Difference between revisions of "Timeline of titanium"

This is a '''timeline of FIXME'''.

| 1950s–1960s || Titanium has a relatively short production history. The first commercial quantities of titanium are produced at around 1950.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications">{{cite book |last1=Froes |first1=F.H. |title=Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WzJ7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=%22titanium+powder%22+%22in+1900..2017%22&source=bl&ots=Hpfa1BLQMW&sig=gz3rWOuVOG4izDhIMw566J_rIBI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilnsjig7jcAhULl5AKHRcRC4YQ6AEwDHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22titanium%20powder%22%20%22in%201900..2017%22&f=false}}</ref> In the early 1950s, a number of companies enter the titanium business in the United States, with strong government support.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> In the 1950s and 1960s, the {{w|Soviet Union}} pioneer the use of titanium in military and submarine applications<ref name="Roza2008p9">{{harvnb|Roza|2008|p=9}}</ref> ([[w:Alfa-class submarine|Alfa class]] and [[w:Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets|Mike class]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warfare.be/?lang=&linkid=1756&catid=243 |title=Submarines: general information |first=Eugene |last=Yanko |author2=Omsk VTTV Arms Exhibition and Military Parade JSC |date=2006 |accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> as part of programs related to the Cold War.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stainless Steel World |title=VSMPO Stronger Than Ever |pages=16–19 |publisher=KCI Publishing B.V. |date=July–August 2001 |url=http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30 |accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref>   

| 1990s || Early in the decade, with the ending of the {{w|Cold War}} and the collapse of the {{w|Soviet Union}}, defense expenditures decline and the military demand for titanium decreases.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/>

| 1790 || || British Reverend William Gregor in {{w|England}} discovers the element titanium.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Review of Extraction, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Reactive Metals: 1999 TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 28 - March 15, 1999 |edition=Brajendra Mishra |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Yee2AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146&dq=in+%221790%22+%22William+Gregor%22+%22titanium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNrPnS9bjcAhXFLVAKHdzjCG0Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=in%20%221790%22%20%22William%20Gregor%22%20%22titanium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Froes |first1=F.H. |title=Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WzJ7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=in+%221790%22+%22William+Gregor%22+%22titanium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNrPnS9bjcAhXFLVAKHdzjCG0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=in%20%221790%22%20%22William%20Gregor%22%20%22titanium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=DK |title=1000 Inventions and Discoveries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IztIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&dq=in+%221790%22+%22William+Gregor%22+%22titanium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNrPnS9bjcAhXFLVAKHdzjCG0Q6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=in%20%221790%22%20%22William%20Gregor%22%20%22titanium%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1791 || || William Gregor presents a description and chemical composition of some black magnetic sands found on the southern [[w:Cornwall|Cornish coast]]. Gregor's analysis of the black sand correspond roughly to that of mineral {{w|ilmenite}} (FeTiO3).<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1795 || || German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth identifies the oxide of an unknown element, the same as the one reported by Gregor. Klaproth names the element titanium after the [[w:Titan (mythology)|Titans]], the powerful sons of the earth in {{w|Greek mythology}}.<ref name="Titanium">{{cite book |last1=Lütjering |first1=Gerd |last2=Williams |first2=James Case |title=Titanium |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GwI9ul_wAegC&pg=PA2&dq=titanium+%22Klaproth%22+%221795%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixhanq67jcAhXIIJAKHZQ-CzEQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=titanium%20%22Klaproth%22%20%221795%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oshida |first1=Yoshiki |title=Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bUb_0fKCfY4C&pg=PA3&dq=titanium+%22Klaproth%22+%221795%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_-Iiw87jcAhVMHJAKHdBmCVw4ChDoAQgzMAI#v=onepage&q=titanium%20%22Klaproth%22%20%221795%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roza |first1=Greg |title=Titanium |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rsAGRf7j7fQC&pg=PA10&dq=titanium+%22Klaproth%22+%22in+1795%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB_Y3t87jcAhUDFZAKHZCOB4sQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=titanium%20%22Klaproth%22%20%22in%201795%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=T0VVDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA41&dq=titanium+%22Klaproth%22+%22in+1795%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB_Y3t87jcAhUDFZAKHZCOB4sQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=titanium%20%22Klaproth%22%20%22in%201795%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1887 || || L.F. Nilson and O. Peterson obtain a product of 97.4% purity by reducing titanium tetrachloride with sodium in an airtight steel cylinder.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> ||

| 1906 || || M.A. Hunter at {{w|General Electric}} in the United States produces the first pure titanium metal.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1910 || || New Zelander metallurgist {{w|Matthew Hunter}} achieves the production of pure metallic titanium (99.9%). The later called {{w|Hunter process}} is the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic titanium. ||

| 1925 || || Titanium of very high purity is made in small quantities when {{w|Anton Eduard van Arkel}} and {{w|Jan Hendrik de Boer}} discover the iodide, or [[w:crystal bar process|crystal bar]], process, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapours over a hot filament to pure metal.<ref>{{cite journal |last=van Arkel |first=A. E. |authorlink=Anton Eduard van Arkel |author2=de Boer, J. H. |title=Preparation of pure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium metal |journal={{w|Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie}} |date=1925 |volume=148 |pages=345–50 |doi=10.1002/zaac.19251480133}}</ref><ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}

| 1932 || || "Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it can be produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium" ||

| 1938 || || Luxembourgish {{w|metallurgist}} {{w|William Justin Kroll}}, at the Bureau of Mines in Albany, Oregon, produces the first display of cold ductile titanium in the United States. The work of W.J. Kroll is considered the start of the present large-scale titanium industry.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1940 || || {{w|William Justin Kroll}} develops the now called {{w|Kroll process}}, a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. || {{w|Luxembourg}}

| 1946 || || A {{w|United States Bureau of Mines}} publication describes a [[w:Kroll process|Kroll]] unit capable of making 7kg batches of good-quality titanium powder by magnesium reduction, followed by acid leaching to remove the excess magnesium and MgCl2.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1947 || || [[w:P. R. Mallory and Co Inc|P.R. Mallory Company]] begins work on the powder metallurgy of titanium under the {{w|United States Navy}} sponsorship.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1948 || || Titanium sponge production begins at {{w|Imperial Chemical Industries}} in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1948 || || The first commercial titanium is produced. The total production that year is just over 1800 kg.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> ||

| 1949 || || The {{w|United States Bureau of Mines}} reports the successful operation of a magnesium-reduction unit for making 40kg batches of titanium.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1949 || || The first titanium for actual flight is ordered from {{w|Remingtom Arms}} by the Douglas Company.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1949 || || A semicommercial titanium-melting facility is started by Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation in the United States.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1950 || || American steel producer {{w|Republic Steel}} organizes a titanium division to produce mill products.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1950 || || Titanium starts being produced in the {{w|Soviet Union}}.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> ||

| 1951 || || The Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corporation is organized by [[w:P. R. Mallory and Co Inc|P.R. Mallory Company]] and {{w|Sharon Steel Corporation}}.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1951 || || The United States [[w:NL Industries|National Lead]] operates the Bureau of Mines titanium sponge plant, and at around the same time, constructs pilot plants for sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1952 || || The {{w|United States Bureau of Mines}} reports the removal of {{w|magnesium}} and {{w|magnesium chloride}} from titanium sponge by vacuum distillation.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1952 || || A pilot unit created in 1947 at {{w|DuPont}} expands production to 800,000 kg of titanium sponge per year.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1954 || || American corporation {{w|Dow Chemical Company}} starts titanium sponge production.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1954 || || Titanium sponge production begins in Japan, with two companies, Osaka Titanium and Toho Titanium, reaching relatively large capacities by 1954.<ref name="Titanium"/> || {{w|Japan}}

| 1955 || || {{w|Imperial Chemical Industries}} becomes the principal European manufacturer of titanium and titanium alloy mill products, with a production oj 1.5 million kg in the year.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1955 || || The production of titanium grows to 9000kg, up from 1800kg in 1948.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> ||

| 1956 || || {{w|Union Carbide}} Corporation begins production of titanium sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1958 || || National Distillers and Chemical Corporation begins production of titanium sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1966 || || Oregon Metallurgical Corporation begins production of titanium sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1967 || || The first patent to use hydrogenated titanium in a {{w|sintering}} process is filed.<ref name="Titanium Powder Metallurgy">{{cite book |title=Titanium Powder Metallurgy: Science, Technology and Applications |edition=Ma Qian, Francis H. Froes |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pnSDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=%22titanium+powder%22+%22in+1900..2017%22&source=bl&ots=lSToUnCkTy&sig=mQAdyQEvdcn-cQ1mPOLX6sRovlM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilnsjig7jcAhULl5AKHRcRC4YQ6AEwCnoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22titanium%20powder%22%20%22in%201900..2017%22&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 1970 || || The process of "decomposition powder metallurgy" is first reported as a means to produce titanium alloys and metal matrix composites via hot pressing.<ref name="Titanium Powder Metallurgy"/> ||

| 1979 || || The {{w|Soviet Union}} becomes the world's largest titanium sponge producer.<ref name="Titanium"/> ||

| 1980 || || [[w:Wah Chang Corporation|Teledine Wah Chang Albany]] begins production of titanium sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1981 || || D-H Titanium Company begins production of titanium sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1982 || || The Western Zirconium Company begins production of titanium sponge.<ref name="Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 2005 – 2008 || Production || Titanium sponge production increased from 104,000 to 176,000 tonnes in the period. The growth is partly driven by a surge in demand from the aerospace sector, but also by growing demand for titanium in chemical plant in China. Chinese output of titanium sponge increased fivefold between 2005 and 2008.<ref name="prnewswire.com"/> ||

| 2009 || Demand || The global market for titanium mill products is about 100,000 tonnes compared with 130,000 in 2008.<ref name="prnewswire.com"/> ||  

| 2010 || Infrastructure || As of date, There are 18 companies producing titanium sponge, of which nine are in China, compared with just two plants a decade ago. In 2010, titanium ingot melting capacity is nominally 340,000 tonnes, 85% of which is located in {{w|Russia}}, the {{w|United States}}, {{w|Japan}} and {{w|China}}.<ref name="prnewswire.com"/> ||

| 2017 || Financial || The global {{w|titanium powder}} market is valued at US$3230 million in the year.<ref name="Future of Titanium Powder Market in Global Industry 2018 -2028">{{cite web |title=Future of Titanium Powder Market in Global Industry 2018 -2028 |url=https://theaerospacenews.com/future-of-titanium-powder-market-in-global-industry-2018-2028/96953/ |website=theaerospacenews.com |accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> ||