Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Ericsson"

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This is a '''timeline of FIXME'''.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|Ericsson}}''', attempting to describe important events in the history of the company.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
+
! Time period !! Development summary
 +
|-
 +
| || LM Ericsson's export business expands in the 1880s, and explodes in the 1890s.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1930s || Ericsson’s first speakerphone is designed in the decade.<ref name="A revolutionary speakerphone">{{cite web |title=A revolutionary speakerphone |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/the-telephones/a-revolutionary-speakerphone |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1950s || Transistor technology is introduced, and new prerequisites are created for developing a more functional speakerphone.<ref name="A revolutionary speakerphone"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1960s || Ericsson seeks for international expansion, and takes active steps to set up manufacturing subsidiaries in other countries. The reasons for establishing foreign operations in the postwar era are the same as in the 1920s: overseas manufacturing operations were a prime requirement if Ericsson was to be competitive.<ref name="Internationalization in the 1960s">{{cite web |title=Internationalization in the 1960s |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/company/an-emerging-global-company/internationalization-in-the-1960s |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> Ericsson releases one of the first handsfree speaker phones.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1980s || The Nordic countries become the first to start mobile telephone systems.
 +
|-
 +
| 1990s || Ericsson leads the advancement of telecommunication technologies, expanding its business, and maintaining its dominant position in the rapidly expanding mobile infrastructure market. By 1999, Ericsson holds the majority (27.6%) of the global mobile infrastructure market.<ref name="Catch-up strategy of an emerging firm in an emerging country: analysing the case of Huawei vs. Ericsson with patent data">{{cite web |title=Catch-up strategy of an emerging firm in an emerging country: analysing the case of Huawei vs. Ericsson with patent data |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311248150_Catch-up_strategy_of_an_emerging_firm_in_an_emerging_country_analysing_the_case_of_Huawei_vs_Ericsson_with_patent_data |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2000s || Ericsson experiences a drastic 40% drop in sales from 2000 to 2002. From the mid-2000s, Ericsson’s sales improve; recovering its global telecommunication infrastructure investment. However, owing to its overwhelming sales growth, Huawei would overtake Ericsson finally in terms of annual sales in 2012.<ref name="Catch-up strategy of an emerging firm in an emerging country: analysing the case of Huawei vs. Ericsson with patent data"/> {{w|Sony Mobile Communications}} is founded as a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sony Mobile Communications |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/sony-mobile-communications#section-acquisition-details |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2010s || In 2012, Ericsson sold its mobile-phone business to {{w|Sony}}, five years after Apple introduced the first {{w|iPhone}}. Today Ericsson is a world's leading provider of technology and services to telecom operators. It is a leader in {{w|2G}}, {{w|3G}} and {{w|4G}} mobile technologies, provides support for networks with over 2 billion subscribers, and has the leading position in managed services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ericsson |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/ericsson#section-overview |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 14, 2021.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! "Ericsson" "telecommunication"
 +
|-
 +
| 1950 || 1
 +
|-
 +
| 1955 || 3
 +
|-
 +
| 1960 || 7
 +
|-
 +
| 1965 || 6
 +
|-
 +
| 1970 || 22
 +
|-
 +
| 1975 || 29
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 33
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 51
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 114
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 267
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 893
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 || 1,340
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 1,730
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 || 2,330
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 1,830
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Ericsson gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Ericsson (Search term) and Ericsson (Telecommunications company), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ericsson |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Ericsson,%2Fm%2F02kyh |website=Google Trends |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Ericsson gt.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Ericsson, from 1876 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ericsson |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Ericsson&year_start=1876&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=20 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Ericsson ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Ericsson}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ericsson |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Ericsson&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Ericsson wv.jpg|thumb|center|400px]]
  
 
==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
−
! Year !! Event type !! Details
+
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Country/region
 +
|-
 +
| 1876 || || Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a workshop to repair telegraph instruments and undertake small mechanical engineering jobs.<ref name="Corporate story">{{cite web |title=Corporate story |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/shaping-history/corporate-story |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Shaping history"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1877 || || The newly invented telephone reaches Sweden.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson">{{cite web |title=Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information|url=http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/7/Telefonaktiebolaget-LM-Ericsson.html |website=referenceforbusiness.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1878 || || [[w:Lars Magnus Ericsson|L.M. Ericsson]] begins producing telephone equipment,<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of L M Ericssons |url=http://www.telephonecollecting.org/Bobs%20phones/Pages/SwedEricsson/EricssonHistory.htm |website=telephonecollecting.org |accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> and is the first to introduce the “single-trumpet” telephone.<ref name="Ericsson, Inc."/><ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1881 || International expansion || Ericsson signs first major contracts in {{w|Norway}}, {{w|Russia}} and {{w|Sweden}}.<ref name="Corporate story"/><ref name="The Secret to Success">{{cite web |title=The Secret to Success |url=https://www.sserussia.org/files/working_papers/wp98-102.pdf |website=sserussia.org |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1883 || Organization || Telephone service provider Stockholms Allm&auml-a Telefonaktiebolag (SAT) is created and buys its equipment from LM Ericsson.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1890 || International expansion || Ericsson begins selling in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/oceania/australia |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1894 || International expansion || Ericsson begins selling telephone receivers in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/africa/ethiopia |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1896 || || Ericsson incorporates as Aktiebolaget LM Ericsson & Company, with Ericsson serving as chairman, president, and sole shareholder.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> At the time of incorporation, the company becomes a major enterprise with more than 500 employees, having produced over 100,000 telephones.<ref name="Shaping history">{{cite web |title=Shaping history |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/shaping-history |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1896 || International expansion || Ericsson expands into South Africa and delivers its first telephone exchange in {{w|Capetown}}, followed by several orders by other cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/africa/south-africa |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1897 || International expansion || Ericsson installes its first telephone exchange in Egypt, in {{w|Alexandria}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/africa/egypt |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=15 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1897 || || Britain accounts for 28% of L.M. Ericsson’s sales.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1898 || International expansion || Ericsson opens a sales office in {{w|London}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Britain |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/europe/great-britain |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1899 || International expansion || LM Ericsson opens its first foreign factory, in {{w|Saint Petersburg}}, {{w|Russia}}.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/><ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1900 || || Exports account for about 90 percent of LME's total sales. Contraction of demand in the domestic market and rapidly expanding foreign markets are partly responsible for this dominance of exports.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1876 || || "Lars Magnus Ericsson opens telegraph repair workshop"<ref name="Corporate story">{{cite web |title=Corporate story |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/shaping-history/corporate-story |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref>
+
| 1900 || Staff || {{w|Lars Magnus Ericsson}} retires as president and is succeeded by Axel Boström, his former office manager.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1878 || || L.M. Ericsson begins producing telephone equipment.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of L M Ericssons |url=http://www.telephonecollecting.org/Bobs%20phones/Pages/SwedEricsson/EricssonHistory.htm |website=telephonecollecting.org |accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> 
+
| 1900 || Growth || Ericsson reaches 1000 employees globally.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1881 || || "First major contracts won in Norway, Russia and Sweden"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1901 || Staff || [[w:Lars Magnus Ericsson|Ericsson]] retires as chairman.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1897 || || Britain accounts for 28% of L.M. Ericsson’s sales.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/>
+
| 1901 || Acquisition || Ericsson acquires Stockholms Allm&auml-a Telefonaktiebolag (SAT)'s manufacturing operations.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1900 || || "1000 employees globally, SEK 4 million in sales and 50,000 telephones produced"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1902 || International expansion || Ericsson opens sales office in the United States.<ref name="Corporate story"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1902 || || "Sales office opens in US"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1903 || International expansion || Ericsson receives its first order for a manual switch from the Indian government (a [[w:British India|British colony]] at the time).<ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/india |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=15 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1903 || || Ericssons set up a joint venture company with the National Telephone Company to produce telephones at Beeston for sales to Britain and its colonies.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/>
+
| 1903 || || Ericssons set up a joint venture company with the National Telephone Company to produce telephones at Beeston for sales to Britain and its colonies.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1905 || || "First acquisition made in Mexico"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1905 || International expansion || Ericsson wins a concession to operate the telephone network in {{w|Mexico City}} and outlying areas.<ref name="Corporate story"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Mexico |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/latin-america/mexico |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| 1908 || || Ericsson acquires Deckert & Homolka in Vienna.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/>
+
| 1907 || International expansion || Ericsson begins delivering to Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/indonesia |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=15 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Indonesia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1908 || International expansion || Ericsson establishes operations in Siam (Thailand).<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/thailand |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=15 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Thailand}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1908 || Acquisition || Ericsson acquires Deckert & Homolka in Vienna.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/> || {{w|Austria}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1911 || Acquisition || Ericsson acquires S.I.T. in France.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/> || {{w|France}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1912 || Acquisition || Ericsson acquires a factory in Budapest.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/> || {{w|Hungary}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1913 || International expansion || Ericsson begins supplying equipment for {{w|Guangzhou}}'s telephone network in {{w|China}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stockholm calling Shanghai! |url=https://www.slideshare.net/CfN_historia/stockholm-calling-shanghai |website=slideshare.net |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1917 || || The {{w|Bolshevik Revolution}} forces Ericsson to abandon Russia. At the time of the revolution, Ericsson had 3000 employees in Russia, with the market standing for half of Ericsson's total turnover. Absent during the Soviet era, Ericsson would return in 1994.<ref name="The Secret to Success"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Our man in Moscow |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/people/adventurers/our-man-in-moscow |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1918 || Organization || Ericsson merges with SAT to form Allm&auml-a Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericsson.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1922 – 1924 || International expansion || Ericsson establishes in {{w|Spain}}. In 1924, the company opens its first factory in the country in {{w|Getafe}} ({{w|Madrid}}).<ref name="Spain">{{cite web |title=Spain |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/europe/spain |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1923 || || The first telephone station with the Ericsson 500-switching system in regular operation is put in service in {{w|Rotterdam}}.<ref name="Corporate story"/><ref name="The 500 switch – a workhorse">{{cite web |title=The 500 switch – a workhorse |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/the-switches/the-500-switch--a-workhorse |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=500 switch father |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/people/visionairies-and-innovators/500-switch-father |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1926 || Notable death || {{w|Lars Magnus Ericsson}} dies.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1926 || Brand || The firm officially adopts the name Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1931 || || "Ivar Kreuger proposes to sell a controlling interest in Ericsson to competitor ITT."<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1946 || Organization || Ericsson establishes a foundation for television research.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1950 || Technology || Ericsson's technology enables the world's first international call.<ref name="Ericsson, Inc.">{{cite web |title=Ericsson, Inc. |url=https://www.mesothelioma.com/asbestos-exposure/companies/ericsson-inc.htm |website=mesothelioma.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1951 || Acquisition || Ericsson acquires a majority interest in North Electric Company of Ohio.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1911 || || Ericsson acquires S.I.T. in France.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/>
+
| 1956 || Product || Ericsson releases the Ericofon. Also known as the Cobra, it is the first single-piece telephone to be sold commercially.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Original Ericofon |url=https://blog.retroplanet.com/the-original-ericofon/ |website=blog.retroplanet.com |accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1912 || || Ericsson acquires a factory in Budapest.<ref name="A Brief History of L M Ericssons"/>
+
| 1957 || International expansion || Ericsson signs a contract with Taiwan Railways, for the delivery of a {{w|Centralized traffic control}} system.<ref name="Taiwan">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/taiwan |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Taiwan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1923 || || "First automatic 500-point switches in service" <ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1959 || Product || Ericsson launches Ericovox, a pyramid-shaped device containing all the speaker equipment. Completely transistorized, and power being provided via the telephone line. Ericovox features automatic voice control using amplifiers for outgoing and incoming speech, as well as regulator circuits for both amplifiers.<ref name="A revolutionary speakerphone"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1946 || || "Foundation for research into television established"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1960 || Acquisition || Swedish businessman {{w|Peter Wallenberg Jr.}} purchases [[w:ITT Inc.|ITT]]'s stake in Ericsson.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1950 || || "LM Ericsson telephone exchange supports world's first international call"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1962 || Product || The {{w|Ericsson Dialog}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dialog – the popular choice |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/the-telephones/dialog--the-popular-choice |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1977 || || "First digital telephone exchange (AXE) installed"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1963 || || Ericsson begins selling assets in an effort to focus on its telephone businesses.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1988 || || "First GSM system order from Vodafone, UK"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1964 || Internationale expansion || Ericsson establishes in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaysia |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/malaysia |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=14 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Malaysia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || || "AXE lines exceed 105 million in 11 countries, serving 34 million subscribers"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1965 || International expansion || Ericsson opens a technical office in Kuwait, in conjunction with the country's first orders of the [[w:Crossbar switch|crossbar switching system]]. || {{w|Kuwait}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1974 || International expansion || Ericsson opens a factory in {{w|Leganés}} ({{w|Madrid}}).<ref name="Spain"/> || {{w|Spain}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1976 || Technology || Ericsson introduces the AXE switching system.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1977 || Technology || The first digital telephone exchange (AXE) is installed.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1978 || Product || Ericsson launches Diavox, the first mass-produced touch-tone telephone in {{w|Sweden}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diavox 1978 |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/the-telephones/diavox-1978 |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1981 || Technology || {{w|Saudi Arabia}} becomes the first country in the world with a functioning cellular system for mobile telephony, taking into operation a system delivered by Ericsson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breakthrough for mobile telephony |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/mobile-telephony/breakthrough-for-mobile-telephony |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1981 || Organization || Ericsson joins with the United States oil company [[w:ARCO|Atlantic Richfield]] to form Anaconda-Ericsson, a manufacturer of cables, transmission systems and other equipment. Anaconda-Ericsson would become one of the leading cable manufacturers in the United States, and would also provide Ericsson a way into to the American telecom market, which the company had difficulty breaking into in the past.<ref name="Ericsson, Inc."/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1982 || International expansion || Ericsson opens an office in {{w|Taipei}}.<ref name="Taiwan"/> || {{w|Taiwan}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || Recognition || Ericsson is awarded its first AXE contract from British Telecom.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1988 || Technology || British conglomerate {{w|Vodafone}} orders the first firm order to Ericsson for equipment for the {{w|GSM}} network in the {{w|United Kingdom}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meurling |first1=John |last2=Jeans |first2=Richard |title=The mobile phone book: the invention of the mobile phone industry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=m32hdoOxUpEC&q=%22in+1988%22+First+GSM+system+order+from+Vodafone,+UK+%22ericsson%22&dq=%22in+1988%22+First+GSM+system+order+from+Vodafone,+UK+%22ericsson%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2k76rifXbAhVEHpAKHS6rB5gQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Pauline |last2=Suggitt |first2=Mark |title=Gadgets and necessities: an encyclopedia of household innovations |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uogUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1988%22+First+GSM+system+order+from+Vodafone,+UK+%22ericsson%22&dq=%22in+1988%22+First+GSM+system+order+from+Vodafone,+UK+%22ericsson%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2k76rifXbAhVEHpAKHS6rB5gQ6AEILTAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Asia-Pacific Telecommunications, Issues 1-2; Issues 4-10 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MIW_AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1988%22+First+GSM+system+order+from+Vodafone,+UK+%22ericsson%22&dq=%22in+1988%22+First+GSM+system+order+from+Vodafone,+UK+%22ericsson%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2k76rifXbAhVEHpAKHS6rB5gQ6AEIMzAC}}</ref><ref name="Corporate story"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1988 || Acquisition || {{w|Nokia}} acquires Ericsson's computer business.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1991 || Technology || The firt global system for mobile communication (GSM) phones is introduced.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1991 || Growth || Ericsson's {{w|AXE telephone exchange}} lines exceed 105 million in 11 countries, serving 34 million subscribers.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| 2000 || || "Ericsson becomes world's leading supplier of 3G mobile systems"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1994 || Growth || Ericsson operates as one of the world's largest manufacturers of telephone apparatus, radio communications instruments, cellular mobile phone telephone switching systems, and cables.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2001 || || "Ericsson conducts the first 3G call for Vodafone, UK"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1998 || Staff || Sven-Christer Nilsson is elected president and {{w|chief executive officer}} of Ericsson.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2005 || || "Ericsson wins biggest contracts to date to manage operator 3's networks in Italy and the UK"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1999 || || Ericsson holds the majority (27.6%) of the global mobile infrastructure market.<ref name="Catch-up strategy of an emerging firm in an emerging country: analysing the case of Huawei vs. Ericsson with patent data"/>  In the same year, Ericsson is ranked the second largest telecommunication equipment provider with revenue of US$ 29.26 billion, closely following Nortel (formerly Northern Telecom), which posted US$ 29.80 billion in revenue.<ref name="Catch-up strategy of an emerging firm in an emerging country: analysing the case of Huawei vs. Ericsson with patent data"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || || "Research center established in Silicon Valley, USA"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1999 || Technology || Ericsson pushes for 3G and mobile internet.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || || "Verizon and Ericsson collaborate to carry out first data call on 4G network"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 1999 || Legal || Ericsson and American multinational company {{w|Qualcomm}} settle a patent dispute and Ericsson purchases the firm's wireless infrastructure business.<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || || "Ericsson completes the acquisition of Telcordia"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 2000 || Growth || Ericsson becomes world's leading supplier of 3G mobile systems.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || || "Ericsson completes the acquisition of BelAir"<ref name="Corporate story"/>
+
| 2001 || Technology || Ericsson conducts the first {{w|3G}} call for {{w|Vodafone}}, in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Corporate story"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || || Ericsson employs a total of 118,055 people.<ref name="Ericsson SuccessStory">{{cite web |title=Ericsson SuccessStory |url=https://successstory.com/companies/ericsson |website=successstory.com |accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref>
+
| 2001 || Organization || Ericsson's cell phone division merges with the major Japanese home electronics firm Sony and forms [[w:Sony Mobile|Sony Ericsson Communications]].<ref name="Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson"/><ref name="Sony Ericsson T610 from 2003">{{cite web |title=Sony Ericsson T610 from 2003|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/the-telephones/sony-ericsson-t610-from-2003 |website=ericsson.com |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2003 || Product || The {{w|Sony Ericsson T610}} is released. The product would be named world's best cell phone by the trade organization GSM Association.<ref name="Sony Ericsson T610 from 2003"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2003 || Technology || High-speed broadband (wideband code division multiple access, WDCMA) rollout starts globally.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 || || Ericsson wins biggest contracts to date to manage operator 3's networks in Italy and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Corporate story"/> || {{w|Italy}}, {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || Facility || Ericsson establishes a research center in the Silicon Valley.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing">{{cite book |last1=Hisrich |first1=Robert D. |title=Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JKGoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=%22in+2008%22+ericsson+Research+center+established+in+Silicon+Valley&source=bl&ots=0mtDHXTaz5&sig=Lcv7L_MPgsUHww_nH5nAjTU6-pk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv8tyTqPTbAhXCDJAKHbbPDvEQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%202008%22%20ericsson%20Research%20center%20established%20in%20Silicon%20Valley&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || Technology || Ericsson pushes for 4G (Long-term evolution, LTE), the standard the company helps to form.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || Technology || Verizon and Ericsson collaborate to carry out the first call on {{w|4G}} network.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || Recognition || Ericsson wins the IEC InfoVision Award for fiber and backhaul solutions.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2011 || Acquisition || Ericsson completes the acquisition of {{w|Telcordia Technologies}}.<ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || Acquisition || Ericsson sells its mobile-phone business to {{w|Sony}}, five years after Apple introduced the first {{w|iPhone}}.<ref name="">{{cite web |title=APPLE AND ERICSSON ARE STILL SUING EACH OTHER OVER PHONE PATENTS |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/01/apple-ericsson-still-suing-phone-patents/ |website=wired.com |accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || Acquisition || Ericsson acquires Canadian company BelAir Networks, which offers service provider class wireless broadband, with large-scale deployments for cellular and cable operators.<ref>{{cite web |title=BelAir Networks |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/belair-networks#section-locked-marketplace |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BelAir 100SNE Wireless Access Point Teardown |url=https://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/3316/belair-100sne-wireless-access-point-teardown |website=electronics360.globalspec.com |accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Corporate story"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || Technology || Ericsson launches the Ericsson Radio Dot System that enables mobile operators to deliver consistently high-performance voice and data coverage and capacity in the broadest range of enterprise buildings and public venues.<ref name="Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 || Staff || Ericsson employs about 118,055 people at the time.<ref name="Ericsson SuccessStory">{{cite web |title=Ericsson SuccessStory |url=https://successstory.com/companies/ericsson |website=successstory.com |accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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===How the timeline was built===
 
===How the timeline was built===
  
−
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXME]].
+
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
  
 
{{funding info}} is available.
 
{{funding info}} is available.
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===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
−
 
+
−
[http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/7/Telefonaktiebolaget-LM-Ericsson.html], [https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/history-of-sony-ericsson.php],
 
  
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===

Latest revision as of 15:13, 14 December 2021

This is a timeline of Ericsson, attempting to describe important events in the history of the company.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
LM Ericsson's export business expands in the 1880s, and explodes in the 1890s.[1]
1930s Ericsson’s first speakerphone is designed in the decade.[2]
1950s Transistor technology is introduced, and new prerequisites are created for developing a more functional speakerphone.[2]
1960s Ericsson seeks for international expansion, and takes active steps to set up manufacturing subsidiaries in other countries. The reasons for establishing foreign operations in the postwar era are the same as in the 1920s: overseas manufacturing operations were a prime requirement if Ericsson was to be competitive.[3] Ericsson releases one of the first handsfree speaker phones.[4]
1980s The Nordic countries become the first to start mobile telephone systems.
1990s Ericsson leads the advancement of telecommunication technologies, expanding its business, and maintaining its dominant position in the rapidly expanding mobile infrastructure market. By 1999, Ericsson holds the majority (27.6%) of the global mobile infrastructure market.[5]
2000s Ericsson experiences a drastic 40% drop in sales from 2000 to 2002. From the mid-2000s, Ericsson’s sales improve; recovering its global telecommunication infrastructure investment. However, owing to its overwhelming sales growth, Huawei would overtake Ericsson finally in terms of annual sales in 2012.[5] Sony Mobile Communications is founded as a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson.[6]
2010s In 2012, Ericsson sold its mobile-phone business to Sony, five years after Apple introduced the first iPhone. Today Ericsson is a world's leading provider of technology and services to telecom operators. It is a leader in 2G, 3G and 4G mobile technologies, provides support for networks with over 2 billion subscribers, and has the leading position in managed services.[7]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 14, 2021.

Year "Ericsson" "telecommunication"
1950 1
1955 3
1960 7
1965 6
1970 22
1975 29
1980 33
1985 51
1990 114
1995 267
2000 893
2005 1,340
2010 1,730
2015 2,330
2020 1,830
Ericsson gscho.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Ericsson (Search term) and Ericsson (Telecommunications company), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[8]

Ericsson gt.jpg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Ericsson, from 1876 to 2019.[9]

Ericsson ngram.jpeg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Ericsson, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.[10]

Ericsson wv.jpg

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
1876 Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a workshop to repair telegraph instruments and undertake small mechanical engineering jobs.[11][12]
1877 The newly invented telephone reaches Sweden.[1]
1878 L.M. Ericsson begins producing telephone equipment,[4] and is the first to introduce the “single-trumpet” telephone.[13][14]
1881 International expansion Ericsson signs first major contracts in Norway, Russia and Sweden.[11][15]
1883 Organization Telephone service provider Stockholms Allm&auml-a Telefonaktiebolag (SAT) is created and buys its equipment from LM Ericsson.[1]
1890 International expansion Ericsson begins selling in Australia.[16] Australia
1894 International expansion Ericsson begins selling telephone receivers in Ethiopia.[17] Ethiopia
1896 Ericsson incorporates as Aktiebolaget LM Ericsson & Company, with Ericsson serving as chairman, president, and sole shareholder.[1] At the time of incorporation, the company becomes a major enterprise with more than 500 employees, having produced over 100,000 telephones.[12][1]
1896 International expansion Ericsson expands into South Africa and delivers its first telephone exchange in Capetown, followed by several orders by other cities.[18]
1897 International expansion Ericsson installes its first telephone exchange in Egypt, in Alexandria.[19] Egypt
1897 Britain accounts for 28% of L.M. Ericsson’s sales.[4] United Kingdom
1898 International expansion Ericsson opens a sales office in London.[20] United Kingdom
1899 International expansion LM Ericsson opens its first foreign factory, in Saint Petersburg, Russia.[1][1]
1900 Exports account for about 90 percent of LME's total sales. Contraction of demand in the domestic market and rapidly expanding foreign markets are partly responsible for this dominance of exports.[1]
1900 Staff Lars Magnus Ericsson retires as president and is succeeded by Axel Boström, his former office manager.[1]
1900 Growth Ericsson reaches 1000 employees globally.[11]
1901 Staff Ericsson retires as chairman.[1]
1901 Acquisition Ericsson acquires Stockholms Allm&auml-a Telefonaktiebolag (SAT)'s manufacturing operations.[1] Sweden
1902 International expansion Ericsson opens sales office in the United States.[11] United States
1903 International expansion Ericsson receives its first order for a manual switch from the Indian government (a British colony at the time).[21] India
1903 Ericssons set up a joint venture company with the National Telephone Company to produce telephones at Beeston for sales to Britain and its colonies.[4]
1905 International expansion Ericsson wins a concession to operate the telephone network in Mexico City and outlying areas.[11][22]
1907 International expansion Ericsson begins delivering to Indonesia.[23] Indonesia
1908 International expansion Ericsson establishes operations in Siam (Thailand).[24] Thailand
1908 Acquisition Ericsson acquires Deckert & Homolka in Vienna.[4] Austria
1911 Acquisition Ericsson acquires S.I.T. in France.[4] France
1912 Acquisition Ericsson acquires a factory in Budapest.[4] Hungary
1913 International expansion Ericsson begins supplying equipment for Guangzhou's telephone network in China.[25] China
1917 The Bolshevik Revolution forces Ericsson to abandon Russia. At the time of the revolution, Ericsson had 3000 employees in Russia, with the market standing for half of Ericsson's total turnover. Absent during the Soviet era, Ericsson would return in 1994.[15][26] Russia
1918 Organization Ericsson merges with SAT to form Allm&auml-a Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericsson.[1]
1922 – 1924 International expansion Ericsson establishes in Spain. In 1924, the company opens its first factory in the country in Getafe (Madrid).[27] Spain
1923 The first telephone station with the Ericsson 500-switching system in regular operation is put in service in Rotterdam.[11][28][29]
1926 Notable death Lars Magnus Ericsson dies.[1]
1926 Brand The firm officially adopts the name Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson.[1]
1931 "Ivar Kreuger proposes to sell a controlling interest in Ericsson to competitor ITT."[1]
1946 Organization Ericsson establishes a foundation for television research.[11]
1950 Technology Ericsson's technology enables the world's first international call.[13][11]
1951 Acquisition Ericsson acquires a majority interest in North Electric Company of Ohio.[1] United States
1956 Product Ericsson releases the Ericofon. Also known as the Cobra, it is the first single-piece telephone to be sold commercially.[4][30]
1957 International expansion Ericsson signs a contract with Taiwan Railways, for the delivery of a Centralized traffic control system.[31] Taiwan
1959 Product Ericsson launches Ericovox, a pyramid-shaped device containing all the speaker equipment. Completely transistorized, and power being provided via the telephone line. Ericovox features automatic voice control using amplifiers for outgoing and incoming speech, as well as regulator circuits for both amplifiers.[2]
1960 Acquisition Swedish businessman Peter Wallenberg Jr. purchases ITT's stake in Ericsson.[1]
1962 Product The Ericsson Dialog is introduced.[32]
1963 Ericsson begins selling assets in an effort to focus on its telephone businesses.[1]
1964 Internationale expansion Ericsson establishes in Malaysia.[33] Malaysia
1965 International expansion Ericsson opens a technical office in Kuwait, in conjunction with the country's first orders of the crossbar switching system. Kuwait
1974 International expansion Ericsson opens a factory in Leganés (Madrid).[27] Spain
1976 Technology Ericsson introduces the AXE switching system.[1]
1977 Technology The first digital telephone exchange (AXE) is installed.[11]
1978 Product Ericsson launches Diavox, the first mass-produced touch-tone telephone in Sweden.[34]
1981 Technology Saudi Arabia becomes the first country in the world with a functioning cellular system for mobile telephony, taking into operation a system delivered by Ericsson.[35][14]
1981 Organization Ericsson joins with the United States oil company Atlantic Richfield to form Anaconda-Ericsson, a manufacturer of cables, transmission systems and other equipment. Anaconda-Ericsson would become one of the leading cable manufacturers in the United States, and would also provide Ericsson a way into to the American telecom market, which the company had difficulty breaking into in the past.[13] United States
1982 International expansion Ericsson opens an office in Taipei.[31] Taiwan
1985 Recognition Ericsson is awarded its first AXE contract from British Telecom.[1]
1988 Technology British conglomerate Vodafone orders the first firm order to Ericsson for equipment for the GSM network in the United Kingdom.[36][37][38][11] United Kingdom
1988 Acquisition Nokia acquires Ericsson's computer business.[1]
1991 Technology The firt global system for mobile communication (GSM) phones is introduced.[14]
1991 Growth Ericsson's AXE telephone exchange lines exceed 105 million in 11 countries, serving 34 million subscribers.[11]
1994 Growth Ericsson operates as one of the world's largest manufacturers of telephone apparatus, radio communications instruments, cellular mobile phone telephone switching systems, and cables.[1]
1998 Staff Sven-Christer Nilsson is elected president and chief executive officer of Ericsson.[1]
1999 Ericsson holds the majority (27.6%) of the global mobile infrastructure market.[5] In the same year, Ericsson is ranked the second largest telecommunication equipment provider with revenue of US$ 29.26 billion, closely following Nortel (formerly Northern Telecom), which posted US$ 29.80 billion in revenue.[5]
1999 Technology Ericsson pushes for 3G and mobile internet.[14]
1999 Legal Ericsson and American multinational company Qualcomm settle a patent dispute and Ericsson purchases the firm's wireless infrastructure business.[1]
2000 Growth Ericsson becomes world's leading supplier of 3G mobile systems.[11]
2001 Technology Ericsson conducts the first 3G call for Vodafone, in the United Kingdom.[11] United Kingdom
2001 Organization Ericsson's cell phone division merges with the major Japanese home electronics firm Sony and forms Sony Ericsson Communications.[1][39]
2003 Product The Sony Ericsson T610 is released. The product would be named world's best cell phone by the trade organization GSM Association.[39]
2003 Technology High-speed broadband (wideband code division multiple access, WDCMA) rollout starts globally.[14]
2005 Ericsson wins biggest contracts to date to manage operator 3's networks in Italy and the United Kingdom.[11] Italy, United Kingdom
2008 Facility Ericsson establishes a research center in the Silicon Valley.[14][11]
2008 Technology Ericsson pushes for 4G (Long-term evolution, LTE), the standard the company helps to form.[14]
2009 Technology Verizon and Ericsson collaborate to carry out the first call on 4G network.[11]
2009 Recognition Ericsson wins the IEC InfoVision Award for fiber and backhaul solutions.[14]
2011 Acquisition Ericsson completes the acquisition of Telcordia Technologies.[11]
2012 Acquisition Ericsson sells its mobile-phone business to Sony, five years after Apple introduced the first iPhone.[40]
2012 Acquisition Ericsson acquires Canadian company BelAir Networks, which offers service provider class wireless broadband, with large-scale deployments for cellular and cable operators.[41][42][11]
2013 Technology Ericsson launches the Ericsson Radio Dot System that enables mobile operators to deliver consistently high-performance voice and data coverage and capacity in the broadest range of enterprise buildings and public venues.[14]
2015 Staff Ericsson employs about 118,055 people at the time.[43]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 "Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information". referenceforbusiness.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "A revolutionary speakerphone". ericsson.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  3. ↑ "Internationalization in the 1960s". ericsson.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "A Brief History of L M Ericssons". telephonecollecting.org. Retrieved 25 June 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Catch-up strategy of an emerging firm in an emerging country: analysing the case of Huawei vs. Ericsson with patent data". researchgate.net. Retrieved 23 July 2018. 
  6. ↑ "Sony Mobile Communications". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018. 
  7. ↑ "Ericsson". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018. 
  8. ↑ "Ericsson". Google Trends. Retrieved 16 February 2021. 
  9. ↑ "Ericsson". books.google.com. Retrieved 20 February 2021. 
  10. ↑ "Ericsson". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 21 February 2021. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 "Corporate story". ericsson.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Shaping history". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Ericsson, Inc.". mesothelioma.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 Hisrich, Robert D. Advanced Introduction to Corporate Venturing. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The Secret to Success" (PDF). sserussia.org. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  16. ↑ "Australia". ericsson.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  17. ↑ "Ethiopia". ericsson.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  18. ↑ "South Africa". ericsson.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  19. ↑ "Egypt". ericsson.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. 
  20. ↑ "Great Britain". ericsson.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  21. ↑ "India". ericsson.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. 
  22. ↑ "Mexico". ericsson.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  23. ↑ "Indonesia". ericsson.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. 
  24. ↑ "Thailand". ericsson.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. 
  25. ↑ "Stockholm calling Shanghai!". slideshare.net. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  26. ↑ "Our man in Moscow". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Spain". ericsson.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  28. ↑ "The 500 switch – a workhorse". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  29. ↑ "500 switch father". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  30. ↑ "The Original Ericofon". blog.retroplanet.com. Retrieved 28 June 2018. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Taiwan". ericsson.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  32. ↑ "Dialog – the popular choice". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  33. ↑ "Malaysia". ericsson.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  34. ↑ "Diavox 1978". ericsson.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  35. ↑ "Breakthrough for mobile telephony". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  36. ↑ Meurling, John; Jeans, Richard. The mobile phone book: the invention of the mobile phone industry. 
  37. ↑ Webb, Pauline; Suggitt, Mark. Gadgets and necessities: an encyclopedia of household innovations. 
  38. ↑ Asia-Pacific Telecommunications, Issues 1-2; Issues 4-10. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Sony Ericsson T610 from 2003". ericsson.com. Retrieved 26 June 2018. 
  40. ↑ "APPLE AND ERICSSON ARE STILL SUING EACH OTHER OVER PHONE PATENTS". wired.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018. 
  41. ↑ "BelAir Networks". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  42. ↑ "BelAir 100SNE Wireless Access Point Teardown". electronics360.globalspec.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  43. ↑ "Ericsson SuccessStory". successstory.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018. 
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