators 2000: Default Book Series |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/462341468766204683/World-development-indicators-2000 |title=World development indicators 2000 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13828 |title=World Development Indicators 2000 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 2000 || {{dts|March}}–April || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2000 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-4553-2 |title=World Development Indicators 2000: Default Book Series |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/462341468766204683/World-development-indicators-2000 |title=World development indicators 2000 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13828 |title=World Development Indicators 2000 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
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| 2002 || {{dts|April}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2002 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5088-9 |title=World Development Indicators 2002: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/475281468159895302/World-development-indicators-2002 |title=World development indicators 2002 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13921 |title=World Development Indicators 2002 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2002 || {{dts|April}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2002 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5088-9 |title=World Development Indicators 2002: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/475281468159895302/World-development-indicators-2002 |title=World development indicators 2002 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13921 |title=World Development Indicators 2002 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2002 || {{dts|October}} || PWT || The {{w|Penn World Table}} version 6.1 is released. This version "includes 168 countries and territories, for the period 1950-2000, and uses 1996 as the reference year."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt-6.1 |title=PWT 6.1 {{!}} PWT earlier releases {{!}} Penn World Table {{!}} Productivity {{!}} Productivity {{!}} University of Groningen |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> A "PWT6" was planned for release, but due to a combination of error correction and the arrival of new data, it was never released, so the major version begins with "6.1" rather than "6.0".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/whatsnew_pwt6.1.pdf |title=What is Different, What is New? |date=February 21, 2003 |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
+
| 2002 || {{dts|October}} || ICP/PWT || The {{w|Penn World Table}} version 6.1 is released. This version "includes 168 countries and territories, for the period 1950-2000, and uses 1996 as the reference year."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt-6.1 |title=PWT 6.1 {{!}} PWT earlier releases {{!}} Penn World Table {{!}} Productivity {{!}} Productivity {{!}} University of Groningen |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> A "PWT6" was planned for release, but due to a combination of error correction and the arrival of new data, it was never released, so the major version begins with "6.1" rather than "6.0".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/whatsnew_pwt6.1.pdf |title=What is Different, What is New? |date=February 21, 2003 |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2003 || || Maddison || ''[[wikipedia:The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' by {{W|Angus Maddison}} is published by the {{W|OECD Development Centre}}.
 
| 2003 || || Maddison || ''[[wikipedia:The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]'' by {{W|Angus Maddison}} is published by the {{W|OECD Development Centre}}.
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|-
 
|-
 
| 2005 || {{dts|April}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2005 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-6071-X |title=World Development Indicators 2005: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2005 || {{dts|April}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2005 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-6071-X |title=World Development Indicators 2005: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later, but by 2007), covering 146 countries (143 according to Coyle).<ref name=icp-history/><ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|67}} China participates for the first time, and India participates after having skipped participation in 1993 (but it did participate in 1985). About 95% of the world's population is covered, the best coverage so far.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|67}} The results would lead in 2007 to major downward revisions of GDP for many countries, including a 40% downward revision for China.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1012158.shtml|title = World Bank study says 12 economies account for more than two-thirds of world's output; Chinese economy size cut by 40%; Ireland is fourth most expensive world economy|date = December 19, 2007|accessdate = November 14, 2017|publisher = finfacts.ie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2014/05/02/1842012/china-the-us-and-ppp-a-pretty-poor-parallel/|title = China, the US, and PPP: a pretty poor parallel|date = May 2, 2014|accessdate = November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|68}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2006 || {{dts|April 22}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2006 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20897094~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html |title=News & Broadcast - World Bank Data Show Growth Rates Converging Among Developing Regions |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/growth/world-development-indicators-2006 |publisher=Growth and Crisis |title=World Development Indicators 2006 |date=May 3, 2006 |author=Ignacio Hernandez |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8151 |title=World Development Indicators 2006 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2006 || {{dts|April 22}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2006 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20897094~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html |title=News & Broadcast - World Bank Data Show Growth Rates Converging Among Developing Regions |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/growth/world-development-indicators-2006 |publisher=Growth and Crisis |title=World Development Indicators 2006 |date=May 3, 2006 |author=Ignacio Hernandez |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8151 |title=World Development Indicators 2006 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2007 || {{dts|April 15}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2007 is released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21299914~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html |title=News & Broadcast - Poverty Drops Below 1 Billion, says World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/growth/world-development-indicators-2007 |publisher=Growth and Crisis |title=World Development Indicators 2007 |date=April 16, 2007 |author=Ignacio Hernandez |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-6959-3 |title=World Development Indicators 2007: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2007 || {{dts|April 15}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2007 is released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21299914~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html |title=News & Broadcast - Poverty Drops Below 1 Billion, says World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/growth/world-development-indicators-2007 |publisher=Growth and Crisis |title=World Development Indicators 2007 |date=April 16, 2007 |author=Ignacio Hernandez |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-6959-3 |title=World Development Indicators 2007: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 +
|-
 +
| 2007 || || || {{w|Li Keqiang}}, Party Secretary of Liaoning Province, who would later become the Chinese Premier, claims that Chinese GDP numbers are highly unreliable due to significant fabrication of data by regional governments. He suggests the use of proxies such as electricity consumption, rail cargo volume and loan volume instead.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarahsu/2017/01/23/chinas-gdp-numbers-can-we-trust-the-data/#552594e36577|title = China's GDP Numbers: Can We Trust The Data?|last = Hsu|first = Sara|date = January 23, 2017|accessdate = November 14, 2017|publisher = ''Forbes''}}</ref> This begins an era of significant scrutiny for Chinese GDP numbers. As of 2017, the dominant view is that Chinese GDP numbers are not significantly more unreliable than the GDP numbers of many other developing countries; though regional governments overstate numbers, the National Bureau of Statistics makes reasonable adjustments; some of its smoothing/approximation methods result in data that looks too smooth to be natural.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.quora.com/Are-Chinas-economic-statistics-reliable|title = Are China's economic statistics reliable?|publisher = Quora|accessdate = November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/second-quarter-2017/chinas-economic-data-an-accurate-reflection-or-just-smoke-and-mirrors|title = China's Economic Data: An Accurate Reflection, or Just Smoke and Mirrors?|last = Owyang|first = Michael T.|last2 = Shell|first2 = Hannah|publisher = Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref>|| China || China
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2008 || || SNA || A 2008 update to the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.<ref name=hsna/><ref name=sna-08>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp|title = System of National Accounts 2008 - 2008 SNA|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
 
| 2008 || || SNA || A 2008 update to the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.<ref name=hsna/><ref name=sna-08>{{cite web|url = https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp|title = System of National Accounts 2008 - 2008 SNA|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
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| 2009 || {{dts|April 1}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2009 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4367 |title=World Development Indicators 2009 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2009 || {{dts|April 1}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2009 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4367 |title=World Development Indicators 2009 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || {{dts|August 26}} || PWT || The {{w|Penn World Table}} Twitter account is created.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/pennworldtable?lang=en |title=Penn World Table (@PennWorldTable) |publisher=Twitter |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
+
| 2009 || {{dts|August 26}} || ICP/PWT || The {{w|Penn World Table}} Twitter account is created.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/pennworldtable?lang=en |title=Penn World Table (@PennWorldTable) |publisher=Twitter |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || {{dts|January 12}} || Data quality report || A report by the {{w|European Commission}} is critical of the quality of economic data coming from Greece.<ref name=barber-greece>{{cite web|url = https://www.ft.com/content/33b0a48c-ff7e-11de-8f53-00144feabdc0|title = Greece condemned for falsifying data|last = Barber|first = Tony|date = January 12, 2010|accessdate = November 13, 2017|publisher = Financial Times}}</ref> The report comes after a number of sudden changes in government economic estimates, such as a 2006 GDP estimate increase of 25%<ref name=harford-greece>{{cite web|url = https://www.ft.com/content/171aaa36-d8f1-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0|title = Look out for No. 1. Researchers have used Benford’s Law to examine abnormal distribution in Greek macroeconomic data|last = Harford|first = Tim|authorlink = w:Tim Harford|date = September 10, 2011|accessdate = November 13, 2017}}</ref> and a 2009 revision of the deficit:GDP ratio from 3.7% to 12.5%.<ref name=barber-greece/><ref name=harford-greece/> In 2011, research published by Rauch et al. would shown that Greece's economic data deviated furthest from {{w|Benford's law}}, indicating that it was most likely to have been manipulated.<ref name=harford-greece/><ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|14-16}} || Europe || Greece
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010 || {{dts|March}} || Maddison || The {{W|Maddison Project}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm |title=Maddison Project |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |quote=The Maddison Project has been initiated in March 2010 by a group of close colleagues of Angus Maddison, with the aim to support an effective way of cooperation between scholars to continue Maddison's work on measuring economic performance for different regions, time periods and subtopics.}}</ref>
 
| 2010 || {{dts|March}} || Maddison || The {{W|Maddison Project}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm |title=Maddison Project |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |quote=The Maddison Project has been initiated in March 2010 by a group of close colleagues of Angus Maddison, with the aim to support an effective way of cooperation between scholars to continue Maddison's work on measuring economic performance for different regions, time periods and subtopics.}}</ref>
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| 2010 || {{dts|April 20}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2010 is released by the World Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/world-development-indicators-wdi010-released |publisher=The Data Blog |title=World Development Indicators (WDI) 2010 released |date=April 22, 2010 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2010 || {{dts|April 20}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2010 is released by the World Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/world-development-indicators-wdi010-released |publisher=The Data Blog |title=World Development Indicators (WDI) 2010 released |date=April 22, 2010 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || GDP re-basing || Ghana's government revises its official GDP numbers upward by 60%. This leads to discussion among development economists and others about the reliability of GDP numbers, and is the impetus for Morten Jerven's work on the unreliabilty of GDP statistics in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/11/24/think-u-s-gdp-numbers-are-unreliable-check-out-ghanas/?utm_term=.2b88a8b49631|title = Think U.S. GDP numbers are unreliable? Check out Ghana.|last = Plumer|first = Brad|date = November 24, 2012|accessdate = October 16, 2017|publisher = ''Washington Post''}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/ASJ15%20Section1%20Eng.pdf|title = Revising GDP estimates in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Ghana|last = Jerven|first = Morten|last2 = Duncan|first2 = Magnus Ebo|journal = The African Statistical Journal|volume = 15|date = August 1, 2012|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/20/economics-ghana|title = Lies, damn lies and GDP. Or, how Ghana went from being one of the poorest countries in the world one day to an aspiring middle-income one the next|last = Jerven|first = Morten|date = November 20, 2012|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref> || Ghana || Ghana
+
| 2010 || || GDP rebasing || Ghana's government revises its official GDP numbers upward by 60%. This leads to discussion among development economists and others about the reliability of GDP numbers, and is the impetus for Morten Jerven's work on the unreliabilty of GDP statistics in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/11/24/think-u-s-gdp-numbers-are-unreliable-check-out-ghanas/?utm_term=.2b88a8b49631|title = Think U.S. GDP numbers are unreliable? Check out Ghana.|last = Plumer|first = Brad|date = November 24, 2012|accessdate = October 16, 2017|publisher = ''Washington Post''}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/ASJ15%20Section1%20Eng.pdf|title = Revising GDP estimates in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Ghana|last = Jerven|first = Morten|last2 = Duncan|first2 = Magnus Ebo|journal = The African Statistical Journal|volume = 15|date = August 1, 2012|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/20/economics-ghana|title = Lies, damn lies and GDP. Or, how Ghana went from being one of the poorest countries in the world one day to an aspiring middle-income one the next|last = Jerven|first = Morten|date = November 20, 2012|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref> See {{w|2010 Ghana GDP rebasing}} for more information. || Ghana || Ghana
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 || {{dts|April}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2011 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-8709-2 |title=World Development Indicators 2011: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/245401468331253857/World-development-indicators-2011 |title=World development indicators 2011 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 2011 || {{dts|April}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2011 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-8709-2 |title=World Development Indicators 2011: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/245401468331253857/World-development-indicators-2011 |title=World development indicators 2011 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || {{dts|June 3}} || PWT || The {{w|Penn World Table}} 7.0 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt-7.0 |title=PWT 7.0 {{!}} PWT earlier releases {{!}} Penn World Table {{!}} Productivity {{!}} Productivity {{!}} University of Groningen |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> PWT 7.0 would be the final version produced at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}. The release notes for PWT 7.0 state: "After 2012 PWT will be jointly maintained by Robert Feenstra at UC-Davis, and Marcel Timmer and Robert Inklaar at the {{w|University of Groningen}}. There will be two identical websites with the identifiers, PWT at Davis and PWT at Groningen."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/pwt-7-web2011a.pdf |title=Description of PWT 7.0 |date=June 3, 2011 |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
+
| 2011 || || ICP/PWT || ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 199 countries.<ref name=icp-history/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2011 || {{dts|June 3}} || ICP/PWT || The {{w|Penn World Table}} 7.0 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt-7.0 |title=PWT 7.0 {{!}} PWT earlier releases {{!}} Penn World Table {{!}} Productivity {{!}} Productivity {{!}} University of Groningen |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> PWT 7.0 would be the final version produced at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}. The release notes for PWT 7.0 state: "After 2012 PWT will be jointly maintained by Robert Feenstra at UC-Davis, and Marcel Timmer and Robert Inklaar at the {{w|University of Groningen}}. There will be two identical websites with the identifiers, PWT at Davis and PWT at Groningen."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/pwt-7-web2011a.pdf |title=Description of PWT 7.0 |date=June 3, 2011 |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2012 || || WDI || The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository launches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/about |title=About |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |quote=Since its launch in 2012, millions of publications have been downloaded from the OKR, and nearly half of its users are in developing countries.}}</ref>
 
| 2012 || || WDI || The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository launches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/about |title=About |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |quote=Since its launch in 2012, millions of publications have been downloaded from the OKR, and nearly half of its users are in developing countries.}}</ref>
Line 175: Line 310:
 
| 2013 || {{dts|April 18}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2013 is released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/04/18/world-development-indicators-2013-released |title=World Development Indicators 2013 Released |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/world-development-indicators013-now-available |publisher=The Data Blog |title=World Development Indicators 2013 now available |date=April 18, 2013 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/449421468331173478/World-development-indicators-2013 |title=World development indicators 2013 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-9824-1 |title=World Development Indicators 2013: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13191 |title=World Development Indicators 2013 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
| 2013 || {{dts|April 18}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2013 is released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/04/18/world-development-indicators-2013-released |title=World Development Indicators 2013 Released |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/world-development-indicators013-now-available |publisher=The Data Blog |title=World Development Indicators 2013 now available |date=April 18, 2013 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/449421468331173478/World-development-indicators-2013 |title=World development indicators 2013 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-9824-1 |title=World Development Indicators 2013: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13191 |title=World Development Indicators 2013 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> || || Various
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || {{dts|July 2}} || PWT || The Penn World Table version 8.0 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt8.0 |title=PWT 8.0 {{!}} PWT earlier releases {{!}} Penn World Table {{!}} Productivity {{!}} Productivity {{!}} University of Groningen |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/new-penn-world-tables |publisher=Center For Global Development |title=The New Penn World Tables |author=Arvind Subramanian |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref> This is the first version that is published out of the {{w|University of California, Davis}} and the {{w|University of Groningen}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/the_next_generation_of_the_penn_world_table2013.pdf |title=The Next Generation of the Penn World Table |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
+
| 2013 || {{dts|June 26}} || ESA || The European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA) 2010 is published in the Official Journal. This is the first major update to the ESA since ESA 95 (1995). It would be implemented in September 2014.<ref name=esa-2010>{{cite web|url = http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-2010|title = About ESA 2010|accessdate = November 15, 2017|publisher = Eurostat}}</ref> || Europe || Europe
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || {{dts|July 2}} || ICP/PWT || The Penn World Table version 8.0 is published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt8.0 |title=PWT 8.0 {{!}} PWT earlier releases {{!}} Penn World Table {{!}} Productivity {{!}} Productivity {{!}} University of Groningen |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/new-penn-world-tables |publisher=Center For Global Development |title=The New Penn World Tables |author=Arvind Subramanian |accessdate=October 3, 2017}}</ref> This is the first version that is published out of the {{w|University of California, Davis}} and the {{w|University of Groningen}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/the_next_generation_of_the_penn_world_table2013.pdf |title=The Next Generation of the Penn World Table |accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2013 || || || ''Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It'' by Morten Jerven is published.
 
| 2013 || || || ''Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It'' by Morten Jerven is published.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || {{dts|April}} || GDP re-basing || {{w|Nigeria}}'s government changes the way it calculates its GDP, re-basing to use current prices and market structure, thus giving more weight to Nollywood and mobile phone services that have grown a lot in recent years. This results in an 89% increase in the estimate for the GDP. With the new estimate, Nigeria leapfrogs {{w|South Africa}} as the biggest economy of Africa.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|vii}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ft.com/content/70b594fe-bd94-11e3-a5ba-00144feabdc0?mhq5j=e7|title =  Nigeria almost doubles GDP in recalculation|date = April 7, 2014|accessdate = October 17, 2017|last = Blas|first = Javier|last2 = Wallis|first2 = William|publisher = ''Financial Times''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21600734-revised-figures-show-nigeria-africas-largest-economy-step-change|title = Step change. Revised figures show that Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy|publisher = ''The Economist''|date = April 12, 2014|accessdate = October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name=brookings-rebasing>{{cite web|url = https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2015/03/03/are-african-countries-rebasing-gdp-in-2014-finding-evidence-of-structural-transformation/|title = Are African countries rebasing GDP in 2014 finding evidence of structural transformation?|last = Sy|first = Amadou|date = March 3, 2015|accessdate = October 17, 2017|publisher = Brookings Institution}}</ref> || Nigeria || Nigeria
+
| 2014 || {{dts|April}} || GDP rebasing || {{w|Nigeria}}'s government changes the way it calculates its GDP, rebasing to use current prices and market structure, thus giving more weight to Nollywood and mobile phone services that have grown a lot in recent years. This results in an 89% increase in the estimate for the GDP. With the new estimate, Nigeria leapfrogs {{w|South Africa}} as the biggest economy of Africa.<ref name=gdp-brief-history/>{{rp|vii}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ft.com/content/70b594fe-bd94-11e3-a5ba-00144feabdc0?mhq5j=e7|title =  Nigeria almost doubles GDP in recalculation|date = April 7, 2014|accessdate = October 17, 2017|last = Blas|first = Javier|last2 = Wallis|first2 = William|publisher = ''Financial Times''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21600734-revised-figures-show-nigeria-africas-largest-economy-step-change|title = Step change. Revised figures show that Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy|publisher = ''The Economist''|date = April 12, 2014|accessdate = October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name=brookings-rebasing>{{cite web|url = https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2015/03/03/are-african-countries-rebasing-gdp-in-2014-finding-evidence-of-structural-transformation/|title = Are African countries rebasing GDP in 2014 finding evidence of structural transformation?|last = Sy|first = Amadou|date = March 3, 2015|accessdate = October 17, 2017|publisher = Brookings Institution}}</ref> See {{w|2014 Nigeria GDP rebasing}} for more information. || Nigeria || Nigeria
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2014 || {{Dts|April}}–May || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2014 is released. "Some of the changes for 2014 include new indicators for severe wasting, disaggregated by sex; national estimates for labor force participation; ratios of employment to population; and unemployment."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/release-world-development-indicators014 |publisher=The Data Blog |title=Release of World Development Indicators 2014 |date=April 11, 2014 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/18237 |title=World Development Indicators 2014 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-report-2014 |title=World Development Report 2014 |website=Data |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-1-4648-0163-1 |title=World Development Indicators 2014: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 2014 || {{Dts|April}}–May || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2014 is released. "Some of the changes for 2014 include new indicators for severe wasting, disaggregated by sex; national estimates for labor force participation; ratios of employment to population; and unemployment."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/release-world-development-indicators014 |publisher=The Data Blog |title=Release of World Development Indicators 2014 |date=April 11, 2014 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/18237 |title=World Development Indicators 2014 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-report-2014 |title=World Development Report 2014 |website=Data |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-1-4648-0163-1 |title=World Development Indicators 2014: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || {{dts|January}}–March || GDP re-basing || Starting with the first quarter of 2015, India changes the way it calculates GDP. The changes shift focus from production to market prices for consumption, and also use 2011/12 as the base year for prices.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-changes-gdp-calculation-method-1422622762|title = India Changes GDP Calculation Method. Statistics Ministry Changing Base Year for Benchmark, Switches to Market-Price Calculation|date = January 30, 2015|last = Zhong|first = Raymond|last2 = Kala|first2 = Anant Vijay|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = ''Wall Street Journal''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/04/18/indias-change-in-gdp-calculation-method-seems-highly-sensible/#501f4847e235|title = India's Change In GDP Calculation Method Seems Highly Sensible|last = Worstall|first = Tim|date = April 18, 2015|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = ''Forbes''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://manasiecon.wordpress.com/2015/05/14/the-new-contagious-crisis-called-gdp-revision/|title = The New Contagious Crisis called GDP Revision!|date = May 14, 2015|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref> || India || India
+
| 2015 || {{dts|January}}–March || GDP rebasing || Starting with the first quarter of 2015, India changes the way it calculates GDP. The changes shift focus from production to market prices for consumption, and also use 2011/12 as the base year for prices.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-changes-gdp-calculation-method-1422622762|title = India Changes GDP Calculation Method. Statistics Ministry Changing Base Year for Benchmark, Switches to Market-Price Calculation|date = January 30, 2015|last = Zhong|first = Raymond|last2 = Kala|first2 = Anant Vijay|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = ''Wall Street Journal''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/04/18/indias-change-in-gdp-calculation-method-seems-highly-sensible/#501f4847e235|title = India's Change In GDP Calculation Method Seems Highly Sensible|last = Worstall|first = Tim|date = April 18, 2015|accessdate = October 15, 2017|publisher = ''Forbes''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://manasiecon.wordpress.com/2015/05/14/the-new-contagious-crisis-called-gdp-revision/|title = The New Contagious Crisis called GDP Revision!|date = May 14, 2015|accessdate = October 16, 2017}}</ref> See {{w|2015 India GDP rebasing}} for more information. || India || India
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2015 || {{dts|April 15}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2015 is published. "Some of the new elements for 2015 include a two page MDG progress snapshot, which shows whether selected targets of the MDGs have been achieved; new indicators on Shared Prosperity, which shows that many countries have seen growth in income or consumption among the bottom 40 percent of the population in their welfare distribution; Statistical Capacity, which measures improvements in the strengths of national statistical systems; and Particulate Matter Concentrations which show that in many parts of the world, exposure to air pollution is increasing rapidly."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/release-world-development-indicators015 |publisher=The Data Blog |title=Release of World Development Indicators 2015 |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/795941468338533334/World-development-indicators-2015 |title=World development indicators 2015 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21634 |title=World Development Indicators 2015 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-1-4648-0440-3 |title=World Development Indicators 2015: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
 
| 2015 || {{dts|April 15}} || WDI || The World Development Indicators 2015 is published. "Some of the new elements for 2015 include a two page MDG progress snapshot, which shows whether selected targets of the MDGs have been achieved; new indicators on Shared Prosperity, which shows that many countries have seen growth in income or consumption among the bottom 40 percent of the population in their welfare distribution; Statistical Capacity, which measures improvements in the strengths of national statistical systems; and Particulate Matter Concentrations which show that in many parts of the world, exposure to air pollution is increasing rapidly."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/release-world-development-indicators015 |publisher=The Data Blog |title=Release of World Development Indicators 2015 |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/795941468338533334/World-development-indicators-2015 |title=World development indicators 2015 (English) |publisher=The World Bank |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21634 |title=World Development Indicators 2015 |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-1-4648-0440-3 |title=World Development Indicators 2015: World Development Indicators |accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
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===How the timeline was built===
 
===How the timeline was built===
  
−
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Issa|Issa Rice]].
+
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Issa|Issa Rice]] and [[User:Vipul|Vipul Naik]].
  
 
{{funding info}} is available.
 
{{funding info}} is available.
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===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
  
−
* Greece 2006 GDP massaging and subsequent investigation, see https://www.ft.com/content/171aaa36-d8f1-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0 and Coyle (gdp-brief-history)
 
−
* Nordhaus and Tobin 1972 work on including other things in GDP calculation like leisure, off-market work, etc. (from Wikipedia page on green GDP, go to citation)
 
−
* History of Human Development Index, specifically 1990 publication of Human Development Reports by Mahbub ul Haq. Also maybe 1968 speech by Haq that challenged GDP.
 
−
* More on green GDP
 
 
* Some stuff on Chinese GDP figures and official processes and question marks around it
 
* Some stuff on Chinese GDP figures and official processes and question marks around it
 
* United States Census and United States Economic Census
 
* United States Census and United States Economic Census
Line 215: Line 348:
 
* some historical details of ICP at [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/icp/ipc6_htm.htm]
 
* some historical details of ICP at [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/icp/ipc6_htm.htm]
 
* """Basic work on the need for purchasing power parities as currency conversion factors began with the seminal work of Gilbert and Kravis for the OEEC in 1954 and the subsequent work of Gilbert and Associates (1958). These two studies demonstrate the fact that there can be a considerable gap between the official exchange rates and purchasing power parities, and therefore the need for research on the computation of PPPs for different currencies. This has led to the eventual establishment of the International Comparison Project (ICP) at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Heston, Summers and Kenessey. The work by Kravis et al. (1975 and 1978) was instrumental in establishing the procedures and guidelines for undertaking international comparisons. The report of Kravis, Heston and Summers (1982) on Phase III of the ICP, may be considered as a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. The ICP had been upgraded subsequently from the status of a project to a program due to the increased coverage of more than 65 countries in Phase IV. The publication of the Handbook of the International Comparison Programme (UN, 1992), is another major source for the procedures recommended for use in international comparisons. There are several OECD publications, all with the title "Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures" (OECD 1987, 1996 and 1999), that deal with procedures underlying PPP computation. Similar publications are regularly published by Eurostat.""" [https://www.oecd.org/std/prices-ppp/2424597.pdf]
 
* """Basic work on the need for purchasing power parities as currency conversion factors began with the seminal work of Gilbert and Kravis for the OEEC in 1954 and the subsequent work of Gilbert and Associates (1958). These two studies demonstrate the fact that there can be a considerable gap between the official exchange rates and purchasing power parities, and therefore the need for research on the computation of PPPs for different currencies. This has led to the eventual establishment of the International Comparison Project (ICP) at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Heston, Summers and Kenessey. The work by Kravis et al. (1975 and 1978) was instrumental in establishing the procedures and guidelines for undertaking international comparisons. The report of Kravis, Heston and Summers (1982) on Phase III of the ICP, may be considered as a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. The ICP had been upgraded subsequently from the status of a project to a program due to the increased coverage of more than 65 countries in Phase IV. The publication of the Handbook of the International Comparison Programme (UN, 1992), is another major source for the procedures recommended for use in international comparisons. There are several OECD publications, all with the title "Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures" (OECD 1987, 1996 and 1999), that deal with procedures underlying PPP computation. Similar publications are regularly published by Eurostat.""" [https://www.oecd.org/std/prices-ppp/2424597.pdf]
−
* STAT-USA; see [https://web.archive.org/web/20051230035337/http://www.stat-usa.gov:80/hometest.nsf/ref/About_Us] and other snapshots/pages
 
 
* Add some events of the period when exchange rates were used directly: "Before PPPs became available, exchange rates were used to make international comparisons of GDP." [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/728703/728974/FAQ-PPP.pdf/5a92e63b-1c73-4d15-8acd-f3e5e734cbf2] (p4) It would be good to document what sort of comparison programs/tables were produced before PPPs took off.
 
* Add some events of the period when exchange rates were used directly: "Before PPPs became available, exchange rates were used to make international comparisons of GDP." [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/728703/728974/FAQ-PPP.pdf/5a92e63b-1c73-4d15-8acd-f3e5e734cbf2] (p4) It would be good to document what sort of comparison programs/tables were produced before PPPs took off.
 
* SUSENAS (Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional i.e. National Social Economy Survey; Indonesia): cited in [https://www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/PPP_Exchange_rates_may04_relabeled_mar11.pdf] (p28); [https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/www/external/labor/bps/manualpdf/susenas/susenas99manuali.pdf] [https://www.rand.org/labor/bps/susenas/1999.html]
 
* SUSENAS (Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional i.e. National Social Economy Survey; Indonesia): cited in [https://www.princeton.edu/~deaton/downloads/PPP_Exchange_rates_may04_relabeled_mar11.pdf] (p28); [https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/www/external/labor/bps/manualpdf/susenas/susenas99manuali.pdf] [https://www.rand.org/labor/bps/susenas/1999.html]
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From Coyle:
 
From Coyle:
  
−
* 1942: First American GNP statistics are published.
 
 
* Wesley J. Mitchell's statement about how GDP was critical to financing and justifying war efforts
 
* Wesley J. Mitchell's statement about how GDP was critical to financing and justifying war efforts
−
* 1941: Austin Robinson commissions Richard Stone and James Meade to publish national accounts and GDP for UK, numbers published in 1941
 
 
* May 1946: First set of recommendations for UN statistics, a a meeting of the Committee of Statistical Experts at Hunter College in New York.
 
* May 1946: First set of recommendations for UN statistics, a a meeting of the Committee of Statistical Experts at Hunter College in New York.
 
* Reinforce references for Marshall Plan using GDP
 
* Reinforce references for Marshall Plan using GDP
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* PARIS21
 
* PARIS21
 
* 1996 Boskin Commission
 
* 1996 Boskin Commission
−
* 1969: Material Product System (MPS), like SNA except it only focuses on material production. Used by communist countries.
 
−
* 1940: Colin Clark does the first work on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), a precursor to the International Comparison Project and the Penn World Table
 
−
* 2007: World Bank cuts estimates of China's real GDP in PPP terms by 40% and does similar downgrading of other countries as a result of 2005 International Comparison Program survey
 
  
 
When were specific concepts introduced
 
When were specific concepts introduced

Latest revision as of 21:28, 4 June 2021

This is a timeline of economic statistics.

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 27, 2021.

Year economic statistics business economic statistics econometrics economic data
1980 51,800 13,200 2,740 93,600
1985 44,200 15,500 3,070 116,000
1990 90,300 23,000 5,720 220,000
1995 118,000 46,200 7,860 381,000
2000 265,000 99,000 13,800 954,000
2002 300,000 129,000 16,100 1,120,000
2004 357,000 166,000 23,500 1,300,000
2006 416,000 187,000 30,300 1,500,000
2008 472,000 232,000 34,400 1,590,000
2010 521,000 266,000 45,300 1,620,000
2012 510,000 280,000 51,400 1,700,000
2014 487,000 257,000 50,500 1,590,000
2016 370,000 217,000 44,500 1,110,000
2017 279,000 165,000 47,100 913,000
2018 231,000 131,000 45,000 743,000
2019 170,000 92,700 40,600 440,000
2020 117,000 78,600 31,300 233,000


Economic satis tb.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Economic statistics (Search Term) and Economic statistics (Topic), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map. [1]

Economic statistics gt.jpg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Economic statistics, from 1900 to 2019.[2]

Economic statistics ngram.jpg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Economic statistics, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.[3]

Economic statistics wv.jpg

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details Region based Region covered
1665 In an appendix to The Political Anatomy of Ireland titled Verbium Sapenti and subtitled Account of the Wealth and Expences of England and the Method of raising Taxes in the most Equal manner. Shewing also that the Nation can bear the charge of Four Millions per Annum, when the occasions of the Government require it.[4]:30 Willam Petty produces estimates of the income and expenditure, population, land, and other assets of England and Wales, in order to assess the country's resources to finance the Anglo-Dutch War through taxes. Based on these, he argues that more efficient use of the existing land, labor, and capital would allow England to outperform its competitors Holland and France. Petty also applies double-entry bookkeeping to keep national records.[5]:8 He uses his work to argue that taxing income, and not just land, can be an effective way to raise government revenue.[4]:32 The document would be published posthumously in 1691.[4]:30 Petty's approach would be inspirational to Colin Clark, pioneering 20th century UK economic statistician.[4]:42-43 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1676 Petty publishes his second estimate of England's national income, in a document titled Political Arithmetick, with subtitle The Extent of Value of Lands, People, Buildings. As the same relates to every Country in general, but more particularly to the Territories of His Majesty in Great Britain, and his neighbors of Holland and France. This would be published posthumously in 1690. The document emphasizes the importance of building infrastructure, agricultural progress, and increase in trade and economic activity as ways to increase national income. Petty also argues that an improved tax system can lead to more revenue to finance a better military.[4]:33-35 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1695 Charles Davenant publishes An Essay upon the Ways and Means of Supplying the War, with estimates in the same spirit as those of Petty.[5]:8 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1749 Government statistics The Tabellverket (Office of Tables) is set up in Sweden. This is the predecessor to Statistics Sweden, Sweden's statistics agency that publishes economic statistics. It does include population estimates, not clear what other estimates it includes that relate to modern economic statistics. Sweden Sweden
1776 In The Wealth of Nations, economist Adam Smith argues that only the production of physical goods (both agriculture and industry) should be counted in national income, not the production of services. Smith's view would be the dominant view, taken further by Karl Marx, until being overtaken by the views of Alfred Marshall.[5]:22
1781 Jacques Necker, the French finance minister, delivers a compte rende au roi, or report to the king, on the strength of the French economy. This allows the king to raise new loans.[5]:8-9 France France
1836 The second edition of Principles of Political Economy by Thomas Robert Malthus is published, and includes a lot of deliberations on the meaning and calculation of national income. Like Smith, Malthus includes only material goods in national income.[4]:43-44
1858 Government statistics Statistics Sweden (Swedish: Statistiska centralbyrån, abbreviated SCB) is founded. The agency is responsible for publishing Sweden's economic statistics figures to this day. Sweden Sweden
1868 Government statistics The first version of what would become the Bureau of Statistics in Japan is created. This would undergo many restructurings and renamings till reaching close to its present structure in 1984.[6] Japan Japan
1884 Government statistics The Bureau of Labor Statistics is founded. United States United States
1890 Principles Alfred Marshall's book Principles of Economics is published. In the book, Marshall firmly states, contra Adam Smith, that wealth consists of both material and non-material wealth (which would imply that both goods and services should be included in national accounting). The book would lead to the first phase of work on national income accounting.[5]:24[7] Three of Marshall's pupils would go on to lead instrumental work on national income accounting and economic statistics in the United Kingdom: Arthur Lyon Bowley, Alfred William Flux, and Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp.[7]
1895 Arthur Lyon Bowley publishes the first work in a series of works on national income accounting in the United Kingdom. This first work is Changes in Average Wages (Nominal and Real) in the United Kingdom Between 1860 and 1891 and is published by the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.[7]:337 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1899 Government statistics Statistics Netherlands, also known as the Dutch Central Bureau, with Dutch name Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) is founded. Netherlands Netherlands
1907 Government statistics A Census of Production is undertaken in the United Kingdom. In the "General Introduction" to the Final Report, Alfred William Flux summarizes the result and includes estimates of value added by industry. In the final section, called "Production, Consumption, and Income of the UK", Flux makes possibly the first estimate of the United Kingdom's national income that does not use the income approach.[7]:336 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1910 Bowley's An Elementary Manual of Statistics is published. The second part of the book details sources of official statistics and has a chapter on the calculation of national income.[7]:339 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1916 The Conference Board, a non-profit business membership and research group organization that would grow to span 60 countries, is formed to mediate relationships between business and labor. It would publish several widely tracked economic indicators, such as the Total Economy Database.
1918 Government statistics The division that would later be called the Statistics of Income (SOI) division of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) would start operating, under Dr. Edware White.[8] It would fulfill the mandate for publication of economic statistics created by the Revenue Act of 1916.[9] United States United States
1920 The Economics of Welfare by Arthur Cecil Pigou is published. The book explores the concept of "economic welfare" and its relation with (and disconnect from) national income.[4]:45-46
1921 July Government statistics The Survey of Current Business, a monthly publication, starts. It would eventually be under the Bureau of Economic Analysis. United States United States
1930s Colin Clark, an economic statistician at Cambridge University, publishes extensively on the United Kingdom's economic statistics, and heralds the second phase of work on national income accounting. In 1930, Clark is appointed to provide statistics to the newly created National Economic Advisory Council, the first body ever created by the UK government to provide formal economic advice.[5]:25 His first major work is National Income 1924-31, published 1932. In addition to publishing data, Clark also lambasts the poor state of economic statistics, arguing for more standardization in industry classification and complaining about companies refusing to share profit information.[7]:343-346 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1930s Simon Kuznets develops the initial version of the United States national income accounts and GDP calculation. In 1932, Congress asks Kuznets to begin work in 1932.[10] In 1934, Kuznets presents his progress (report titled "National Income, 1929-32") and cautions against its overuse.[11] In 1937, Kuznets presents completed calculations in a report to the United States Congress titled "National Income, 1929-35." United States United States
1940 The book How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer by John Maynard Keynes is published. In the vein of similar 17th century works, it seeks to find ways to finance and justify the costs of a war that the United Kingdom is involved in, with Keynes relying heavily on the numbers published by Colin Clark in the 1930s. The book includes national income calculations that would prove influential in postwar economic statistics.[7]:347-349[4]:48 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1940 The book The Conditions of Economic Progress by Colin Clark is published. The culmination of several years of data gathering and effort, the book is the first large-scale international comparison of national accounts figures. The book also introduces the idea of the international unit, an early version of purchasing power parity-type calculations, to compare different countries by controlling for the different prices there. Clark finds that per capita living standards in the United States and Canada are about 14 times those in the poorest nations, and concludes that the age of plenty for all is far away. Clark's figures would be influential in the growth of development aid to the poorest nations after World War II. Clark's data also shows that as an economy gets richer, its employment structure shifts from agriculture and industry to services. Angus Maddison, an economist who would spend several decades reconstructing historical economic estimates, would speak highly of Clark's work.[4]:42-46[5]:65
1941 January 27 Government statistics A formal announcement is made to estabish the Central Statistical Office. Austin Robinson commissions Richard Stone and James Meade to publish the first set of modern official national accounts for the UK. These are published in April 1941 in a white paper titled Analysis of the Sources of War Finance and Estimate of the National Income and Expenditure in 1938 and 1940, in time for UK budget negotiations.[5]:30[4]:67 Responsibility for collation of the statistics is then passed off to the newly formed CSO, of which Richard Meade would become head.[4]:71 United Kingdom United Kingdom
1941 A request by the newly formed Office of Price Administration and Civil Supply to increase government expenditure in 1942 is rejected on the grounds that it will not increase GDP. At this time, government spending is not included in GDP; the rejection would be one reason for greater (and eventually successful) push to include government spending in GDP in subsequent years.[5]:27[4]:93 United States United States
1942 Government statistics The first American GNP statistics are published, distinguishing between the types of expenditure, including by government, and permitting economists to see the economy's potential for war production.[5]:28 United States United States
1944 July 1–22 The Bretton Woods Conference is held, leading to the creation of the International Monetary Fund and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and currency exchange standards. The use of GDP as a measure of a country's economic standing would be attributed to this conference.[12][11] United States Various
1944 September At a three-way meeting between the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, Richard Stone (influenced by John Maynard Keynes), representing the UK delegation, pushes for the inclusion of government expenditure in GDP calculation, and his approach is accepted.[13]:33-35 Simon Kuznets, the main influence in United States GDP calculation, who is not in favor of Stone's method, is not present at the meeting to oppose Stone; the United States government officials, such as Milton Gilbert of the Commerce Department, are in favor of including government spending.[5]:27-28[4]:109 The change is believed to be a factor in making governments turn to increasing government spending to boost measured GDP, including European governments under pressure to show growth as a result of the Marshall Plan as well as developing country governments in the 1950s and 1960s.[13]:33-35
1946 Government statistics The Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) is founded. It is the successor to the National Statistics Service in Vichy France. It is responsible for publishing French national income accounts and GDP numbers. France France
1946 As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States government decides to tie aid to European countries to their progress in achieving GDP growth targets. To facilitate measurement of GDP, the US asks the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) to monitor spending and economic growth in Europe. The OEEC asks Richard Stone to establish an office in Cambridge to crunch numbers on its behalf.[13]:35 France, United Kingdom Europe
1947 The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) is formed.
1947 The 1947 Report of the Sub-Committee on National Income Statistics of the League of Nations Committee of Statistical Experts under the leadership of Richard Stone is submitted.[14][15]
1948 Government statistics The Bureau of Statistics is founded.[16] The organization would undergo many reshuffles and renames and eventually become Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) on July 6, 2009.[16] South Korea South Korea
1951 May 2 Government statistics The Central Statistics Office (India), a government agency responsible for coordination of statistical activities in India, is set up in the cabinet secretariat. It is under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. India India
1952 August 7 Government statistics The National Bureau of Statistics in China is founded. China China
1953 July 3 Government statistics The Federal Statistics Office of Germany is founded. Germany Germany
1953 SNA The first version of the United Nations System of National Accounts is published. This version has six standard accounts and a set of 12 standard tables presenting detail and alternative classifications of the flows in the economy. It is meant to be widely applicable across countries, both developed and developing.[14][17]
1954 An International Comparison of National Products and the Purchasing Power of Currencies by Milton Gilbert of the Organisation of European Economic Co-operation (OEEC, predecessor to the OECD), and Irving Kravis of the University of Pennsylvania, is published by the OEEC. This is a pioneering work on international comparison of production and purchasing power, and co-author Kravis would continue on to do a lot more influential work on internal price comparisons, including starting the International Comparison Program that would lead to the creation of the Penn World Table.[13]:35[18][19][20][21]:177–178[5]:65
1959 Eurostat is founded with its present name. Luxembourg Europe
1960 SNA The first update (and hence second version) of the United Nations System of National Accounts is published.[14][22]
1960s Maddison Angus Maddison begins his work on long-term economic growth.[23]:3 United States Various
1961 The Economics and Statistics Administration is founded. United States United States
1961 The Price Statistics Review Committee, informally known as the Stigler Commission, is convened to study the measurement of inflation in the United States. Based on its recommendations, the Bureau of Labor Statistics opens a price research division. United States United States
1964 SNA The second revision, and hence third version, of the United Nations System of National Accounts is published.[14][24]
1968 SNA A major new version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.[25]
1968 ICP/PWT The International Comparison Program is established "as a joint venture of the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD) and the International Comparisons Unit of the University of Pennsylvania with financial contributions from the Ford Foundation and the World Bank".[26] The ICP produces internationally comparable purchasing power parity estimates.[27]
1968 International comparison work for the System of National Accounts begins at the University of Pennsylvania. "Irving Kravis, a student of Kuznets, was the original leader of the work in developing procedures for utilizing prices collected in different countries." Alan Heston joins the project during this year.[28]
1968 Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq gives a famous speech in Karachi called "22 Families", lambasting the single-minded focus on GDP and noting that wealth in Pakistan is concentrated in the hands of 22 families.[13] Haq would later lead the efforts to create a Human Development Index (HDI) that would combine GDP-related measures with measures of education and life expectancy. Pakistan Pakistan
1969 MPS The Material Product System (MPS) is developed for use by communist countries. It is similar to SNA except that it counts only physical goods rather than both goods and services.[5]:62
1970 ESA The first version of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA), an internationally compatible accounting framework used for statistical reporting in the European Union, is created.[29] Europe Europe
1970 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 10 countries.[26]
1971 ICP/PWT Robert Summers joins the System of National Accounts international comparison project at the University of Pennsylvania, which would later lead to the Penn World Table.[28]
1971 The first unclassified edition of The World Factbook by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the United States is published. The Factbook includes economic statistics estimates such as GDP and GDP per capita estimates for all countries. United States Various
1971 Government statistics Statistics Canada, the agency that publishes statistics related to Canada's population, economy, society, and culture, is formed. Canada Canada
1972 January 1 The Bureau of Economic Analysis is established. United States United States
1972 In their book chapter Is Growth Obsolete?, William Nordhaus and James Tobin of Yale University introduce measures of economic welfare (MEW) and sustainable MEW (MEW-S) as alternatives to GDP.[30][31] These would be precursors to subsequent sophisticated indices of sustainable economic development.
1973 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 16 countries.[26]
1975 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 34 countries. After this comparison, the ICP discards its research status and becomes a regular part of the UNSD work program and is regionalized.[26]
1978 ICP/PWT "Real GDP Per Capita for More Than One Hundred Countries" by Irving Kravis, Alan W. Heston, and Robert Summers is published. This is the paper that would lead to the Penn World Table data.[32][12][21]:178
1978 ESA A slightly modified version of the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) is published. The original ESA was published in 1970.[29] Europe Europe
1980 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 60 countries.[26]
1982 ICP/PWT The second version of the Penn World Table, on which work started in 1975, is completed. This work is dubbed Phase III of the International Comparison Program. The paper provides a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP.[19] This is the first version to incorporate the Geary–Khamis dollar in international price comparisons.[21]:179
1983 The first Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) by the United States Federal Reserve Board of Governors, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is conducted. Previously, some similar surveys were conducted by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan.[33] United States United States
1985 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 64 countries.[26]
1988 August 23 The Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act, signed into law August 23, leads to the creation of the National Trade Data Bank (NTDB) whose goal is to serve as a central repository of all federal trade-related data. In 1994, this would be renamed STAT-USA and operate on a cost-recovery basis (i.e., no federal appropriations).[34] STAT-USA would cease operating in 2010 but its data continues to be available from other sources.[35] United States United States
1989 Repetto and colleagues develop the concept of depreciation accounting, which factors in environmental depreciation.[36]
1989 Economic Accounting for Sustainable Development, a report by Yusuf Ahmad, Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz that compiles papers from several UNEP-World Bank sponsored workshops conducted after 1983, is published.[37] The central theme is that the System of National Accounts (SNA) is inadequate because it does not take into account other factors such as environmental impact.
1990 John Hartwick presents an accounting methodology to find NNP inclusive of the depletion of natural resource stock by representing the use of natural resources as "economic depreciation magnitudes".[38] This would lead to the System of Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounts (SEEA), published by the United Nations as an appendix to the 1993 SNA.[39]
1990 HDI The first Human Development Report, including the Human Development Index (HDI) is published by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme. The HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. The work is led by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, a critic of single-minded focus on GDP, and also incorporates ideas from the work of economist Amartya Sen.[5]:87
1991 The Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) starts off as an electronic bulletin board.[40] United States  ?
1992 The Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC) is founded at the Economics Department of the University of Groningen.[41]
Early 1990s The Total Economy Database is first developed by the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the University of Groningen. 2007, the database would be transferred from the University of Groningen to The Conference Board.[42]
1993 SNA A new version of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.[14] This is the first version of the SNA to receive its own website.[43]
1993 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 117 countries (110 according to Coyle).[26][5]:67 Neither China nor India participates in this survey; China having never participated, and India having participated in 1985. Data for India is extrapolated from the 1985 survey.[5]:67
1993–1995 Barro and Lee's growth data set, titled "Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries", is published.[44][45][46]
1995 ESA The European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA) is published. This is a major revision of the original 1970 European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) (somewhat modified 1978). The new ESA is fully compatible with the 1993 SNA, but somewhat more tuned to the circumstances and data needs of the European Union.[29] Europe Europe
1996 The first volume of the Handbook of National Accounting by the United Nations Statistics Division is published. The volume is titled Use of the System of National Accounts in Economies in Transition. Several more volumes of the handbook would be published, with the most recent one, as of 2014, being on Financial Production, Flows and Stocks in the System of National Accounts.[47]
1996 WDI The first World Development Indicators is published.[48]:8 Prior to becoming a standalone publication, the World Development Indicators was published as an appendix to the World Development Report.[49][50]:180 (Note: A World Bank blog post from 2012 calls the WDI 2012 the 16th edition of the WDI, implying that the first edition is WDI 1997. The WDI 1996, if it exists, is difficult to locate because it was probably called just "WDI" without a year.)[51] Various
1996 December 4 The Boskin Commission submits its final report, titled Toward A More Accurate Measure Of The Cost Of Living. The Commission was appointed in 1995 by the United States Senate to study possible bias in the Consumer Price Index. The report concludes that the CPI overstated inflation by about 1.1 percentage points per year in 1996 and about 1.3 percentage points prior to 1996. These results are important because they influence estimates of budget deficit as well as intertemporal comparisons of real per capita income. United States United States
1997 March–April WDI The World Development Indicators 1997 is published.[52]
1998 March–April WDI The World Development Indicators 1998 is published.[53]
1999 March–April WDI The World Development Indicators 1999 is published.[54]
1999 May WDI Possibly the first version of the Little Data Book, "a pocket version of the World Development Indicators", is published.[55] Subsequently the Little Data Book would be published (almost?) annually along with the World Development Indicators.
1999 November PARIS21, the Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century consortium, is launched in response to the UN Economic and Social Council resolution on the goals of the UN Conference on Development. The consortium is a partnership of policymakers, analysts, and statisticians from all countries of the world, focusing on promoting high-quality statistics, making these data meaningful, and designing sound policies.
2000 March–April WDI The World Development Indicators 2000 is published.[56][57][58]
2001 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2001 is published.[59][60]
2002 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2002 is published.[61][62][63] Various
2002 October ICP/PWT The Penn World Table version 6.1 is released. This version "includes 168 countries and territories, for the period 1950-2000, and uses 1996 as the reference year."[64] A "PWT6" was planned for release, but due to a combination of error correction and the arrival of new data, it was never released, so the major version begins with "6.1" rather than "6.0".[65]
2003 Maddison The World Economy: Historical Statistics by Angus Maddison is published by the OECD Development Centre.
2003 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2003 is published.[66][67] Various
2004 WDI The World Development Indicators 2004 is published.[68][69]
2005 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2005 is published.[70] Various
2005 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later, but by 2007), covering 146 countries (143 according to Coyle).[26][5]:67 China participates for the first time, and India participates after having skipped participation in 1993 (but it did participate in 1985). About 95% of the world's population is covered, the best coverage so far.[5]:67 The results would lead in 2007 to major downward revisions of GDP for many countries, including a 40% downward revision for China.[71][72][5]:68
2006 April 22 WDI The World Development Indicators 2006 is published.[73][74][75] Various
2007 April 15 WDI The World Development Indicators 2007 is released.[76][77][78] Various
2007 Li Keqiang, Party Secretary of Liaoning Province, who would later become the Chinese Premier, claims that Chinese GDP numbers are highly unreliable due to significant fabrication of data by regional governments. He suggests the use of proxies such as electricity consumption, rail cargo volume and loan volume instead.[79] This begins an era of significant scrutiny for Chinese GDP numbers. As of 2017, the dominant view is that Chinese GDP numbers are not significantly more unreliable than the GDP numbers of many other developing countries; though regional governments overstate numbers, the National Bureau of Statistics makes reasonable adjustments; some of its smoothing/approximation methods result in data that looks too smooth to be natural.[80][81] China China
2008 SNA A 2008 update to the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) is published.[14][82]
2008 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2008 is published.[83] Various
2009–2010 The Clio Infra project launches sometime around this period.[84] The project aims "to bring together the data that are available for analyzing the development of the world economy in the period since 1500".[85]
2009 Maddison The final update of Angus Maddison's original dataset on economic growth and development takes place.[86] Subsequent updates would take place as part of the Maddison Project.
2009 April 1 WDI The World Development Indicators 2009 is published.[87] Various
2009 August 26 ICP/PWT The Penn World Table Twitter account is created.[88]
2010 January 12 Data quality report A report by the European Commission is critical of the quality of economic data coming from Greece.[89] The report comes after a number of sudden changes in government economic estimates, such as a 2006 GDP estimate increase of 25%[90] and a 2009 revision of the deficit:GDP ratio from 3.7% to 12.5%.[89][90] In 2011, research published by Rauch et al. would shown that Greece's economic data deviated furthest from Benford's law, indicating that it was most likely to have been manipulated.[90][5]:14-16 Europe Greece
2010 March Maddison The Maddison Project launches.[91]
2010 December 20 The first Internet Archive snapshot of the website of the Centre for Global Economic History at Utrecht University is from this day.[92]
2010 April 20 WDI The World Development Indicators 2010 is released by the World Bank.[93] Various
2010 GDP rebasing Ghana's government revises its official GDP numbers upward by 60%. This leads to discussion among development economists and others about the reliability of GDP numbers, and is the impetus for Morten Jerven's work on the unreliabilty of GDP statistics in Africa.[94][95][96] See 2010 Ghana GDP rebasing for more information. Ghana Ghana
2011 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2011 is published.[97][98]
2011 ICP/PWT ICP data is published for this year (not sure how much later), covering 199 countries.[26]
2011 June 3 ICP/PWT The Penn World Table 7.0 is published.[99] PWT 7.0 would be the final version produced at the University of Pennsylvania. The release notes for PWT 7.0 state: "After 2012 PWT will be jointly maintained by Robert Feenstra at UC-Davis, and Marcel Timmer and Robert Inklaar at the University of Groningen. There will be two identical websites with the identifiers, PWT at Davis and PWT at Groningen."[100]
2012 WDI The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository launches.[101]
2012 April 19 WDI The World Development Indicators 2012 is released.[51][102][103][104]
2013 April 18 WDI The World Development Indicators 2013 is released.[105][106][107][108][109] Various
2013 June 26 ESA The European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA) 2010 is published in the Official Journal. This is the first major update to the ESA since ESA 95 (1995). It would be implemented in September 2014.[110] Europe Europe
2013 July 2 ICP/PWT The Penn World Table version 8.0 is published.[111][112] This is the first version that is published out of the University of California, Davis and the University of Groningen.[113]
2013 Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It by Morten Jerven is published.
2014 April GDP rebasing Nigeria's government changes the way it calculates its GDP, rebasing to use current prices and market structure, thus giving more weight to Nollywood and mobile phone services that have grown a lot in recent years. This results in an 89% increase in the estimate for the GDP. With the new estimate, Nigeria leapfrogs South Africa as the biggest economy of Africa.[5]:vii[114][115][116] See 2014 Nigeria GDP rebasing for more information. Nigeria Nigeria
2014 April–May WDI The World Development Indicators 2014 is released. "Some of the changes for 2014 include new indicators for severe wasting, disaggregated by sex; national estimates for labor force participation; ratios of employment to population; and unemployment."[117][118][119][120]
2015 January–March GDP rebasing Starting with the first quarter of 2015, India changes the way it calculates GDP. The changes shift focus from production to market prices for consumption, and also use 2011/12 as the base year for prices.[121][122][123] See 2015 India GDP rebasing for more information. India India
2015 April 15 WDI The World Development Indicators 2015 is published. "Some of the new elements for 2015 include a two page MDG progress snapshot, which shows whether selected targets of the MDGs have been achieved; new indicators on Shared Prosperity, which shows that many countries have seen growth in income or consumption among the bottom 40 percent of the population in their welfare distribution; Statistical Capacity, which measures improvements in the strengths of national statistical systems; and Particulate Matter Concentrations which show that in many parts of the world, exposure to air pollution is increasing rapidly."[124][125][126][127]
2016 April 15 WDI The World Bank announces the release of the 2016 World Development Indicators on its blog. This edition includes 1,400 indicators for over 200 economies.[128] Various
2016 March 11 A government-commissioned independent review of United Kingdom economic statistics, chaired by economist Charlie Bean, publishes its final report.[129][10] The report identifies three broad types of problem with the use of GDP, as currently measured, to estimate economic levels and growth: complexity, productivity, and sustainability.[130] United Kingdom United Kingdom
2016 June 9 PWT The Penn World Table 9.0 is released.[131][132]
2017 April WDI The World Development Indicators 2017 is published.[133]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Issa Rice and Vipul Naik.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

  • Some stuff on Chinese GDP figures and official processes and question marks around it
  • United States Census and United States Economic Census
  • Japan statistics and censuses starting 1721 (?)
  • some historical details of ICP at [1]
  • """Basic work on the need for purchasing power parities as currency conversion factors began with the seminal work of Gilbert and Kravis for the OEEC in 1954 and the subsequent work of Gilbert and Associates (1958). These two studies demonstrate the fact that there can be a considerable gap between the official exchange rates and purchasing power parities, and therefore the need for research on the computation of PPPs for different currencies. This has led to the eventual establishment of the International Comparison Project (ICP) at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Heston, Summers and Kenessey. The work by Kravis et al. (1975 and 1978) was instrumental in establishing the procedures and guidelines for undertaking international comparisons. The report of Kravis, Heston and Summers (1982) on Phase III of the ICP, may be considered as a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. The ICP had been upgraded subsequently from the status of a project to a program due to the increased coverage of more than 65 countries in Phase IV. The publication of the Handbook of the International Comparison Programme (UN, 1992), is another major source for the procedures recommended for use in international comparisons. There are several OECD publications, all with the title "Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures" (OECD 1987, 1996 and 1999), that deal with procedures underlying PPP computation. Similar publications are regularly published by Eurostat.""" [2]
  • Add some events of the period when exchange rates were used directly: "Before PPPs became available, exchange rates were used to make international comparisons of GDP." [3] (p4) It would be good to document what sort of comparison programs/tables were produced before PPPs took off.
  • SUSENAS (Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional i.e. National Social Economy Survey; Indonesia): cited in [4] (p28); [5] [6]

From Coyle:

  • Wesley J. Mitchell's statement about how GDP was critical to financing and justifying war efforts
  • May 1946: First set of recommendations for UN statistics, a a meeting of the Committee of Statistical Experts at Hunter College in New York.
  • Reinforce references for Marshall Plan using GDP
  • Jan Tinbergen's work on GDP in the context of the Netherlands
  • PARIS21
  • 1996 Boskin Commission

When were specific concepts introduced

  • Purchasing power parity (PPP)
  • International Geary-Khamis dollar
  • Chain-weighting
  • Laspeyres (?)
  • Penn effect and its cousins

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Economic statistics". Google Trends. Retrieved 15 February 2021. 
  2. ↑ "Economic statistics". books.google.com. Retrieved 16 February 2021. 
  3. ↑ "Economic statistics". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 21 February 2021. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 Lepenies, Philip. The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP. Retrieved November 15, 2017. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 Coyle, Diane. "GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History". Retrieved October 17, 2017. 
  6. ↑ "Historical Statistics of Japan". stat.go.jp. Retrieved 16 November 2017. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Tily, Geoff (June 1, 2009). "John Maynard Keynes and the Development of National Accounts in Britan, 1895–1941". Review of Income and Wealth. 55 (2). Retrieved November 4, 2017. 
  8. ↑ "Statistics of Income: A Collection of Historical Articles" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  9. ↑ "SOI Tax Stats - Purpose and Function of Statistics of Income (SOI) Program". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The trouble with GDP. Gross domestic product (GDP) is increasingly a poor measure of prosperity. It is not even a reliable gauge of production". The Economist. April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Costanza, Robert; Hart, Maureen; Kubiszewski, Ida; Talberth, John. "A Short History of GDP: Moving Towards Better Measures of Human Well-being". 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dickinson, Elizabeth (January 3, 2011). "GDP: a brief history. One stat to rule them all.". Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 The Great Invention: The Story of GDP and the Making and Unmaking of the Modern World. Retrieved October 16, 2017. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 "Historic Versions of the System of National Accounts". United Nations. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  15. ↑ Stone, Richard. "Measurement of National Income and the Construction of Social Accounts: Report of the Sub-Committee on National Income Statistics of the League of Nations Committee of Statistical Experts" (PDF). Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "History". Statistics Korea. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  17. ↑ "A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables" (PDF). United Nations. January 1, 1953. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  18. ↑ An international comparison of national products and the purchasing power of currencies. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation. Retrieved November 14, 2017. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Rao, Prasada (January 30, 2001). "Integration of CPI and PPP: Methodological Issues, Feasibility and Recommendations" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved November 14, 2017. Basic work on the need for purchasing power parities as currency conversion factors began with the seminal work of Gilbert and Kravis for the OEEC in 1954 and the subsequent work of Gilbert and Associates (1958). These two studies demonstrate the fact that there can be a considerable gap between the official exchange rates and purchasing power parities, and therefore the need for research on the computation of PPPs for different currencies. This has led to the eventual establishment of the International Comparison Project (ICP) at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Heston, Summers and Kenessey. The work by Kravis et al. (1975 and 1978) was instrumental in establishing the procedures and guidelines for undertaking international comparisons. The report of Kravis, Heston and Summers (1982) on Phase III of the ICP, may be considered as a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. The ICP had been upgraded subsequently from the status of a project to a program due to the increased coverage of more than 65 countries in Phase IV. The publication of the Handbook of the International Comparison Programme (UN, 1992), is another major source for the procedures recommended for use in international comparisons. There are several OECD publications, all with the title "Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures" (OECD 1987, 1996 and 1999), that deal with procedures underlying PPP computation. Similar publications are regularly published by Eurostat. 
  20. ↑ "Milton Gilbert, Economist, Authority on Gold". Washington Post. September 30, 1979. Retrieved October 19, 2017. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Klein, Lawrence (Summer 1993). "Irving B. Kravis: Memoir of a Distinguished Fellow". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7 (3). Retrieved October 19, 2017. 
  22. ↑ "A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables" (PDF). United Nations. January 1, 1960. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  23. ↑ Bolt, Jutta; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (January 2013). "The First Update of the Maddison Project Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820" (PDF). Retrieved October 3, 2017. 
  24. ↑ "A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  25. ↑ "A System of National Accounts" (PDF). United Nations. January 1, 1968. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 "International Comparison Program - History". Retrieved October 5, 2017. 
  27. ↑ "World Economic Outlook - Frequently Asked Questions". April 18, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. The International Comparisons Program (ICP) is a global statistical initiative that produces internationally comparable Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) estimates. The PPP exchange rate estimates, maintained and published by the World Bank, the OECD, and other international organizations, are used by WEO to calculate its own PPP weight time series. Currently, WEO PPP exchange rates are based on the ICP’s 2011 report. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "History of the Project". Retrieved October 5, 2017. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS 1995 (ESA)". Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  30. ↑ Nordhaus, William; Tobin, James. "Is Growth Obsolete" (PDF). 
  31. ↑ "Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW)". Economics Online. Retrieved November 13, 2017. 
  32. ↑ Johnson, Simon; Subramanian, Arvind; Larson, Will; Papageorgiou, Chris (December 7, 2009). "Is newer better? The Penn World Table growth estimates". VOX, CEPR's Policy Portal. Retrieved October 3, 2017. 
  33. ↑ "Survey of Consumer Finances, 1983" (PDF). Federal Reserve. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  34. ↑ "About Us". STAT-USA. Retrieved November 13, 2017. 
  35. ↑ "Free Statistics in Former Stat-USA". UTSA Libraries. Retrieved November 13, 2017. 
  36. ↑ Jeroen van den Bergh. Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development. 
  37. ↑ Ahmad, Yusuf J.; Serafy, Salah El; Lutz, Ernst. "Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development" (PDF). Retrieved November 13, 2017. 
  38. ↑ Hartwick, John. "Natural Resources, National Accounting and Economic Depreciation" (PDF). Retrieved November 13, 2017. 
  39. ↑ Hecht, Joy. "The Evolving System of Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounts" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, 2004. 
  40. ↑ "The History of FRED". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. November 6, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2017. 
  41. ↑ "About the GGDC". University of Groningen. June 14, 2017. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. 
  42. ↑ "About Total Economy Database™". The Conference Board. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. 
  43. ↑ "System of National Accounts 1993 - 1993 SNA". United Nations. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  44. ↑ "Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries". September 29, 1994. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. 
  45. ↑ "Growth data sets". Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Barro-Lee (1993) growth data set 
  46. ↑ "Economic Growth Resources". Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. This page gives instructions on how to obtain the cross-country data set used in the 1995 book by Robert Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Economic Growth. 
  47. ↑ "National Accounts Publications". United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  48. ↑ "Behind the Scenes of World Bank Data" (PDF). Retrieved October 3, 2017. First free standing publication in 1996 
  49. ↑ "World Development Indicators 1997" (PDF). International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank. March 1997. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  50. ↑ "World Development Report 1996: From Plan to Market". 1996. Retrieved October 3, 2017. A new, freestanding, and more comprehensive World Development Indicators will appear in the autumn of 1996. The traditional annex to the World Development Report is being replaced in this edition by a set of Selected World Development Indicators drawn from the WDI data sets. 
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  53. ↑ "World development indicators 1998 (English)". The World Bank. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  54. ↑ "World development indicators 1999 (English)". The World Bank. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  55. ↑ "The little data book 1999 (English)". The World Bank. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  56. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2000: Default Book Series". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
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  65. ↑ "What is Different, What is New?" (PDF). February 21, 2003. Retrieved October 5, 2017. 
  66. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2003: World Development Indicators". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  67. ↑ "World development indicators 2003 (English)". The World Bank. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  68. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2004". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
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  70. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2005: World Development Indicators". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  71. ↑ "World Bank study says 12 economies account for more than two-thirds of world's output; Chinese economy size cut by 40%; Ireland is fourth most expensive world economy". finfacts.ie. December 19, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2017. 
  72. ↑ "China, the US, and PPP: a pretty poor parallel". May 2, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2017. 
  73. ↑ "News & Broadcast - World Bank Data Show Growth Rates Converging Among Developing Regions". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  74. ↑ Ignacio Hernandez (May 3, 2006). "World Development Indicators 2006". Growth and Crisis. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  75. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2006". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  76. ↑ "News & Broadcast - Poverty Drops Below 1 Billion, says World Bank". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  77. ↑ Ignacio Hernandez (April 16, 2007). "World Development Indicators 2007". Growth and Crisis. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
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  80. ↑ "Are China's economic statistics reliable?". Quora. Retrieved November 14, 2017. 
  81. ↑ Owyang, Michael T.; Shell, Hannah. "China's Economic Data: An Accurate Reflection, or Just Smoke and Mirrors?". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 
  82. ↑ "System of National Accounts 2008 - 2008 SNA". United Nations. Retrieved October 15, 2017. 
  83. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2008: World Development Indicators". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
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  85. ↑ "Clio Infra - Research Infrastructure for the study of Global Inequality". Centre for Global Economic History - Utrecht, the Netherlands. Retrieved October 3, 2017. 
  86. ↑ "Original Maddison Homepage". Retrieved October 3, 2017. 
  87. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2009". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  88. ↑ "Penn World Table (@PennWorldTable)". Twitter. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Barber, Tony (January 12, 2010). "Greece condemned for falsifying data". Financial Times. Retrieved November 13, 2017. 
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  91. ↑ "Maddison Project". Retrieved October 3, 2017. The Maddison Project has been initiated in March 2010 by a group of close colleagues of Angus Maddison, with the aim to support an effective way of cooperation between scholars to continue Maddison's work on measuring economic performance for different regions, time periods and subtopics. 
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  93. ↑ "World Development Indicators (WDI) 2010 released". The Data Blog. April 22, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
  94. ↑ Plumer, Brad (November 24, 2012). "Think U.S. GDP numbers are unreliable? Check out Ghana.". Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2017. 
  95. ↑ Jerven, Morten; Duncan, Magnus Ebo (August 1, 2012). "Revising GDP estimates in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Ghana" (PDF). The African Statistical Journal. 15. Retrieved October 16, 2017. 
  96. ↑ Jerven, Morten (November 20, 2012). "Lies, damn lies and GDP. Or, how Ghana went from being one of the poorest countries in the world one day to an aspiring middle-income one the next". Retrieved October 16, 2017. 
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  100. ↑ "Description of PWT 7.0" (PDF). June 3, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2017. 
  101. ↑ "About". World Bank. Retrieved October 4, 2017. Since its launch in 2012, millions of publications have been downloaded from the OKR, and nearly half of its users are in developing countries. 
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  129. ↑ "Independent review of UK economic statistics: final report". United Kingdom Government. 
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  131. ↑ "Penn World Table on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved October 5, 2017. PWT version 9.0 has just been released with data for 182 countries from 1950-2014. Find this new version at http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-9.0 
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  133. ↑ "World Development Indicators 2017". Retrieved October 4, 2017. 
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