Difference between revisions of "Timeline of bacteriology"

Latest revision as of 20:22, 24 June 2023

This is a timeline of bacteriology, attempting to describe important events in the development of the field. For the treatment of bacterial diseases, visit Timeline of antibiotics.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
17th century	Experimental explorations with microorganisms is already conducted in this century.^[1]
18th century	Botanists and zoologists try to structure and classify the world of the invisible living organisms.^[1]
1854–1920	This period is known as the "golden age of microbiology", in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch stand out as the great scientists in the field.^[2] German physician Robert Koch introduces the science of microorganisms to the medical field, identifying bacteria as the cause of infectious diseases and process of fermentation in diseases. French Scientist Louis Pasteur develops techniques to produce vaccines.
1940s	The genetics of bacteriophages begin to be studied vigorously, after the development of techniques for the study of bacteriophage infection in single bacteria.^[3]
1990s	The first bacterium genome is sequenced.^[4]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Details	Geographical location
2 billion BC		A bacterium becomes symbiotic with the cell from which animals and plants later develop. Chromosomes from this bacterium’s mitochondria would later carry 37 genes in the human body.^[5]
220 million BC		Bacteria and single-celled animals and plants from this period become encased in tree resin on the northern edge of the Tethys Ocean. Scientists in 2006 study the organisms in amber of this time from a town in the Italian Dolomites. Ciliates and amoeba in the amber appear identical to modern examples.^[5]
1590	Scientific development	Dutch spectacle-maker Zacharias Janssen and his brother Hans Janssen produce the operational compound microscope.^[6]
1676	Scientific development	Dutch merchant Antony Van Leeuwenhoek observes microorganisms using a single lens microscope designed by him and names them animalcules.^[7] Van Leeuwenhoek is considered the first to discover microorganisms.^[8]
1749	Scientific development	English biologist John Needham indicates that bacteria and other microorganisms arose spontaneously from meat.^[6]^[9]^[10]^[11]	United Kingdom
1762	Scientific development	Austrian medical doctor Marcus Antonius Von Plenciz in Vienna publishes a germ theory of infectious diseases and reports that each disease is caused by a separate organism.^[6]^[12]^[2]^[13]	Austria
1828	Scientific development	German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg introduces new technical terms "bakterium/bakteria", replacing the vaguer "germ" and "miasma."^[14]^[7]^[15]
1835	Scientific development	Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the term Bacillus to contain rod-shaped bacteria.^[16]^[17]^[18]
1839	Scientific development	German physiologist Theodor Schwann demonstrates the cellular basis of the body, asserting that all organs and tissues are composed of a multitude of structural units called cells.^[19]^[20]^[21]
1840	Scientific development	German pathologist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle offers his theory of contagion by arguing that the "material of contagions is endowed with a life of its own, which is, in relation to the diseased body, a parasitic organism.^[22]
1844	Scientific development	Italian entomologist Agostino Bassi asserts that microorganisms cause human disease.^[8]
1847	Publication	Cranston R. Low and T.C. Dodds publish the illustrated Atlas of Bacteriology.^[14]
1857	Scientific development	German scientific instrument maker Carl Zeiss launches its first Zeiss compound microscope.^[23]	Germany
1858	Publication	French biologist Louis Pasteur publishes Memoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique (Memoir on Lactic Fermentation) which is considered a foundation stone of the cell theory, microbiology, and bacteriology.^[24]^[25]	France
1865	Scientific development	British surgeon Joseph Lister develops antiseptic surgery, which greatly increases survival rates.^[26]
c.1868	Scientific development	German botanist Ferdinand Cohn starts studying bacteria. From his accurate studies of their morphology, or bodily form, Cohn is among the first to attempt to arrange the different varieties of bacteria into genera and species on a systematic basis.^[27] Cohn studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria would lead him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. The field of bacteriology is considered by many to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn.^[7]
1872	Scientific development	German botanist Joseph Schroeter grows pigmented bacterial colonies on potato slices incubated in a moist environment.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]
1872	Publication	Ferdinand Cohn publishes Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien (Investigations on Bacteria).^[14]	Germany
1873	Scientific development	Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen identifies the acidfast bacillus (AFB) Mycobacterium leprae, the first bacterium to be implicated as a cause of a human infection.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]
1876	Scientific development	Louis Pasteur discards the theory of spontaneous generation and investigates the principles of the process later called pasteurization.^[6]	France
1876	Scientific development	German physician and microbiologist Robert Koch in Berlin isolates the anthrax bacillus, and becomes the first to show a specific organism as the cause of a disease.^[6]^[35]^[36]^[37]	Germany
1877	Publication	English microbiologist Edgar Crookshank publishes Manual of Bacteriology.^[14]	United Kingdom
1877	Scientific development	Louis Pasteur notes that some bacteria produce substances that kill other bacteria, setting the basis of antibiotics.^[38]	France
1878	Scientific development	Robert Koch observes bacteria bearing a close resemblance to staphylococci.^[39]
1878	Scientific development	British pioneer of antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister becomes the first person to obtain a pure culture of a bacterium (Streptococcus lactis) in a liquid medium. Lister isolates a pure culture from sour milk and names it Bacterium lactis.^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]
1878	Scientific development	American botanist Thomas Jonathan Burrill, professor at the University of Illinois, describes the causative agent as a bacterium, demonstrating for the first time a bacterial disease of plants.^[31]^[44]^[45]^[46]	United States
1879	Scientific development	German physician Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser identifies what would later be called Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen that causes gonorrhea.^[31]^[47]^[48]^[49]
1880	Scientific development	Louis Pasteur manages to isolate the bacterium responsible for chicken cholera and grows it in pure culture. ^[39]^[50]^[38]	France
1880	Publication	George M. Sternberg M.D. translation of Les bactéries becomes the first general bacteriology book in English.^[51]
1881	Scientific development	German Jewish physician Paul Ehrlich introduces the dye methylene blue into bacteriology.^[52]
1881	Scientific development	British surgeon Alexander Ogston, Professor at the University of Aberdeen, carries out the first detailed studies on staphylococci.^[6] After injecting the bacteria into animals and producing experimental infections in the laboratory, Ogston links staphylococcus to the serious infections then called "hospital sepsis".^[53]^[54]	United Kingdom
1882	Scientific development	German pathologist and microbiologist Carl Friedländer discovers the microorganism that he believes causes bacterial pneumonia. The organism would later be named Bacillus friedlanderi.^[55]^[56]^[57]
1882	Scientific development	Robert Koch discovers Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis.^[35]
1883	Publication	Belfield publishes the first original general bacteriology book in English, On the Relations of Micro-organisms to Disease.^[51]
1883	Scientific development	Robert Koch leads an expedition to Egypt and India, and discovers bacterium Vibrio cholerae as the cause of cholera.^[35]	Egypt, India
1883	Scientific development	French biochemists Ulysse Gayon and Gabriel Dupetit isolate in pure culture two strains of denitrifying bacteria, and show that individual organic compounds, such as sugars and alcohols, can replace complex organics and serve as reductants for nitrate, as well as serving as carbon sources.^[31]
1884	Scientific development	German Jewish internist Arthur Nicolaier discovers the causal agent of tetanus Clostridium tetani.^[6]^[58]^[59]^[60]	Germany
1884	Scientific development	Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram discovers a differential stain used the identification of bacteria.^[6]
1884	Scientific development	French microbiologist Charles Chamberland develops an unglazed porcelain filter that retains bacteria.^[31]
1884	Scientific development	Russian zoologist Élie Metchnikoff shows how amoeboid cells in the interstitial fluid and blood engulf organisms or microscopical foreign particles, so destroying the ingested bacteria in the phenomenon of phagocytosis, a term coined by him. Metchnikoff would propose a theory of cellular immunity.^[31]^[61]^[62]^[63]
1885	Scientific development	German-Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich identifies a bacterium, a natural inhabitant of the human gut, and names it Bacterium coli. Escherich shows that certain strains are responsible for infant diarrhea and gastroenteritis.^[64]^[65]^[66]
1886	Scientific development	German agricultural chemist Hermann Hellriegel and Hermann Wilfarth establish the relationship between legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria.^[6]
1886	Scientific development	F. Frankel isolates Pneumococcus bacteria.^[6]^[67]
1886	Publication	E.M. Crookshank publishes An Introduction to Practical Bacteriology. Based Upon the Methods of Koch.^[14]	United States
1886	Scientific development	American pathologist Theobald Smith isolates the gram-negative bacillus responsible for enteric typhoid.^[14]	United States
1887	Publication	Loeffler publishes Geschichte zur Bakteriologie (History of Bacteriology).^[14]	Germany
1888	Scientific development	The first work on nitrogen fixation by the root nodule bacteria is performed by Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck, who discovers bacteria living inside small lumps or nodules on the roots of Vicia and Lathyrus (yellow pea) plants.^[6]^[68]^[69]^[70]
1889	Organization	The Society of American Bacteriologists is founded.^[14]	United States
1890	Scientific development	Ukrainian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky first demonstrates N2 fixation by free living soil bacteria.^[6]
1891	Scientific development	Poland-born German botanist Walter Migula discoveres the gram-negative, flagellated-motile rod-like microbe, bacillus Pseudomonas sp, later renamed Pseudomonas pyocyaneas (aeruginosa), a dangerous "hospital pathogen.^[14]
1891	Publication	J. Buchanan publishes An Encyclopedia of the Practice of Medicine Based on Bacteriology.^[14]
1892	Scientific development	American bacteriologists William H. Welch and George Nuttall identify and isolate Clostridium perfringens, the organism responsible for causing gangrene.^[31]^[71]^[72]^[73]
1892	Publication	Alexander C. Abbott publishes The Principles of Bacteriology: A Practical Manual for Students and Physicians.^[14]	United States
1893	Publication	British chemist Percy F. Frankland publishes Bacteriology in its Relations to Chemical Science.^[14]	United Kingdom
1893	Publication	Volume 1 appears of Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, with both Rudolf Virchow and Élie Metchnikoff contributing to the opening issues.^[14]
1893	Publication	German bacteriologist Samuel Leopold Schenk in Vienna publishes Grundrisse der Bakteriologie fur Aertze und Studierende (Elements of Bacteriology for Practitioners and Students).^[14]	Austria
1893	Publication	Russian bacteriologist Georgy Gabrichevsky in Saint Petersburg publishes Rukovodstvok klinicheskoj bacteriologii (Guide to Clinical Bacteriology for Doctors and Students).^[14]	Russia
1894	Scientific development	Martinus Beijerinck isolates the first sulfate-reducing bacterium, Spirillum desulfuricans (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans). Beijerinck shows that this bacterium extracts energy by metabolizing sulfur compounds.^[74]^[75]^[31]
1894	Publication	American bacteriologist Frederick George Novy publishes Directions for Laboratory Work in Bacteriology.^[14]
1894	Scientific development	Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin discovers Pasteurella pestis.^[6]
1894	Scientific development	Japanese physician Kitasato Shibasaburō discovers the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis.^[6]^[76]^[77]^[78]	Hong Kong
1894	Scientific development	German bacteriologist Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer discovers that when cholera bacteria are injected into the peritoneum of a guinea pig immunized against the infection, the pig rapidly dies.^[31]^[79]^[80]^[81]
1895	Publication	E.V. Freudenreich publishes Dairy Bacteriology: a Short Manual.^[14]
1895	Scientific development	Sergei Winogradsky isolates Clostridum pasteurianum, the first free-living nitrogen-fixing organism.^[31]^[82]^[83]^[84]
1896	Scientific development	Austrian scientist Max von Gruber and H. Durham first describe the agglutination of bacteria by their related immune sera.^[31]^[85]^[86]^[87]
1898	Scientific development	Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kiyoshi discovers dysentery bacillus Shigella (named after him).^[6]^[88]^[89]^[90]	Japan
1900	Scientific development	Shiga Kiyoshi develops a dysentery antiserum.^[88]	Japan
1904	Scientific development	Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck obtains the first pure culture of sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, Thiobacillus denitrificans. Under anaerobic conditions it uses carbon dioxide as a source of carbon.^[31]
1905	Scientific development	Austrian bacteriologist Franz Schardinger isolates aerobic bacilli which produce acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid. These are important industrial chemicals.^[31]
1905	Scientific development	German zoologist Fritz Schaudinn and German germatologist Erich Hoffmann identify and describe the bacterium Treponema pallidum in patients with acute syphilis.^[31]^[91]^[92]^[93]
1905	Scientific development	Japanese biologist Shigetane Ishiwata discovers that the cause of a disease outbreak in silkworms is a new species of bacteria. Ishiwata names it Bacillus sotto (later called Bacillus thuringiensis).^[31]
1906	Scientific development	N. L. Sohngen manages to enrich two distinct acetate utilizing bacteria, finding that formate and hydrogen, plus carbon dioxide, could act as precursors for methane.^[31]^[94]^[95]^[96]
1907	Publication	Edward B. Voorhees and Jacob G. Lipman publish A Review of Investigations in Soil Bacteriology.^[14]	United States
1907	Scientific development	Erwin Smith and C.O. Townsend discover that the Gram-negative soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a member of the eubacterial family Rhizobiaceae, is the organism responsible for the elicitation of crown gall tumors in plants.^[31]^[97]^[98]^[99]
1908	Publication	Samuel Cate Prescott and Charles Winslow publish Elements of Water Bacteriology.^[14]	United States
1908	Publication	Edwin O. Jordan publishes A Text-Book of General Bacteriology.^[14]	United States
1909	Publication	Professor Dr. A. Dieudonne and C.F. Bolduan in New York publish Bacterial Food Poisoning. A Concise Exposition of the Etiology, Bacteriology, Pathology, Symptomatology, Prophylaxis and Treatment of So-Called Ptomaine Poisoning.^[14]	United States
1909	Scientific development	American pathologist Howard Taylor Ricketts describes the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans. This organism, Rickettsia, is transmitted by ticks.^[31]^[100]^[101]
1909	Publication	E.R. Stitt publishes Practical Bacteriology, Blood Work and Animal Parasitology. The book includes bacteriological keys and clinical notes.^[14]	United States
1909	Scientific development	Danish chemist Sigurd Orla-Jensen proposes that physiological characteristics of bacteria are of primary importance in their classification. Orla-Jensen's ideas, first published in the same year, are based on the assumption that the first organisms on Earth must have developed in the dark in an environment devoid of organic matter, therefore independent of the presence of other life forms. The only organisms known today to be capable of that are chemosynthetic bacteria.^[31]^[102]^[103]^[104]
1910	Publication	Emily Stoney publishes Bacteriological and Surgical Technique for Nurses.^[14]	United States
1910	Publication	P. Hanson Hiss Jr. and Hans Zinsser publish The Textbook of Bacteriology.^[14]
1910	Scientific development	American plant Erwin Frink Smith publishes the earliest description of the pathogenic relationship of Corynebacterium michiganense to tomato.^[6]^[105]^[106]^[107] Smith is considered to have played a major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease.^[108]^[109]
1912	Publication	Albert Schneider in Philadelphia publishes Pharmaceutical Bacteriology with Special Reference to Disinfection and Sterilization.^[14]
1912	Publication	John Wright in Bristol publishes Public Health Chemistry and Bacteriology. A Handbook.^[14]	United Kingdom
1912	Publication	Clemesha William Wesley publishes The Bacteriology of Surface Waters in the Tropics.^[14]
1915	Virus discovery	English bacteriologist Frederick Twort discovers the micrococcus phage and becomes the first to describe bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113]
1916	Publication	The Journal of Bacteriology is established.^[14]	United States
1920	Publication	The Society of American Bacteriologists committee issues its final report on the characterization and classification of bacterial types.^[31]^[114]	United States
1923	Publication	The Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is published. It is written to provide a modern identification key for bacteria but little of it is based on direct experience of the organisms.^[41]
1926	Scientific development	American bacteriologist Thomas Milton Rivers, director of the Rockefeller Hospital, distinguishes between bacteria and viruses, establishing virology as a separate area of study.^[31] Rivers announces the theory that viruses could not reproduce outside cells^[115], and states that a virus needs a living tissue for reproduction.^[116]	United States
1926	Scientific development	Team of scientists headed by Dr. Everitt Murray isolates from rabbits a bacterium that is responsible for listeriosis in humans. Named Bacterium monocytogenes in reference to the mononuclear leucocytosis observed in the affected animals, it would be later renamed Listeria monocytogenes in honor of Dr. Joseph Lister.^[31]^[117]^[118]^[119]
1928	Scientific development	Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers antibiotic penicillin.^[6]^[120]^[121]^[122]	United Kingdom
1928	Scientific development	English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith discovers transformation in bacteria. Griffith finds that extracts from killed encapsulated streptococci could change the living, harmless bacteria to the disease-producing virulent type. ^[6]^[123]^[124]^[125]
1928	Scientific development	Frederick Griffith, in his experiments with the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, the species that causes a severe form of pneumonia in mammals, discovers transformation in bacteria and establishes the foundation of molecular genetics.^[31]^[126]^[127]^[128]
1931	Organization	The Society of Agricultural Bacteriologists is founded.^[129]	United Kingdom
1931	Scientific development	Dutch-American microbiologist Cornelius Bernardus van Niel shows that photosynthetic bacteria use reduces compounds as electron donors without producing oxygen.^[31]^[130]^[131]^[132]
1934	Scientific development	American microbiologist Alice Catherine Evans accomplishes the first typing of a strain of bacteria with bacteriophage.^[31]
1937	Scientific development	Hungarian physicist Ladislaus Laszlo Marton publishes the first electron micrographs of bacteria.^[31]
1943	Scientific development	Italian microbiologist Salvador Luria and German–American biophysicist Max Delbrück provides convincing evidence of mutations in bacteria.^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136]
1944	Scientific development	Oswald Avery, Colin Munro MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty show the significance of DNA as hereditary material by studies of transformation in bacteria.^[6]^[137]^[138]^[139]
1945 (February 16)	Organization	The Microbiology Society is formally inaugurated at a meeting in London. Sir Alexander Fleming is elected as the first President.^[129]	United Kingdom
1946	Scientific development	American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg and American geneticist Edward Tatum discover bacterial conjugation.^[3]^[6]^[140]^[141]^[142]
1947	Scientific development	American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg shows that bacteria can exchange and recombine genes.^[133]
1951	Publication	The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology is established.^[143]
1952	Scientific development	American biologists Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg discover the transduction in bacteria.^[6]
1971	Scientific development	B. Pierson and K. Castenholz discover the green non-sulphus bacteria Chloroflexus.^[6]^[144]^[145]
1977	Scientific development	American microbiologist Carl Woese recognizes that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria.^[146]
1977	Scientific development	Health officials in the United States discover that some germs within one family of bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, could produce an enzyme capable of breaking down common antibiotics.^[147]	United States
1995	Scientific development	Haemophilus Influenzae becomes the first bacterium genome to be sequenced.^[4]
2000	Scientific development	The first genome of a plant pathogen, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, is completed.^[148]	Brazil
2018	Scientific development	Research paper shows evidence that hand dryers generate invisible “bacterial highways” inside buildings.^[149]^[150]
2018	Scientific development	Researchers from the University of Quebec’s National Institute of Scientific Research discover an oil-hungry bacterium that could be ideal for oil spill cleanup.^[151]	Canada

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.

Year	bacteriology	systematic bacteriology	microbiology bacteriology	bacteriology virology	bacteriology infections
1980	5,770	489	3,250	614	1,570
1985	6,960	774	4,280	722	1,910
1990	7,340	1,540	5,010	871	2,410
1995	8,250	1,930	5,370	706	2,440
2000	17,000	2,830	12,600	7,950	6,700
2002	17,400	3,250	13,000	7,970	6,590
2004	20,800	4,050	14,700	9,720	8,120
2006	22,700	5,150	16,100	7,850	8,990
2008	24,400	6,070	16,400	8,470	10,100
2010	25,300	6,300	18,300	7,850	10,200
2012	32,200	8,680	25,000	9,880	13,000
2014	30,100	9,590	24,500	9,900	13,600
2016	28,300	10,100	23,500	8,990	13,800
2017	27,700	10,600	23,100	8,550	14,000
2018	25,600	10,400	22,000	8,110	13,800
2019	25,000	10,400	21,500	8,190	13,900
2020	23,300	11,400	21,600	8,470	12,400

Google trends

The comparative chart below shows Googloe Trends data for Bacteriology and Virology (both field of study), from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.^[152]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Bacteriology from 1600 to 2019.^[153]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Bacteriology on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to December 2020.^[154]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

Microbiology Research Group Facebook group
Microbiology Study Group Facebook group
Microbiology & Immunology Research Facebook group
Microbiology Notes Facebook group
microbiome memes modulating immune dreams Facebook group
Cellular Biology, Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses Facebook group
Food& water Microbiology Facebook group
Microbiology Research Group Facebook group
Medical Microbiology & Immunology Facebook group
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Facebook group
All World Biotechnology🔬 and Microbiology student's 🔬 Facebook group
El mundo de las bacterias Facebook group
Microbiology & Immunology Facebook group
Medical and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Facebook group
Amazing Microbiology (Nepal) Facebook group
Medical and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Facebook group
Microbiology Facebook group
Bacteriology Lovers & Lerners Facebook group
MICROBIOLOGY FOR HUMAN WELFARE Facebook group
Sandle's Pharmaceutical Microbiology Facebook group
Microbiology Research Group Facebook group
Basic Research in Bacteriology Facebook group
•Micro::Molecular•biology- biotechnology Facebook group
Microbiology Facebook group
NIGERIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (NIDS) Facebook group
Infection Control Today Facebook group
IFCAI - INFECTION CONTROL ACADEMY OF INDIA Facebook group

What the timeline is still missing

[1], [2] [3]

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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[10] Sheehan, Jonathan; Wahrman, Dror. Invisible Hands: Self-Organization and the Eighteenth Century.

[11] A system of bactriology in relation to medicine, Volume 1.

[12] Murchie, Guy. The Seven Mysteries of Life: An Exploration in Science & Philosophy.

[13] Chia, Mantak; Dao, Johnathon. The Eight Immortal Healers: Taoist Wisdom for Radiant Health.

[Bacteriology.2C_c.1810-c.1917:_Chronology_of_a_Victorian_Medical_Advance-14] 14.00 ^14.01 ^14.02 ^14.03 ^14.04 ^14.05 ^14.06 ^14.07 ^14.08 ^14.09 ^14.10 ^14.11 ^14.12 ^14.13 ^14.14 ^14.15 ^14.16 ^14.17 ^14.18 ^14.19 ^14.20 ^14.21 ^14.22 ^14.23 ^14.24 ^14.25 ^14.26 ^14.27 Dyer, PhD. "Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance". victorianweb.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018.

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[17] Breverton, Terry. Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World.

[18] Islam, M. Tofazzal; Rahman, Mahfuz; Pandey, Piyush; Jha, Chaitanya Kumar; Aeron, Abhinav. Bacilli and Agrobiotechnology.

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[30] Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections.

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[Mims.27_Medical_Microbiology_E-Book-35] 35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 Goering, Richard; Dockrell, Hazel; Zuckerman, Mark; Chiodini, Peter L. Mims' Medical Microbiology E-Book.

[36] Vardaxis, Nicholas J. Immunology for the Health Sciences.

[37] Susser, Mervyn; Stein, Zena. Eras in Epidemiology: The Evolution of Ideas.

[Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience:_From_Alien_Abductions_to_Zone_Therapy-38] 38.0 ^38.1 Williams, William F. Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy.

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[44] Paracer, Surindar; Ahmadjian, Vernon. Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations.

[45] Schumann, Gail Lynn. Plant diseases: their biology and social impact.

[46] Annual Report and Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for the Year ... Illinois State Horticultural Society.

[47] Liu, Dongyou. Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens.

[48] Borchardt, Kenneth A.; Noble, Michael A. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

[49] Ellis, Albert; Abarbanel, Albert. The Encyclopædia of Sexual Behaviour, Volume 2.

[50] SONI. FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY VOL-1.

[Transactions_of_the_Illinois_State_Academy_of_Science.2C_Volumes_85-86-51] 51.0 ^51.1 Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, Volumes 85-86. Illinois State Academy of Science. Retrieved 14 February 2018.

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[53] K. Altman, Lawrence. Who Goes First?: The Story of Self-Experimentation in Medicine.

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[56] Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections.

[57] Austrian, Robert. Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library.

[58] Roos, Karen L.; Tunkel, Allan R. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System.

[59] Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 114, No. 5, 1970.

[60] Artenstein, Andrew W. Vaccines: A Biography.

[61] Aneja, K. R. A Textbook of Basic and Applied Microbiology.

[62] Mann, R.D. Modern Drug use: An Enquiry on Historical Principles.

[63] Wood, Arron; Ellyard, David. Who Discovered What When.

[64] Aarne Vesilind, P.; Morgan, Susan M.; Heine, Lauren G. Introduction to Environmental Engineering - SI Version.

[65] Morabito, Stefano. Pathogenic Escherichia coli.

[66] The Name's Familiar II.

[67] BAGYARAJ, D. J.; RANGASWAMI, G. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY.

[68] Maczulak, Anne. Allies and Enemies: How the World Depends on Bacteria.

[69] Velazquez, E.; Rodriguez-Barrueco, C. First International Meeting on Microbial Phosphate Solubilization.

[70] Fred, Edwin Broun; Baldwin, Ira Lawrence; McCoy, Elizabeth. Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants.

[71] Oriani, Giorgio; Marroni, Alessandro; Wattel, Frances. Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine.

[72] Finegold, Sydney. Anaerobic Infections in Humans.

[73] Kumar Biswas, Samar. Orthopedics: A Postgraduate Companion.

[74] King-thom, Chung; Jong-kang, Liu. Pioneers In Microbiology: The Human Side Of Science.

[75] Srivastava, S. Understanding Bacteria.

[76] Benedict, Carol Ann. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-century China.

[77] Cunningham, Andrew; Williams, Perry. The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine.

[78] Simpson, W. J. A Treatise on Plague: Dealing with the Historical, Epidemiological, Clinical, Therapeutic and Preventive Aspects of the Disease.

[79] Rapid Immunotests for Clinical, Food and Environmental Applications.

[80] Tiwari, Prateeksha M. Nobel Prize Winners of the World.

[81] Endotoxin in Health and Disease (Helmut Brade ed.).

[82] Klipp, Werner; Masepohl, Bernd; Gallon, John R.; Newton, William E. Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria.

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[84] Bruijn, Frans J. Biological Nitrogen Fixation.

[85] Grafe, Alfred. A History of Experimental Virology.

[86] Goding, James W. Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice.

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[90] Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections.

[91] Baird, J. Kevin; Marzuki, Sangkot. War Crimes in Japan-Occupied Indonesia: A Case of Murder by Medicine.

[92] Li, Hongjun. Radiology of Infectious Diseases:, Volume 2.

[93] Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections.

[94] Marchaim, Uri. Biogas Processes for Sustainable Development, Issues 95-96.

[95] Florkin, Marcel. Comparative Biochemistry V1: A Comprehensive Treatise.

[96] Perlman, D.; Umbreit, Wayne W. Advances in Applied Microbiology.

[97] Peña, Leandro. Transgenic Plants: Methods and Protocols.

[98] Kozlov, Andrei P. Evolution by Tumor Neofunctionalization: The Role of Tumors in the Origin of New Cell Types, Tissues and Organs.

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[104] Broun Fred, Edwin; Lawrence Baldwin, Ira; McCoy, Elizabeth. Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants.

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[117] Rosaler, Maxine. Listeriosis.

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of bacteriology"

Latest revision as of 20:22, 24 June 2023

Contents

Big picture

Full timeline

Numerical and visual data

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How the timeline was built

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-This is a '''timeline of bacteriology'''.
+This is a '''timeline of bacteriology''', attempting to describe important events in the development of the field. For the treatment of bacterial diseases, visit {{w|Timeline of antibiotics}}.
 ==Big picture==
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ! Time period !! Development summary
 |-
-| 1854–1920 || This period is known as the "golden age of microbiology", in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch stand out as the great scientists in the field.<ref name="Textbook of Microbiology"/>
+| 17th century || Experimental explorations with microorganisms is already conducted in this century.<ref name="=History of Bacteriology">{{cite journal|last1=Kreuder‐Sonnen|first1=Katharina|title=History of Bacteriology|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003073.pub2}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1940s || The genetics of bacteriophage begin to be studied vigorously, after the development of techniques for the study of bacteriophage infection in single bacteria.<ref name="The Evolution of Genetics">{{cite book|last1=Ravin|first1=Arnold W.|title=The Evolution of Genetics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Ia3SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=%22in+1946%22+Genetic+recombination+through+bacterial+conjugation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZo6KwsqnZAhVHl5AKHaHCCOEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201946%22%20Genetic%20recombination%20through%20bacterial%20conjugation&f=false}}</ref>
+| 18th century || Botanists and zoologists try to structure and classify the world of the invisible living organisms.<ref name="=History of Bacteriology"/>
+|-
+| 1854–1920 || This period is known as the "golden age of microbiology", in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. {{w|Louis Pasteur}} and {{w|Robert Koch}} stand out as the great scientists in the field.<ref name="Textbook of Microbiology"/> German physician Robert Koch introduces the science of microorganisms to the medical field, identifying bacteria as the cause of infectious diseases and process of fermentation in diseases. French Scientist Louis Pasteur develops techniques to produce vaccines.
+|-
+| 1940s || The genetics of bacteriophages begin to be studied vigorously, after the development of techniques for the study of bacteriophage infection in single bacteria.<ref name="The Evolution of Genetics">{{cite book|last1=Ravin|first1=Arnold W.|title=The Evolution of Genetics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Ia3SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=%22in+1946%22+Genetic+recombination+through+bacterial+conjugation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZo6KwsqnZAhVHl5AKHaHCCOEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201946%22%20Genetic%20recombination%20through%20bacterial%20conjugation&f=false}}</ref>
+|-
+| 1990s || The first bacterium genome is sequenced.<ref name="The History of DNA Timeline"/>
 |-
 |}
 ==Full timeline==
@@ Line 18: / Line 26: @@
 |-
 | 2 billion BC || || A bacterium becomes symbiotic with the cell from which animals and plants later develop. Chromosomes from this bacterium’s mitochondria would later carry 37 genes in the human body.<ref name="Timeline of Microbiology">{{cite web|title=Timeline of Microbiology|url=http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Microbiology.HTML|website=timelines.ws|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 220 million BC || || Bacteria and single-celled animals and plants from this period become encased in tree resin on the northern edge of the {{w|Tethys Ocean}}. Scientists in 2006 study the organisms in amber of this time from a town in the Italian Dolomites. {{w|Ciliate}}s and {{w|amoeba}} in the amber appear identical to modern examples.<ref name="Timeline of Microbiology"/> ||
 |-
 | 1590 || Scientific development || Dutch spectacle-maker {{w|Zacharias Janssen}} and his brother {{w|Hans Janssen}} produce the operational compound microscope.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
@@ Line 23: / Line 33: @@
 | 1676 || Scientific development || Dutch merchant {{w|Antony Van Leeuwenhoek}} observes {{w|microorganism}}s using a single lens microscope designed by him and names them ''animalcules''.<ref name="Introduction to Biotechnology"/> Van Leeuwenhoek is considered the first to discover microorganisms.<ref name="1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think"/> ||
 |-
-| 1749 || Scientific development || John Needham "germination theory".<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
+| 1749 || Scientific development || English biologist {{w|John Needham}} indicates that bacteria and other microorganisms arose spontaneously from meat.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=BAGYARAJ|first1=D. J.|last2=RANGASWAMI|first2=G.|title=AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=shiA41L-rTIC&pg=PA6&dq=in+1749+John+Needham+germination+theory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmiJWI9bLaAhXFkJAKHU8jC2cQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=in%201749%20John%20Needham%20germination%20theory&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sheehan|first1=Jonathan|last2=Wahrman|first2=Dror|title=Invisible Hands: Self-Organization and the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MiUmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&dq=in+1749+John+Needham+germination+theory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmiJWI9bLaAhXFkJAKHU8jC2cQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=in%201749%20John%20Needham%20germination%20theory&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A system of bactriology in relation to medicine, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SoAwAAAAIAAJ&q=in+1749+John+Needham+germination+theory&dq=in+1749+John+Needham+germination+theory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmiJWI9bLaAhXFkJAKHU8jC2cQ6AEIQDAE}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1762 || Scientific development || Austrian medical doctor Marcus Antonius Von Plenciz in Vienna publishes a germ theory of infectious diseases and reports that each disease is caused by a separate organism.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Murchie|first1=Guy|title=The Seven Mysteries of Life: An Exploration in Science & Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Cq0AqNmeaHYC&pg=PA101&dq=%22in+1762%22+%22Von+Plenciz%22+%22germ%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia3IjV16bZAhUBgpAKHYRlCz0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201762%22%20%22Von%20Plenciz%22%20%22germ%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Textbook of Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Vasanthakumari|first1=R.|title=Textbook of Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HX_vyjBbAkkC&pg=PT18&dq=%22in+1762%22+%22Von+Plenciz%22+%22germ%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia3IjV16bZAhUBgpAKHYRlCz0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201762%22%20%22Von%20Plenciz%22%20%22germ%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chia|first1=Mantak|last2=Dao|first2=Johnathon|title=The Eight Immortal Healers: Taoist Wisdom for Radiant Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VmEoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT220&dq=%22in+1762%22+%22Von+Plenciz%22+%22germ%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia3IjV16bZAhUBgpAKHYRlCz0Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201762%22%20%22Von%20Plenciz%22%20%22germ%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 |-
-| 1828 || Scientific development || German naturalist {{w|Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg}} coins the name ''bacterium''.<ref name="Introduction to Biotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Saini|first1=B.L.|title=Introduction to Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JAa47MMf9cYC&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1800..1850%22+%22bacteriology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij5KWSp6TZAhVJl5AKHVe5AkIQ6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201800..1850%22%20%22bacteriology%22&f=false|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Breverton|first1=Terry|title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206&dq=%22in+1828%22+Christian+Gottfried+Ehrenberg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4meTJ2abZAhXBDJAKHdXhB8YQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201828%22%20Christian%20Gottfried%20Ehrenberg&f=false}}</ref>  ||
+| 1828 || Scientific development || German naturalist {{w|Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg}} introduces new technical terms "bakterium/bakteria", replacing the vaguer "germ" and "miasma."<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/><ref name="Introduction to Biotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Saini|first1=B.L.|title=Introduction to Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JAa47MMf9cYC&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1800..1850%22+%22bacteriology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij5KWSp6TZAhVJl5AKHVe5AkIQ6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201800..1850%22%20%22bacteriology%22&f=false|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Breverton|first1=Terry|title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206&dq=%22in+1828%22+Christian+Gottfried+Ehrenberg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4meTJ2abZAhXBDJAKHdXhB8YQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201828%22%20Christian%20Gottfried%20Ehrenberg&f=false}}</ref>  ||
-|-
-| c.1830 || Scientific development || "c.1830. Turning to the study of microscopic organisms in water, soil, and dust, Ehrenberg described many new types of unicells, Protista, diatoms and general infusoria. He also demonstrated that sedimentary rocks, such as chalk, are composed of microscopic shells of ancient creatures." ||
-|-
-| 1832 || Scientific development || "1832. G.E. Winslow publishes a standard text on cholera from the pre-bacterial era, Essay on the Nature, Symptoms and Treatment of Asiatic Cholera,1832, New York: Sleight & Robinson." ||
 |-
 | 1835 || Scientific development || Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the term ''Bacillus'' to contain rod-shaped bacteria.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries|edition=P M Fratamico, B A Annous, N W Guenther|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9LmkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA271&dq=%22in+1835%22+Ehrenberg+++bacillus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPiefsg6fZAhUKlpAKHTHTA-wQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201835%22%20Ehrenberg%20%20%20bacillus&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Breverton|first1=Terry|title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206&dq=%22in+1835%22+Ehrenberg+++bacillus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPiefsg6fZAhUKlpAKHTHTA-wQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201835%22%20Ehrenberg%20%20%20bacillus&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Islam|first1=M. Tofazzal|last2=Rahman|first2=Mahfuz|last3=Pandey|first3=Piyush|last4=Jha|first4=Chaitanya Kumar|last5=Aeron|first5=Abhinav|title=Bacilli and Agrobiotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sfYODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311&dq=%22in+1835%22+Ehrenberg+++bacillus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPiefsg6fZAhUKlpAKHTHTA-wQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201835%22%20Ehrenberg%20%20%20bacillus&f=false}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 41: / Line 47: @@
 | 1844 || Scientific development || Italian entomologist {{w|Agostino Bassi}} asserts that microorganisms cause human disease.<ref name="1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think">{{cite book|last1=Arp|first1=Robert|title=1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oY6YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469&dq=%22in+1844%22+Agostino+Bassi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKmfWJ-qjZAhWBhpAKHU6KDbUQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201844%22%20Agostino%20Bassi&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1847 || Scientific development || " Cranston R. Low and T.C. Dodds publish the illustrated Atlas of Bacteriology. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone" ||
+| 1847 || Publication || Cranston R. Low and T.C. Dodds publish the ''illustrated Atlas of Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance">{{cite web|last1=Dyer, PhD|title=Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/science/biology/bacteriology/chronology.html|website=victorianweb.org|accessdate=11 April 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1857 || Scientific development || ". Carl Zeiss (1816-1888), a German optical-instrument maker, produces his Stand I-compound model microscope." ||
+| 1857 || Scientific development || German scientific instrument maker Carl Zeiss launches its first Zeiss compound microscope.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carl Friedrich Zeiss|url=https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zeiss.html|website=micro.magnet.fsu.edu|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 1858 || Publication || French biologist {{w|Louis Pasteur}} publishes ''Memoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique'' (Memoir on Lactic Fermentation) which is considered a foundation stone of the cell theory, microbiology, and bacteriology.<ref name="Louis Pasteur, the Father of Immunology?">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Kendall A.|title=Louis Pasteur, the Father of Immunology?|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2012.00068|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342039/|pmc=3342039}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Debrac|first1=Patrice|title=Louis Pasteur|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA531&dq=%22Memoire+sur+la+fermentation+appel%C3%A9e+lactique%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj-urtqKnZAhUGmJAKHQM6DFsQ6AEIVDAI#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1865 || Scientific development || British surgeon Joseph Lister develops antiseptic surgery, which greatly increases survival rates.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graf|first1=Noreen M.|last2=Millington|first2=Michael J.|title=Psychosocial Aspects of Disability: Insider Perspectives and Strategies for Counselors|edition=|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uh9Xapv-w4AC&pg=PA8&dq=%22Joseph+lister%22+%22in+1850..1900%22antiseptic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi43rKLjqbZAhVCk5AKHW30CqYQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=%22Joseph%20lister%22%20%22in%201850..1900%22antiseptic&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1865 || Scientific development || British surgeon {{w|Joseph Lister}} develops antiseptic surgery, which greatly increases survival rates.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graf|first1=Noreen M.|last2=Millington|first2=Michael J.|title=Psychosocial Aspects of Disability: Insider Perspectives and Strategies for Counselors|edition=|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uh9Xapv-w4AC&pg=PA8&dq=%22Joseph+lister%22+%22in+1850..1900%22antiseptic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi43rKLjqbZAhVCk5AKHW30CqYQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=%22Joseph%20lister%22%20%22in%201850..1900%22antiseptic&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| c.1868 || Scientific development || German botanist {{w|Ferdinand Cohn}} starts studying bacteria. From his accurate studies of their morphology, or bodily form, Cohn is among the first to attempt to arrange the different varieties of bacteria into genera and species on a systematic basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferdinand Cohn|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Cohn|website=britannica.com|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref> Cohn studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria would lead him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. The field of bacteriology is considered by many to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn.<ref name="Introduction to Biotechnology"/> ||
 |-
-| c.1868 || || German botanist Ferdinand Cohn starts studying bacteria. From his accurate studies of their morphology, or bodily form, Cohn is among the first to attempt to arrange the different varieties of bacteria into genera and species on a systematic basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferdinand Cohn|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Cohn|website=britannica.com|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref> Cohn studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria would lead him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. The field of bacteriology is considered by many to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn.<ref name="Introduction to Biotechnology"/> ||
+| 1872 || Scientific development || German botanist {{w|Joseph Schroeter}} grows pigmented bacterial colonies on potato slices incubated in a moist environment.<ref name="Textbook of Microbiology 2">{{cite book|last1=Kango|first1=Naveen|title=Textbook of Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=e1t6CF1OhhIC&pg=PA15&dq=%22pigmented+bacterial%22+%22Schroeter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix0oeA9bfaAhVGHpAKHbYZDX8Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22pigmented%20bacterial%22%20%22Schroeter%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Easter|first1=Martin C.|title=Rapid Microbiological Methods in the Pharmaceutical Industry|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Us7VfXfea80C&pg=PA7&dq=%22pigmented+bacterial%22+%22Schroeter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix0oeA9bfaAhVGHpAKHbYZDX8Q6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22pigmented%20bacterial%22%20%22Schroeter%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grove|first1=David|title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FHo9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&dq=%22pigmented+bacterial%22+%22Schroeter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix0oeA9bfaAhVGHpAKHbYZDX8Q6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%22pigmented%20bacterial%22%20%22Schroeter%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
 |-
-| 1872 || Scientific development || "The German botanist Brefeld reported growing fungal colonies from single spores on gelatin surfaces. Prior to this innovation that resulted in the isolation of pure culture of microorganisms, pigmented bacterial colonies were isolated by the German biologist Schroeter on slices of potato incubated in a moist environment."<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1872 || Publication || {{w|Ferdinand Cohn}} publishes ''Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien'' (Investigations on Bacteria).<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1873 || Scientific development || "Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen described how he observed the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, as "rod-like bodies" after cutting through a leprosy nodule, scraping the edge of the cut with a knife and rubbing the material onto a glass slide. After adding a drop of water, the human cells swelled and released more and more rods seen unstained in his microscope.  Based on his initial clinical and epidemiological studies, Armauer Hansen clearly demonstrated that these rods represented the infectious origin of leprosy. This is the first time that a chronic infectious disease in humans was shown to be related to a bacillus"<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1873 || Scientific development || Norwegian physician {{w|Gerhard Armauer Hansen}} identifies the acidfast bacillus (AFB) ''{{w|Mycobacterium leprae}}'', the first bacterium to be implicated as a cause of a human infection.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Demaitre|first1=Luke|title=Leprosy in Premodern Medicine: A Malady of the Whole Body|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dkOkUFvUX5AC&pg=PP6&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Hansen%22+%22leprae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB-vD_w7XaAhWBgJAKHdD9CbYQ6AEIRzAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Hansen%22%20%22leprae%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kazda|first1=Jindrich|title=The Ecology of Mycobacteria|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iZI4gJ_CMUkC&pg=PA40&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Hansen%22+%22leprae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB-vD_w7XaAhWBgJAKHdD9CbYQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Hansen%22%20%22leprae%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolfe|first1=Scott W.|last2=Pederson|first2=William C.|last3=Hotchkiss|first3=Robert N.|last4=Kozin|first4=Scott H.|last5=Cohen|first5=Mark S|title=Green's Operative Hand Surgery: The Pediatric Hand E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sa-4Qq4LCZYC&pg=PA105&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Hansen%22+%22leprae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB-vD_w7XaAhWBgJAKHdD9CbYQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Hansen%22%20%22leprae%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1876 || Scientific development || Louis Pasteur discards the theory of spontaneous generation and investigates the principles of the process later called {{w|pasteurization}}.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1876 || Scientific development || {{w|Louis Pasteur}} discards the theory of spontaneous generation and investigates the principles of the process later called {{w|pasteurization}}.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
 | 1876 || Scientific development || German physician and microbiologist {{w|Robert Koch}} in {{w|Berlin}} isolates the {{w|anthrax}} bacillus, and becomes the first to show a specific organism as the cause of a disease.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology">{{cite web|title=History of Virology and Bacteriology|url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/virology/history-of-virology-and-bacteriology/23790|website=biologydiscussion.com|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mims' Medical Microbiology E-Book">{{cite book|last1=Goering|first1=Richard|last2=Dockrell|first2=Hazel|last3=Zuckerman|first3=Mark|last4=Chiodini|first4=Peter L.|title=Mims' Medical Microbiology E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BM9FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&dq=%22in+1876%22+%22Robert+Koch%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixnfWTm6nZAhUIH5AKHbCkAyEQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201876%22%20%22Robert%20Koch%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vardaxis|first1=Nicholas J.|title=Immunology for the Health Sciences|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6fVYE8cGGFYC&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1876%22+%22Robert+Koch%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixnfWTm6nZAhUIH5AKHbCkAyEQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201876%22%20%22Robert%20Koch%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Susser|first1=Mervyn|last2=Stein|first2=Zena|title=Eras in Epidemiology: The Evolution of Ideas|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=M1JnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112&dq=%22in+1876%22+%22Robert+Koch%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixnfWTm6nZAhUIH5AKHbCkAyEQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201876%22%20%22Robert%20Koch%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1877 || Scientific development || "Robert Koch dries films of bacteria, stains them with methylene blue and then photographs them. He uses cover slips to prepare permanent visual records."<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1877 || Publication || English microbiologist {{w|Edgar Crookshank}} publishes ''Manual of Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1877 || Scientific development || {{w|Louis Pasteur}} notes that some bacteria produce substances that kill other bacteria, setting the basis of antibiotics.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 67: / Line 75: @@
 | 1878 || Scientific development ||  British pioneer of antiseptic surgery {{w|Joseph Lister}} becomes the first person to obtain a pure culture of a bacterium (Streptococcus lactis) in a liquid medium. Lister isolates a pure culture from sour milk and names it ''Bacterium lactis''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Okeke|first1=Iruka N.|title=Divining Without Seeds: The Case for Strengthening Laboratory Medicine in Africa|page=165|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=m6ZX-iwg3VQC&pg=PA165&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22Joseph+lister%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3toevi6bZAhUDC5AKHWz-BWcQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201878%22%20%22Joseph%20lister%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Bacterial Systematics">{{cite book|last1=Logan|first1=N. A.|title=Bacterial Systematics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7cP24IY9dn0C&pg=PA2&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22Joseph+lister%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3toevi6bZAhUDC5AKHWz-BWcQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201878%22%20%22Joseph%20lister%22&f=false|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering, Volume 4">{{cite book|last1=Hui|first1=Yiu H.|title=Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rTjysvUxB8wC&pg=PA452&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22Joseph+lister%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3toevi6bZAhUDC5AKHWz-BWcQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201878%22%20%22Joseph%20lister%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology">{{cite book|title=Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology|edition=Y. H. Hui, Lisbeth Meunier-Goddik, Jytte Josephsen, Wai-Kit Nip, Peggy S. Stanfield|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uV2Oi0g_TB4C&pg=PA23&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22Joseph+lister%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3toevi6bZAhUDC5AKHWz-BWcQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201878%22%20%22Joseph%20lister%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1878 || Scientific development || "Thomas Burrill demonstrates for the first time a bacterial disease of plants; Micrococcus amylophorous causes pear blight."<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1878 || Scientific development || American botanist {{w|Thomas Jonathan Burrill}}, professor at the {{w|University of Illinois}}, describes the causative agent as a bacterium, demonstrating for the first time a bacterial disease of plants.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Paracer|first1=Surindar|last2=Ahmadjian|first2=Vernon|title=Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z3Y8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22thomas+burrill%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn47XW7a3aAhWMIpAKHZ2qA5EQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201878%22%20%22thomas%20burrill%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schumann|first1=Gail Lynn|title=Plant diseases: their biology and social impact|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=i_TwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1878%22+%22thomas+burrill%22&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22thomas+burrill%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn47XW7a3aAhWMIpAKHZ2qA5EQ6AEINjAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report and Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for the Year ...|publisher=Illinois State Horticultural Society|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mLNFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1878%22+%22thomas+burrill%22&dq=%22in+1878%22+%22thomas+burrill%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn47XW7a3aAhWMIpAKHZ2qA5EQ6AEIOzAD}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1879 || Scientific development ||"Albert Neisser identifies Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen that causes gonorrhea"<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1879 || Scientific development || German physician {{w|Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser}} identifies what would later be called ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'', the pathogen that causes {{w|gonorrhea}}.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Liu|first1=Dongyou|title=Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nnGhc44bypAC&pg=PA759&dq=%22in+1879%22+%22Neisser%22+%22gonorrhea%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWiIX8hLPaAhVDHZAKHRdiA98Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201879%22%20%22Neisser%22%20%22gonorrhea%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Borchardt|first1=Kenneth A.|last2=Noble|first2=Michael A.|title=Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=k_9sjs-n0nIC&pg=PA76&dq=%22in+1879%22+%22Neisser%22+%22gonorrhea%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWiIX8hLPaAhVDHZAKHRdiA98Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201879%22%20%22Neisser%22%20%22gonorrhea%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Albert|last2=Abarbanel|first2=Albert|title=The Encyclopædia of Sexual Behaviour, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FniLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1027&dq=%22in+1879%22+%22Neisser%22+%22gonorrhea%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWiIX8hLPaAhVDHZAKHRdiA98Q6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201879%22%20%22Neisser%22%20%22gonorrhea%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1880 || Scientific development || {{w|Louis Pasteur}} manages to isolate the bacterium responsible for chicken cholera and grows it in pure culture. <ref name="A Text-Book of Medical Bacteriology">{{cite book|last1=Fairbrother|first1=R. W.|title=A Text-Book of Medical Bacteriology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AZjiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&dq=%22in+1880..1890%22+%22bacteriology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwh_XQo6TZAhXFE5AKHTG9DZYQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201880..1890%22%20%22bacteriology%22&f=false|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=SONI|title=FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY VOL-1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RpwLnPQEPgYC&pg=PT37&dq=%22in+1880%22+%22pasteur%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi20q6ryqnZAhWGjZAKHU0BBOAQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201880%22%20%22pasteur%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy">{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=William F.|title=Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vH1EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT288&dq=%22in+1880%22+%22pasteur%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi20q6ryqnZAhWGjZAKHU0BBOAQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201880%22%20%22pasteur%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 87: / Line 95: @@
 | 1883 || Scientific development || {{w|Robert Koch}} leads an expedition to Egypt and India, and discovers bacterium ''{{w|Vibrio cholerae}}'' as the cause of {{w|cholera}}.<ref name="Mims' Medical Microbiology E-Book"/> || {{w|Egypt}}, {{w|India}}
 |-
-| 1883 || Scientific development || "Ulysse Gayon and Gabriel Dupetit isolate in pure culture two strains of denitrifying bacteria. They show that individual organic compounds, such as sugars and alcohols, can replace complex organics and serve as reductants for nitrate, as well as serving as carbon sources."<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1883 || Scientific development || French biochemists Ulysse Gayon and Gabriel Dupetit isolate in pure culture two strains of denitrifying bacteria, and show that individual organic compounds, such as sugars and alcohols, can replace complex organics and serve as reductants for nitrate, as well as serving as carbon sources.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
 |-
 | 1884 || Scientific development || German Jewish internist {{w|Arthur Nicolaier}} discovers the causal agent of {{w|tetanus}} ''{{w|Clostridium tetani}}''.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roos|first1=Karen L.|last2=Tunkel|first2=Allan R.|title=Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GgQshXzR9scC&pg=PA263&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22nicolaier%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki5rUxanZAhUFgZAKHWSOAT0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22nicolaier%22%20%22tetanus%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 114, No. 5, 1970|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qEwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22nicolaier%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki5rUxanZAhUFgZAKHWSOAT0Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22nicolaier%22%20%22tetanus%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Artenstein|first1=Andrew W.|title=Vaccines: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ewdL8ilILZAC&pg=PA106&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22nicolaier%22+%22tetanus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki5rUxanZAhUFgZAKHWSOAT0Q6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22nicolaier%22%20%22tetanus%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1884 || Scientific development || Hans Christian Gram discovers a differential stain used the identification of bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
+| 1884 || Scientific development || Danish bacteriologist {{w|Hans Christian Gram}} discovers a differential stain used the identification of bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
 |-
 | 1884 || Scientific development || French microbiologist {{w|Charles Chamberland}} develops an unglazed porcelain filter that retains bacteria.<ref name="Significant Events By Years">{{cite web|title=Significant Events By Years|url=https://www.asm.org/index.php/71-membership/archives/7852-significant-events-in-microbiology-since-1861#Year1861|website=asm.org|accessdate=8 April 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1884 || Scientific development || "Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff demonstrates that certain body cells move to damaged areas of the body where they consume bacteria and other foreign particles. He calls the process phagocytosis. He proposes a theory of cellular immunity"<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+| 1884 || Scientific development || Russian zoologist {{w|Élie Metchnikoff}} shows how [[w:amoeba|amoeboid cells]] in the interstitial fluid and blood engulf organisms or microscopical foreign particles, so destroying the ingested bacteria in the phenomenon of ''{{w|phagocytosis}}'', a term coined by him. Metchnikoff would propose a theory of cellular immunity.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aneja|first1=K. R.|title=A Textbook of Basic and Applied Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rpuVE1PIQpAC&pg=PA14&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22Metchnikoff%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU_enLq7XaAhUHiZAKHceHCVkQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22Metchnikoff%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=R.D.|title=Modern Drug use: An Enquiry on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RzTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA454&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22Metchnikoff%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU_enLq7XaAhUHiZAKHceHCVkQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22Metchnikoff%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wood|first1=Arron|last2=Ellyard|first2=David|title=Who Discovered What When|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PP4-rASol50C&pg=PT436&dq=%22in+1884%22+%22Metchnikoff%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU_enLq7XaAhUHiZAKHceHCVkQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201884%22%20%22Metchnikoff%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1885 || Scientific development || German-Austrian pediatrician {{w|Theodor Escherich}} identifies a bacterium, a natural inhabitant of the [[w:Gastrointestinal tract|human gut]], and names it ''{{w|Bacterium coli}}''. Escherich shows that certain strains are responsible for infant diarrhea and gastroenteritis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aarne Vesilind|first1=P.|last2=Morgan|first2=Susan M.|last3=Heine|first3=Lauren G.|title=Introduction to Environmental Engineering - SI Version|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZGsAju83DkEC&pg=PA266&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Theodor+Escherich%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVzeCO7bTaAhWFTJAKHe2ZDVYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201885%22%20%22Theodor%20Escherich%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morabito|first1=Stefano|title=Pathogenic Escherichia coli|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bXA7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Theodor+Escherich%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVzeCO7bTaAhWFTJAKHe2ZDVYQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201885%22%20%22Theodor%20Escherich%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Name's Familiar II|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dwf1YYxQmRsC&pg=PA115&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Theodor+Escherich%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVzeCO7bTaAhWFTJAKHe2ZDVYQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201885%22%20%22Theodor%20Escherich%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1886 || Scientific development || German agricultural chemist {{w|Hermann Hellriegel}} and {{w|Hermann Wilfarth}} establish the relationship between legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
 |-
-| 1886 || Scientific development || F. Frankel isolates Pneumococcus bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
+| 1886 || Scientific development || F. Frankel isolates Pneumococcus bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=BAGYARAJ|first1=D. J.|last2=RANGASWAMI|first2=G.|title=AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=shiA41L-rTIC&pg=PA8&dq=1886+++F.+Frankel+isolates+Pneumococcus+bacteria&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCrMKlrPXaAhXEf5AKHbvyBjAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1886%20%20%20F.%20Frankel%20isolates%20Pneumococcus%20bacteria&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1886 || Publication || E.M. Crookshank publishes ''An Introduction to Practical Bacteriology. Based Upon the Methods of Koch''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1886 || Scientific development || American pathologist {{w|Theobald Smith}} isolates the gram-negative bacillus responsible for enteric typhoid.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1887 || Publication || Loeffler publishes ''Geschichte zur Bakteriologie'' (History of Bacteriology).<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1888 || Scientific development || "M.W. Beijerinck" "isolation and cultivation of root nodule bacteria".<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
+| 1888 || Scientific development || The first work on nitrogen fixation by the root nodule bacteria is performed by Dutch microbiologist {{w|Martinus Beijerinck}}, who discovers bacteria living inside small lumps or nodules on the roots of Vicia and Lathyrus (yellow pea) plants.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Maczulak|first1=Anne|title=Allies and Enemies: How the World Depends on Bacteria|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wtXScJDOKJwC&pg=PA122&dq=%22in+1888%22+%22Beijerinck%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtq9v-6q3aAhWEH5AKHe1TDmcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201888%22%20%22Beijerinck%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Velazquez|first1=E.|last2=Rodriguez-Barrueco|first2=C.|title=First International Meeting on Microbial Phosphate Solubilization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=q4cwUnpnpKIC&pg=PA3&dq=%22in+1888%22+%22Beijerinck%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtq9v-6q3aAhWEH5AKHe1TDmcQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201888%22%20%22Beijerinck%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fred|first1=Edwin Broun|last2=Baldwin|first2=Ira Lawrence|last3=McCoy|first3=Elizabeth|title=Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tXohuG_e-McC&pg=PA74&dq=%22in+1888%22+%22Beijerinck%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtq9v-6q3aAhWEH5AKHe1TDmcQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201888%22%20%22Beijerinck%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1889 || Organization || The Society of American Bacteriologists is founded.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1890 || Scientific development || Ukrainian microbiologist {{w|Sergei Winogradsky}} first demonstrates N2 fixation by free living soil bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
+|-
+| 1891 || Scientific development || Poland-born German botanist {{w|Walter Migula}} discoveres the gram-negative, flagellated-motile rod-like microbe, bacillus ''Pseudomonas sp'', later renamed ''Pseudomonas pyocyaneas (aeruginosa)'', a dangerous "hospital pathogen.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
+|-
+| 1891 || Publication || J. Buchanan publishes ''An Encyclopedia of the Practice of Medicine Based on Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
+|-
+| 1892 || Scientific development || American bacteriologists {{w|William H. Welch}} and {{w|George Nuttall}} identify and isolate ''{{w|Clostridium perfringens}}'', the organism responsible for causing {{w|gangrene}}.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Oriani|first1=Giorgio|last2=Marroni|first2=Alessandro|last3=Wattel|first3=Frances|title=Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BELzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA362&dq=%22in+1892%22+%22Welch%22+%22Nuttall%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJjrGegrXaAhUBE5AKHQBpDl4Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201892%22%20%22Welch%22%20%22Nuttall%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Finegold|first1=Sydney|title=Anaerobic Infections in Humans|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bqjcWN19WvsC&pg=PA10&dq=%22in+1892%22+%22Welch%22+%22Nuttall%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJjrGegrXaAhUBE5AKHQBpDl4Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201892%22%20%22Welch%22%20%22Nuttall%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar Biswas|first1=Samar|title=Orthopedics: A Postgraduate Companion|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ty7uopVrr6UC&pg=PA207&dq=%22in+1892%22+%22Welch%22+%22Nuttall%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJjrGegrXaAhUBE5AKHQBpDl4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201892%22%20%22Welch%22%20%22Nuttall%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1892 || Publication || Alexander C. Abbott publishes ''The Principles of Bacteriology: A Practical Manual for Students and Physicians''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/>  || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1893 || Publication || British chemist {{w|Percy F. Frankland}} publishes ''Bacteriology in its Relations to Chemical Science''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 1893 || Publication || Volume 1 appears of ''Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology'', with both {{w|Rudolf Virchow}} and {{w|Élie Metchnikoff}} contributing to the opening issues.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
+|-
+| 1893 || Publication || German bacteriologist Samuel Leopold Schenk in {{w|Vienna}} publishes ''Grundrisse der Bakteriologie fur Aertze und Studierende'' (Elements of Bacteriology for Practitioners and Students).<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|Austria}}
+|-
+| 1893 || Publication || Russian bacteriologist Georgy Gabrichevsky in {{w|Saint Petersburg}} publishes ''Rukovodstvok klinicheskoj bacteriologii'' (Guide to Clinical Bacteriology for Doctors and Students).<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|Russia}}
+|-
+| 1894 || Scientific development || {{w|Martinus Beijerinck}} isolates the first sulfate-reducing bacterium, ''Spirillum desulfuricans'' ({{w|Desulfovibrio desulfuricans}}). Beijerinck shows that this bacterium extracts energy by metabolizing {{w|sulfur}} compounds.<ref>{{cite book|last1=King-thom|first1=Chung|last2=Jong-kang|first2=Liu|title=Pioneers In Microbiology: The Human Side Of Science|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GxM0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22Beijerinck%22+%22bacterium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj52sias7XaAhUDQ5AKHanNBPQQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22Beijerinck%22%20%22bacterium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Srivastava|first1=S.|title=Understanding Bacteria|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZKzzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22Beijerinck%22+%22bacterium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj52sias7XaAhUDQ5AKHanNBPQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22Beijerinck%22%20%22bacterium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+|-
+| 1894 || Publication || American bacteriologist {{w|Frederick George Novy}} publishes ''Directions for Laboratory Work in Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
 |-
 | 1894 || Scientific development || Swiss bacteriologist {{w|Alexandre Yersin}} discovers ''Pasteurella pestis''.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
 |-
 | 1894 || Scientific development || Japanese physician {{w|Kitasato Shibasaburō}} discovers the plague bacillus ''{{w|Yersinia pestis}}''.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Benedict|first1=Carol Ann|title=Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gxa7jcVIR9MC&pg=PA140&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22kitasato%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAgrHLsKnZAhWIkJAKHdcrCHUQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22kitasato%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Andrew|last2=Williams|first2=Perry|title=The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=t_tZI3wCpA0C&pg=PA226&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22kitasato%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAgrHLsKnZAhWIkJAKHdcrCHUQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22kitasato%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=W. J.|title=A Treatise on Plague: Dealing with the Historical, Epidemiological, Clinical, Therapeutic and Preventive Aspects of the Disease|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5_V58Mc8uT0C&pg=PR15&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22kitasato%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAgrHLsKnZAhWIkJAKHdcrCHUQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22kitasato%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Hong Kong}}
+|-
+| 1894 || Scientific development || German bacteriologist {{w|Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer}} discovers that when {{w|cholera bacteria}} are injected into the peritoneum of a guinea pig immunized against the infection, the pig rapidly dies.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Rapid Immunotests for Clinical, Food and Environmental Applications|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TJnBCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22Richard+Pfeiffer%22+%22bacteria%22&source=bl&ots=tZYiljU-u8&sig=eVKjj9N4dFNVMBQpkgST6prWE2g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjquobh77XaAhVJxpAKHdwbBsgQ6AEwAnoECAAQMw#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22Richard%20Pfeiffer%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tiwari|first1=Prateeksha M.|title=Nobel Prize Winners of the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X1EqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102&lpg=PT102&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22Richard+Pfeiffer%22+%22bacteria%22&source=bl&ots=B2tHdlSB1-&sig=Sd4OFRwUR0u-PM22Q8jPeaHkvws&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjquobh77XaAhVJxpAKHdwbBsgQ6AEwA3oECAAQNQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Endotoxin in Health and Disease|edition=Helmut Brade|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oWhqhK1cE-gC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22in+1894%22+%22Richard+Pfeiffer%22+%22bacteria%22&source=bl&ots=7i5Yfjnck_&sig=wSuGb-X2biUaOyQMeGIYDKZoDCM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjquobh77XaAhVJxpAKHdwbBsgQ6AEwBHoECAAQOA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201894%22%20%22Richard%20Pfeiffer%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1895 || Publication || E.V. Freudenreich publishes ''Dairy Bacteriology: a Short Manual''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
+|-
+| 1895 || Scientific development || {{w|Sergei Winogradsky}} isolates ''{{w|Clostridum pasteurianum}}'', the first free-living nitrogen-fixing organism.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Klipp|first1=Werner|last2=Masepohl|first2=Bernd|last3=Gallon|first3=John R.|last4=Newton|first4=William E.|title=Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vVIcO11o6ugC&pg=PA54&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22pasteurianum%22+%22winogradsky%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifovW3tLXaAhUIFpAKHV3GAMQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22pasteurianum%22%20%22winogradsky%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Palacios|first1=Rafael|last2=Newton|first2=William E.|title=Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=as3KEgQCPrYC&pg=PA14&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22pasteurianum%22+%22winogradsky%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifovW3tLXaAhUIFpAKHV3GAMQQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22pasteurianum%22%20%22winogradsky%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=de Bruijn|first1=Frans J.|title=Biological Nitrogen Fixation|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TeL2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT2712&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22pasteurianum%22+%22winogradsky%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifovW3tLXaAhUIFpAKHV3GAMQQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22pasteurianum%22%20%22winogradsky%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1896 || Scientific development || Austrian scientist Max von Gruber and H. Durham first describe the agglutination of bacteria by their related immune sera.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grafe|first1=Alfred|title=A History of Experimental Virology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FunrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22gruber%22+%22durham%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNkJ6S37XaAhXFj5AKHQN9Cj8Q6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22gruber%22%20%22durham%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Goding|first1=James W.|title=Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jPk4ZY4CnQQC&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22gruber%22+%22durham%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNkJ6S37XaAhXFj5AKHQN9Cj8Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22gruber%22%20%22durham%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Easter|first1=Martin C.|title=Rapid Microbiological Methods in the Pharmaceutical Industry|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Us7VfXfea80C&pg=PA10&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22gruber%22+%22durham%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNkJ6S37XaAhXFj5AKHQN9Cj8Q6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22gruber%22%20%22durham%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1898 || Scientific development || Japanese bacteriologist {{w|Shiga Kiyoshi}} discovers {{w|dysentery}} {{w|bacillus}} ''{{w|Shigella}}'' (named after him).<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref name="Shiga Kiyoshi">{{cite web|title=Shiga Kiyoshi|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shiga-Kiyoshi|website=britannica.com|accessdate=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Martinez|first1=Danielle|title=Shigellosis|url=http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2421d/sd.htm|website=austincc.edu|accessdate=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grove|first1=David|title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KpxKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT519&dq=%22in+1890..1900%22+kiyoshi+shiga+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm_bjdrKnZAhUIQZAKHeKWD_YQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201890..1900%22%20kiyoshi%20shiga%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1900 || Scientific development || {{w|Shiga Kiyoshi}} develops a dysentery antiserum.<ref name="Shiga Kiyoshi"/> || {{w|Japan}}
+|-
+| 1904 || Scientific development || Dutch microbiologist {{w|Martinus Beijerinck}} obtains the first pure culture of sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, ''{{w|Thiobacillus denitrificans}}''. Under anaerobic conditions it uses {{w|carbon dioxide}} as a source of carbon.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+|-
+| 1905 || Scientific development || Austrian bacteriologist Franz Schardinger isolates aerobic bacilli which produce acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid. These are important industrial chemicals.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+|-
+| 1905 || Scientific development || German zoologist {{w|Fritz Schaudinn}} and German germatologist {{w|Erich Hoffmann}} identify and describe the bacterium ''{{w|Treponema pallidum}}'' in patients with acute {{w|syphilis}}.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Baird|first1=J. Kevin|last2=Marzuki|first2=Sangkot|title=War Crimes in Japan-Occupied Indonesia: A Case of Murder by Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HK8eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP90&dq=%22in+1905%22+%22Schaudinn%22+%22treponema%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpxorv8rXaAhVFCpAKHdiKDTUQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20%22Schaudinn%22%20%22treponema%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Hongjun|title=Radiology of Infectious Diseases:, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8PlrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA266&dq=%22in+1905%22+%22Schaudinn%22+%22treponema%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpxorv8rXaAhVFCpAKHdiKDTUQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20%22Schaudinn%22%20%22treponema%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grove|first1=David|title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KpxKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT426&dq=%22in+1905%22+%22Schaudinn%22+%22treponema%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpxorv8rXaAhVFCpAKHdiKDTUQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20%22Schaudinn%22%20%22treponema%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1905 || Scientific development || Japanese biologist {{w|Shigetane Ishiwata}} discovers that the cause of a disease outbreak in silkworms is a new species of bacteria. Ishiwata names it ''Bacillus sotto'' (later called ''Bacillus thuringiensis'').<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+|-
+| 1906 || Scientific development || N. L. Sohngen manages to enrich two distinct acetate utilizing bacteria, finding that formate and hydrogen, plus carbon dioxide, could act as precursors for methane.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Marchaim|first1=Uri|title=Biogas Processes for Sustainable Development, Issues 95-96|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NLDRTXyp0IcC&pg=PA11&dq=%22in+1906%22+%22Sohngen%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig6M65-rXaAhUFCpAKHQsTDeUQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201906%22%20%22Sohngen%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Florkin|first1=Marcel|title=Comparative Biochemistry V1: A Comprehensive Treatise|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cpqzwtDA7RIC&pg=PA401&dq=%22in+1906%22+%22Sohngen%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig6M65-rXaAhUFCpAKHQsTDeUQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201906%22%20%22Sohngen%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Perlman|first1=D.|last2=Umbreit|first2=Wayne W.|title=Advances in Applied Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=w7rhzizpRB4C&pg=PA337&dq=%22in+1906%22+%22Sohngen%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig6M65-rXaAhUFCpAKHQsTDeUQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201906%22%20%22Sohngen%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1907 || Publication || Edward B. Voorhees and Jacob G. Lipman publish ''A Review of Investigations in Soil Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1907 || Scientific development || Erwin Smith and C.O. Townsend discover that the Gram-negative soil bacterium {{w|Agrobacterium tumefaciens}}, a member of the eubacterial family Rhizobiaceae, is the organism responsible for the elicitation of crown gall tumors in plants.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Peña|first1=Leandro|title=Transgenic Plants: Methods and Protocols|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=b05TqrHsfOsC&pg=PA5&dq=%22in+1907%22+%22+Smith%22+%22Townsend%22+%22Agrobacterium+tumefaciens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyjIGSgbbaAhVHTZAKHalyCk4Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201907%22%20%22%20Smith%22%20%22Townsend%22%20%22Agrobacterium%20tumefaciens%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kozlov|first1=Andrei P.|title=Evolution by Tumor Neofunctionalization: The Role of Tumors in the Origin of New Cell Types, Tissues and Organs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gV4TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=%22in+1907%22+%22+Smith%22+%22Townsend%22+%22Agrobacterium+tumefaciens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyjIGSgbbaAhVHTZAKHalyCk4Q6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201907%22%20%22%20Smith%22%20%22Townsend%22%20%22Agrobacterium%20tumefaciens%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Liu|first1=Tong-Xian|last2=Kang|first2=Le|title=Recent Advances in Entomological Research: From Molecular Biology to Pest Management|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lQYX1c5nHlgC&pg=PA265&dq=%22in+1907%22+%22+Smith%22+%22Townsend%22+%22Agrobacterium+tumefaciens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyjIGSgbbaAhVHTZAKHalyCk4Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201907%22%20%22%20Smith%22%20%22Townsend%22%20%22Agrobacterium%20tumefaciens%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1908 || Publication || Samuel Cate Prescott and Charles Winslow publish Elements of Water Bacteriology.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1908 || Publication || Edwin O. Jordan publishes ''A Text-Book of General Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1909 || Publication || Professor Dr. A. Dieudonne and C.F. Bolduan in {{w|New York}} publish ''Bacterial Food Poisoning. A Concise Exposition of the Etiology, Bacteriology, Pathology, Symptomatology, Prophylaxis and Treatment of So-Called Ptomaine Poisoning''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1909 || Scientific development || American pathologist {{w|Howard Taylor Ricketts}} describes the bacterium that causes {{w|Rocky Mountain spotted fever}} in humans. This organism, {{w|Rickettsia}}, is transmitted by ticks.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hagan|first1=William Arthur|last2=Bruner|first2=Dorsey William|last3=Timoney|first3=John Francis|title=Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UtxUbXOfAFUC&pg=PA319&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22rickettsia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg_4D_mLjaAhWKl5AKHYJxAd84ChDoAQgyMAI#v=onepage&q=%22in%201909%22%20%22rickettsia%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, Volumes 23-24|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XMAtAAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1909%22+%22rickettsia%22&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22rickettsia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg_4D_mLjaAhWKl5AKHYJxAd84ChDoAQhFMAU}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1909 || Publication || E.R. Stitt publishes ''Practical Bacteriology, Blood Work and Animal Parasitology''. The book includes bacteriological keys and clinical notes.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1909 || Scientific development || Danish chemist {{w|Sigurd Orla-Jensen}} proposes that physiological characteristics of bacteria are of primary importance in their classification. Orla-Jensen's ideas, first published in the same year, are based on the assumption that the first organisms on Earth must have developed in the dark in an environment devoid of organic matter, therefore independent of the presence of other life forms. The only organisms known today to be capable of that are {{w|chemosynthetic bacteria}}.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Oren|first1=Aharon|last2=Papke|first2=R. Thane|title=Molecular Phylogeny of Microorganisms|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=a5t9DYZ-wccC&pg=PA6&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22orla+jensen%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9qqq__bXaAhXFUJAKHfiTB9YQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201909%22%20%22orla%20jensen%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South African journal of dairy technology, Volumes 11-12|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9lFCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22in+1909%22+%22orla+jensen%22+%22bacteria%22&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22orla+jensen%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9qqq__bXaAhXFUJAKHfiTB9YQ6AEIKjAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Broun Fred|first1=Edwin|last2=Lawrence Baldwin|first2=Ira|last3=McCoy|first3=Elizabeth|title=Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tXohuG_e-McC&pg=PA140&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22orla+jensen%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9qqq__bXaAhXFUJAKHfiTB9YQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201909%22%20%22orla%20jensen%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1910 || Publication || Emily Stoney publishes ''Bacteriological and Surgical Technique for Nurses''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1910 || Publication || P. Hanson Hiss Jr. and Hans Zinsser publish ''The Textbook of Bacteriology''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
 |-
 | 1910 || Scientific development || American plant {{w|Erwin Frink Smith}} publishes the earliest description of the pathogenic relationship of Corynebacterium michiganense to tomato.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Strider|first1=D. L.|title=Bacterial Canker of Tomato Caused by Corynebacterium Michiganense: A Literature Review and Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7E6khBZQoVYC&q=%22in+1910%22+%22Smith%22+%22Corynebacterium%22&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22Smith%22+%22Corynebacterium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHnu-zlKnZAhXHh5AKHWm_ALwQ6AEIJzAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=BAGYARAJ|first1=D. J.|last2=RANGASWAMI|first2=G.|title=AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=shiA41L-rTIC&pg=PA309&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22Smith%22+%22Corynebacterium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHnu-zlKnZAhXHh5AKHWm_ALwQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22Smith%22%20%22Corynebacterium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Third Edition|edition=Bonnie H. Ownley, Robert N. Trigiano|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=a6yKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22Smith%22+%22Corynebacterium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHnu-zlKnZAhXHh5AKHWm_ALwQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22Smith%22%20%22Corynebacterium%22&f=false}}</ref> Smith is considered to have played a major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsnet.org/about/history/pioneeringplantpathologists/Pages/SmithErwinFrink.aspx |title=Erwin Frink Smith |publisher=Apsnet.org |date= |accessdate=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Rogers, A. D. III |title=Erwini Frink Smith|series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society|volume=31|date=1952|pages=675}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1916 || Publication || The ''{{w|Journal of Bacteriology}}'' is established. || {{w|United States}}
+| 1912 || Publication || Albert Schneider in {{w|Philadelphia}} publishes ''Pharmaceutical Bacteriology with Special Reference to Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
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+| 1912 || Publication || John Wright in {{w|Bristol}} publishes ''Public Health Chemistry and Bacteriology. A Handbook''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 1912 || Publication ||  Clemesha William Wesley publishes ''The Bacteriology of Surface Waters in the Tropics''.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> ||
+|-
+| 1915 || Virus discovery || English bacteriologist {{w|Frederick Twort}} discovers the {{w|micrococcus phage}} and becomes the first to describe {{w|bacteriophage}}s (viruses that infect bacteria).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lobocka|first1=Malgorzata|last2=Szybalski|first2=Waclaw T.|title=Bacteriophages, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uBCzZSJqdWQC&pg=PA5&dq=%22Bacteriophages%22+%22+in+1915%22+%22+Frederick+Twort%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEjJ6Er-zZAhVDIpAKHUqdCWQQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22Bacteriophages%22%20%22%20in%201915%22%20%22%20Frederick%20Twort%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shors|title=Understanding Viruses|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sDDFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26&dq=%22Bacteriophages%22+%22+in+1915%22+%22+Frederick+Twort%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEjJ6Er-zZAhVDIpAKHUqdCWQQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22Bacteriophages%22%20%22%20in%201915%22%20%22%20Frederick%20Twort%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kutter|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Sulakvelidze|first2=Alexander|title=Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6sTBd2EJpmYC&pg=PA1&dq=%22Bacteriophages%22+%22+in+1915%22+%22+Frederick+Twort%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEjJ6Er-zZAhVDIpAKHUqdCWQQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22Bacteriophages%22%20%22%20in%201915%22%20%22%20Frederick%20Twort%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Phage ecology">{{cite book|last1=Goyal|first1=Sagar M.|last2=Gerba|first2=Charles P.|last3=Bitton|first3=Gabriel|title=Phage ecology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dE0XAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1917%22+bacteriophage+of+shigellae&dq=%22in+1917%22+bacteriophage+of+shigellae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM2sKzuezZAhUFUZAKHQkrBgIQ6AEISTAG}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1916 || Publication || The ''{{w|Journal of Bacteriology}}'' is established.<ref name="Bacteriology, c.1810-c.1917: Chronology of a Victorian Medical Advance"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1920 || Publication || The {{w|Society of American Bacteriologists}} committee issues its final report on the characterization and classification of bacterial types.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Trautwein Henrici|first1=Arthur|title=The biology of bacteria: an introduction to general microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pdE9AAAAYAAJ&q=%22in+1920%22+%22SAB+committee%22+%22bacterial%22&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22SAB+committee%22+%22bacterial%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLkuuAtrXaAhXEgpAKHSsOAp4Q6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1923 || Publication || The Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is published. It is written to provide a modern identification key for bacteria but little of it is based on direct experience of the organisms.<ref name="Bacterial Systematics"/> ||
+|-
+| 1926 || Scientific development || American bacteriologist {{w|Thomas Milton Rivers}}, director of the {{w|Rockefeller Hospital}}, distinguishes between bacteria and viruses, establishing virology as a separate area of study.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> Rivers announces the theory that viruses could not reproduce outside cells<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=David J.|title=Can Bacteria Cause Cancer?: Alternative Medicine Confronts Big Science|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h_YTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&dq=%22in+1926%22+%22thomas+Rivers%22+%22bacteria%22+%22viruses%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY6fbeuLXaAhUCD5AKHWbVAdMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201926%22%20%22thomas%20Rivers%22%20%22bacteria%22%20%22viruses%22&f=false}}</ref>, and states that a virus needs a living tissue for reproduction.<ref>{{cite book|title=Suppressed Inventions|edition=Jonathan Eisen|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=caMNee9ybUQC&pg=PA130&dq=%22in+1926%22+%22thomas+Rivers%22+%22bacteria%22+%22viruses%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY6fbeuLXaAhUCD5AKHWbVAdMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201926%22%20%22thomas%20Rivers%22%20%22bacteria%22%20%22viruses%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1926 || Scientific development || Team of scientists headed by Dr. Everitt Murray isolates from rabbits a bacterium that is responsible for {{w|listeriosis}} in humans. Named ''Bacterium monocytogenes'' in reference to the mononuclear leucocytosis observed in the affected animals, it would be later renamed ''{{w|Listeria monocytogenes}}'' in honor of Dr. {{w|Joseph Lister}}.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosaler|first1=Maxine|title=Listeriosis|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XnNNvxZ__icC&pg=PT11&dq=%22in+1926%22+%22++Murray%22+%22bacterium%22+%22listeriosis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimra74rbXaAhXChZAKHUZxB7oQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201926%22%20%22%20%20Murray%22%20%22bacterium%22%20%22listeriosis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Foodborne Infections and Intoxications|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_OsZ9TcQTSsC&pg=PA313&dq=%22in+1926%22+%22++Murray%22+%22bacterium%22+%22listeriosis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimra74rbXaAhXChZAKHUZxB7oQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201926%22%20%22%20%20Murray%22%20%22bacterium%22%20%22listeriosis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Requena|first1=Jose M.|title=Stress Response in Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z702dQWvTDEC&pg=PA91&dq=%22in+1926%22+%22++Murray%22+%22bacterium%22+%22listeriosis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimra74rbXaAhXChZAKHUZxB7oQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201926%22%20%22%20%20Murray%22%20%22bacterium%22%20%22listeriosis%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1928 || Scientific development || Scottish bacteriologist {{w|Alexander Fleming}} discovers antibiotic penicillin.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref name="Reader's Guide to the History of Science">{{cite book|last1=Hessenbruch|first1=Arne|title=Reader's Guide to the History of Science|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1wJeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA259&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22fleming%22+%22penicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie7JO5kqnZAhWJIJAKHc4UBbAQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22fleming%22%20%22penicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Scientist 1 Mar 1984|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R757oSWI5UQC&pg=PA27&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22fleming%22+%22penicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie7JO5kqnZAhWJIJAKHc4UBbAQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22fleming%22%20%22penicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pommerville|first1=Jeffrey C.|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2o79wdtgJDMC&pg=PA770&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22fleming%22+%22penicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie7JO5kqnZAhWJIJAKHc4UBbAQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22fleming%22%20%22penicillin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1928 || Scientific development || English bacteriologist {{w|Frederick Griffith}} discovers transformation in bacteria. Griffith  finds that extracts from killed encapsulated streptococci could change the living, harmless bacteria to the disease-producing virulent type. <ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Leth Stone|first1=Carol|title=The Basics of Biology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=p8r7rfsmWNUC&pg=PA80&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Griffith%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_3qKvt6nZAhWCx5AKHfKBD2kQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Griffith%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nickerson|first1=Cheryl A.|last2=Schurr|first2=Michael|title=Molecular Paradigms of Infectious Disease: A Bacterial Perspective|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AXo_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Griffith%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_3qKvt6nZAhWCx5AKHfKBD2kQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Griffith%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chao|first1=Hsiang-Ke|last2=Chen|first2=Szu-Ting|last3=Millstein|first3=Roberta L.|title=Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Bf40AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Griffith%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_3qKvt6nZAhWCx5AKHfKBD2kQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Griffith%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1928 || Scientific development || {{w|Frederick Griffith}}, in his experiments with the bacterium {{w|Streptococcus pneumoniae}}, the species that causes a severe form of {{w|pneumonia}} in {{w|mammal}}s, discovers transformation in bacteria and establishes the foundation of {{w|molecular genetics}}.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chao|first1=Hsiang-Ke|last2=Chen|first2=Szu-Ting|last3=Millstein|first3=Roberta L.|title=Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Bf40AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Frederick+Griffith%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK-KyHhLbaAhVDlpAKHaPRAjIQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Frederick%20Griffith%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=Peter J.|last2=Hertz|first2=Paul E.|last3=McMillan|first3=Beverly|title=Biology: The Dynamic Science, Volume 1 (Units 1 & 2)|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s4BbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT326&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Frederick+Griffith%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK-KyHhLbaAhVDlpAKHaPRAjIQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Frederick%20Griffith%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tobin|first1=Allan J.|last2=Dusheck|first2=Jennie|title=Asking about Life|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cjgdW4SjoJcC&pg=PA205&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Frederick+Griffith%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK-KyHhLbaAhVDlpAKHaPRAjIQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Frederick%20Griffith%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1931 || Organization || The Society of Agricultural Bacteriologists is founded.<ref name="TIMELINE"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1943 || Scientific development || Salvador Luria shows that bacteria have genes that can mutate.<ref name="A to Z of Biologists">{{cite book|last1=Yount|first1=Lisa|title=A to Z of Biologists|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC&pg=PA357&dq=1937:+Max+Delbruck+described+the+basic+life+cycle+of+a+virus.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXjPSgne_ZAhVII5AKHcKKCWMQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1931 || Scientific development ||  Dutch-American microbiologist Cornelius Bernardus van Niel shows that photosynthetic bacteria use reduces compounds as electron donors without producing oxygen.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Karp|first1=Gerald|title=Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=arRGYE0GxRQC&pg=PA209&dq=%22in+1931%22+%22van+niel%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv7Mm58bfaAhVITJAKHT6lBPoQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201931%22%20%22van%20niel%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xrQ9AQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1931%22+%22van+niel%22+%22bacteria%22&dq=%22in+1931%22+%22van+niel%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv7Mm58bfaAhVITJAKHT6lBPoQ6AEISDAG}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mostofa|first1=Khan M.G.|last2=Yoshioka|first2=Takahito|last3=Mottaleb|first3=Abdul|last4=Vione|first4=Davide|title=Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter: Principles and Practices in Water Environments|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cTYEZn2GO3kC&pg=PA562&dq=%22in+1931%22+%22van+niel%22+%22bacteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv7Mm58bfaAhVITJAKHT6lBPoQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201931%22%20%22van%20niel%22%20%22bacteria%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1934 || Scientific development || American microbiologist {{w|Alice Catherine Evans}} accomplishes the first typing of a strain of bacteria with bacteriophage.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+|-
+| 1937 || Scientific development || Hungarian physicist Ladislaus Laszlo Marton publishes the first electron micrographs of bacteria.<ref name="Significant Events By Years"/> ||
+|-
+| 1943 || Scientific development || Italian microbiologist {{w|Salvador Luria}} and German–American biophysicist {{w|Max Delbrück}} provides convincing evidence of mutations in bacteria.<ref name="A to Z of Biologists">{{cite book|last1=Yount|first1=Lisa|title=A to Z of Biologists|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC&pg=PA357&dq=1937:+Max+Delbruck+described+the+basic+life+cycle+of+a+virus.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXjPSgne_ZAhVII5AKHcKKCWMQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Zlatanova,|first1=Jordanka|last2=van Holde|first2=Kensal E.|title=Molecular Biology: Structure and Dynamics of Genomes and Proteomes|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X_LwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22salvador+luria%22+%22bacteria%22+%22genes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiws5LA6K3aAhUCDJAKHVLJArEQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22salvador%20luria%22%20%22bacteria%22%20%22genes%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Snyder|first1=Larry|last2=Champness|first2=Wendy|title=Molecular Genetics of Bacteria|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IDtsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22salvador+luria%22+%22bacteria%22+%22genes%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22salvador+luria%22+%22bacteria%22+%22genes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiws5LA6K3aAhUCDJAKHVLJArEQ6AEITDAG}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=James D.|title=A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cfUNur0BJaMC&pg=PA40&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22salvador+luria%22+%22bacteria%22+%22genes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiws5LA6K3aAhUCDJAKHVLJArEQ6AEIRjAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22salvador%20luria%22%20%22bacteria%22%20%22genes%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1944 || Scientific development || {{w|Oswald Avery}}, {{w|Colin Munro MacLeod}} and {{w|Maclyn McCarty}} show the significance of DNA as hereditary material by studies of transformation in bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kratz|first1=Rene|title=Microbiology the Easy Way|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tCLfZ3bJ_74C&pg=PA175&dq=%22in+1944%22+%22Avery%22+%22Macleod%22+%22McCarty%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF6MPioanZAhWGvJAKHd1UD6wQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201944%22%20%22Avery%22%20%22Macleod%22%20%22McCarty%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=David E.|title=DNA Technology: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ncaNUYzItAcC&pg=PA144&dq=%22in+1944%22+%22Avery%22+%22Macleod%22+%22McCarty%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF6MPioanZAhWGvJAKHd1UD6wQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201944%22%20%22Avery%22%20%22Macleod%22%20%22McCarty%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bourgeois|first1=Suzanne|title=Genesis of the Salk Institute: The Epic of Its Founders|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Z9IkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=%22in+1944%22+%22Avery%22+%22Macleod%22+%22McCarty%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF6MPioanZAhWGvJAKHd1UD6wQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201944%22%20%22Avery%22%20%22Macleod%22%20%22McCarty%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 133: / Line 231: @@
 | 1946 || Scientific development || American molecular biologist {{w|Joshua Lederberg}} and American geneticist {{w|Edward Tatum}} discover {{w|bacterial conjugation}}.<ref name="The Evolution of Genetics"/><ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaechter|first1=Moselio|title=Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vO0oU4z36DIC&pg=PA294&dq=%22in+1946%22+%22bacterial+conjugation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiborCjtqnZAhVDiJAKHfI5BdgQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201946%22%20%22bacterial%20conjugation%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khanna|first1=Pragya|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=T2RD_j96s8AC&pg=PA291&dq=%22in+1946%22+%22bacterial+conjugation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiborCjtqnZAhVDiJAKHfI5BdgQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201946%22%20%22bacterial%20conjugation%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=Peter|title=Int Std Ed-General Biology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S9IRCnDMmY8C&pg=PA353&dq=%22in+1946%22+Genetic+recombination+through+bacterial+conjugation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZo6KwsqnZAhVHl5AKHaHCCOEQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201946%22%20Genetic%20recombination%20through%20bacterial%20conjugation&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1947 || Scientific development || American molecular biologist {{w|Joshua Lederberg}} shows that bacteria can exchange and recombine genes.<ref name="A to Z of Biologists"/>
+| 1947 || Scientific development || American molecular biologist {{w|Joshua Lederberg}} shows that bacteria can exchange and recombine genes.<ref name="A to Z of Biologists"/> ||
 |-
-| 1951 || Publication || The ''{{w|International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}}'' is established. ||
+| 1951 || Publication || The ''{{w|International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) Puts Archive Online For Free|url=http://www.science20.com/news_releases/international_journal_of_systematic_and_evolutionary_microbiology_ijsem_puts_archive_online_for_free|website=science20.com|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1952 || Scientific development || American biologists {{w|Norton Zinder}} and {{w|Joshua Lederberg}} discover the transduction in bacteria.<ref name="History of Virology and Bacteriology"/> ||
@@ Line 142: / Line 240: @@
 |-
 | 1977 || Scientific development || American microbiologist {{w|Carl Woese}} recognizes that {{w|archaea}} have a separate line of evolutionary descent from {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name=Woese1977>{{cite journal | vauthors = Woese CR, Fox GE | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 74 | issue = 11 | pages = 5088–90 | date = November 1977 | pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W }}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1977 || Scientific development || Health officials in the {{w|United States}} discover that some germs within one family of bacteria, ''{{w|Enterobacteriaceae}}'', could produce an enzyme capable of breaking down common antibiotics.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scutti|first1=Susan|title=Unusual forms of 'nightmare' antibiotic-resistant bacteria detected in 27 states|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/03/health/nightmare-bacteria-cdc-vital-signs/index.html|website=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1995 || Scientific development || ''{{w|Haemophilus Influenzae}}'' becomes the first bacterium {{w|genome}} to be [[w:DNA sequencing|sequenced]].<ref name="The History of DNA Timeline">{{cite web|title=The History of DNA Timeline|url=https://www.dna-worldwide.com/resource/160/history-dna-timeline|website=dna-worldwide.com|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2000 || Scientific development || The first {{w|genome}} of a plant pathogen, the bacterium {{w|Xylella fastidiosa}}, is completed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Travensolo|first1=Regiane F.|last2=Carareto-Alves|first2=Lucia M.|last3=Costa|first3=Maria V. C. G.|last4=Lopes|first4=Tiago J. S.|last5=Carrilho|first5=Emanuel|last6=Lemos|first6=Eliana G. M.|title=Xylella fastidiosa gene expression analysis by DNA microarrays|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036931/}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
+|-
+| 2018 || Scientific development || Research paper shows evidence that hand dryers generate invisible “bacterial highways” inside buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=INNOVATION BY DESIGN FAST COMPANY CO.DESIGN COLLECTIONS NEWSLETTERS INNOVATION FESTIVAL CURRENT ISSUE Current Issue SUBSCRIBE Follow us: ADVERTISEMENT   04.13.1812:00 PM EVIDENCE Bathroom Hand Dryers Are Creating “Bacterial Highways” In Your Office|url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/90167644/bathroom-hand-dryers-create-bacterial-highways-in-your-office|website=fastcodesign.com|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Huesca-Espitia|first1=Luz del Carmen|last2=Aslanzadeh|first2=Jaber|last3=Feinn|first3=Richard|last4=Joseph|first4=Gabrielle|last5=Murray|first5=Thomas S.|last6=Setlow|first6=Peter|last7=Schaffner|first7=Donald W.|title=Deposition of Bacteria and Bacterial Spores by Bathroom Hot-Air Hand Dryers}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2018 || Scientific development || Researchers from the University of Quebec’s National Institute of Scientific Research discover an oil-hungry bacterium that could be ideal for oil spill cleanup.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dormehl|first1=Luke|title=Biologists have found an oil-hungry bacterium that’s ideal for oil spill cleanup|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/bacteria-eats-oil-spills/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
+|-
+|}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! bacteriology
+! systematic bacteriology
+! microbiology bacteriology
+! bacteriology virology
+! bacteriology infections
+|-
+| 1980 || 5,770 || 489 || 3,250 || 614 || 1,570
+|-
+| 1985 || 6,960 || 774 || 4,280 || 722 || 1,910
+|-
+| 1990 || 7,340 || 1,540 || 5,010 || 871 || 2,410
+|-
+| 1995 || 8,250 || 1,930 || 5,370 || 706 || 2,440
+|-
+| 2000 || 17,000 || 2,830 || 12,600 || 7,950 || 6,700
+|-
+| 2002 || 17,400 || 3,250 || 13,000 || 7,970 || 6,590
+|-
+| 2004 || 20,800 || 4,050 || 14,700 || 9,720 || 8,120
+|-
+| 2006 || 22,700 || 5,150 || 16,100 || 7,850 || 8,990
+|-
+| 2008 || 24,400 || 6,070 || 16,400 || 8,470 || 10,100
+|-
+| 2010 || 25,300 || 6,300 || 18,300 || 7,850 || 10,200
+|-
+| 2012 || 32,200 || 8,680 || 25,000 || 9,880 || 13,000
+|-
+| 2014 || 30,100 || 9,590 || 24,500 || 9,900 || 13,600
+|-
+| 2016 || 28,300 || 10,100 || 23,500 || 8,990 || 13,800
+|-
+| 2017 || 27,700 || 10,600 || 23,100 || 8,550 || 14,000
+|-
+| 2018 || 25,600 || 10,400 || 22,000 || 8,110 || 13,800
+|-
+| 2019 || 25,000 || 10,400 || 21,500 || 8,190 || 13,900
+|-
+| 2020 || 23,300 || 11,400 || 21,600 || 8,470 || 12,400
 |-
 |}
+[[File:Bacteriology tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google trends ===
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Googloe Trends}} data for Bacteriology and Virology (both field of study), from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bacteriology- Virology |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0gx21vp,%2Fm%2F080y1 |website=trends.google.com |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Bacterio vs viro gt.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Bacteriology from 1600 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bacteriology |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Bacteriology&year_start=1600&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Bacterio ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Bacteriology}} on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bacteriology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Bacteriology&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Bacterio wv.jpeg|thumb|center|600px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 152: / Line 329: @@
 {{funding info}} is available.
+===Feedback and comments===
+Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/1571123569819826/permalink/2643838912548281/ Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2064163863629746/permalink/3334520206594099/ Microbiology Study Group] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/155359696881/permalink/10158928980296882/ Microbiology & Immunology Research] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/364993417607379/permalink/794192238020826 Microbiology Notes] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/mmmimmunedreams/permalink/1468700499987724/ microbiome memes modulating immune dreams] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/121052094770118/permalink/1374391232769525/ Cellular Biology, Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/560636171514842/permalink/650080732570385/ Food& water Microbiology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/mahmud.mbo/permalink/10157833603010819 Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/135881236793/permalink/10157595546471794/ Medical Microbiology & Immunology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/735005890187138/permalink/1331764930511228/ SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/228803238222063/permalink/321598292275890/ All World Biotechnology🔬 and Microbiology student's 🔬] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/918828021821686/permalink/1177911272580025/ El mundo de las bacterias] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/212983514320/permalink/10158706317509321/ Microbiology & Immunology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/30179327242/permalink/10158589167887243/ Medical and Pharmaceutical Microbiology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/amazingmicrobiology/permalink/3593916750641413 Amazing Microbiology (Nepal)] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/30179327242/permalink/10158589167887243/ Medical and Pharmaceutical Microbiology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/557934550939365/permalink/3384042778328514/ Microbiology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/524131408044046/permalink/1073171273140054/ Bacteriology Lovers & Lerners] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/Microbiologyforhumanwelfare/permalink/2214707342008907 MICROBIOLOGY FOR HUMAN WELFARE] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/16804414019/permalink/10158483488024020 Sandle's Pharmaceutical Microbiology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/160814831881567/permalink/249125929717123 Microbiology Research Group] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/344636219031906/permalink/1589600344535481/ Basic Research in Bacteriology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/126994007394292/permalink/3353305274763133/ •Micro::Molecular•biology- biotechnology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/129541257712234/permalink/605281856804836 Microbiology] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/444433399700524/permalink/835221020621758 NIGERIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (NIDS)] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/VIRGO.InfectionControlToday/posts/10157365125171160 Infection Control Today] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2012590005641569/permalink/2777863002447595/ IFCAI - INFECTION CONTROL ACADEMY OF INDIA] Facebook group
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_taxonomy]
+[http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Microbiology.HTML],  [http://www.biologydiscussion.com/virology/history-of-virology-and-bacteriology/23790]
-[http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Microbiology.HTML], [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/biology/bacteriology/chronology.html], [http://www.biologydiscussion.com/virology/history-of-virology-and-bacteriology/23790]
 [https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteriology]
@@ Line 161: / Line 369: @@
 ==See also==
+* [[Timeline of infection control]]
+* [[Timeline of virology]]
 ==External links==