Difference between revisions of "Timeline of parasitology"

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! Time period !! Development summary  
 
! Time period !! Development summary  
 
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| Paleolithic || Since the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa, humans spread throughout the world, possibly in several waves, migrating to and inhabiting virtually the whole of the face of the Earth, bringing some parasites with them and collecting others on the way.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology">{{cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=F. E. G.|title=History of Human Parasitology|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/595.full|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref>
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| Prehistory || Since the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa, humans spread throughout the world, possibly in several waves, migrating to and inhabiting virtually the whole of the face of the Earth, bringing some parasites with them and collecting others on the way.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology">{{cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=F. E. G.|title=History of Human Parasitology|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002|url=http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/595.full|accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> During the {{w|First Agricultural Revolution}}, from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture, humans acquire parasites from animals with which they come in contact during agricultural practices.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
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| Ancient history || Many detailed descriptions of various diseases that might or might not be caused by parasites, specifically fevers, are found in the writings of Greek physicians between 800 to 300 BC, such as the Corpus Hippocratorum by Hippocrates, and from physicians from other civilizations including China from 3000 to 300 BC, India from 2500 to 200 BC, Rome from 700 BC to 400 AD, and the Arab Empire in the latter part of the first millennium. The descriptions of infections become more accurate and Arabic physicians, particularly Rhazes (AD 850 to 923) and Avicenna (AD 980 to 1037), write important medical works that contain a great deal of information about diseases clearly caused by parasites.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
| Ancient history || Many detailed descriptions of various diseases that might or might not be caused by parasites, specifically fevers, are found in the writings of Greek physicians between 800 to 300 BC, such as the Corpus Hippocratorum by Hippocrates, and from physicians from other civilizations including China from 3000 to 300 BC, India from 2500 to 200 BC, Rome from 700 BC to 400 AD, and the Arab Empire in the latter part of the first millennium. The descriptions of infections become more accurate and Arabic physicians, particularly Rhazes (AD 850 to 923) and Avicenna (AD 980 to 1037), write important medical works that contain a great deal of information about diseases clearly caused by parasites.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
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| 10,000 BP || {{w|First Agricultural Revolution}}, from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. Humans acquire parasites from animals with which they come in contact during agricultural practices.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
 
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| Middle Ages || The medical literature is very limited during this time, but there are many references to parasitic worms. In some cases, they are recognized as the possible causes of disease but in general, the writings of the period reflect the culture, beliefs, and ignorance of the time.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
| Middle Ages || The medical literature is very limited during this time, but there are many references to parasitic worms. In some cases, they are recognized as the possible causes of disease but in general, the writings of the period reflect the culture, beliefs, and ignorance of the time.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
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| 1500< || The slave trade, which would flourish for three and a half centuries from about 1500, bring new parasites to the New World from the Old World.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
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| Modern history || Beginning at around 1500, The slave trade, which would flourish for three and a half centuries from about 1500, bring new parasites to the New World from the Old World.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> The first definitive reports of lymphatic filariasis begin to appear in the 16th century.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> In the 17th and 18th centuries, the science of helminthology develops, following the reemergence of science and scholarship during the Renaissance period.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> By the beginning of the 17th century, it becomes apparent that there are two very different kinds of tapeworm (broad and taeniid) in humans. The scientific study of the taeniid tapeworms of humans can be traced to the late 17th century.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> Modern parasitology develops in the 19th century with accurate observations by several researchers and clinicians.
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| 16th century || The first definitive reports of lymphatic filariasis begin to appear.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
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| 17th–18th century || The science of helminthology develops, following the reemergence of science and scholarship during the Renaissance period.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> By the beginning of the 17th century, it becomes apparent that there are two very different kinds of tapeworm (broad and taeniid) in humans. The scientific study of the taeniid tapeworms of humans can be traced to the late 17th century.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
 
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| Present time || Known parasites infecting humans has now increased to about 300 species.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
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| Present time || Currently, known parasites infecting humans has now increased to about 300 species.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/>
 
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Country/region
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Country/region
 
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| 150,000 BP || || Homo sapiens emerge in eastern Africa.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 150,000 BP || Prelude || Homo sapiens emerge in eastern Africa.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 8,000 BC || Infection || American biological anthropologist {{w|Frank B. Livingstone}} proposes in 1958 that Plasmodium falciprum, the deadliest of 4 or 5 parasites that cause human malaria, hopped from chimps to humans about this time as human hunter-gatherers begin settling on farms.<ref name="Timeline of Microbiology">{{cite web |title=Timeline of Microbiology |url=http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Microbiology.HTML |website=timelines.ws |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 5,000 BC || Infection || Nematode eggs discovered recently in a frozen human body ({{w|Ötzi}} in Austrian Alps, date from this time.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Austria}}
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| 3,000–400 BC || Medical development || The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from this period of Egyptian medicine,  particularly the {{w|Ebers papyrus}} of 1500 BC discovered at Thebes.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 2,277 BC || Infection || ''{{w|Ascaris lumbricoides}}'' eggs are found in human coprolites from Peru dating from this time.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> || {{w|Peru}}
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| 2,000 BC || Infection || ''{{w|Taenia}}'' and ''{{w|Schistosoma}}'' ova in Egyptian mummies date from this time.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
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| 1,550 BC || Scientific development || The {{w|Ebers papyrus}} in {{w|Egypt}} gives reference to roundworms (''{{w|Ascaris lumbricoides}}''), threadworms (''{{w|Enterobius vermicularis}}''), and tapeworms (''{{w|Taenia saginata}}''). These records can be confirmed by the recent discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
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| 1,300 BC – 1,234 BC || || Biblical references to ''{{w|Dracunculus medinensis}}'' in the {{w|Red Sea}} region date from this time.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
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| 700 BC – 600 BC || Infection || Records of {{w|Dracunculus medinensis}} worms from {{w|Mesopotamia}} date from this time.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Irak}}
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| 430 BC || Scientific development || Greek physician {{w|Hippocrates}} describes ''{{w|Ascaris}}'', ''{{w|Oxyuris}}'', adult ''{{w|Taenia}}'', and {{w|malaria}}.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
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| 342 BC || Scientific development  || Greek scientist {{w|Aristotle}} establishes a first classification system for animals in his ''Historia animalium'' and describes flat and round worms.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Greece}}
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| 300 BC || Scientific development || Chinese description of {{w|threadworm}}s, {{w|tapeworm}}s, {{w|hookworm}}s, and {{w|hookworm disease}} is recorded.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|China}}
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| 20 AD || Scientific development || Roman encyclopaedist {{w|Aulus Cornelius Celsus}} recognizes tapeworms {{w|Taenia}}, {{w|Tinea}}, {{w|Taeniola}}, vermes cucurbitini (tapeworm proglottids), "hailstones" (cysticersi), and roundworms, lumbrici teretes ({{w|Ascaris lumbricoides}}).<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
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| 62 AD || Scientific development || In their ''Historia naturalis'', Romans {{w|Lucius Columella}} and [[w:Pliny the Younger|Plinius secundus]] report on parasitic animal diseases.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 129 AD – 199 AD || Scientific development || Greek–Roman scientist {{w|Claudius Galenus}} recognizes three types of worms: roundworms ({{w|Ascaris lumbricoides}}), threadworms ({{w|Enterobius vermicularis}}),  tapeworms ({{w|Taenia sp.}}), and also cysticerci in livers of slaughtered animals.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
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| 625 AD–690 AD || Scientific development || Byzantine Greek physician {{w|Paul of Aegina}} (AD 625 to 690) clearly describes ''Ascaris'', ''Enterobius'', and tapeworms and gives good clinical descriptions of the infections they cause.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 980 AD – 1037 AD || Scientific development || Persian scientist {{w|Avicenna}}, in his book ''Liber canonis medicinae'', reports on {{w|malaria}} and many worms, especially on ''{{w|Dracunculus}}'' (which today in French is still called ''Fil d'Avicenne'').<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research">{{cite book |last1=Mehlhorn |first1=Heinz |last2=Tan |first2=Kevin S. W. |last3=Yoshikawa |first3=Hisao |title=Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-jDaOWoxKR8C&pg=PA182&dq=%22Avicenna%22+recognizes+%27%27Ascaris%27%27,+%27%27Enterobius%27%27,+tapeworms&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz1Kf6k9TbAhUGGZAKHTGtDBAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Avicenna%22%20recognizes%20''Ascaris''%2C%20''Enterobius''%2C%20tapeworms&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Iran}}
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| 1,150 AD || Medical development || German nun {{w|Hildegard of Bingen}} publishes ''De causis et curis morborum'', which describes plant-based methods of treating worms.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1498 || Medical development || Italian Dominican {{w|Girolamo Savonarola}} publishes Tractatus de vermibus, which describes the occurrence and treatment (by {{w|mercury}}) of worm-infected humans.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prioreschi |first1=Plinio |title=A History of Medicine: Renaissance medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=g-koAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1498%22+Girolamo+Savonarola+++Tractatus+de+vermibus+worm&dq=%22in+1498%22+Girolamo+Savonarola+++Tractatus+de+vermibus+worm&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBj7qR1YbcAhVHipAKHVZACcIQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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| 1558 || Scientific development || There are accounts of what are possibly cysticerci in humans by Johannes Udalric Rumler.<ref name="Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4">{{cite book |last1=Sun |first1=Tsieh |title=Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WvMk0gvIHtUC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22in+1558%22+%22cysticerci%22+%22Rumler%22&source=bl&ots=KWmJvkU6Jt&sig=1lovSQJZNx5JY35ITC7cauRA1CA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_m4HA9tPbAhUIlpAKHS7aDWsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201558%22%20%22cysticerci%22%20%22Rumler%22&f=false}}</ref> <ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Tropical Dermatology |edition=Roberto Arenas, Roberto Estrada |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=teJsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1558%22+%22cysticerci%22+%22Rumler%22&dq=%22in+1558%22+%22cysticerci%22+%22Rumler%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmjK7F9tPbAhUHfZAKHaWQDckQ6AEINTAC}}</ref> ||
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| 1674 || Scientific development || Georgius Hieronymus Velschius initiates the scientific study of the nematode ''[[w:Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' and the disease it causes.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1681 || Scientific development || ''Giardia duodenalis'', also known as ''Giardia lamblia'' or ''Giardia intestinalis'', becomes the first parasitic protozoan of humans seen by {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}}.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 8,000 BC || || American biological anthropologist {{w|Frank B. Livingstone}} proposes in 1958 that Plasmodium falciprum, the deadliest of 4 or 5 parasites that cause human malaria, hopped from chimps to humans about this time as human hunter-gatherers begin settling on farms.<ref name="Timeline of Microbiology">{{cite web |title=Timeline of Microbiology |url=http://www.timelines.ws/subjects/Microbiology.HTML |website=timelines.ws |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> ||
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| 1688 || Scientific development || Philip Hartmann conducts the first reliable accounts of cystercerci as parasites of some kind.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 3,000–400 BC || || The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from this period of Egyptian medicine,  particularly the {{w|Ebers papyrus}} of 1500 BC discovered at Thebes.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1699 || Scientific development || Dutch scientist {{w|Nicolaas Hartsoeker}} and J. Andry from France propose that {{w|helminth}} infections derive from oral intake of excreted worm eggs.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 
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| 2277 BC || || ''A. lumbricoides'' eggs are found in human coprolites from Peru dating from that time.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1707–1778 || Scientific development || Swedish botanist {{w|Carl von Linné}} describes and names six helminth worms, ''Ascaris lumbricoides'', ''Ascaris vermicularis'' (= ''Enterobius vermicularis''), ''Gordius medinensis'' (= ''Dracunculus medinensis''), ''Fasciola hepatica'', ''Taenia solium'', and ''Taenia lata'' (= ''Diphyllobothrium latum'').<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 1550 BC || || The {{w|Ebers papyrus}} in {{w|Egypt}} refers to intestinal worms. These records can be confirmed by the recent discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1721 || Scientific development || English naval surgeon, John Atkins conducts the first definitive accounts of {{w|sleeping sickness}} (African trypanosomiasis).<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 460 BC–365 BC || || Hippocrates describes worms from fishes, domesticated animals, and humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1750 || Scientific development || Swiss biologist Charles Bonnet conducts the first accurate description of the proglottids.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Human Parasitology |url=https://studfiles.net/preview/5834580/page:2/ |website=studfiles.net |accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7i_m5OwUi2YC&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=%22in+1750%22+%22Bonnet%22+%22proglottids%22&source=bl&ots=CjVm46iV73&sig=4KKs6LTxLonAvLjGzAO1faHYEQw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqjtbXg9LbAhXBCpAKHReYBoEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201750%22%20%22Bonnet%22%20%22proglottids%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 25 BC–200 AD || || Roman physicians including Celsus (25 BC to AD 50) and {{w|Galen}} (AD 129 to 200) are familiar with the human roundworms ''Ascaris lumbricoides'' and ''Enterobius vermicularis'', as wellas tapeworms belonging to the genus ''Taenia''. ||
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| 1756 || Scientific development || English physician Alexander Russel, in {{w|Aleppo}}, discovers {{w|skin leishmaniasis}}.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Syria}}
 
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| 625 AD–690 AD || || Byzantine Greek physician {{w|Paul of Aegina}} (AD 625 to 690) clearly describes ''Ascaris'', ''Enterobius'', and tapeworms and gives good clinical descriptions of the infections they cause.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1766 || Scientific development || German clinician and natural historian Pierre Simon Pallas shows a parasitic link to the cysts.<ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals ridley">{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xewIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Naunyn%22+%22tapeworms%22&source=bl&ots=WuaMDqocnu&sig=daKB1yUolYagvWqL_6P_0Na03Po&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwityuKkiNTbAhVCGJAKHegrAU4Q6AEIOjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Naunyn%22%20%22tapeworms%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
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| 980 AD– 1037 AD || || Persian polymath Avicenna recognizes ''Ascaris'', ''Enterobius'', tapeworms and the guinea worm, ''Dracunculus medinensis''.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1770 || Scientific development || French surgeon André Mongin describes the worm {{w|loiasis}} (Eye Worm) passing across the eye of a woman in {{w|Santa Domingo}}, in the Caribbean, and recounts how he tried unsuccessfully to remove it. This is the first verified report of a subconjunctival worm.<ref name="Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis">{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=C Stephen |last2=Vitale |first2=Albert T |title=Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vZxqM6cuQI4C&pg=PA648&dq=%22in+1778%22+%22guyot%22+%22worm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGhfaPuLPbAhVDHZAKHfZJA1MQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201778%22%20%22guyot%22%20%22worm%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brisola Marcondes |first1=Carlos |title=Arthropod Borne Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qs55DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427&dq=%22in+1770%22+%22Mongin%22+%22Loiasis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4ut-Q5M_bAhWGDJAKHXZpDugQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201770%22%20%22Mongin%22%20%22Loiasis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Magill |first1=Alan J. |title=Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease,Expert Consult - Online and Print,9: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UgvdM8WRld4C&pg=PA823&dq=%22in+1770%22+%22Mongin%22+%22Loiasis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4ut-Q5M_bAhWGDJAKHXZpDugQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201770%22%20%22Mongin%22%20%22Loiasis%22&f=false}}</ref>  || {{w|Dominican Republic}}
 
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| 1558 || || There are accounts of what are possibly cysticerci in humans by Johannes Udalric Rumler.<ref name="Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4">{{cite book |last1=Sun |first1=Tsieh |title=Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WvMk0gvIHtUC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22in+1558%22+%22cysticerci%22+%22Rumler%22&source=bl&ots=KWmJvkU6Jt&sig=1lovSQJZNx5JY35ITC7cauRA1CA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_m4HA9tPbAhUIlpAKHS7aDWsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201558%22%20%22cysticerci%22%20%22Rumler%22&f=false}}</ref> <ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Tropical Dermatology |edition=Roberto Arenas, Roberto Estrada |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=teJsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1558%22+%22cysticerci%22+%22Rumler%22&dq=%22in+1558%22+%22cysticerci%22+%22Rumler%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmjK7F9tPbAhUHfZAKHaWQDckQ6AEINTAC}}</ref> ||
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| 1778 || Medical development || French surgeon François Guyot becomes the first to successfully remove the worm and give the name {{w|loa loa}} from the eye of a male slave from West Africa.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis"/> ||
 
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| 1674 || || Georgius Hieronymus Velschius initiates the scientific study of the nematode ''[[w:Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' and the disease it causes.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1782 || Scientific development || German zoologist {{w|Johann August Ephraim Goetze}} first describes microscopically the scolices of the larva of Echinococcus.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment">{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=%22in+1819%22+%22Karl+Asmund+Rudolphi+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW0IbhzLPbAhWMHZAKHbCcCGMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201819%22%20%22Karl%20Asmund%20Rudolphi%20%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1681 || || ''Giardia duodenalis'', also known as ''Giardia lamblia'' or ''Giardia intestinalis'', becomes the first parasitic protozoan of humans seen by {{w|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}}.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1784 || Scientific development || German zoologist {{w|Johann August Ephraim Goeze}} perceives the similarities between the heads of tapeworms found in human intestinal tract and the invaginated heads of ''[[w:Cysticercus cellulosa|Cysticercus cellulosae]]'' in pigs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afip.org/cgi-bin/description.cgi?item=FS28|title=AFIP index|publisher=Afip.org|accessdate=20 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227085414/http://www.afip.org/cgi-bin/description.cgi?item=FS28|archivedate=27 December 2010|df=}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 1688 || || Philip Hartmann conducts the first reliable accounts of cystercerci as parasites of some kind.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1786 || Scientific development || Werner and Fischer publish treatise ''Vermis intestinalis brevis expositio'', describing under the name ''finna humana'', a kind of {{w|hydatid}} found in the interior of a muscle of a soldier who has been drowned.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9">{{cite book |title=Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tydYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=%221782%22+%22Goetze%22+%22Echinococcus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIgo2Ax8_bAhUDFZAKHWlIA3MQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=%221782%22%20%22Goetze%22%20%22Echinococcus%22&f=false |ref=}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1707–1778 || || Swedish botanist {{w|Carl von Linné}} describes and names six helminth worms, ''Ascaris lumbricoides'', ''Ascaris vermicularis'' (= ''Enterobius vermicularis''), ''Gordius medinensis'' (= ''Dracunculus medinensis''), ''Fasciola hepatica'', ''Taenia solium'', and ''Taenia lata'' (= ''Diphyllobothrium latum'').<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
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| 1786 || Scientific development || {{w|Echinococcus granulosus}} is discovered by Batsch.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
 
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|-
−
| 1721 || || English naval surgeon, John Atkins conducts the first definitive accounts of {{w|sleeping sickness}} (African trypanosomiasis).<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1790 || Scientific development || An understanding of the life cycle of the parasite ''Diphyllobothrium latum'' begins when Danish physician {{w|Peter Christian Abildgaard}} observes that the intestine of sticklebacks contains worms that resemble the tapeworms found in fish-eating birds.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1750 || || Swiss biologist Charles Bonnet conducts the first accurate description of the proglottids.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Human Parasitology |url=https://studfiles.net/preview/5834580/page:2/ |website=studfiles.net |accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7i_m5OwUi2YC&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=%22in+1750%22+%22Bonnet%22+%22proglottids%22&source=bl&ots=CjVm46iV73&sig=4KKs6LTxLonAvLjGzAO1faHYEQw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqjtbXg9LbAhXBCpAKHReYBoEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201750%22%20%22Bonnet%22%20%22proglottids%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1793 || Scientific development || Treutler speaks of two kinds of hydatids found in the human body, one of which he calls ''taenia alba punctata'', and the other ''taenia visceralis''.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1766 || || German clinician and natural historian Pierre Simon Pallas show a parasitic link to the cysts.<ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals ridley">{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xewIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Naunyn%22+%22tapeworms%22&source=bl&ots=WuaMDqocnu&sig=daKB1yUolYagvWqL_6P_0Na03Po&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwityuKkiNTbAhVCGJAKHegrAU4Q6AEIOjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Naunyn%22%20%22tapeworms%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1798 || Scientific development || Italian physician {{w|Francesco Redi}} publishes Osservazioni interno agli animali viventi, which describes about 108 different worms, and publishes a detailed study on Fasciola hepatica. Francesco Redi is considered the Father of Parasitology.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1770 || || French surgeon André Mongin describes the worm {{w|loiasis}} (Eye Worm) passing across the eye of a woman in {{w|Santa Domingo}}, in the Caribbean, and recounts how he tried unsuccessfully to remove it. This is the first verified report of a subconjunctival worm.<ref name="Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis">{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=C Stephen |last2=Vitale |first2=Albert T |title=Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vZxqM6cuQI4C&pg=PA648&dq=%22in+1778%22+%22guyot%22+%22worm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGhfaPuLPbAhVDHZAKHfZJA1MQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201778%22%20%22guyot%22%20%22worm%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brisola Marcondes |first1=Carlos |title=Arthropod Borne Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qs55DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427&dq=%22in+1770%22+%22Mongin%22+%22Loiasis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4ut-Q5M_bAhWGDJAKHXZpDugQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201770%22%20%22Mongin%22%20%22Loiasis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Magill |first1=Alan J. |title=Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease,Expert Consult - Online and Print,9: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UgvdM8WRld4C&pg=PA823&dq=%22in+1770%22+%22Mongin%22+%22Loiasis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4ut-Q5M_bAhWGDJAKHXZpDugQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201770%22%20%22Mongin%22%20%22Loiasis%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Dominican Republic}}
+
| 1800 || Scientific development || Zeder describes the echinococcus hominis, which is also observed in monkeys, and which Rudolphi places in the family of entozoa cystica.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1778 || || French surgeon François Guyot becomes the first to successfully remove the worm and give the name {{w|loa loa}} from the eye of a male slave from West Africa.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis"/> ||
+
| 1801 || Scientific development || {{w|Karl Rudolphi}} publishes ''Entozoorum historia naturalis'', which describes the taxonomy of all available parasites.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1782 || || German zoologist {{w|Johann August Ephraim Goetze}} first describes microscopically the scolices of the larva of Echinococcus.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment">{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=%22in+1819%22+%22Karl+Asmund+Rudolphi+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW0IbhzLPbAhWMHZAKHbCcCGMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201819%22%20%22Karl%20Asmund%20Rudolphi%20%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1801 || Scientific development || French naturalist {{w|Jean Baptiste Lamarck}} publishes his Pilosophie Zoologique, which presents the first general theory of evolution.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1784 || || German zoologist {{w|Johann August Ephraim Goeze}} perceives the similarities between the heads of tapeworms found in human intestinal tract and the invaginated heads of ''[[w:Cysticercus cellulosa|Cysticercus cellulosae]]'' in pigs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afip.org/cgi-bin/description.cgi?item=FS28|title=AFIP index|publisher=Afip.org|accessdate=20 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227085414/http://www.afip.org/cgi-bin/description.cgi?item=FS28|archivedate=27 December 2010|df=}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1806 || Scientific development || French physician Cullerier, senior surgeon at the civil Parisian Venereal Hospital, is the first to describe a case of [[w:Echinococcosis|hydatid cyst]] of the bone.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1786 || || Werner and Fischer publish treatise ''Vermis intestinalis brevis expositio'', describing under the name ''finna humana'', a kind of {{w|hydatid}} found in the interior of a muscle of a soldier who has been drowned.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9">{{cite book |title=Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tydYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=%221782%22+%22Goetze%22+%22Echinococcus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIgo2Ax8_bAhUDFZAKHWlIA3MQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=%221782%22%20%22Goetze%22%20%22Echinococcus%22&f=false |ref=}}</ref> ||
+
| 1807 || Scientific development || French anatomist {{w|François Chaussier}} reports a case of spinal hydatid disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complications of Central Nervous System Hydatid Disease |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/120770 |website=karger.com |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1786 || || {{w|Echinococcus granulosus}} is discovered by Batsch.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
+
| 1808 || Scientific development || Swedish naturalist {{w|Karl Asmund Rudolphi}} coins the term ''echinococcus''.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Control of Human Parasitic Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=u84ltykM8w4C&pg=PA445&dq=%221808%22+%22+Rudolphi%22+%22echinococcus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvrtWS6c7bAhXFipAKHdZlAwYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221808%22%20%22%20Rudolphi%22%20%22echinococcus%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abuladze |first1=Konstantin Ivanovich |title=Taeniata of animals and man and diseases caused by them |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D44OAQAAMAAJ&q=%221808%22+%22+Rudolphi%22+%22echinococcus%22&dq=%221808%22+%22+Rudolphi%22+%22echinococcus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvrtWS6c7bAhXFipAKHdZlAwYQ6AEIMTAC}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1790 || || An understanding of the life cycle of the parasite ''Diphyllobothrium latum'' begins when Danish physician {{w|Peter Christian Abildgaard}} observes that the intestine of sticklebacks contains worms that resemble the tapeworms found in fish-eating birds.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1818 || Scientific development || Cloquet writes a full description of the different varieties of hydatids, dividing each genus into several species, and minutely detailing their several peculiarities.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1793 || || Treutler speaks of two kinds of hydatids found in the human body, one of which he calls ''taenia alba punctata'', and the other ''taenia visceralis''.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9"/> ||
+
| 1819 || Scientific development || {{w|Carl Asmund Rudolphi}} discovers adult female worms containing larvae of ''[[w:Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]''. ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1800 || || Zeder describes the echinococcus hominis, which is also observed in monkeys, and which Rudolphi places in the family of entozoa cystica.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9"/> ||
+
| 1819 || Medical development || The first patient treated surgically for spinal hydatidosis is reported by Reydellet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sridharan |first1=Srihari |last2=Narayana |first2=Jagan |last3=Chidambaram |first3=Kalyanasundarabharathi |last4=Jayachandiran |first4=Anand Prasath |title=Primary paraspinal hydatidosis causing acute paraplegia |url=http://www.ruralneuropractice.com/article.asp?issn=0976-3147;year=2017;volume=8;issue=3;spage=472;epage=474;aulast=Sridharan |accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22in+1819%22+%22+Reydellet%22+%22hydatidosis%22&source=bl&ots=ME543NY9My&sig=W_MgLiyqWsnrK30enrZ4xqZodkg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiiNPL_tHbAhVHOZAKHZ6OCPwQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201819%22%20%22%20Reydellet%22%20%22hydatidosis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1806 || || French physician Cullerier, senior surgeon at the civil Parisian Venereal Hospital, is the first to describe a case of [[w:Echinococcosis|hydatid cyst]] of the bone.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> || {{w|France}}
+
| 1827 || Scientific development || Montansey describes the brain of an idiot-epileptic woman containing a large number of cerebellar and cerebral hydatid cysts.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1807 || || French anatomist {{w|François Chaussier}} reports a case of spinal hydatid disease. || {{w|France}}
+
| 1835 || Scientific development || James Paget, then a medical student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, discovers nematode parasite ''{{w|Trichinella spiralis}}'' in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=William |title=Trichinella and Trichinosis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FqfSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%221835%22+%22James+Paget%22+%22trichinella%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiowIv1v9HbAhUByqYKHVTWCBMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221835%22%20%22James%20Paget%22%20%22trichinella%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Parasites of the Colder Climates |edition=Hannah Akuffo, Inger Ljungstr”m, Ewert Linder, Mats Wahlgren |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=I4pD5t_y05YC&pg=PA197&dq=%221835%22+%22James+Paget%22+%22trichinella%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiowIv1v9HbAhUByqYKHVTWCBMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%221835%22%20%22James%20Paget%22%20%22trichinella%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1808 || || Swedish naturalist {{w|Karl Asmund Rudolphi}} coins the term ''echinococcus''.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Control of Human Parasitic Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=u84ltykM8w4C&pg=PA445&dq=%221808%22+%22+Rudolphi%22+%22echinococcus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvrtWS6c7bAhXFipAKHdZlAwYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221808%22%20%22%20Rudolphi%22%20%22echinococcus%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abuladze |first1=Konstantin Ivanovich |title=Taeniata of animals and man and diseases caused by them |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D44OAQAAMAAJ&q=%221808%22+%22+Rudolphi%22+%22echinococcus%22&dq=%221808%22+%22+Rudolphi%22+%22echinococcus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvrtWS6c7bAhXFipAKHdZlAwYQ6AEIMTAC}}</ref> ||
+
| 1836 || Scientific development || British army officer D. Forbes, serving in India, finds and describes the larvae of ''{{w|Dracunculus medinensis}}'' in water.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1818 || || Cloquet writes a full description of the different varieties of hydatids, dividing each genus into several species, and minutely detailing their several peculiarities.<ref name="Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9"/> ||
+
| 1847 || Scientific development || Dairo Fujii records Katayama disease –a severe dermatitis, in the Kwanami district in Japan.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease">{{cite book |last1=Dobson |first1=Mary |title=Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OFJpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193&lpg=PT193&dq=%22in+1847%22+%22Katayama+disease%22+%22fujii%22&source=bl&ots=MOzizAUA3l&sig=_NUnlZxRBWkStlRQugJQqGliCUY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs97_vh7PbAhXEHJAKHYn3DgcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201847%22%20%22Katayama%20disease%22%20%22fujii%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mostofi |first1=F. K. |title=Bilharziasis: International Academy of Pathology · Special Monograph |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2VvwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=%22in+1847%22+%22Katayama+disease%22+%22fujii%22&source=bl&ots=OZydqGr1eS&sig=tieyHc6YjN3cmjBSKuYU-NgSMpg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs97_vh7PbAhXEHJAKHYn3DgcQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201847%22%20%22Katayama%20disease%22%20%22fujii%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1819 || || {{w|Carl Asmund Rudolphi}} discovers adult female worms containing larvae of ''[[w:Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]''. ||
+
| 1848 || Medical development || The first English account of the removal of worms from the eye is that by William Loney.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite web |title=LOIASIS IN UNANI MEDICINE |url=https://www.journalagent.com/ias/pdfs/IAS_20_3_81_83.pdf |website=journalagent.com |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1819 || || The first patient treated surgically for spinal hydatidosis is reported by Reydellet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sridharan |first1=Srihari |last2=Narayana |first2=Jagan |last3=Chidambaram |first3=Kalyanasundarabharathi |last4=Jayachandiran |first4=Anand Prasath |title=Primary paraspinal hydatidosis causing acute paraplegia |url=http://www.ruralneuropractice.com/article.asp?issn=0976-3147;year=2017;volume=8;issue=3;spage=472;epage=474;aulast=Sridharan |accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22in+1819%22+%22+Reydellet%22+%22hydatidosis%22&source=bl&ots=ME543NY9My&sig=W_MgLiyqWsnrK30enrZ4xqZodkg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiiNPL_tHbAhVHOZAKHZ6OCPwQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201819%22%20%22%20Reydellet%22%20%22hydatidosis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
+
| 1849 || Scientific development || English chemist {{w|William Prout}} records the condition of {{w|chyluria}} in his book ''On the Nature and Treatment of Stomach and Renal Diseases''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cobo |first1=Fernando |title=Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=41n5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=%22in+1849%22+%22chyluria%22+%22prout%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwm5XBhbPbAhUEFJAKHXB6A_0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201849%22%20%22chyluria%22%20%22prout%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chylothorax, Chyluria, Elephantiasis, Pallor |url=https://www.symptoma.com/en/ddx/chylothorax+chyluria+elephantiasis+pallor |website=symptoma.com |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1827 || || Montansey describes the brain of an idiot-epileptic woman containing a large number of cerebellar and cerebral hydatid cysts.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
+
| 1850 || Scientific development || German physician Theodor Bilharz, in {{w|Cairo}}, {{w|Egypt}}, discovers ''{{w|Schistosoma haematobium}}''.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1835 || || James Paget, then a medical student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, discovers nematode parasite ''{{w|Trichinella spiralis}}'' in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=William |title=Trichinella and Trichinosis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FqfSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%221835%22+%22James+Paget%22+%22trichinella%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiowIv1v9HbAhUByqYKHVTWCBMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221835%22%20%22James%20Paget%22%20%22trichinella%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Parasites of the Colder Climates |edition=Hannah Akuffo, Inger Ljungstr”m, Ewert Linder, Mats Wahlgren |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=I4pD5t_y05YC&pg=PA197&dq=%221835%22+%22James+Paget%22+%22trichinella%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiowIv1v9HbAhUByqYKHVTWCBMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%221835%22%20%22James%20Paget%22%20%22trichinella%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| 1853 || Scientific development || German physiologist {{w|Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold}} demonstrates that [[w:Echinococcosis|Echinococcus cysts]] from sheep give rise to adult tapeworms when fed to dogs.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xewIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&dq=%22in+1853%22+%22Carl+von+Siebold%22+tapeworms&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnydSXwdHbAhXEEJAKHUCpCI8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201853%22%20%22Carl%20von%20Siebold%22%20tapeworms&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1853%22+%22Carl+von+Siebold%22+tapeworms&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnydSXwdHbAhXEEJAKHUCpCI8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201853%22%20%22Carl%20von%20Siebold%22%20tapeworms&f=false}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1836 || || British army officer D. Forbes, serving in India, finds and describes the larvae of ''{{w|Dracunculus medinensis}}'' in water.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1855 || Scientific development || {{w|Rudolf Virchow}} first suggests the helminthic nature of alveolar hydatid disease caused by {{w|Echinococcus multilocularis}}.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Thomas C. |title=General Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d4GQlYzode8C&pg=PA412&dq=%22in+1855%22+%22Virchow%22+%22multilocularis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih3aH_gdTbAhWMDpoKHa2JDWAQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201855%22%20%22Virchow%22%20%22multilocularis%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1847 || || Dairo Fujii records Katayama disease –a severe dermatitis, in the Kwanami district in Japan.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease">{{cite book |last1=Dobson |first1=Mary |title=Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OFJpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193&lpg=PT193&dq=%22in+1847%22+%22Katayama+disease%22+%22fujii%22&source=bl&ots=MOzizAUA3l&sig=_NUnlZxRBWkStlRQugJQqGliCUY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs97_vh7PbAhXEHJAKHYn3DgcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201847%22%20%22Katayama%20disease%22%20%22fujii%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mostofi |first1=F. K. |title=Bilharziasis: International Academy of Pathology · Special Monograph |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2VvwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=%22in+1847%22+%22Katayama+disease%22+%22fujii%22&source=bl&ots=OZydqGr1eS&sig=tieyHc6YjN3cmjBSKuYU-NgSMpg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs97_vh7PbAhXEHJAKHYn3DgcQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201847%22%20%22Katayama%20disease%22%20%22fujii%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1855 || Scientific development || German physician {{w|Gottlieb Küchenmeister}} discovers that tapeworms develop from cysticeri after feeding convicts with cysticerci excised from pork meat, and finding adult tapeworms in the intestine after autopsy.<ref name="Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4"/><ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1848 || || The first English account of the removal of worms from the eye is that by William Loney.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite web |title=LOIASIS IN UNANI MEDICINE |url=https://www.journalagent.com/ias/pdfs/IAS_20_3_81_83.pdf |website=journalagent.com |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> ||
+
| 1859 || Scientific development || German zoologist {{w|Rudolf Leuckart}} and {{w|Rudolph Virchow}} independently discover the life cycle of {{w|Trichinella spiralis}}.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
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| 1849 || || English chemist {{w|William Prout}} records the condition of {{w|chyluria}} in his book ''On the Nature and Treatment of Stomach and Renal Diseases''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cobo |first1=Fernando |title=Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=41n5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=%22in+1849%22+%22chyluria%22+%22prout%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwm5XBhbPbAhUEFJAKHXB6A_0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201849%22%20%22chyluria%22%20%22prout%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chylothorax, Chyluria, Elephantiasis, Pallor |url=https://www.symptoma.com/en/ddx/chylothorax+chyluria+elephantiasis+pallor |website=symptoma.com |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1859 || Scientific development || German cellular pathologist {{w|Rudolf Virchow}} writes his book ''Cellular Pathology'', which would become the foundation for all microscopic study of disease.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peart |first1=Olive |title=Mammography and Breast Imaging PREP: Program Review and Exam Prep |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=55o0dZKHCQYC&pg=PA6&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22Rudolf+Virchow%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwluKEybPbAhWFjJAKHaL5Ao4Q6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22Rudolf%20Virchow%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dittmar |first1=Thomas |last2=Zaenker |first2=Kurt S. |last3=Schmidt |first3=Axel |title=Infection and Inflammation: Impacts on Oncogenesis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Pje82k0jK_wC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22Rudolf+Virchow%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwluKEybPbAhWFjJAKHaL5Ao4Q6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22Rudolf%20Virchow%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1853 || || German physiologist {{w|Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold}} demonstrates that [[w:Echinococcosis|Echinococcus cysts]] from sheep give rise to adult tapeworms when fed to dogs.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xewIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&dq=%22in+1853%22+%22Carl+von+Siebold%22+tapeworms&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnydSXwdHbAhXEEJAKHUCpCI8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201853%22%20%22Carl%20von%20Siebold%22%20tapeworms&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1853%22+%22Carl+von+Siebold%22+tapeworms&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnydSXwdHbAhXEEJAKHUCpCI8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201853%22%20%22Carl%20von%20Siebold%22%20tapeworms&f=false}}</ref> ||  
+
| 1860 || Scientific development || Friedrich Zenker provides the first clear evidence of transmission of ''{{w|Trichinella spiralis}}'' from animal to human.<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Health and Infectious Diseases |edition=Jeffrey Griffiths, James H. Maguire, Kristian Heggenhougen, Stella R. Quah |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bjcycxFpqEwC&pg=PA327&lpg=PA327&dq=%22in+1860%22+%22Friedrich+Zenker%22&source=bl&ots=wn3yvyQK1F&sig=OLEeOmzio-oMKA-M1QWbsEezThs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiNG81tHbAhWCS5AKHaIoCRQQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201860%22%20%22Friedrich%20Zenker%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 63 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1K4TzBzwE5kC&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=%22in+1860%22+%22Friedrich+Zenker%22&source=bl&ots=kqPhbbaucb&sig=6NjtxYIL-hmRqIYmcEwm9k6WvYo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiNG81tHbAhWCS5AKHaIoCRQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201860%22%20%22Friedrich%20Zenker%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cockerham |first1=William C |title=International Encyclopedia of Public Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WAnpCgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA604&lpg=RA1-PA604&dq=%22in+1860%22+%22Friedrich+Zenker%22&source=bl&ots=k604n0f9LO&sig=y1HljJU8f-E4Vt16foMsmnuGjQ4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiNG81tHbAhWCS5AKHaIoCRQQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201860%22%20%22Friedrich%20Zenker%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
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| 1855 || || {{w|Rudolf Virchow}} first suggests the helminthic nature of alveolar hydatid disease caused by {{w|Echinococcus multilocularis}}.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Thomas C. |title=General Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d4GQlYzode8C&pg=PA412&dq=%22in+1855%22+%22Virchow%22+%22multilocularis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih3aH_gdTbAhWMDpoKHa2JDWAQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201855%22%20%22Virchow%22%20%22multilocularis%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1863 || Scientific development || French surgeon Jean Nicolas Demarquay first identifies tissue worms when studying samples of a Cuban patient affected by hydrocele.<ref>{{cite book |last1=BARAN MANDAL |first1=FATIK |title=HUMAN PARASITOLOGY |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ue_iCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Demarquay%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ8YH8_9HbAhXIjZAKHZw6Bs4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Demarquay%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernhard |first1=Carl Gustaf |last2=Crawford |first2=E. |last3=Sörbom |first3=P. |title=Science, Technology & Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel: Nobel Symposium 52 Held at Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, 17-22 August 1981 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6vwgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Demarquay%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ8YH8_9HbAhXIjZAKHZw6Bs4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Demarquay%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1855 || || German physician {{w|Friedrich Küchenmeister}} discovers that tapeworms develop from cysticeri after feeding convicts with cysticerci excised from pork meat, and finding adult tapeworms in the intestine after autopsy.<ref name="Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4"/> ||
+
| 1863 || Scientific development  || {{w|Rudolf Leuckart}} discovers small cyclophyllid tapeworm ''{{w|Echinococcus multilocularis}}''.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volumes 32-33 |publisher=Government Printer, South Africa, 1965 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FT0268j2PaMC&q=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5hMuj_dPbAhXCC5AKHfQlAuUQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Materialy 3-i Nauchnoi Konferentsii Po Infektssionnym i Invazionnym Zabolevaniyam Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh |publisher=National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. and the Department of Agriculture, U.S.A., 1962 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N69GAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5hMuj_dPbAhXCC5AKHfQlAuUQ6AEILDAB}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1859 || Publication || German cellular pathologist {{w|Rudolf Virchow}} writes his book ''Cellular Pathology'', which would become the foundation for all microscopic study of disease.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peart |first1=Olive |title=Mammography and Breast Imaging PREP: Program Review and Exam Prep |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=55o0dZKHCQYC&pg=PA6&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22Rudolf+Virchow%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwluKEybPbAhWFjJAKHaL5Ao4Q6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22Rudolf%20Virchow%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dittmar |first1=Thomas |last2=Zaenker |first2=Kurt S. |last3=Schmidt |first3=Axel |title=Infection and Inflammation: Impacts on Oncogenesis |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Pje82k0jK_wC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22Rudolf+Virchow%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwluKEybPbAhWFjJAKHaL5Ao4Q6AEITjAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22Rudolf%20Virchow%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1863 || Scientific development || Austrian zoologist {{w|Karl Moritz Diesing}} discovers  parasitic tapeworms ''{{w|Echinococcus oligarthus}}''.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref name="Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis">{{cite journal |title=Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis |doi=10.3201/eid1402.070742 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5594323_Emergence_of_Polycystic_Neotropical_Echinococcosis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Diesing%22+%22oligarthus%22&source=bl&ots=ME543MY8Jq&sig=yU5ISix4Fg6rn0k4VASKVri9Yeo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilvpHp2NHbAhXOyaYKHei9CwAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Diesing%22%20%22oligarthus%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
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| 1860 || || Friedrich Zenker provides the first clear evidence of transmission of ''{{w|Trichinella spiralis}}'' from animal to human.<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Health and Infectious Diseases |edition=Jeffrey Griffiths, James H. Maguire, Kristian Heggenhougen, Stella R. Quah |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bjcycxFpqEwC&pg=PA327&lpg=PA327&dq=%22in+1860%22+%22Friedrich+Zenker%22&source=bl&ots=wn3yvyQK1F&sig=OLEeOmzio-oMKA-M1QWbsEezThs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiNG81tHbAhWCS5AKHaIoCRQQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201860%22%20%22Friedrich%20Zenker%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 63 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1K4TzBzwE5kC&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=%22in+1860%22+%22Friedrich+Zenker%22&source=bl&ots=kqPhbbaucb&sig=6NjtxYIL-hmRqIYmcEwm9k6WvYo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiNG81tHbAhWCS5AKHaIoCRQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201860%22%20%22Friedrich%20Zenker%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cockerham |first1=William C |title=International Encyclopedia of Public Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WAnpCgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA604&lpg=RA1-PA604&dq=%22in+1860%22+%22Friedrich+Zenker%22&source=bl&ots=k604n0f9LO&sig=y1HljJU8f-E4Vt16foMsmnuGjQ4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimiNG81tHbAhWCS5AKHaIoCRQQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201860%22%20%22Friedrich%20Zenker%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1863 || Scientific development  || German pathologist {{w|Bernhard Naunyn}} finds adult tapeworms in dogs fed with hydatid cysts from a human.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals ridley"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=M. |last2=Despommier |first2=D.D. |last3=Gwadz |first3=R.W. |title=Parasitic Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PafaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Naunyn%22+%22tapeworms%22&source=bl&ots=RLN_e1yqhL&sig=Wu8-4uGCBeiOo0hutJxwYYFyObw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwityuKkiNTbAhVCGJAKHegrAU4Q6AEIPTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Naunyn%22%20%22tapeworms%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1863 || || French surgeon Jean Nicolas Demarquay first identifies tissue worms when studying samples of a Cuban patient affected by hydrocele.<ref>{{cite book |last1=BARAN MANDAL |first1=FATIK |title=HUMAN PARASITOLOGY |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ue_iCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Demarquay%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ8YH8_9HbAhXIjZAKHZw6Bs4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Demarquay%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernhard |first1=Carl Gustaf |last2=Crawford |first2=E. |last3=Sörbom |first3=P. |title=Science, Technology & Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel: Nobel Symposium 52 Held at Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, 17-22 August 1981 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6vwgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Demarquay%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ8YH8_9HbAhXIjZAKHZw6Bs4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Demarquay%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
+
| 1863 || Scientific development || English scientist {{w|Thomas Spencer Cobbold}} suggests that snails might be the intermediate host of schistosomes.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1863 || Parasite || German zoologist {{w|Rudolf Leuckart}} discovers small cyclophyllid tapeworm ''{{w|Echinococcus multilocularis}}''.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volumes 32-33 |publisher=Government Printer, South Africa, 1965 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FT0268j2PaMC&q=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5hMuj_dPbAhXCC5AKHfQlAuUQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Materialy 3-i Nauchnoi Konferentsii Po Infektssionnym i Invazionnym Zabolevaniyam Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh |publisher=National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. and the Department of Agriculture, U.S.A., 1962 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N69GAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22multilocularis%22+%22Leuckart%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5hMuj_dPbAhXCC5AKHfQlAuUQ6AEILDAB}}</ref> ||
+
| 1866 || || German physician {{w|Otto Wucherer}} discovers microfilariae in the urine of a patient in {{w|Brazil}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cobo |first1=Fernando |title=Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=41n5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=%22microfilariae%22+%22wuchereria%22+%22in+1866%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_j_n_w7PbAhVDFJAKHQBIDAgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22microfilariae%22%20%22wuchereria%22%20%22in%201866%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Franco-Paredes |first1=Carlos |last2=Santos-Preciado |first2=José Ignacio |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZrslCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22microfilariae%22+%22wuchereria%22+%22in+1866%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_j_n_w7PbAhVDFJAKHQBIDAgQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22microfilariae%22%20%22wuchereria%22%20%22in%201866%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
 
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| 1863 || Parasite || Austrian zoologist {{w|Karl Moritz Diesing}} discovers  parasitic tapeworms ''{{w|Echinococcus oligarthus}}''.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref name="Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis">{{cite journal |title=Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis |doi=10.3201/eid1402.070742 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5594323_Emergence_of_Polycystic_Neotropical_Echinococcosis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Diesing%22+%22oligarthus%22&source=bl&ots=ME543MY8Jq&sig=yU5ISix4Fg6rn0k4VASKVri9Yeo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilvpHp2NHbAhXOyaYKHei9CwAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Diesing%22%20%22oligarthus%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1867 || Scientific development || Rudolf Leuckart describes the life cycle of ''{{w|Echinococcus granulosus}}''.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1863 || || German pathologist {{w|Bernhard Naunyn}} finds adult tapeworms in dogs fed with hydatid cysts from a human.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals ridley"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=M. |last2=Despommier |first2=D.D. |last3=Gwadz |first3=R.W. |title=Parasitic Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PafaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22in+1863%22+%22Naunyn%22+%22tapeworms%22&source=bl&ots=RLN_e1yqhL&sig=Wu8-4uGCBeiOo0hutJxwYYFyObw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwityuKkiNTbAhVCGJAKHegrAU4Q6AEIPTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201863%22%20%22Naunyn%22%20%22tapeworms%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1868 || Scientific development || J. H. Oliver observes that ''{{w|Taenia saginata}}'' tapeworm infections occur in individuals who have eaten “measly” beef.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
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| 1866 || || Otto H. Wucherer discovers microfilariae in the urine of a patient in {{w|Brazil}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cobo |first1=Fernando |title=Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=41n5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=%22microfilariae%22+%22wuchereria%22+%22in+1866%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_j_n_w7PbAhVDFJAKHQBIDAgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22microfilariae%22%20%22wuchereria%22%20%22in%201866%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Franco-Paredes |first1=Carlos |last2=Santos-Preciado |first2=José Ignacio |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZrslCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22microfilariae%22+%22wuchereria%22+%22in+1866%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_j_n_w7PbAhVDFJAKHQBIDAgQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22microfilariae%22%20%22wuchereria%22%20%22in%201866%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1870 || Scientific development || Russian naturalist {{w|Alexei Fedchenko}} describes the life cycle of nematode parasite [[W:Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]], including the stages in a crustacean intermediate host.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dracunculus |url=https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/dracunculus_71.htm |website=tititudorancea.com |accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Lise |last2=Hardy |first2=Anne |title=Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine : a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=n70eAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1870%22+%22intermediate+host%22+Fedchenko&dq=%22in+1870%22+%22intermediate+host%22+Fedchenko&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4oJuhgdLbAhWElJAKHU4VDuwQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter H. |title=The World's Water 1998-1999: The Biennial Report On Freshwater Resources |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MR3gjLbcmVIC&pg=PA51&dq=%22in+1870%22+%22intermediate+host%22+Fedchenko&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4oJuhgdLbAhWElJAKHU4VDuwQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201870%22%20%22intermediate%20host%22%20Fedchenko&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1873 || || Friedrich Lösch in {{w|Russia}} discovers the amoeba ''{{w|Entamoeba histolytica}}'', a serious protozoan pathogen which is considered to be the third cause of parasitic death in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=BARAN MANDAL |first1=FATIK |title=BIOLOGY OF NON-CHORDATES |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ss5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMg_nx5c7bAhWDlJAKHVvLAYwQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Friedrich%20L%C3%B6sch%22%20%22histolytica%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haubrich |first1=William S. |last2=Schaffner |first2=Fenton |last3=Bockus |first3=Henry L. |title=Bockus Gastroenterology, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-A9sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMg_nx5c7bAhWDlJAKHVvLAYwQ6AEIODAD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruschi |first1=Fabrizio |title=Frontiers in Parasitology, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2V4uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMg_nx5c7bAhWDlJAKHVvLAYwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Friedrich%20L%C3%B6sch%22%20%22histolytica%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1872 || Scientific development  || British physician Timothy Lewis detects microfilaria in blood samples for the first time while working in {{w|Calcutta}}, {{w|India}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1868 || || J. H. Oliver observed that ''{{w|Taenia saginata}}'' tapeworm infections occur in individuals who have eaten “measly” beef.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1873 || Scientific development || Friedrich Lösch in {{w|Russia}} discovers the amoeba ''{{w|Entamoeba histolytica}}'', a serious protozoan pathogen which is considered to be the third cause of parasitic death in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=BARAN MANDAL |first1=FATIK |title=BIOLOGY OF NON-CHORDATES |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ss5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMg_nx5c7bAhWDlJAKHVvLAYwQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Friedrich%20L%C3%B6sch%22%20%22histolytica%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haubrich |first1=William S. |last2=Schaffner |first2=Fenton |last3=Bockus |first3=Henry L. |title=Bockus Gastroenterology, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-A9sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMg_nx5c7bAhWDlJAKHVvLAYwQ6AEIODAD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruschi |first1=Fabrizio |title=Frontiers in Parasitology, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2V4uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=%22in+1873%22+%22Friedrich+L%C3%B6sch%22+%22histolytica%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMg_nx5c7bAhWDlJAKHVvLAYwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201873%22%20%22Friedrich%20L%C3%B6sch%22%20%22histolytica%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1870 || || Russian naturalist {{w|Alexei Fedchenko}} describes the life cycle of nematode parasite [[W:Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]], including the stages in a crustacean intermediate host.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dracunculus |url=https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/dracunculus_71.htm |website=tititudorancea.com |accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Lise |last2=Hardy |first2=Anne |title=Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine : a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=n70eAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1870%22+%22intermediate+host%22+Fedchenko&dq=%22in+1870%22+%22intermediate+host%22+Fedchenko&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4oJuhgdLbAhWElJAKHU4VDuwQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter H. |title=The World's Water 1998-1999: The Biennial Report On Freshwater Resources |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MR3gjLbcmVIC&pg=PA51&dq=%22in+1870%22+%22intermediate+host%22+Fedchenko&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4oJuhgdLbAhWElJAKHU4VDuwQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201870%22%20%22intermediate%20host%22%20Fedchenko&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1875 || || James McConnell first recognizes the human liver fluke ''{{w|Clonorchis sinensis}}''.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1872 || || British physician Timothy Lewis detects microfilaria in blood samples for the first time while working in {{w|Calcutta}}, {{w|India}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
+
| 1875 || Scientific development || Irish naval surgeon John O'Neill first observes the microfilariae of onchocerciasis when examining skin samples from patients in {{w|Ghana}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1875 || || "The human liver fluke, C. sinensis, was first recognized by James McConnell in 1875 "<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1875 || Scientific development || ''{{w|Clonorchis sinensis}}'' is first discovered in the bile ducts of a Chinese man in India.<ref name="Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1875 || || Irish naval surgeon John O'Neill first observes the microfilariae of onchocerciasis when examining skin samples from patients in {{w|Ghana}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
+
| 1876 || Scientific development || ''{{w|Strongyloides stercoralis}}'' and the disease strongyloidiasis are both discovered by Louis Alexis Normand, a physician to the French naval hospital at Toulon.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1875 || || ''{{w|Clonorchis sinensis}}'' is first discovered in the bile ducts of a Chinese man in India.<ref name="Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health"/> ||
+
| 1876 || Scientific development || English parasitologist {{w|Joseph Bancroft}} observes and describes adult {{w|Wuchereria banchrofti}} worms.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> || {{w|Australia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1876 || || ''{{w|Strongyloides stercoralis}}'' and the disease strongyloidiasis are both discovered by Louis Alexis Normand, a physician to the French naval hospital at Toulon.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1877 || Scientific development || Scottish physician {{w|Patrick Manson}} describes the life cycle of {{w|elephantiasis}}, which is caused by nematode ''{{w|Wuchereria bancrofti}}''.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations">{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=%22filariasis%22+%22in+1877%22+%22manson%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKnIzltbPbAhUBGJAKHYqvBFwQ6AEIVjAI#v=onepage&q=%22filariasis%22%20%22in%201877%22%20%22manson%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1876 || || "The adult worm was described by Joseph Bancroft in 1876 (14, 136) and named Filaria bancrofti in his honour by the British helminthologist Thomas Spencer Cobbold"<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1879 || Scientific development || B.S. Ringer discovers discovers the first case of {{w|paragonimiasis}} when he finds the fluke ''{{w|Paragonimus westermani}}'' in the lungs of a Portuguese patient while performing an autopsy in Formosa (Taiwan).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Philip E.S. |last2=Reeder |first2=Maurice M. |title=The Imaging of Tropical Diseases: With Epidemiological, Pathological and Clinical Correlation, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=b3_RMZl464cC&pg=PA205&dq=%22westermani%22+%22ringer%22+%22in+1879%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_mcOXgLPbAhXDgpAKHZY2AK8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22westermani%22%20%22ringer%22%20%22in%201879%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals">{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7i_m5OwUi2YC&pg=PA190&dq=%22westermani%22+%22ringer%22+%22in+1879%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_mcOXgLPbAhXDgpAKHZY2AK8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22westermani%22%20%22ringer%22%20%22in%201879%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1877 || || Scottish physician {{w|Patrick Manson}} describes the life cycle of {{w|elephantiasis}}, which is caused by nematode ''{{w|Wuchereria bancrofti}}''.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations">{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=%22filariasis%22+%22in+1877%22+%22manson%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKnIzltbPbAhUBGJAKHYqvBFwQ6AEIVjAI#v=onepage&q=%22filariasis%22%20%22in%201877%22%20%22manson%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1880 || Scientific development || Eggs in the {{w|sputum}} are recognized independently by Scottish physician {{w|Patrick Manson}} and German physician {{w|Erwin Von Baelz}}.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diaz |first1=James H. |title=Paragonimiasis Acquired in the United States: Native and Nonnative Species |doi=10.1128/CMR.00103-12|pmid=23824370 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719489/ |pmc=3719489}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1879 || || B.S. Ringer discovers discovers the first case of {{w|paragonimiasis}} when he finds the fluke ''{{w|Paragonimus westermani}}'' in the lungs of a Portuguese patient while performing an autopsy in Formosa (Taiwan).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Philip E.S. |last2=Reeder |first2=Maurice M. |title=The Imaging of Tropical Diseases: With Epidemiological, Pathological and Clinical Correlation, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=b3_RMZl464cC&pg=PA205&dq=%22westermani%22+%22ringer%22+%22in+1879%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_mcOXgLPbAhXDgpAKHZY2AK8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22westermani%22%20%22ringer%22%20%22in%201879%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals">{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7i_m5OwUi2YC&pg=PA190&dq=%22westermani%22+%22ringer%22+%22in+1879%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_mcOXgLPbAhXDgpAKHZY2AK8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22westermani%22%20%22ringer%22%20%22in%201879%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1880 || Scientific development || French physician {{w|Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran}} describes {{w|malaria}} stages within {{w|erythrocyte}}s.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1880 || || Eggs in the {{w|sputum}} are recognized independently by Scottish physician {{w|Patrick Manson}} and German physician {{w|Erwin Von Baelz}}.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diaz |first1=James H. |title=Paragonimiasis Acquired in the United States: Native and Nonnative Species |doi=10.1128/CMR.00103-12|pmid=23824370 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719489/ |pmc=3719489}}</ref> ||
+
| 1881 || Scientific development || {{w|Rudolf Leuckart}} and A. P. Thomas independently describe the life cycle of ''{{w|Fasciola hepatica}}''.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Germany}}, {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1883 || || German parasitologist Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Leuckart discovers the alternation of generations involving parasitic and free-living phases.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1883 || Scientific development || {{w|Rudolf Leuckart}} discovers the alternation of generations involving parasitic and free-living phases.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1885 || || Greek physician Stephanos Kartulis finds amoebae in intestinal ulcers in patients suffering from dysentery in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water and Health |edition=Prati Pal Singh, Vinod Sharma |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wbm8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ28LS687bAhXGiZAKHfHoD3wQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201885%22%20%22Kartulis%22%20%22amoebae%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin, Volumes 11-15 |publisher=Vermont. State Board of Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=is1NAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ28LS687bAhXGiZAKHfHoD3wQ6AEITjAH}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Victor Clarence |last2=Vaughan |first2=Henry Frieze |last3=Palmer |first3=George Truman |title=Epidemiology and public health, a text and reference book for physicians, medical students and health workers... |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ28LS687bAhXGiZAKHfHoD3wQ6AEIMzAC}}</ref> ||
+
| 1885 || Scientific development || Greek physician Stephanos Kartulis finds amoebae in intestinal ulcers in patients suffering from dysentery in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water and Health |edition=Prati Pal Singh, Vinod Sharma |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wbm8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ28LS687bAhXGiZAKHfHoD3wQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201885%22%20%22Kartulis%22%20%22amoebae%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin, Volumes 11-15 |publisher=Vermont. State Board of Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=is1NAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ28LS687bAhXGiZAKHfHoD3wQ6AEITjAH}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Victor Clarence |last2=Vaughan |first2=Henry Frieze |last3=Palmer |first3=George Truman |title=Epidemiology and public health, a text and reference book for physicians, medical students and health workers... |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&dq=%22in+1885%22+%22Kartulis%22+%22amoebae%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ28LS687bAhXGiZAKHfHoD3wQ6AEIMzAC}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1889 || || Irish surgeon Henry Widenham Maunsell operates successfully on a case of probable subtentorial hydatid cyst in an 18-year-old boy in New Zealand.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> || {{w|New Zealand}}
+
| 1889 || Medical development || Irish surgeon Henry Widenham Maunsell operates successfully on a case of probable subtentorial hydatid cyst in an 18-year-old boy in New Zealand.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> || {{w|New Zealand}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1890 || || British ophtalmologist Stephen McKenzie identifies microfilaria in cases of loiasis.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1890 || Scientific development || British ophtalmologist Stephen McKenzie identifies microfilaria in cases of loiasis.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1890 || Medical development || Australians Graham and Clubb are the first to report the successful removal of an undoubted hydatid cyst of the brain.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
 
| 1890 || Medical development || Australians Graham and Clubb are the first to report the successful removal of an undoubted hydatid cyst of the brain.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1891 || || William Thomas Councilman and Henri Lafleur, at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, establish a definitive statement of what is known about the pathology of amoebiasis, much of which is still valid today.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1891 || Scientific development || William Thomas Councilman and Henri Lafleur, at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, establish a definitive statement of what is known about the pathology of amoebiasis, much of which is still valid today.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1891 || Scientific development || Trypanosomes are seen in human blood by French physician Gustave Nepveu.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1892 || || Konstantin Wingradoff produces the first records of {{w|Opisthorchis}} infections in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1893 || Scientific development || American scientists {{w|Theobald Smith}} and F.L. Kilbourne identify the transmission of ''{{w|Babesia bigemina}}'' by ticks (''{{w|Boophilus annulatus}}'').<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1895 || Scientific development || Scottish pathologist [[w:David Bruce (microbiologist)|David Bruce]] shows that the {{w|tsetse fly}} is the vector of animal {{w|trypanosome}}s.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1895 || Medical development || Scottish ophtalmologist Douglas Argyll-Robertson describes the clinical presentation of loiasis.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> Argyll-Robertson records the swellings (now known as Calabar swellings) in Old Calabar in Nigeria.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1897 || Scientific development || English Army doctor [[w:Donald Ross (surgeon)|Sir Donald Ross]], in India, proves that avian malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. In the same year, Bignami, Bastianelli and Grassi in Italy do the same for human {{w|malaria}}.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|India}}, {{w|Italy}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1898 || Scientific development || German physician {{w|Robert Koch}} describes ''{{w|Theileria parva}}'', the agent of {{w|East Coast fever}}.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1898 || Scientific development || French physician {{w|Paul-Louis Simond}} succeeds in demonstrating the transmission of plague by rat fleas.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1899 || Epidemiology || American parasitologist {{w|Charles Wardell Stiles}} identifies progressive pernicious anemia seen in the southern United States as being caused by the hookworm ''{{w|Ancylostoma duodenale}}''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridley |first1=John W. |title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xewIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=%221899%22+American+zoologist+Charles+Wardell+Stiles+identifies+progressive+pernicious+anemia+seen+in+the+southern+United+States+as+being+caused+by+the+hookworm+A.+duodenale&source=bl&ots=WuaMEprgmx&sig=BaVngCDNUCpG_bNS6B8I0vvfFI8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq_I2a5NbbAhWFGZAKHchZDUkQ6AEINjAB#v=onepage&q=%221899%22%20American%20zoologist%20Charles%20Wardell%20Stiles%20identifies%20progressive%20pernicious%20anemia%20seen%20in%20the%20southern%20United%20States%20as%20being%20caused%20by%20the%20hookworm%20A.%20duodenale&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1900 || Scientific development || Team in {{w|Cuba}} led by United States Army physician {{w|Walter Reed}} demonstrates the transmission of {{w|yellow fever}} by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti).<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Cuba}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1902 || Scientific development || British parasitologist {{w|Joseph Everett Dutton}} identifies the {{w|trypanosome}} that causes Gambian or chronic sleeping sickness (''T. b. gambiense'') in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> Dutton describes the first case of [[w:African trypanosomiasis|human trypanosomiasis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sebastian|first1=Anton|title=A Dictionary of the History of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CvpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT647&dq=%22in+1902%22+%22Everett+Dutton%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhpr-33JDbAhUBipAKHZkUCIEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201902%22%20%22Everett%20Dutton%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1903 || Scientific development || British scientists {{w|William Boog Leishman}} in {{w|England}} and {{w|Charles Donovan}} in {{w|India}}, independently describe {{w|Leishmania donovani}}, the agent of Kala-azar disease ({{w|leishmaniasis}}).<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1903 || Scientific development || The first cases of human [[w:Echinococcosis|polycystic echinococcosis]], a disease resembling alveolar echinococcosis, emerge in Argentina.<ref name="Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis"/> || {{w|Argentina}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1904 || Scientific development || German helminthologist Arthur Loos in {{w|Cairo}} discovers the transmission of the {{w|hookworm}}.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1904 || Scientific development || Japanese parasitologist {{w|Fujiro Katsurada}} discovers and describes the worm ''{{w|Schistosoma japonicum}}''.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Esch|first1=Gerald|title=Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DbIg_VlEadkC&pg=PA271&dq=%22in+1904%22+%22Fujiro+Katsurada%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXpdqT3ZDbAhXIDJAKHTMQAnwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201904%22%20%22Fujiro%20Katsurada%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1905 || Scientific development || E. Franke is credited with the first suggestion that trypanosomes of the subgenus trypanozoon could change immunologically during the course of an infection, and thus survive the onslaught of their host's antibodies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=J. R. |last2=Muller |first2=R. |last3=Rollinson |first3=D. |title=Advances in Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bYJ8RbPcfbcC&pg=PR7&lpg=PR7&dq=%22in+1969%22+%22Vickerman%22+%22parasite%22&source=bl&ots=afd02GsgVP&sig=vFeRSTkUzT7oF9FDjX0LUj0GQpk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie1Oa5ibPbAhXFipAKHZkUA7MQ6AEIQjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201969%22%20%22Vickerman%22%20%22parasite%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1906 || Journal || Sir {{w|Ronald Ross}} establishes journal ''[[w:Pathogens and Global Health|Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsoftropical15live/annalsoftropical15live_djvu.txt |website=archive.org |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1891 || || Trypanosomes are seen in human blood by French physician Gustave Nepveu.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1906 || Scientific development || American physician {{w|Howard T. Ricketts}} records the tick ''{{w|Dermacentor andersoni}}'' as being a vector of the agents of the {{w|Rocky Mountain}} spotted fever.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1892 || || "The first records of Opisthorchis infections in humans were made by Konstantin Wingradoff in 1892"<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1906 || Scientific development || German zoologist {{w|Fritz Schaudinn}} describes {{w|Entamoeba histolytica}} as a human parasite introducing bloody diarrhea.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1895 || || Scottish ophtalmologist Douglas Argyll-Robertson describes the clinical presentation of loiasis.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> Argyll-Robertson records the swellings (now known as Calabar swellings) in Old Calabar in Nigeria.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1907 || Scientific development || American parasitologist {{w|Ernest Tyzzer}} describes stages of the genus ''{{w|Cryptosporidium}}''.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1899 || || American zoologist Charles Wardell Stiles identifies progressive pernicious anemia seen in the southern United States as being caused by the hookworm A. duodenale. ||
+
| 1907 || Medical development || German chemist {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} proposes the drug {{w|trypan red}} against {{w|trypanosomiasis}}.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1902 || || British parasitologist {{w|Joseph Everett Dutton}} identifies the {{w|trypanosome}} that causes Gambian or chronic sleeping sickness (''T. b. gambiense'') in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> Dutton describes the first case of [[w:African trypanosomiasis|human trypanosomiasis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sebastian|first1=Anton|title=A Dictionary of the History of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CvpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT647&dq=%22in+1902%22+%22Everett+Dutton%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhpr-33JDbAhUBipAKHZkUCIEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201902%22%20%22Everett%20Dutton%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1908 || Scientific development || French bacteriologist {{w|Charles Nicolle}} and L.H. Manceaux in {{w|North Africa}} describe ''{{w|Toxoplasma gondii}}'' in a rodent.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1903 || || The first cases of human [[w:Echinococcosis|polycystic echinococcosis]], a disease resembling alveolar echinococcosis, emerge in Argentina.<ref name="Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis"/> || {{w|Argentina}}
+
| 1908 || Journal || Cambridge University Press journal [[w:Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]] is first published.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 100 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AnZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=%22journal+Parasitology%22+%22in+1908%22&source=bl&ots=HfhvOuuUt7&sig=FbQJ_eLfKGUIvFe_x9GQUXobm30&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ_o-mmIjcAhUHvJAKHf-TDWUQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=%22journal%20Parasitology%22%20%22in%201908%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1904 || || Japanese parasitologist {{w|Fujiro Katsurada}} discovers and describes the worm ''{{w|Schistosoma japonicum}}''.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Esch|first1=Gerald|title=Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DbIg_VlEadkC&pg=PA271&dq=%22in+1904%22+%22Fujiro+Katsurada%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXpdqT3ZDbAhXIDJAKHTMQAnwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201904%22%20%22Fujiro%20Katsurada%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease"/> ||
+
| 1909 || Program launch || The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease is organized in the {{w|United States}}, as a result of a gift of US$1 million from {{w|John D. Rockefeller}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Page |first=Walter H. | date=September 1912 |title=The Hookworm And Civilization: The Work Of The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission In The Souther States |magazine=[[w:The World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXIV |pages=504–518 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=F4pgvOJ2Xx8C&pg=PA504 |accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1905 || || E. Franke is credited with the first suggestion that trypanosomes of the subgenus trypanozoon could change immunologically during the course of an infection, and thus survive the onslaught of their host's antibodies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=J. R. |last2=Muller |first2=R. |last3=Rollinson |first3=D. |title=Advances in Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bYJ8RbPcfbcC&pg=PR7&lpg=PR7&dq=%22in+1969%22+%22Vickerman%22+%22parasite%22&source=bl&ots=afd02GsgVP&sig=vFeRSTkUzT7oF9FDjX0LUj0GQpk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie1Oa5ibPbAhXFipAKHZkUA7MQ6AEIQjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201969%22%20%22Vickerman%22%20%22parasite%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1909 || Scientific development || Friedrich Kleine (a colleague of Robert Koch) demonstrates the essential role of the tsetse fly in the life cycle of trypanosomes.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grove |first1=David |title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FHo9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22Friedrich+Kleine%22+%22tsetse%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiegYj_5M7bAhVLgpAKHXumC_8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201909%22%20%22Friedrich%20Kleine%22%20%22tsetse%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=F E G |title=History of Human Parasitology |url=http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/595.full}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1909 || || The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease is organized in the {{w|United States}}, as a result of a gift of US$1 million from {{w|John D. Rockefeller}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Page |first=Walter H. | date=September 1912 |title=The Hookworm And Civilization: The Work Of The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission In The Souther States |magazine=[[w:The World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXIV |pages=504–518 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=F4pgvOJ2Xx8C&pg=PA504 |accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+
| 1909 || Scientific development || Two teams led by French scientist {{w|Charles Nicolle}} in {{w|Tunis}} and {{w|Howard Taylor Ricketts}} in {{w|Mexico}} prove that the louse Pediculus humanus corporis is the vector of the typhus-causing rickettsia.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> || {{w|Tunis}}, {{w|Mexico}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1909 || || Friedrich Kleine (a colleague of Robert Koch) demonstrates the essential role of the tsetse fly in the life cycle of trypanosomes.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grove |first1=David |title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FHo9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=%22in+1909%22+%22Friedrich+Kleine%22+%22tsetse%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiegYj_5M7bAhVLgpAKHXumC_8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201909%22%20%22Friedrich%20Kleine%22%20%22tsetse%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=F E G |title=History of Human Parasitology |url=http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/595.full}}</ref> ||
+
| 1910 || Scientific development || Scottish physician Patrick Manson confirms that {{w|loiasis}} is caused by roundworms.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1910 || || Scottish physician Patrick Manson confirms that {{w|loiasis}} is caused by roundworms.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
+
| 1910 || Scientific development || Italian bacteriologist {{w|Antonio Carini}} discovers {{w|Pneumocystis carinii}} in rats.<ref name="Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1910 || || British parasitologists {{w|John William Watson Stephens}} and {{w|Harold Fantham}} describe ''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense'', the cause of Rhodesian or acute sleeping sickness.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Tropical Dermatology E-Book">{{cite book |last1=Tyring |first1=Steven K |last2=Lupi |first2=Omar |last3=Hengge |first3=Ulrich R |title=Tropical Dermatology E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22rhodesiense%22+%22stephens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii4MTavrPbAhWHFZAKHeb0ARYQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22rhodesiense%22%20%22stephens%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sougata |title=Paniker's Textbook of Medical Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JrpEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22rhodesiense%22+%22stephens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii4MTavrPbAhWHFZAKHeb0ARYQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22rhodesiense%22%20%22stephens%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1910 || Scientific development || British parasitologists {{w|John William Watson Stephens}} and {{w|Harold Fantham}} describe ''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense'', the cause of Rhodesian or acute sleeping sickness.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Tropical Dermatology E-Book">{{cite book |last1=Tyring |first1=Steven K |last2=Lupi |first2=Omar |last3=Hengge |first3=Ulrich R |title=Tropical Dermatology E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22rhodesiense%22+%22stephens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii4MTavrPbAhWHFZAKHeb0ARYQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22rhodesiense%22%20%22stephens%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sougata |title=Paniker's Textbook of Medical Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JrpEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22rhodesiense%22+%22stephens%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii4MTavrPbAhWHFZAKHeb0ARYQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22rhodesiense%22%20%22stephens%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1912 || || British parasitologist Robert Thompson Leiper confirms biting flies, Chrysops spp. as the transmission vector in loiasis.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||  
 
| 1912 || || British parasitologist Robert Thompson Leiper confirms biting flies, Chrysops spp. as the transmission vector in loiasis.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||  
Line 189: Line 260:
 
| 1912 || || Kinghorn and Yorke show that ''{{w|Trypanosoma rhodesiense}}'' transmission is due to bites of {{w|tsetse}} flies of the genus {{w|Glossina}}.<ref name="Tropical Dermatology E-Book"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyring |first1=Steven K |last2=Lupi |first2=Omar |last3=Hengge |first3=Ulrich R |title=Tropical Dermatology E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22in+1912%22+Kinghorn%22+%22Yorke%22+%22rhodesiense%22&source=bl&ots=9jY8NQ9kXO&sig=mzt5b4zmEsZOGT23KQMLt13CLJw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHiZXBkdTbAhXGl5AKHVXWDvoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201912%22%20Kinghorn%22%20%22Yorke%22%20%22rhodesiense%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
| 1912 || || Kinghorn and Yorke show that ''{{w|Trypanosoma rhodesiense}}'' transmission is due to bites of {{w|tsetse}} flies of the genus {{w|Glossina}}.<ref name="Tropical Dermatology E-Book"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyring |first1=Steven K |last2=Lupi |first2=Omar |last3=Hengge |first3=Ulrich R |title=Tropical Dermatology E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_GdjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22in+1912%22+Kinghorn%22+%22Yorke%22+%22rhodesiense%22&source=bl&ots=9jY8NQ9kXO&sig=mzt5b4zmEsZOGT23KQMLt13CLJw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHiZXBkdTbAhXGl5AKHVXWDvoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201912%22%20Kinghorn%22%20%22Yorke%22%20%22rhodesiense%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1915 || || Guatemaltecan physician Rodolfo Robles describes the so-called "American onchocerciasis", which is caused by a filarial parasite.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Franco-Paredes |first1=Carlos |last2=Santos-Preciado |first2=José Ignacio |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZrslCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Rodolfo+Robles%22+%22onchocerciasis%22&source=bl&ots=tz1pkNvSGJ&sig=QIieMjWR8iGoWyLcbfFwtDFMyos&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjquLSOktTbAhUFGZAKHZtzCpcQ6AEIXjAI#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Rodolfo%20Robles%22%20%22onchocerciasis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Rodolfo+Robles%22+%22onchocerciasis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpz7mYktTbAhUFFpAKHQgMCu8Q6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Rodolfo%20Robles%22%20%22onchocerciasis%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1914 || Journal || The {{w|Journal of Parasitology}} by the {{w|American Society of Parasitologists}} is first published.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Journal of Parasitology |url=https://www.jstor.org/journal/jparasitology?decade=1910 |website=jstor.org |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1915 || Scientific development || Guatemaltecan physician Rodolfo Robles describes the so-called "American onchocerciasis", which is caused by a filarial parasite.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Franco-Paredes |first1=Carlos |last2=Santos-Preciado |first2=José Ignacio |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZrslCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Rodolfo+Robles%22+%22onchocerciasis%22&source=bl&ots=tz1pkNvSGJ&sig=QIieMjWR8iGoWyLcbfFwtDFMyos&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjquLSOktTbAhUFGZAKHZtzCpcQ6AEIXjAI#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Rodolfo%20Robles%22%20%22onchocerciasis%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Rodolfo+Robles%22+%22onchocerciasis%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpz7mYktTbAhUFFpAKHQgMCu8Q6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Rodolfo%20Robles%22%20%22onchocerciasis%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1915 || Scientific development || The uncommon intestinal parasite ''{{w|Isospora belli}}'' is discovered by Woodcock.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MANDAL|first1=FATIK BARAN|title=HUMAN PARASITOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ue_iCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1915+Woodcock+discovers+Isospora+belli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_i8G04pDbAhXKf5AKHWumDq8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1915%20Woodcock%20discovers%20Isospora%20belli&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillespie |first1=Stephen |last2=Pearson |first2=Richard D. |title=Principles and Practice of Clinical Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_BcNvch0jhAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Isospora+belli%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAp-G_587bAhXHDJAKHQV9B3UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Isospora%20belli%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Robert H. |last2=Young |first2=Lowell S. |title=Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JNbcBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Isospora+belli%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAp-G_587bAhXHDJAKHQV9B3UQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Isospora%20belli%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Farrar |first1=Jeremy |last2=Hotez |first2=Peter J |last3=Junghanss |first3=Thomas |last4=Kang |first4=Gagandeep |last5=Lalloo |first5=David |last6=White |first6=Nicholas J. |title=Manson's Tropical Diseases E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GTjRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA679&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Isospora+belli%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAp-G_587bAhXHDJAKHQV9B3UQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Isospora%20belli%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1921 || Scientific development || Edouard and Etienne Sergent demonstrate the experimental proof of transmission to humans by sandflies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kassirsky |first1=I. A. |last2=Plotnikov |first2=N. N. |title=Diseases of Warm Lands: A Clinical Manual |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JAkOtJsGqiQC&pg=PA114&dq=%22in+1921%22+%22Phlebotomus%22+%22sergent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14qbmzdHbAhWFUJAKHUCwBC8Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201921%22%20%22Phlebotomus%22%20%22sergent%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brisola Marcondes |first1=Carlos |title=Arthropod Borne Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qs55DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=%22in+1921%22+%22Phlebotomus%22+%22sergent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14qbmzdHbAhWFUJAKHUCwBC8Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201921%22%20%22Phlebotomus%22%20%22sergent%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grove |first1=David |title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FHo9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=%22in+1921%22+%22Phlebotomus%22+%22sergent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14qbmzdHbAhWFUJAKHUCwBC8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201921%22%20%22Phlebotomus%22%20%22sergent%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1923 || Jouenal || The journal [[w:Parasite (journal)|Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparee]] is first published.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparee |url=https://catalyst.library.jhu.edu/catalog/bib_13052 |website=catalyst.library.jhu.edu |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1915 || || The uncommon intestinal parasite ''{{w|Isospora belli}}'' is discovered by Woodcock.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MANDAL|first1=FATIK BARAN|title=HUMAN PARASITOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ue_iCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=1915+Woodcock+discovers+Isospora+belli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_i8G04pDbAhXKf5AKHWumDq8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1915%20Woodcock%20discovers%20Isospora%20belli&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillespie |first1=Stephen |last2=Pearson |first2=Richard D. |title=Principles and Practice of Clinical Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_BcNvch0jhAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Isospora+belli%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAp-G_587bAhXHDJAKHQV9B3UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Isospora%20belli%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Robert H. |last2=Young |first2=Lowell S. |title=Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JNbcBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Isospora+belli%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAp-G_587bAhXHDJAKHQV9B3UQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Isospora%20belli%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Farrar |first1=Jeremy |last2=Hotez |first2=Peter J |last3=Junghanss |first3=Thomas |last4=Kang |first4=Gagandeep |last5=Lalloo |first5=David |last6=White |first6=Nicholas J. |title=Manson's Tropical Diseases E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GTjRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA679&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Isospora+belli%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAp-G_587bAhXHDJAKHQV9B3UQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Isospora%20belli%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1924 || Organization || The {{w|American Society of Parasitologists}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=The American Society of Parasitologists: A Short History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3275251 |website=jstor.org |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1915 || || "but it was the discovery in 1915 by Kobayashi of a second intermediate host, an important food fish from which human infections are acquired, that had the greatest impact on our knowledge and control of this infection "<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1928 || Scientific development || Australian professor of surgery, Sir Harold Robert Dew, publishes the first classic book on [[w:Echinococcosis|hydatid disease]].<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Robert+Dew%22+%22hydatid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip0MOO0NHbAhUGjJAKHYiMCrEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Robert%20Dew%22%20%22hydatid%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DEW, HAROLD ROBERT |url=https://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Dew,_Harold_Robert |website=sydney.edu.au |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dew, Sir Harold Robert (1891–1962) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dew-sir-harold-robert-9961 |website=adb.anu.edu.au |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1921 || || Edouard and Etienne Sergent demonstrate the experimental proof of transmission to humans by sandflies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kassirsky |first1=I. A. |last2=Plotnikov |first2=N. N. |title=Diseases of Warm Lands: A Clinical Manual |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JAkOtJsGqiQC&pg=PA114&dq=%22in+1921%22+%22Phlebotomus%22+%22sergent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14qbmzdHbAhWFUJAKHUCwBC8Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201921%22%20%22Phlebotomus%22%20%22sergent%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brisola Marcondes |first1=Carlos |title=Arthropod Borne Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qs55DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=%22in+1921%22+%22Phlebotomus%22+%22sergent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14qbmzdHbAhWFUJAKHUCwBC8Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201921%22%20%22Phlebotomus%22%20%22sergent%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grove |first1=David |title=Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FHo9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=%22in+1921%22+%22Phlebotomus%22+%22sergent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj14qbmzdHbAhWFUJAKHUCwBC8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201921%22%20%22Phlebotomus%22%20%22sergent%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1933 || Scientific development || Yoshino describes with great histologic detail the early development of cysticerci in pigs.<ref name="Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1928 || || Australian professor of surgery, Sir Harold Robert Dew, publishes the first classic book on [[w:Echinococcosis|hydatid disease]].<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turgut |first1=Mehmet |title=Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=09slBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Robert+Dew%22+%22hydatid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip0MOO0NHbAhUGjJAKHYiMCrEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22Robert%20Dew%22%20%22hydatid%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DEW, HAROLD ROBERT |url=https://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Dew,_Harold_Robert |website=sydney.edu.au |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dew, Sir Harold Robert (1891–1962) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dew-sir-harold-robert-9961 |website=adb.anu.edu.au |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> ||
+
| 1947 || Medical development || American chemist Redginal I. Hewitt develops an effective antifilarial treatment with {{w|diethylcarbamazine}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&lpg=PA297&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Hewitt%22+%22antifilarial%22&source=bl&ots=H4YlM8Wh8a&sig=OHTBoArWRYKyVfko-yMU5DGmnm4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-0ayU89HbAhUKhpAKHUaGAIAQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22Hewitt%22%20%22antifilarial%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Helminthological Abstracts, Volume 25 |publisher=Institute of Agricultural Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nafcPdOgHx0C&q=%22in+1947%22+%22Hewitt%22+%22antifilarial%22&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Hewitt%22+%22antifilarial%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB8bWa89HbAhUDEpAKHQXGBO8Q6AEIPDAE}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1933 || || Yoshino describes with great histologic detail the early development of cysticerci in pigs.<ref name="Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4"/> ||
+
| 1951 || Journal || Journal {{w|Experimental Parasitology}} is first published.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Experimental parasitology |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/0370713}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1947 || || American chemist Redginal I. Hewitt develops an effective antifilarial treatment with {{w|diethylcarbamazine}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&lpg=PA297&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Hewitt%22+%22antifilarial%22&source=bl&ots=H4YlM8Wh8a&sig=OHTBoArWRYKyVfko-yMU5DGmnm4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-0ayU89HbAhUKhpAKHUaGAIAQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22Hewitt%22%20%22antifilarial%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Helminthological Abstracts, Volume 25 |publisher=Institute of Agricultural Parasitology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nafcPdOgHx0C&q=%22in+1947%22+%22Hewitt%22+%22antifilarial%22&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Hewitt%22+%22antifilarial%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB8bWa89HbAhUDEpAKHQXGBO8Q6AEIPDAE}}</ref> ||
+
| 1954 || Scientific development || American physician Robert Rendtorff produces unambiguous evidence linking the parasite Giardia duodenalis with Giardiasis.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1954 || || American physician Robert Rendtorff produces unambiguous evidence linking the parasite Giardia duodenalis with Giardiasis.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/> ||
+
| 1956 || Scientific development || ''{{w|Clonorchis sinensis}}'' eggs are detected in desiccated fecal remains from a mummy of the {{w|Ming dynasty}}, in the {{w|Guangdong province}} of China.<ref name="Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health">{{cite book|last1=Bruschi|first1=Fabrizio|title=Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tKUrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Masatomo+Muto%22&source=bl&ots=MZjWQclBab&sig=GBQ3mx2yxgCQpqh7-z6T3y0ZA1g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmrdXo3ZDbAhVDTJAKHRKTBjIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Masatomo%20Muto%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1956 || || ''{{w|Clonorchis sinensis}}'' eggs are detected in desiccated fecal remains from a mummy of the {{w|Ming dynasty}}, in the {{w|Guangdong province}} of China.<ref name="Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health">{{cite book|last1=Bruschi|first1=Fabrizio|title=Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tKUrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=%22in+1918%22+%22Masatomo+Muto%22&source=bl&ots=MZjWQclBab&sig=GBQ3mx2yxgCQpqh7-z6T3y0ZA1g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmrdXo3ZDbAhVDTJAKHRKTBjIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201918%22%20%22Masatomo%20Muto%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1962 || Organization || The {{w|Société Française de Parasitologie}} (English: "French Society of Parasitology") is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Société française de parasitologie |url=http://data.bnf.fr/11867368/societe_francaise_de_parasitologie/ |website=data.bnf.fr |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
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−
| 1962 || || Rockefeller Institute scientist Norman Stoll describes hookworm infection as an extremely dangerous one because its damage is “silent and insidious.”<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stoll NR | title = On endemic hookworm, where do we stand today? | journal = Exp. Parasitol. | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–52 | date = August 1962 | pmid = 13917420 | doi = 10.1016/0014-4894(62)90072-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Esch |first1=Gerald |title=Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=88RH-7br9OAC&pg=PA236&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22Norman+Stoll%22+%22hookworm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN__WV0dHbAhUHD5AKHRgVBS8Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201962%22%20%22Norman%20Stoll%22%20%22hookworm%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Laboratory Digest, Volumes 28-29 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xybuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1962%22+%22Norman+Stoll%22+%22hookworm%22&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22Norman+Stoll%22+%22hookworm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN__WV0dHbAhUHD5AKHRgVBS8Q6AEIMDAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter J |last2=Bethony |first2=Jeff |last3=Bottazzi |first3=Maria Elena |last4=Brooker |first4=Simon |last5=Buss |first5=Paulo |title=Hookworm: “The Great Infection of Mankind” |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020067 |pmid=15783256 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069663/ |pmc=1069663}}</ref> ||
+
| 1962 || Scientific development || Rockefeller Institute scientist Norman Stoll describes hookworm infection as an extremely dangerous one because its damage is “silent and insidious.”<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stoll NR | title = On endemic hookworm, where do we stand today? | journal = Exp. Parasitol. | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–52 | date = August 1962 | pmid = 13917420 | doi = 10.1016/0014-4894(62)90072-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Esch |first1=Gerald |title=Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=88RH-7br9OAC&pg=PA236&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22Norman+Stoll%22+%22hookworm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN__WV0dHbAhUHD5AKHRgVBS8Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201962%22%20%22Norman%20Stoll%22%20%22hookworm%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Laboratory Digest, Volumes 28-29 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xybuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1962%22+%22Norman+Stoll%22+%22hookworm%22&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22Norman+Stoll%22+%22hookworm%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN__WV0dHbAhUHD5AKHRgVBS8Q6AEIMDAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hotez |first1=Peter J |last2=Bethony |first2=Jeff |last3=Bottazzi |first3=Maria Elena |last4=Brooker |first4=Simon |last5=Buss |first5=Paulo |title=Hookworm: “The Great Infection of Mankind” |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020067 |pmid=15783256 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069663/ |pmc=1069663}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1969 || || Keith Vickerman elaborates antigenic variation, the mechanism of how the parasite evades the immune response.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vickerman |first1=K |title=Antigenic variation in trypanosomes. |pmid=661969 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/661969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 17 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZIxHuhf_MEcC&pg=PA64&dq=%22in+1969%22+%22Vickerman%22+%22parasite%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjO2FydHbAhUBk5AKHRT3CssQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201969%22%20%22Vickerman%22%20%22parasite%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology |edition=J. R. Baker, R. Muller, D. Rollinson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bYJ8RbPcfbcC&pg=PR7&dq=%22in+1969%22+%22Vickerman%22+%22parasite%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjO2FydHbAhUBk5AKHRT3CssQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201969%22%20%22Vickerman%22%20%22parasite%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1963 || Journal || Journal ''{{w|Advances in Parasitology}}'' is first published.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 65 |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-parasitology/muller/978-0-12-374166-0 |website=elsevier.com |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1972 || || Rausch and Bernstein discover {{w|echinococcus vogeli}}. This is the last discovery concerning the ''Echinococcus'' species.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
+
| 1966 || Organization || The {{w|European Federation of Parasitologists}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Federation of Parasitologists |url=http://www.eurofedpar.eu/history |website=eurofedpar.eu |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1976 || || Nime and Meisel independently record ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans ">{{cite book |title=Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X8x7eU07M5QC&pg=PA7&dq=%221976%22+%22nime%22+Meisel%22+%27%27parvum%27%27&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHt86zoNHbAhXJf5AKHcIPCzUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221976%22%20%22nime%22%20Meisel%22%20''parvum''&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease">{{cite book |title=Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease |edition=R.C.A. Thompson, A. Armson, U.M. Ryan |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XMbFnUIq4oAC&pg=PA22&dq=%221976%22+%22nime%22+Meisel%22+%27%27parvum%27%27&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHt86zoNHbAhXJf5AKHcIPCzUQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%221976%22%20%22nime%22%20Meisel%22%20''parvum''&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1969 || Scientific development || Keith Vickerman elaborates antigenic variation, the mechanism of how the parasite evades the immune response.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vickerman |first1=K |title=Antigenic variation in trypanosomes. |pmid=661969 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/661969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 17 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZIxHuhf_MEcC&pg=PA64&dq=%22in+1969%22+%22Vickerman%22+%22parasite%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjO2FydHbAhUBk5AKHRT3CssQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201969%22%20%22Vickerman%22%20%22parasite%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Parasitology |edition=J. R. Baker, R. Muller, D. Rollinson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bYJ8RbPcfbcC&pg=PR7&dq=%22in+1969%22+%22Vickerman%22+%22parasite%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjO2FydHbAhUBk5AKHRT3CssQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201969%22%20%22Vickerman%22%20%22parasite%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1977 || || Japanese physician {{w|Satoshi Omura}} develops a new, highly effective drug called {{w|ivermectin}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=%22in+1977%22+%22omura%22+%22ivermectin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJh8LFndHbAhVDIJAKHUS5DSUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201977%22%20%22omura%22%20%22ivermectin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nobel Prize for medicine for drugs that have benefited billions |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28284-breakthrough-drugs-for-malaria-and-roundworm-win-medicine-nobel/ |website=newscientist.com |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> ||
+
| 1971 || Journal || The ''{{w|International Journal for Parasitology}}'' is first published.<ref>{{cite web |title=International journal for parasitology. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9710869?q&versionId=45082119 |website=trove.nla.gov.au |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> ||
 
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|-
−
| 1980 || || ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' is recognized to be a common, serious primary cause of outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of diarrhea in certain mammals.<ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans "/> ||
+
| 1972 || Scientific development  || Rausch and Bernstein discover ''{{w|Echinococcus vogeli}}''. This is the last discovery concerning the ''Echinococcus'' species.<ref name="Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment"/> ||
 
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|-
−
| 1983 || || ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' emerges with AIDS, as a life-threatening disease within this sub-population.<ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans "/> ||
+
| 1976 || Scientific development || Nime and Meisel independently record ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' in humans.<ref name="History of Human Parasitology"/><ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans ">{{cite book |title=Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X8x7eU07M5QC&pg=PA7&dq=%221976%22+%22nime%22+Meisel%22+%27%27parvum%27%27&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHt86zoNHbAhXJf5AKHcIPCzUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221976%22%20%22nime%22%20Meisel%22%20''parvum''&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease">{{cite book |title=Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease |edition=R.C.A. Thompson, A. Armson, U.M. Ryan |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XMbFnUIq4oAC&pg=PA22&dq=%221976%22+%22nime%22+Meisel%22+%27%27parvum%27%27&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHt86zoNHbAhXJf5AKHcIPCzUQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%221976%22%20%22nime%22%20Meisel%22%20''parvum''&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1977 || Medical development || Japanese physician {{w|Satoshi Omura}} develops a new, highly effective drug called {{w|ivermectin}}.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sangüeza |first1=Omar P |last2=Bravo |first2=Francisco |title=Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=r74MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=%22in+1977%22+%22omura%22+%22ivermectin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJh8LFndHbAhVDIJAKHUS5DSUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201977%22%20%22omura%22%20%22ivermectin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nobel Prize for medicine for drugs that have benefited billions |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28284-breakthrough-drugs-for-malaria-and-roundworm-win-medicine-nobel/ |website=newscientist.com |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1979 || Journal || Journal ''{{w|Systematic Parasitology}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Systematic Parasitology |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/411786 |website=journals.uchicago.edu |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || Epidemiology || ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' is recognized to be a common, serious primary cause of outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of diarrhea in certain mammals.<ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans "/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1983 || Epidemiology || ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' emerges with AIDS, as a life-threatening disease within this sub-population.<ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans "/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1987 || || American physicians Pindaros Roy Vagelos and William Campbell persuade Merck&Co. to donate the drug {{w|ivermectin}} to establish the first filarial eradication programs in the world.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
 
| 1987 || || American physicians Pindaros Roy Vagelos and William Campbell persuade Merck&Co. to donate the drug {{w|ivermectin}} to establish the first filarial eradication programs in the world.<ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/><ref name="Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1993 || || ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' reaches the public domain when it becomes widely recognized as the most serious, and difficult to control, cause of water-borne-related diarrhea.<ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans "/> ||
+
| 1993 || Epidemiology || ''{{w|Cryptosporidium parvum}}'' reaches the public domain when it becomes widely recognized as the most serious, and difficult to control, cause of water-borne-related diarrhea.<ref name="Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans "/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2001 || Program launch || The 54th World Health Assembly passes a resolution demanding member states to attain a minimum target of regular deworming of at least 75% of all at-risk school children by the year 2010.<ref name="WhoBank03">{{cite web |title=School Deworming |year=2003 |work=Public Health at a Glance |publisher=World Bank |url=http://go.worldbank.org/Z41RAA6JP0 }}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || Program launch || United States President {{w|Bill Clinton}} announces a mega-commitment at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) 2008 Annual Meeting to de-worm 10 million children.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ | title = Hookworm: developmental biology of the infectious process | journal = Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 618–23 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8939719 | doi = 10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80092-X | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959-437X(96)80092-X }}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || Journal || Journal {{w|Parasites & Vectors}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parasites & Vectors |url=https://0-parasitesandvectors-biomedcentral-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/ |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || Scientific development || ''{{w|Schistosoma haematobium}}''–''[[w:Schistosoma bovis|Schistosoma bovis hybrids]]'' are described in northern Senegalese children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Webster |first1=Bonnie L. |last2=Diaw |first2=Oumar T. |last3=Seye |first3=Mohmoudane M. |last4=Webster |first4=Joanne P. |last5=Rollinson |first5=David |title=Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002110 |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Senegal}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 || Epidemiology || Hookworm infected about 428 million people in the year.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 19, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! "parasitology"
 +
|-
 +
| 1900 || 37
 +
|-
 +
| 1910 || 164
 +
|-
 +
| 1920 || 308
 +
|-
 +
| 1930 || 409
 +
|-
 +
| 1940 || 474
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2001 || || The 54th World Health Assembly passes a resolution demanding member states to attain a minimum target of regular deworming of at least 75% of all at-risk school children by the year 2010.<ref name="WhoBank03">{{cite web |title=School Deworming |year=2003 |work=Public Health at a Glance |publisher=World Bank |url=http://go.worldbank.org/Z41RAA6JP0 }}</ref> ||
+
| 1950 || 800
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || || United States President {{w|Bill Clinton}} announces a mega-commitment at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) 2008 Annual Meeting to de-worm 10 million children.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ | title = Hookworm: developmental biology of the infectious process | journal = Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 618–23 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8939719 | doi = 10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80092-X | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959-437X(96)80092-X }}</ref> ||
+
| 1960 || 1,580
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || || ''{{w|Schistosoma haematobium}}''–''[[w:Schistosoma bovis|Schistosoma bovis hybrids]]'' are described in northern Senegalese children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Webster |first1=Bonnie L. |last2=Diaw |first2=Oumar T. |last3=Seye |first3=Mohmoudane M. |last4=Webster |first4=Joanne P. |last5=Rollinson |first5=David |title=Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002110 |accessdate=13 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Senegal}}
+
| 1970 || 2,620
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || || Hookworm infected about 428 million people in the year.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> ||
+
| 1980 || 3,870
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 6,730
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 11,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 22,300
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 27,300
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Parasitology gshco.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Virology (Field of study), Parasitology (Field of study), and Bacteriology (Field of study), from January 2004 to Month 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F021ypg,%2Fm%2F080y1,%2Fm%2F0gx21vp |website=Google Trends |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for bacteriology, virology and parasitology, from 1800 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=parasitology%2Cvirology%2Cbacteriology&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cparasitology%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cvirology%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cbacteriology%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Cparasitology%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cvirology%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cbacteriology%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|parasitology}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parasitology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Parasitology&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Parasitology wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia articles {{w|parasitology}}, {{w|virology}} and {{w|bacteriology}}, on desktop, from July 2015 to February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=Parasitology&pages[1]=Virology&pages[2]=Bacteriology&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=desktop |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 +
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
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===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
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[http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/595.full]
 
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[https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/HistParasitol]
 
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[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0470842504.ch1]
 
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===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===

Latest revision as of 21:47, 25 March 2024

This is a timeline of parasitology, attempting to focus on human parasitology.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Prehistory Since the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa, humans spread throughout the world, possibly in several waves, migrating to and inhabiting virtually the whole of the face of the Earth, bringing some parasites with them and collecting others on the way.[1] During the First Agricultural Revolution, from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture, humans acquire parasites from animals with which they come in contact during agricultural practices.[1]
Ancient history Many detailed descriptions of various diseases that might or might not be caused by parasites, specifically fevers, are found in the writings of Greek physicians between 800 to 300 BC, such as the Corpus Hippocratorum by Hippocrates, and from physicians from other civilizations including China from 3000 to 300 BC, India from 2500 to 200 BC, Rome from 700 BC to 400 AD, and the Arab Empire in the latter part of the first millennium. The descriptions of infections become more accurate and Arabic physicians, particularly Rhazes (AD 850 to 923) and Avicenna (AD 980 to 1037), write important medical works that contain a great deal of information about diseases clearly caused by parasites.[1]
Middle Ages The medical literature is very limited during this time, but there are many references to parasitic worms. In some cases, they are recognized as the possible causes of disease but in general, the writings of the period reflect the culture, beliefs, and ignorance of the time.[1]
Modern history Beginning at around 1500, The slave trade, which would flourish for three and a half centuries from about 1500, bring new parasites to the New World from the Old World.[1] The first definitive reports of lymphatic filariasis begin to appear in the 16th century.[1] In the 17th and 18th centuries, the science of helminthology develops, following the reemergence of science and scholarship during the Renaissance period.[1] By the beginning of the 17th century, it becomes apparent that there are two very different kinds of tapeworm (broad and taeniid) in humans. The scientific study of the taeniid tapeworms of humans can be traced to the late 17th century.[1] Modern parasitology develops in the 19th century with accurate observations by several researchers and clinicians.
Present time Currently, known parasites infecting humans has now increased to about 300 species.[1]


Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
150,000 BP Prelude Homo sapiens emerge in eastern Africa.[1]
8,000 BC Infection American biological anthropologist Frank B. Livingstone proposes in 1958 that Plasmodium falciprum, the deadliest of 4 or 5 parasites that cause human malaria, hopped from chimps to humans about this time as human hunter-gatherers begin settling on farms.[2]
5,000 BC Infection Nematode eggs discovered recently in a frozen human body (Ötzi in Austrian Alps, date from this time.[3] Austria
3,000–400 BC Medical development The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from this period of Egyptian medicine, particularly the Ebers papyrus of 1500 BC discovered at Thebes.[1]
2,277 BC Infection Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are found in human coprolites from Peru dating from this time.[1] Peru
2,000 BC Infection Taenia and Schistosoma ova in Egyptian mummies date from this time.[3] Egypt
1,550 BC Scientific development The Ebers papyrus in Egypt gives reference to roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis), and tapeworms (Taenia saginata). These records can be confirmed by the recent discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC.[1][3] Egypt
1,300 BC – 1,234 BC Biblical references to Dracunculus medinensis in the Red Sea region date from this time.[3]
700 BC – 600 BC Infection Records of Dracunculus medinensis worms from Mesopotamia date from this time.[3] Irak
430 BC Scientific development Greek physician Hippocrates describes Ascaris, Oxyuris, adult Taenia, and malaria.[1][3]
342 BC Scientific development Greek scientist Aristotle establishes a first classification system for animals in his Historia animalium and describes flat and round worms.[3] Greece
300 BC Scientific development Chinese description of threadworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and hookworm disease is recorded.[3] China
20 AD Scientific development Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus recognizes tapeworms Taenia, Tinea, Taeniola, vermes cucurbitini (tapeworm proglottids), "hailstones" (cysticersi), and roundworms, lumbrici teretes (Ascaris lumbricoides).[3]
62 AD Scientific development In their Historia naturalis, Romans Lucius Columella and Plinius secundus report on parasitic animal diseases.[3] Italy
129 AD – 199 AD Scientific development Greek–Roman scientist Claudius Galenus recognizes three types of worms: roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis), tapeworms (Taenia sp.), and also cysticerci in livers of slaughtered animals.[3]
625 AD–690 AD Scientific development Byzantine Greek physician Paul of Aegina (AD 625 to 690) clearly describes Ascaris, Enterobius, and tapeworms and gives good clinical descriptions of the infections they cause.[1]
980 AD – 1037 AD Scientific development Persian scientist Avicenna, in his book Liber canonis medicinae, reports on malaria and many worms, especially on Dracunculus (which today in French is still called Fil d'Avicenne).[3][1][3] Iran
1,150 AD Medical development German nun Hildegard of Bingen publishes De causis et curis morborum, which describes plant-based methods of treating worms.[3] Germany
1498 Medical development Italian Dominican Girolamo Savonarola publishes Tractatus de vermibus, which describes the occurrence and treatment (by mercury) of worm-infected humans.[3][4] Italy
1558 Scientific development There are accounts of what are possibly cysticerci in humans by Johannes Udalric Rumler.[5] [1][6]
1674 Scientific development Georgius Hieronymus Velschius initiates the scientific study of the nematode Dracunculus and the disease it causes.[1]
1681 Scientific development Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis, becomes the first parasitic protozoan of humans seen by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.[1]
1688 Scientific development Philip Hartmann conducts the first reliable accounts of cystercerci as parasites of some kind.[1]
1699 Scientific development Dutch scientist Nicolaas Hartsoeker and J. Andry from France propose that helminth infections derive from oral intake of excreted worm eggs.[3]
1707–1778 Scientific development Swedish botanist Carl von Linné describes and names six helminth worms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris vermicularis (= Enterobius vermicularis), Gordius medinensis (= Dracunculus medinensis), Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium, and Taenia lata (= Diphyllobothrium latum).[1]
1721 Scientific development English naval surgeon, John Atkins conducts the first definitive accounts of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis).[1]
1750 Scientific development Swiss biologist Charles Bonnet conducts the first accurate description of the proglottids.[7][8][1]
1756 Scientific development English physician Alexander Russel, in Aleppo, discovers skin leishmaniasis.[3] Syria
1766 Scientific development German clinician and natural historian Pierre Simon Pallas shows a parasitic link to the cysts.[9]
1770 Scientific development French surgeon André Mongin describes the worm loiasis (Eye Worm) passing across the eye of a woman in Santa Domingo, in the Caribbean, and recounts how he tried unsuccessfully to remove it. This is the first verified report of a subconjunctival worm.[10][1][11][12] Dominican Republic
1778 Medical development French surgeon François Guyot becomes the first to successfully remove the worm and give the name loa loa from the eye of a male slave from West Africa.[13][10]
1782 Scientific development German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goetze first describes microscopically the scolices of the larva of Echinococcus.[14]
1784 Scientific development German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze perceives the similarities between the heads of tapeworms found in human intestinal tract and the invaginated heads of Cysticercus cellulosae in pigs.[15][1]
1786 Scientific development Werner and Fischer publish treatise Vermis intestinalis brevis expositio, describing under the name finna humana, a kind of hydatid found in the interior of a muscle of a soldier who has been drowned.[16]
1786 Scientific development Echinococcus granulosus is discovered by Batsch.[14]
1790 Scientific development An understanding of the life cycle of the parasite Diphyllobothrium latum begins when Danish physician Peter Christian Abildgaard observes that the intestine of sticklebacks contains worms that resemble the tapeworms found in fish-eating birds.[1]
1793 Scientific development Treutler speaks of two kinds of hydatids found in the human body, one of which he calls taenia alba punctata, and the other taenia visceralis.[16]
1798 Scientific development Italian physician Francesco Redi publishes Osservazioni interno agli animali viventi, which describes about 108 different worms, and publishes a detailed study on Fasciola hepatica. Francesco Redi is considered the Father of Parasitology.[3] Italy
1800 Scientific development Zeder describes the echinococcus hominis, which is also observed in monkeys, and which Rudolphi places in the family of entozoa cystica.[16]
1801 Scientific development Karl Rudolphi publishes Entozoorum historia naturalis, which describes the taxonomy of all available parasites.[3] Germany
1801 Scientific development French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck publishes his Pilosophie Zoologique, which presents the first general theory of evolution.[3] France
1806 Scientific development French physician Cullerier, senior surgeon at the civil Parisian Venereal Hospital, is the first to describe a case of hydatid cyst of the bone.[14] France
1807 Scientific development French anatomist François Chaussier reports a case of spinal hydatid disease.[17] France
1808 Scientific development Swedish naturalist Karl Asmund Rudolphi coins the term echinococcus.[14][18][19]
1818 Scientific development Cloquet writes a full description of the different varieties of hydatids, dividing each genus into several species, and minutely detailing their several peculiarities.[16]
1819 Scientific development Carl Asmund Rudolphi discovers adult female worms containing larvae of Dracunculus.
1819 Medical development The first patient treated surgically for spinal hydatidosis is reported by Reydellet.[20][21][14]
1827 Scientific development Montansey describes the brain of an idiot-epileptic woman containing a large number of cerebellar and cerebral hydatid cysts.[14]
1835 Scientific development James Paget, then a medical student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, discovers nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis in humans.[1][22][23] United Kingdom
1836 Scientific development British army officer D. Forbes, serving in India, finds and describes the larvae of Dracunculus medinensis in water.[1]
1847 Scientific development Dairo Fujii records Katayama disease –a severe dermatitis, in the Kwanami district in Japan.[1][24][25]
1848 Medical development The first English account of the removal of worms from the eye is that by William Loney.[1][26]
1849 Scientific development English chemist William Prout records the condition of chyluria in his book On the Nature and Treatment of Stomach and Renal Diseases.[27][28][1]
1850 Scientific development German physician Theodor Bilharz, in Cairo, Egypt, discovers Schistosoma haematobium.[3] Egypt
1853 Scientific development German physiologist Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold demonstrates that Echinococcus cysts from sheep give rise to adult tapeworms when fed to dogs.[1][29][30]
1855 Scientific development Rudolf Virchow first suggests the helminthic nature of alveolar hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis.[14][31]
1855 Scientific development German physician Gottlieb Küchenmeister discovers that tapeworms develop from cysticeri after feeding convicts with cysticerci excised from pork meat, and finding adult tapeworms in the intestine after autopsy.[5][3] Germany
1859 Scientific development German zoologist Rudolf Leuckart and Rudolph Virchow independently discover the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis.[3] Germany
1859 Scientific development German cellular pathologist Rudolf Virchow writes his book Cellular Pathology, which would become the foundation for all microscopic study of disease.[32][33][1] Germany
1860 Scientific development Friedrich Zenker provides the first clear evidence of transmission of Trichinella spiralis from animal to human.[34][35][36]
1863 Scientific development French surgeon Jean Nicolas Demarquay first identifies tissue worms when studying samples of a Cuban patient affected by hydrocele.[37][38][13]
1863 Scientific development Rudolf Leuckart discovers small cyclophyllid tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis.[14][39][40]
1863 Scientific development Austrian zoologist Karl Moritz Diesing discovers parasitic tapeworms Echinococcus oligarthus.[14][41][42]
1863 Scientific development German pathologist Bernhard Naunyn finds adult tapeworms in dogs fed with hydatid cysts from a human.[1][9][43]
1863 Scientific development English scientist Thomas Spencer Cobbold suggests that snails might be the intermediate host of schistosomes.[3] United Kingdom
1866 German physician Otto Wucherer discovers microfilariae in the urine of a patient in Brazil.[44][1][45] Brazil
1867 Scientific development Rudolf Leuckart describes the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus.[3] Germany
1868 Scientific development J. H. Oliver observes that Taenia saginata tapeworm infections occur in individuals who have eaten “measly” beef.[1]
1870 Scientific development Russian naturalist Alexei Fedchenko describes the life cycle of nematode parasite Dracunculus, including the stages in a crustacean intermediate host.[46][47][48]
1872 Scientific development British physician Timothy Lewis detects microfilaria in blood samples for the first time while working in Calcutta, India.[13]
1873 Scientific development Friedrich Lösch in Russia discovers the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, a serious protozoan pathogen which is considered to be the third cause of parasitic death in the world.[49][50][51]
1875 James McConnell first recognizes the human liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis.[1]
1875 Scientific development Irish naval surgeon John O'Neill first observes the microfilariae of onchocerciasis when examining skin samples from patients in Ghana.[13]
1875 Scientific development Clonorchis sinensis is first discovered in the bile ducts of a Chinese man in India.[52]
1876 Scientific development Strongyloides stercoralis and the disease strongyloidiasis are both discovered by Louis Alexis Normand, a physician to the French naval hospital at Toulon.[1]
1876 Scientific development English parasitologist Joseph Bancroft observes and describes adult Wuchereria banchrofti worms.[3][1] Australia
1877 Scientific development Scottish physician Patrick Manson describes the life cycle of elephantiasis, which is caused by nematode Wuchereria bancrofti.[1][13]
1879 Scientific development B.S. Ringer discovers discovers the first case of paragonimiasis when he finds the fluke Paragonimus westermani in the lungs of a Portuguese patient while performing an autopsy in Formosa (Taiwan).[53][54][1]
1880 Scientific development Eggs in the sputum are recognized independently by Scottish physician Patrick Manson and German physician Erwin Von Baelz.[1][54][55]
1880 Scientific development French physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran describes malaria stages within erythrocytes.[3]
1881 Scientific development Rudolf Leuckart and A. P. Thomas independently describe the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica.[3] Germany, United Kingdom
1883 Scientific development Rudolf Leuckart discovers the alternation of generations involving parasitic and free-living phases.[1] Germany
1885 Scientific development Greek physician Stephanos Kartulis finds amoebae in intestinal ulcers in patients suffering from dysentery in Egypt.[56][57][58]
1889 Medical development Irish surgeon Henry Widenham Maunsell operates successfully on a case of probable subtentorial hydatid cyst in an 18-year-old boy in New Zealand.[14] New Zealand
1890 Scientific development British ophtalmologist Stephen McKenzie identifies microfilaria in cases of loiasis.[13][1]
1890 Medical development Australians Graham and Clubb are the first to report the successful removal of an undoubted hydatid cyst of the brain.[14]
1891 Scientific development William Thomas Councilman and Henri Lafleur, at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, establish a definitive statement of what is known about the pathology of amoebiasis, much of which is still valid today.[1]
1891 Scientific development Trypanosomes are seen in human blood by French physician Gustave Nepveu.[1]
1892 Konstantin Wingradoff produces the first records of Opisthorchis infections in humans.[1]
1893 Scientific development American scientists Theobald Smith and F.L. Kilbourne identify the transmission of Babesia bigemina by ticks (Boophilus annulatus).[3] United States
1895 Scientific development Scottish pathologist David Bruce shows that the tsetse fly is the vector of animal trypanosomes.[3]
1895 Medical development Scottish ophtalmologist Douglas Argyll-Robertson describes the clinical presentation of loiasis.[13] Argyll-Robertson records the swellings (now known as Calabar swellings) in Old Calabar in Nigeria.[1]
1897 Scientific development English Army doctor Sir Donald Ross, in India, proves that avian malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. In the same year, Bignami, Bastianelli and Grassi in Italy do the same for human malaria.[3] India, Italy
1898 Scientific development German physician Robert Koch describes Theileria parva, the agent of East Coast fever.[3]
1898 Scientific development French physician Paul-Louis Simond succeeds in demonstrating the transmission of plague by rat fleas.[3]
1899 Epidemiology American parasitologist Charles Wardell Stiles identifies progressive pernicious anemia seen in the southern United States as being caused by the hookworm Ancylostoma duodenale.[59] United States
1900 Scientific development Team in Cuba led by United States Army physician Walter Reed demonstrates the transmission of yellow fever by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti).[3] Cuba
1902 Scientific development British parasitologist Joseph Everett Dutton identifies the trypanosome that causes Gambian or chronic sleeping sickness (T. b. gambiense) in humans.[1] Dutton describes the first case of human trypanosomiasis.[60]
1903 Scientific development British scientists William Boog Leishman in England and Charles Donovan in India, independently describe Leishmania donovani, the agent of Kala-azar disease (leishmaniasis).[3]
1903 Scientific development The first cases of human polycystic echinococcosis, a disease resembling alveolar echinococcosis, emerge in Argentina.[41] Argentina
1904 Scientific development German helminthologist Arthur Loos in Cairo discovers the transmission of the hookworm.[3] Egypt
1904 Scientific development Japanese parasitologist Fujiro Katsurada discovers and describes the worm Schistosoma japonicum.[1][61][24]
1905 Scientific development E. Franke is credited with the first suggestion that trypanosomes of the subgenus trypanozoon could change immunologically during the course of an infection, and thus survive the onslaught of their host's antibodies.[62]
1906 Journal Sir Ronald Ross establishes journal Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology.[63] United Kingdom
1906 Scientific development American physician Howard T. Ricketts records the tick Dermacentor andersoni as being a vector of the agents of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever.[3]
1906 Scientific development German zoologist Fritz Schaudinn describes Entamoeba histolytica as a human parasite introducing bloody diarrhea.[3]
1907 Scientific development American parasitologist Ernest Tyzzer describes stages of the genus Cryptosporidium.[3]
1907 Medical development German chemist Paul Ehrlich proposes the drug trypan red against trypanosomiasis.[3]
1908 Scientific development French bacteriologist Charles Nicolle and L.H. Manceaux in North Africa describe Toxoplasma gondii in a rodent.[3]
1908 Journal Cambridge University Press journal Parasitology is first published.[64] United Kingdom
1909 Program launch The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease is organized in the United States, as a result of a gift of US$1 million from John D. Rockefeller.[65]
1909 Scientific development Friedrich Kleine (a colleague of Robert Koch) demonstrates the essential role of the tsetse fly in the life cycle of trypanosomes.[1][66][67]
1909 Scientific development Two teams led by French scientist Charles Nicolle in Tunis and Howard Taylor Ricketts in Mexico prove that the louse Pediculus humanus corporis is the vector of the typhus-causing rickettsia.[3] Tunis, Mexico
1910 Scientific development Scottish physician Patrick Manson confirms that loiasis is caused by roundworms.[13]
1910 Scientific development Italian bacteriologist Antonio Carini discovers Pneumocystis carinii in rats.[3]
1910 Scientific development British parasitologists John William Watson Stephens and Harold Fantham describe Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the cause of Rhodesian or acute sleeping sickness.[1][68][69]
1912 British parasitologist Robert Thompson Leiper confirms biting flies, Chrysops spp. as the transmission vector in loiasis.[13][1]
1912 Kinghorn and Yorke show that Trypanosoma rhodesiense transmission is due to bites of tsetse flies of the genus Glossina.[68][70]
1914 Journal The Journal of Parasitology by the American Society of Parasitologists is first published.[71] United States
1915 Scientific development Guatemaltecan physician Rodolfo Robles describes the so-called "American onchocerciasis", which is caused by a filarial parasite.[13][72][73]
1915 Scientific development The uncommon intestinal parasite Isospora belli is discovered by Woodcock.[74][75][76][77]
1921 Scientific development Edouard and Etienne Sergent demonstrate the experimental proof of transmission to humans by sandflies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus.[1][78][79][80]
1923 Jouenal The journal Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparee is first published.[81] France
1924 Organization The American Society of Parasitologists is founded.[82] United States
1928 Scientific development Australian professor of surgery, Sir Harold Robert Dew, publishes the first classic book on hydatid disease.[14][83][84][85]
1933 Scientific development Yoshino describes with great histologic detail the early development of cysticerci in pigs.[5]
1947 Medical development American chemist Redginal I. Hewitt develops an effective antifilarial treatment with diethylcarbamazine.[13][86][87]
1951 Journal Journal Experimental Parasitology is first published.[88]
1954 Scientific development American physician Robert Rendtorff produces unambiguous evidence linking the parasite Giardia duodenalis with Giardiasis.[1]
1956 Scientific development Clonorchis sinensis eggs are detected in desiccated fecal remains from a mummy of the Ming dynasty, in the Guangdong province of China.[52]
1962 Organization The Société Française de Parasitologie (English: "French Society of Parasitology") is founded.[89] France
1962 Scientific development Rockefeller Institute scientist Norman Stoll describes hookworm infection as an extremely dangerous one because its damage is “silent and insidious.”[90][91][92][93]
1963 Journal Journal Advances in Parasitology is first published.[94] United States
1966 Organization The European Federation of Parasitologists is founded.[95]
1969 Scientific development Keith Vickerman elaborates antigenic variation, the mechanism of how the parasite evades the immune response.[96][97][98]
1971 Journal The International Journal for Parasitology is first published.[99]
1972 Scientific development Rausch and Bernstein discover Echinococcus vogeli. This is the last discovery concerning the Echinococcus species.[14]
1976 Scientific development Nime and Meisel independently record Cryptosporidium parvum in humans.[1][100][101]
1977 Medical development Japanese physician Satoshi Omura develops a new, highly effective drug called ivermectin.[13][102][103]
1979 Journal Journal Systematic Parasitology is established.[104]
1980 Epidemiology Cryptosporidium parvum is recognized to be a common, serious primary cause of outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of diarrhea in certain mammals.[100]
1983 Epidemiology Cryptosporidium parvum emerges with AIDS, as a life-threatening disease within this sub-population.[100]
1987 American physicians Pindaros Roy Vagelos and William Campbell persuade Merck&Co. to donate the drug ivermectin to establish the first filarial eradication programs in the world.[13][13]
1993 Epidemiology Cryptosporidium parvum reaches the public domain when it becomes widely recognized as the most serious, and difficult to control, cause of water-borne-related diarrhea.[100]
2001 Program launch The 54th World Health Assembly passes a resolution demanding member states to attain a minimum target of regular deworming of at least 75% of all at-risk school children by the year 2010.[105]
2008 Program launch United States President Bill Clinton announces a mega-commitment at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) 2008 Annual Meeting to de-worm 10 million children.[106]
2008 Journal Journal Parasites & Vectors is launched.[107]
2009 Scientific development Schistosoma haematobium–Schistosoma bovis hybrids are described in northern Senegalese children.[108] Senegal
2015 Epidemiology Hookworm infected about 428 million people in the year.[109]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 19, 2021.

Year "parasitology"
1900 37
1910 164
1920 308
1930 409
1940 474
1950 800
1960 1,580
1970 2,620
1980 3,870
1990 6,730
2000 11,600
2010 22,300
2020 27,300
Parasitology gshco.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Virology (Field of study), Parasitology (Field of study), and Bacteriology (Field of study), from January 2004 to Month 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[110]

Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for bacteriology, virology and parasitology, from 1800 to 2019.[111]

Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article parasitology, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to February 2021.[112]

Parasitology wv.png

The comparative chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia articles parasitology, virology and bacteriology, on desktop, from July 2015 to February 2021.[113]

Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology wv.png


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 Cox, F. E. G. "History of Human Parasitology". doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002. Retrieved 17 May 2018. 
  2. ↑ "Timeline of Microbiology". timelines.ws. Retrieved 1 June 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 Mehlhorn, Heinz; Tan, Kevin S. W.; Yoshikawa, Hisao. Ascaris%2C%20Enterobius%2C%20tapeworms&f=false Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger?: An Evaluation of 101 Years of Research. 
  4. ↑ Prioreschi, Plinio. A History of Medicine: Renaissance medicine. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sun, Tsieh. Progress in Clinical Parasitology, Volume 4. 
  6. ↑ Tropical Dermatology (Roberto Arenas, Roberto Estrada ed.). 
  7. ↑ "History of Human Parasitology". studfiles.net. Retrieved 14 June 2018. 
  8. ↑ Ridley, John W. Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ridley, John W. Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Foster, C Stephen; Vitale, Albert T. Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis. 
  11. ↑ Brisola Marcondes, Carlos. Arthropod Borne Diseases. 
  12. ↑ Magill, Alan J. Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease,Expert Consult - Online and Print,9: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 Sangüeza, Omar P; Bravo, Francisco. Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 Turgut, Mehmet. Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment. 
  15. ↑ "AFIP index". Afip.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Medical and Surgical Reporter, Volume 9. 
  17. ↑ "Complications of Central Nervous System Hydatid Disease". karger.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  18. ↑ Control of Human Parasitic Diseases. 
  19. ↑ Abuladze, Konstantin Ivanovich. Taeniata of animals and man and diseases caused by them. 
  20. ↑ Sridharan, Srihari; Narayana, Jagan; Chidambaram, Kalyanasundarabharathi; Jayachandiran, Anand Prasath. "Primary paraspinal hydatidosis causing acute paraplegia". Retrieved 14 June 2018. 
  21. ↑ Turgut, Mehmet. Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment. 
  22. ↑ Campbell, William. Trichinella and Trichinosis. 
  23. ↑ Parasites of the Colder Climates (Hannah Akuffo, Inger Ljungstr”m, Ewert Linder, Mats Wahlgren ed.). 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Dobson, Mary. Murderous Contagion: A Human History of Disease. 
  25. ↑ Mostofi, F. K. Bilharziasis: International Academy of Pathology · Special Monograph. 
  26. ↑ "LOIASIS IN UNANI MEDICINE" (PDF). journalagent.com. Retrieved 13 June 2018. 
  27. ↑ Cobo, Fernando. Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries. 
  28. ↑ "Chylothorax, Chyluria, Elephantiasis, Pallor". symptoma.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018. 
  29. ↑ Ridley, John W. Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. 
  30. ↑ Turgut, Mehmet. Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment. 
  31. ↑ Cheng, Thomas C. General Parasitology. 
  32. ↑ Peart, Olive. Mammography and Breast Imaging PREP: Program Review and Exam Prep. 
  33. ↑ Dittmar, Thomas; Zaenker, Kurt S.; Schmidt, Axel. Infection and Inflammation: Impacts on Oncogenesis. 
  34. ↑ Public Health and Infectious Diseases (Jeffrey Griffiths, James H. Maguire, Kristian Heggenhougen, Stella R. Quah ed.). 
  35. ↑ Advances in Parasitology, Volume 63. 
  36. ↑ Cockerham, William C. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. 
  37. ↑ BARAN MANDAL, FATIK. HUMAN PARASITOLOGY. 
  38. ↑ Bernhard, Carl Gustaf; Crawford, E.; Sörbom, P. Science, Technology & Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel: Nobel Symposium 52 Held at Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, 17-22 August 1981. 
  39. ↑ The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Volumes 32-33. Government Printer, South Africa, 1965. 
  40. ↑ Materialy 3-i Nauchnoi Konferentsii Po Infektssionnym i Invazionnym Zabolevaniyam Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. and the Department of Agriculture, U.S.A., 1962. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis". doi:10.3201/eid1402.070742. 
  42. ↑ Turgut, Mehmet. Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment. 
  43. ↑ Katz, M.; Despommier, D.D.; Gwadz, R.W. Parasitic Diseases. 
  44. ↑ Cobo, Fernando. Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries. 
  45. ↑ Franco-Paredes, Carlos; Santos-Preciado, José Ignacio. Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean. 
  46. ↑ "Dracunculus". tititudorancea.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018. 
  47. ↑ Wilkinson, Lise; Hardy, Anne. Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine : a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health. 
  48. ↑ Gleick, Peter H. The World's Water 1998-1999: The Biennial Report On Freshwater Resources. 
  49. ↑ BARAN MANDAL, FATIK. BIOLOGY OF NON-CHORDATES. 
  50. ↑ Haubrich, William S.; Schaffner, Fenton; Bockus, Henry L. Bockus Gastroenterology, Volume 4. 
  51. ↑ Bruschi, Fabrizio. Frontiers in Parasitology, Volume 2. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Bruschi, Fabrizio. Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health. 
  53. ↑ Palmer, Philip E.S.; Reeder, Maurice M. The Imaging of Tropical Diseases: With Epidemiological, Pathological and Clinical Correlation, Volume 2. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Ridley, John W. Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. 
  55. ↑ Diaz, James H. "Paragonimiasis Acquired in the United States: Native and Nonnative Species". PMC 3719489Freely accessible. PMID 23824370. doi:10.1128/CMR.00103-12. 
  56. ↑ Water and Health (Prati Pal Singh, Vinod Sharma ed.). 
  57. ↑ Bulletin, Volumes 11-15. Vermont. State Board of Health. 
  58. ↑ Vaughan, Victor Clarence; Vaughan, Henry Frieze; Palmer, George Truman. Epidemiology and public health, a text and reference book for physicians, medical students and health workers... 
  59. ↑ Ridley, John W. Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. 
  60. ↑ Sebastian, Anton. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. 
  61. ↑ Esch, Gerald. Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise. 
  62. ↑ Baker, J. R.; Muller, R.; Rollinson, D. Advances in Parasitology. 
  63. ↑ "Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology". archive.org. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  64. ↑ Advances in Parasitology, Volume 100. 
  65. ↑ Page, Walter H. (September 1912). "The Hookworm And Civilization: The Work Of The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission In The Souther States". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. Vol. XXIV. pp. 504–518. Retrieved 17 May 2018. 
  66. ↑ Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections. 
  67. ↑ Cox, F E G. "History of Human Parasitology". 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Tyring, Steven K; Lupi, Omar; Hengge, Ulrich R. Tropical Dermatology E-Book. 
  69. ↑ Ghosh, Sougata. Paniker's Textbook of Medical Parasitology. 
  70. ↑ Tyring, Steven K; Lupi, Omar; Hengge, Ulrich R. Tropical Dermatology E-Book. 
  71. ↑ "The Journal of Parasitology". jstor.org. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  72. ↑ Franco-Paredes, Carlos; Santos-Preciado, José Ignacio. Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean. 
  73. ↑ Sangüeza, Omar P; Bravo, Francisco. Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations. 
  74. ↑ MANDAL, FATIK BARAN. HUMAN PARASITOLOGY. 
  75. ↑ Gillespie, Stephen; Pearson, Richard D. Principles and Practice of Clinical Parasitology. 
  76. ↑ Rubin, Robert H.; Young, Lowell S. Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. 
  77. ↑ Farrar, Jeremy; Hotez, Peter J; Junghanss, Thomas; Kang, Gagandeep; Lalloo, David; White, Nicholas J. Manson's Tropical Diseases E-Book. 
  78. ↑ Kassirsky, I. A.; Plotnikov, N. N. Diseases of Warm Lands: A Clinical Manual. 
  79. ↑ Brisola Marcondes, Carlos. Arthropod Borne Diseases. 
  80. ↑ Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A Compendium of Unpleasant Infections. 
  81. ↑ "Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparee". catalyst.library.jhu.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  82. ↑ "The American Society of Parasitologists: A Short History". jstor.org. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  83. ↑ Turgut, Mehmet. Hydatidosis of the Central Nervous System: Diagnosis and Treatment. 
  84. ↑ "DEW, HAROLD ROBERT". sydney.edu.au. Retrieved 13 June 2018. 
  85. ↑ "Dew, Sir Harold Robert (1891–1962)". adb.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 13 June 2018. 
  86. ↑ Sangüeza, Omar P; Bravo, Francisco. Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations. 
  87. ↑ Helminthological Abstracts, Volume 25. Institute of Agricultural Parasitology. 
  88. ↑ "Experimental parasitology". 
  89. ↑ "Société française de parasitologie". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  90. ↑ Stoll NR (August 1962). "On endemic hookworm, where do we stand today?". Exp. Parasitol. 12 (4): 241–52. PMID 13917420. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(62)90072-3. 
  91. ↑ Esch, Gerald. Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise. 
  92. ↑ The Laboratory Digest, Volumes 28-29. 
  93. ↑ Hotez, Peter J; Bethony, Jeff; Bottazzi, Maria Elena; Brooker, Simon; Buss, Paulo. "Hookworm: "The Great Infection of Mankind"". PMC 1069663Freely accessible. PMID 15783256. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020067. 
  94. ↑ "Advances in Parasitology, Volume 65". elsevier.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  95. ↑ "European Federation of Parasitologists". eurofedpar.eu. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  96. ↑ Vickerman, K. "Antigenic variation in trypanosomes.". PMID 661969. 
  97. ↑ Advances in Parasitology, Volume 17. 
  98. ↑ Advances in Parasitology (J. R. Baker, R. Muller, D. Rollinson ed.). 
  99. ↑ "International journal for parasitology.". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 parvum&f=false Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans. 
  101. ↑ parvum&f=false Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease (R.C.A. Thompson, A. Armson, U.M. Ryan ed.). 
  102. ↑ Sangüeza, Omar P; Bravo, Francisco. Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations. 
  103. ↑ "Nobel Prize for medicine for drugs that have benefited billions". newscientist.com. Retrieved 13 June 2018. 
  104. ↑ "Systematic Parasitology". journals.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  105. ↑ "School Deworming". Public Health at a Glance. World Bank. 2003. 
  106. ↑ Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ (October 1996). "Hookworm: developmental biology of the infectious process". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6 (5): 618–23. PMID 8939719. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80092-X. 
  107. ↑ "Parasites & Vectors". Retrieved 5 July 2018. 
  108. ↑ Webster, Bonnie L.; Diaw, Oumar T.; Seye, Mohmoudane M.; Webster, Joanne P.; Rollinson, David. "Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes". Retrieved 13 June 2018. 
  109. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577Freely accessible. PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. 
  110. ↑ "Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology". Google Trends. Retrieved 3 April 2021. 
  111. ↑ "Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology". books.google.com. Retrieved 3 April 2021. 
  112. ↑ "Parasitology". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 3 April 2021. 
  113. ↑ "Virology, Parasitology, Bacteriology". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 3 April 2021. 
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