Difference between revisions of "Timeline of CRISPR"

Latest revision as of 18:41, 1 December 2023

This is a timeline of CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), a mechanism that allows cells to record over time the viruses that they have been exposed to.

Big picture

Year/period	Key developments
1970s	The recombinant DNA technology is developed. This would mark the beginning of a new era for biology. For the first time, molecular biologists would gain the ability to manipulate DNA molecules, making it possible to study genes and use them to develop novel medicine and biotechnology.^[1]
1980s	The polymerase chain reaction revolutionizes molecular biology by making it much easier to quickly copy a piece of DNA thousands of millions of times, speeding the pace of medical research even further.^[2]
1987	Yoshizumi Ishino discovers what later would be known as CRISPR.
2002	CRISPR is characterized and given its name.^[3]
2005	CRISPR becomes implicated in immunity.^[3]
2007	CRISPR shows to provide acquired resistance against bacterial viruses.^[3]^[4]
2011–present	CRISPR starts becoming relevant within the scientific community. Hundreds of millions of dollars would start to be raised as startup capital for biotechnology companies that are using the technique.^[5] The number of CRISPR publications would increase by 1,453% from 2011 to 2016.^[6] A patent race would start between Berkeley University and the Broad Institute.

Full timeline

Year/period	Type of event	Event	Location/launch base
1987	Discovery	Japanese molecular biologist Yoshizumi Ishino, working at Osaka University, discovers a new type of repeated sequence in prokaryotes, while studying the escherichia coli gene iap.^[7]	Japan (Osaka)
1991	Scientific development	Researchers discover direct repeats (DRs) in mycobacteria.^[3]
1993	Scientific development	Spanish microbiologist Francisco Mojica, working at the University of Alicante becomes the first to characterize what is now called a CRISPR locus, a molecular memory of MGE (mobile genetic element) encounters (in other words, a memory of all previous attacks by invaders).^[8]^[9]^[10]	Spain (Alicante)
1993	Scientific development	Francisco Mojica and colleagues discover tandem repeats (TREPs) in haloarchaea. The same year, the team reports evidence for TREPs transcription.^[3]
1993	Scientific development	Researchers develop a method of strain differentiation, direct variable repeat polymer chain reaction (DVR-PCR), which enables typing of individual mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in a single PCR. This would be the first typing method based on the repeats.^[3]^[11]
1995	Scientific development	Francisco Mojica and colleagues report evidence of tandem repeats (TREPs) activity while studying Haloferax volcanii and Haloferax mediterranei. ^[3]^[12]
1998	Scientific development	Researchers find a repeat array in an archaeal conjugative plasmid.^[13]^[3]
2000 (January 18)	Scientific development	Francisco Mojica and colleagues report recognition and description of what would be described as Short Regularly Spaced Repeats (SRSR) family.^[14]^[3]^[12]^[15]
2002	Scientific development	Ruud Jansen, working at Utrecht University, introduces the term CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), to describe the repeats. The same year, Jansen and colleagues report identification of core CRISPR associated genes or cas genes (a number of genes that are always located near the CRISPR sequences and that encode nuclease or helicase proteins, which can cut or unwind DNA).^[7]^[3]^[16]	Netherlands (Utrecht)
2003	Scientific development	Researchers report the first experimental identification of a protein interacting with CRISPR DNA repeats.^[3]
2005 (May)	Scientific development	Russian scientist Alexander Bolotin, working at Institut national de la recherche agronomique, discovers an unusual CRISPR locus while studying the bacteria streptococcus thermophilus. Although similar to previously reported systems, the CRISPR array discovered would lack some of the known cas genes and instead contained novel cas genes, including one encoding a large protein they predicted to have nuclease activity, which is now known as Cas9. Bolotin's team would also note that the spacers, which have homology to viral genes, all share a common sequence at one end. This sequence would be later known as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).^[8]^[3]	France
2005 (August)	Scientific development	Researchers at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique in Paris reveal the origin of the spacers in CRISPR elements. This would provide a new and robust identification tool for the CRISPR structure.^[17]^[3]	France
2005 (November)	Scientific development	American scientists, working at the The Institute for Genomic Research, classify 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and multiple CRISPR/Cas subtypes in prokaryotic genomes.^[3]^[18]^[15]
2006	Scientific development	Russian-American biologist Eugene Koonin and his collaborators, suggest that the CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic RNA interference–based immune system.^[7]
2006	Scientific development	Researchers report evidence for horizontal transfer of CRISPR systems.^[19]^[7]
2007	Scientific development	Researchers classify CRISPR–Cas systems based on repeats.^[7]
2007	Scientific development	French scientists Rodolphe Barrangou, Philippe Horvath and their collaborators, working at food manufacturing company Danisco, demonstrate that the CRISPR-Cas system provides acquired immunity against bacteriophages.^[7]^[3]^[4]	United States
2008	Scientific development	Scientists conceive the term "protospacer" to indicate viral sequence that corresponds to a "spacer" in the CRISPR-Cas9 system.^[15]
2008	Scientific development	Researchers demonstrate that DNA, not RNA, is the molecular target of most CRISPR-Cas systems.^[15]
2008	Scientific development	Researchers demonstrate the rapidly changing spacer contents of CRISPR arrays in environmental biofilms.^[3]
2008 (August)	Scientific development	Research teams, working at Wageningen University, University of Sheffield, and the United States National Institutes of Health characterize the RNA processing pathway in CRISPR system.^[15]
2008	Scientific development	Researchers demonstrate CRISPR interference against plasmids.^[3]
2008	Scientific development	Researchers identify a ribonucleoprotein complex (Cascade) responsible for processing of pre–crRNA to crRNA (CRISPR RNA).^[3]
2008	Scientific development	Researchers, working at University of Georgia, and Florida State University, publish the RNA gene silencing pathway involved in the CRISPR-Cas mechanism.
2010	Scientific development	The basic function and mechanisms of CRISPR systems become clear, after a variety of research groups begin to harness the natural CRISPR system for various biotechnological applications, including the generation of phage-resistant dairy cultures and phylogenetic classification of bacterial strains.^[1]
2010	Scientific development	Scientists develop concept of CRISPR autoimmunity.^[20]^[3]
2011	Scientific development	Researchers determine through cryo-electron microscopy the structure of type I targeting complex (cascade).^[3]
2011	Scientific development	Lithuanian biochemist Virginijus Šikšnys and colleagues first demonstrate that the type II CRISPR system is transferrable, in that transplantation of the type II CRISPR locus from streptococcus thermophilus into escherichia coli is able to reconstitute CRISPR interference in a different bacterial strain.^[1]
2011	Scientific development	Scientists characterize type II Trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA)–based processing mechanism.^[3]
2011	Organization	Caribou Biosciences is launched as a CRISPR startup by scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, to drive the commercialization of applications based on the remarkable nucleic acid modification capabilities found in prokaryotic CRISPR systems.^[2]^[21]
2011	Scientific development	Team of scientists reclassify Cas proteins and CRISPR systems.^[22]^[3]
2012	Scientific development	American biochemist Jennifer Doudna, from UCLA, Berkeley and French professor Emmanuelle Charpentier publish paper A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity, first proposing that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used for programmable gene editing.^[15]	United States	Jennifer Doudna
2012	Scientific development	A few months after Doudna and Charpentier paper, Chinese–American neuroscientist Feng Zhang publishes paper showing how he has successfully harnessed CRISPR with Cas9 to edit a gene in a eukaryotic cell.^[2]	United States	Feng Zhang
2012 (April)	Scientific development	American conglomerate DuPont starts commercializing the first bacterial cultures based on the CRISPR-Cas 9 technology for the production of pizza cheese.^[15]	United States
2012 (May)	Patent case	Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier submit the first patent application for CRISPR-Cas 9 technology.^[15]	United States	Emmanuelle Charpentier
2012 (August)	Engineering	Research team, working at the University of California Berkeley publish a new method that harnesses the CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome editing.^[15]
2012	Scientific development	Researchers report evidence for a positive feedback between active CRISPR spacers and new spacer uptake in a type I–E system.^[3]
2012 (December)	Patent case	The Broad Institute submits fast track application for CRISPR-Cas 9 technology to the United States Patent and Trademark Office. A further dozen patents would be filed by the Institute based on the eukaryotic use of CRISPR.^[15]^[23]	United States
2013 (January)	Application	Team led by Feng Zhang at the Broad Institute reports that it has used CRISPR to cut DNA in human cells, opening the door for the tool to be used in medicine.^[23]^[24] In the same month, a number of other researchers at different laboratories publish papers within a few weeks of each other demonstrating how the CRISPR system could be used to edit genomes in human cells.^[15]
2013 (January)	Application	CRISPR-Cas systems is used to edit the genome of a zebrafish.^[25]^[15]
2013 (February)	Application	Scientists from Harvard Medical School announce successful RNA-guided editing tool for facile, robust, and multiplexable human genome engineering using a CRISPR-Cas 9 technique.^[26]^[15]	United States
2013 (March)	Application	Researchers report the use of type II bacterial CRISPR-Cas system in saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast species used in wine making, baking and brewing) for genome engineering.^[15]^[27]
2013	Application	New CRISPR technology offers the first alternative to the current protein-based targeting (Transcription activator-like effector nuclease and Zinc finger) methods used to specifically target a gene (or other DNA sequence). This new system uses a short RNA to guide a nuclease to the DNA target.^[28]
2013 (August)	Application	Scientists demonstrate use of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in arabidopsis, tobacco, sorghum and rice.^[29]
2013	Application	A pair of studies simultaneously show how to successfully engineer type II CRISPR systems from streptococcus thermophilus and streptococcus pyogenes to accomplish genome editing in mammalian cells.^[1]
2013 (November)	Organization	Editas Medicine is founded as a transformative genome editing company.^[30]	United States (Massachusetts)
2013 (November)	Organization	CRISPR Therapeutics is founded with the mission of developing gene-editing based therapeutics for serious diseases.^[31]^[32]	Switzerland
2014 (April 15)	Patent case	The United States Patent and Trademark Office awards the first patent for use the CRISPR/Cas system to edit eukaryotic genomes to Feng Zhang of the Broad Institute of the MIT.^[33]	United States
2014 (August)	Scientific development	Biological engineers at the Massachusets Institute of Technology demonstrate that CRISPR genome-editing technique can disrupt a single parasite gene with a success rate of up to 100% — in a matter of weeks. This approach could enable much more rapid gene analysis and boost drug-development efforts.^[34]	United States
2014	Organization	Intellia Therapeutics is launched as a gene editing company, focusing on the development of therapeutics utilizing a the CRISPR/Cas9 system.^[35]	United States (Cambridge (Massachusets)
2014–2015	Application	Researchers report the successful use of CRISPR technology in mice to eliminate muscular dystrophy and cure a rare liver disease, and to make human cells immune to HIV.^[15]
2015 (March)		American scientists call for a voluntary worldwide moratorium on the use of genome editing tools to modify human reproductive cells, under the assumption that genome editing in human embryos using current technologies could have unpredictable effects on future generations.^[36]
2015 (April)	Application	Chinese research team reports the first application of CRISPR to (non-viable) human embryos. This development, together with the decreasing costs of the technology would trigger a major bioethical debate about how far CRISPR technology should be used.^[15]^[4]	China
2015 (April)	Policy	The United States National Institutes of Health issues a statement indicating that it will not fund any research that uses genome editing tools such as CRISPR in human embryos.^[15]
2015 (September)	Endorsement	Leading United Kingdom research organizations issue declare support of the continued use of CRISPR-Cas9 and other genome-editing techniques in preclinical research.^[37]	United Kingdom
2015 (September)		Professor Jennifer Doudna gives a TED Talk about the bioethics of using CRISPR.^[38]	United Kingdom (London)
2015 (November)	Application	Researchers at University of California campuses in Irvine and San Diego announce they could possibly eliminate malaria using the CRISPR technology to start a gene drive in mosquitos.^[39]
2015 (December)	Application	Three different groups of researchers announce they have successfully used CRISPR in mice to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one rare but among the most common fatal genetic diseases.^[39]
2015 (December)	Recognition	The use of CRISPR/Cas9-gRNA complex for genome editing becomes the American Association for the Advancement of Science choice for breakthrough of the year.^[40]	United States
2015 (December)	Organization	German pharmaceutical Bayer announces a joint venture with CRISPR therapeutics with aims at discovering, developing and commercializing potential cures for serious genetic diseases. Bayer would invest US$ 335 million in a long-term alliance through new Bayer LifeScience Center unit.^[39]^[41]	Germany
2015 (December)	Summit	The International Summit on Human Gene Editing is organized at the National Academy of Sciences to discuss gene editing technology, such as altering human eggs, sperm, or early embryos in a way that allows those changes to be inherited by future generations.^[15]^[42]	United States
2015	Recognition	CRISPR earns recognition as the top scientific breakthrough of the year by Science Magazine.^[39]	United States
2016 (January)	Application	Scientists at Harvard University publish improved version of CRISPR/Cas 9 with less risk of off-target DNA breaks.^[43]	United States
2016 (February)	Policy	The United Kingdom Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) autorizes researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos.^[44]	United Kingdom
2016 (March)	Application	Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, Researchers from Temple University demonstrate how they can edit HIV out of human immune cell DNA, and therefore, prevent the reinfection of unedited cells too.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]	United States
2016 (June)	Funding	American magnate Bill Gates endorses the use of CRISPR technique to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes. By September, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation would plan to double the sum it was spending under the Gates–funded project Target malaria, to create a mosquito-killing technology that relies on CRISPR gene editing.^[49]^[50]^[51]	United States
2016 (October 18)	Literature	James Kozubek publishes Modern Prometheus: Editing the Human Genome with Crispr-Cas9.^[52]	United Kingdom
2017 (February)	Patent case	The United States Patent and Trademark Office rules that the Broad Institute and University of California, Berkeley ’s patents do not interfere, after lawyers representing the University of California filed for an ‘interference’ proceeding in order to have the Broad’s patents thrown out. The judges' rule, that would benefit Broad Institute, effectively allows both UC-Berkeley and the Broad to have patents covering portions of intellectual property in the CRISPR's field, possibly requiring companies to license patents from both institutions.^[53]	United States
2017 (April)	Application	A team of scientists from the MIT and Harvard manage to adapt a CRISPR protein that targets RNA (rather than DNA) as a rapid, inexpensive, highly sensitive diagnostic tool.^[54]	United States
2017 (May)	Application	Research team at Temple University Health System publishes demonstration that HIV-1 replication can be completely shut down and the virus eliminated from infected cells in animals using CRISPR/Cas9 editing technology.^[55]	United States
2017 (May)	Application	Researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center use the CRISPR gene editing technique to try to slow cancer growth by eliminating one of the key proteins that allow cancer cells to proliferate out of control.^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]	United States
2017 (May)	Funding	The Open Philanthropy Project, a collaboration between Good Ventures and charity evaluator GiveWell, awards a grant of US$ 17,500,000 to Target Malaria over four years to help the project develop and prepare for the potential deployment of gene drive technologies to help eliminate malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa.^[60]^[61]
2017 (June 13)	Literature	Jennifer A. Doudna and Samuel H. Sternberg publish A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution.	United States
2017 (June)	Application	Scientists at Emory University show that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can reverse Huntington’s disease in mice by snipping part of a gene that produces toxic protein aggregates in the brains of 9-month-old mice.^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]	United States
2017 (July)	Application	Research team, led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov of Oregon Health and Science University, claims having used CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing technique to correct a disease-causing mutation in gene called MYBPC3 in dozens of viable human embryos. The targeted mutation causes a condition known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes.^[66]^[67]^[68]^[69]	United States
2017 (October)	Technology	Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, develop new version of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology called CRISPR-Gold, a technology that uses gold nanoparticles for delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to cells that, when tested in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), repair the faulty DMD gene, leading to improved strength and agility and reduced fibrosis.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]	United States
2021 (March)	Literature	American author Walter Isaacson publishes The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race.	United States
2021 (July 1)	Commercialization	Caribou Biosciences files for an initial public offering.^[75]	United States

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 22, 2021.

Year	crispr	crispr cas9 system	crispr plant	crispr ethics
1980	10	2	4
1985	17	8	2
1990	36	7	6	2
1995	64	12	15	2
2000	607	119	88	8
2002	675	186	109	38
2004	809	228	150	54
2006	1,160	256	230	83
2008	1,100	298	252	82
2010	1,920	369	419	133
2012	2,220	538	590	237
2014	6,480	2,680	1,570	715
2016	21,800	12,700	4,970	3,160
2017	33,300	16,900	6,780	5,150
2018	45,300	22,500	8,790	7,540
2019	52,000	27,300	10,800	10,400
2020	45,900	29,300	14,600	15,300

Google Trends

The image shows Google Trends data CRISPR (topic) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.^[76]

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for CRISPR Therapeutics (Search term), Intellia Therapeutics (Search term) and Editas Medicine (Search term) from January 2014 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[77]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for CRISPR from 2002 to 2019. ^[78]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article CRISPR on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to December 2020.^[79]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

Pingbacks

The CRISPR-Cas9 Report Card

References

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[Development_and_Applications_of_CRISPR-Cas9_for_Genome_Engineering-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 "Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering". doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

[HOW_JENNIFER_DOUDNA.E2.80.99S_GENE_EDITING_TECHNIQUE_WILL_CHANGE_THE_WORLD-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "HOW JENNIFER DOUDNA'S GENE EDITING TECHNIQUE WILL CHANGE THE WORLD". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

[CRISPR-Cas_Systems:_RNA-mediated_Adaptive_Immunity_in_Bacteria_and_Archaea-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 ^3.18 ^3.19 ^3.20 ^3.21 ^3.22 CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea (Rodolphe Barrangou, John van der Oost ed.). Retrieved 6 June 2017.

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[CRISPR_Timeline-8] 8.0 ^8.1 "CRISPR Timeline". broadinstitute.org. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

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[Round_one_of_CRISPR_patent_legal_battle_goes_to_the_Broad_Institute-23] 23.0 ^23.1 "Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute". sciencemag.org. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

[24] "How the battle lines over CRISPR were drawn.". sciencemag.org. Retrieved 7 June 2017.

[Efficient_genome_editing_in_zebrafish_using_a_CRISPR-Cas_system-25] "Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system". Nature Biotechnology. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

[26] "RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.". doi:10.1126/science.1232033. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

[27] "Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems". PMC 3627607. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt135. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

[28] "CRISPR/Cas9 History". addgene.org. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

[29] "Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in Arabidopsis, tobacco, sorghum and rice". oup.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[30] "Editas Medicine". massbio.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[CRISPR_will_Win_the_Nobel_Prize.2C_but_When.3F_Not_this_year.E2.80.A6-31] "CRISPR will Win the Nobel Prize, but When? Not this year…". labiotech.eu. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[32] "FOUNDERS & SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS". crisprtx.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[33] "Patent Covers CRISPR". the-scientist.com. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

[34] "An easier way to manipulate malaria genes". mit.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[35] "Company Overview of Intellia Therapeutics Inc.". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 6 June 2017.

[Don.E2.80.99t_edit_the_human_germ_line-36] "Don't edit the human germ line". nature.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[37] "Human genome-editing research should proceed, say leading UK science bodies". wellcome.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

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[CRISPR_Is_Rapidly_Ushering_in_a_New_Era_in_Science-39] 39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 ^39.3 "CRISPR Is Rapidly Ushering in a New Era in Science". futurism.com. Retrieved 7 June 2017.

[40] Travis J. "Breakthrough of the Year: CRISPR makes the cut". Science Magazine. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 5 June 2017.

[41] "Bayer and CRISPR Therapeutics AG join Forces to Discover, Develop and Commercialize Potential Cures for Serious Genetic Diseases". bayer.com. Retrieved 7 June 2017.

[42] "Global summit opens door to controversial gene-editing of human embryos". statnews.com. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

[43] "High-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects.". doi:10.1038/nature16526. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

[44] "British researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos". theguardian.com. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

[45] "Scientists Just Removed HIV from Human Immune Cells Using CRISPR Gene-Editing". futurism.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

[46] Hodgkins, Kelly. "Scientists just successfully used gene editing to remove HIV from infected immune cells". digitaltrends.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

[47] CREW, BEC. "Scientists Have Removed HIV From Human Immune Cells Using a New Gene-Editing Technique". sciencealert.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

[48] Dvorsky, George. "HIV Genes Successfully Edited Out of Immune Cells". gizmodo.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

[49] "Bill Gates Doubles His Bet on Wiping Out Mosquitoes with Gene Editing". technologyreview.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

[50] "Bill Gates endorses genetically modified mosquitoes to combat malaria". theverge.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.

[51] "Gates Foundation doubling efforts to use CRISPR to create mosquito-killing technology". geneticliteracyproject.org. Retrieved 11 June 2017.

[52] Kozubek, James (18 October 2016). Modern Prometheus: Editing the Human Genome with Crispr-Cas9. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-78098-5.

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[56] Maldarelli, Claire. "Scientists are using gene editing to try to slow cancer growth". popsci.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==Full timeline==
 {| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Location
+! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Location/launch base
 |-
 | 1987 || Discovery || Japanese molecular biologist [[wikipedia:Yoshizumi Ishino|Yoshizumi Ishino]], working at [[wikipedia:Osaka University|Osaka University]], discovers a new type of repeated sequence in [[wikipedia:prokaryotes|prokaryotes]], while studying the ''[[wikipedia:escherichia coli|escherichia coli]]'' gene ''iap''.<ref name="CRISPR-Cas: The discovery of an immune system in prokaryotes">{{cite web|last1=Morange|first1=Michel|title=CRISPR-Cas: The discovery of an immune system in prokaryotes|url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/275/art%253A10.1007%252Fs12038-015-9532-6.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12038-015-9532-6&token2=exp=1496687727~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F275%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs12038-015-9532-6.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs12038-015-9532-6*~hmac=9f769b48f80ed45c6d7d809feb21427359c7c75e20bac5d18937c13e12a84d20|website=springer.com|accessdate=5 June 2017|doi=10.1007/s12038-015-9532-6}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] ([[wikipedia:Osaka|Osaka]])
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 | 2011 || Scientific development || Team of scientists reclassify Cas proteins and CRISPR systems.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mechanism of substrate selection by a highly specific CRISPR endoribonuclease|doi=10.1261/rna.030882.111|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312554/|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea"/> ||
 |-
-| 2012 || Scientific development || American biochemist [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Jennifer Doudna]], from [[wikipedia:University of California, Berkeley|UCLA, Berkeley]] and French professor [[wikipedia:Emmanuelle Charpentier|Emmanuelle Charpentier]] publish paper ''A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity'', first proposing that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used for programmable gene editing.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> ||
+| 2012 || Scientific development || American biochemist [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Jennifer Doudna]], from [[wikipedia:University of California, Berkeley|UCLA, Berkeley]] and French professor [[wikipedia:Emmanuelle Charpentier|Emmanuelle Charpentier]] publish paper ''A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity'', first proposing that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used for programmable gene editing.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> || {{w|United States}} || [[File:Professor Jennifer Doudna ForMemRS.jpg|thumb|center|100px|Jennifer Doudna]]
 |-
-| 2012 || Scientific development || A few months after [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Doudna]] and [[wikipedia:Emmanuelle Charpentier|Charpentier]] paper, Chinese–American neuroscientist [[wikipedia:Feng Zhang|Feng Zhang]] publishes paper showing how he has successfully harnessed CRISPR with [[wikipedia:Cas9|Cas9]] to edit a gene in a [[wikipedia:eukaryotic cell|eukaryotic cell]].<ref name="HOW JENNIFER DOUDNA’S GENE EDITING TECHNIQUE WILL CHANGE THE WORLD"/> ||
+| 2012 || Scientific development || A few months after [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Doudna]] and [[wikipedia:Emmanuelle Charpentier|Charpentier]] paper, Chinese–American neuroscientist [[wikipedia:Feng Zhang|Feng Zhang]] publishes paper showing how he has successfully harnessed CRISPR with [[wikipedia:Cas9|Cas9]] to edit a gene in a [[wikipedia:eukaryotic cell|eukaryotic cell]].<ref name="HOW JENNIFER DOUDNA’S GENE EDITING TECHNIQUE WILL CHANGE THE WORLD"/> || {{w|United States}} || [[File:Fzhang at summit.jpg|thumb|center|100px|Feng Zhang]]
 |-
 | 2012 (April) || Scientific development || American conglomerate [[wikipedia:DuPont|DuPont]] starts commercializing the first bacterial cultures based on the CRISPR-Cas 9 technology for the production of pizza cheese.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> || United States
 |-
-| 2012 (May) || Patent case  || [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Jennifer Doudna]] and [[wikipedia:Emmanuelle Charpentier|Emmanuelle Charpentier]] submit the first patent application for CRISPR-Cas 9 technology.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> || United States
+| 2012 (May) || Patent case  || [[wikipedia:Jennifer Doudna|Jennifer Doudna]] and [[wikipedia:Emmanuelle Charpentier|Emmanuelle Charpentier]] submit the first patent application for CRISPR-Cas 9 technology.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> || United States || [[File:Emmanuelle Charpentier.jpg|thumb|center|100px|Emmanuelle Charpentier]]
 |-
 | 2012 (August) || Engineering || Research team, working at the [[wikipedia:University of California Berkeley|University of California Berkeley]] publish a new method that harnesses the CRISPR-Cas9 system for [[wikipedia:genome editing|genome editing]].<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> ||
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 | 2012 || Scientific development || Researchers report evidence for a positive feedback between active CRISPR spacers and new spacer uptake in a type I–E system.<ref name="CRISPR-Cas Systems: RNA-mediated Adaptive Immunity in Bacteria and Archaea"/> ||
 |-
 | 2012 (December) || Patent case || The [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] submits fast track application for CRISPR-Cas 9 technology to the [[wikipedia:United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent and Trademark Office]]. A further dozen patents would be filed by the Institute based on the eukaryotic use of CRISPR.<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/><ref name="Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute"/> || United States
 |-
 | 2013 (January) || Application || Team led by [[wikipedia:Feng Zhang|Feng Zhang]] at the [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] reports that it has used CRISPR to cut DNA in [[wikipedia:human cell|human cells]], opening the door for the tool to be used in medicine.<ref name="Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute">{{cite web|title=Round one of CRISPR patent legal battle goes to the Broad Institute|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/round-one-crispr-patent-legal-battle-goes-broad-institute|website=sciencemag.org|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How the battle lines over CRISPR were drawn.|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/how-battle-lines-over-crispr-were-drawn|website=sciencemag.org|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref> In the same month, a number of other researchers at different laboratories publish papers within a few weeks of each other demonstrating how the CRISPR system could be used to edit genomes in [[wikipedia:human cells|human cells]].<ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/>||
 |-
 | 2013 (January) || Application || CRISPR-Cas systems is used to edit the genome of a [[wikipedia:zebrafish|zebrafish]].<ref name="Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system">{{cite journal|title=Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system|journal=Nature Biotechnology|url=http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n3/full/nbt.2501.html|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> ||
 |-
 | 2013 (February) || Application || Scientists from [[wikipedia:Harvard Medical School|Harvard Medical School]] announce successful RNA-guided editing tool for facile, robust, and multiplexable human genome engineering using a CRISPR-Cas 9 technique.<ref>{{cite journal|title=RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.|doi=10.1126/science.1232033|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287722|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="CRISPR whatisbiotechnology.org"/> || United States
@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 | 2016 (February) || Policy || The United Kingdom Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) autorizes researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos.<ref>{{cite web|title=British researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/01/human-embryo-genetic-modify-regulator-green-light-research|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=8 June 2017}}</ref> || United Kingdom
 |-
-| 2016 (March) || Application || Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, Researchers from Temple University demonstrate how they can edit {{w|HIV}} out of human immune cell {{w|DNA}}, and therefore, prevent the reinfection of unedited cells too.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientists Just Removed HIV from Human Immune Cells Using CRISPR Gene-Editing|url=https://futurism.com/scientists-just-removed-hiv-human-immune-cells-using-crispr-gene-editing/|website=futurism.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hodgkins|first1=Kelly|title=Scientists just successfully used gene editing to remove HIV from infected immune cells|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/hiv-gene-editing/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=CREW|first1=BEC|title=Scientists Have Removed HIV From Human Immune Cells Using a New Gene-Editing Technique|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-removed-hiv-dna-from-human-immune-cells-using-new-gene-editing-technique|website=sciencealert.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dvorsky|first1=George|title=HIV Genes Successfully Edited Out of Immune Cells|url=https://gizmodo.com/hiv-successfully-edited-out-of-immune-cells-1766413957|website=gizmodo.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>
+| 2016 (March) || Application || Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, Researchers from {{w|Temple University}} demonstrate how they can edit {{w|HIV}} out of human immune cell {{w|DNA}}, and therefore, prevent the reinfection of unedited cells too.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientists Just Removed HIV from Human Immune Cells Using CRISPR Gene-Editing|url=https://futurism.com/scientists-just-removed-hiv-human-immune-cells-using-crispr-gene-editing/|website=futurism.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hodgkins|first1=Kelly|title=Scientists just successfully used gene editing to remove HIV from infected immune cells|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/hiv-gene-editing/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=CREW|first1=BEC|title=Scientists Have Removed HIV From Human Immune Cells Using a New Gene-Editing Technique|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-removed-hiv-dna-from-human-immune-cells-using-new-gene-editing-technique|website=sciencealert.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dvorsky|first1=George|title=HIV Genes Successfully Edited Out of Immune Cells|url=https://gizmodo.com/hiv-successfully-edited-out-of-immune-cells-1766413957|website=gizmodo.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2016 (June) || Funding || American magnate [[wikipedia:Bill Gates|Bill Gates]] endorses the use of CRISPR technique to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes. By September, the [[wikipedia:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] would plan to double the sum it was spending under the Gates–funded project [[wikipedia:Target malaria|Target malaria]], to create a mosquito-killing technology that relies on CRISPR gene editing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates Doubles His Bet on Wiping Out Mosquitoes with Gene Editing|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602304/bill-gates-doubles-his-bet-on-wiping-out-mosquitoes-with-gene-editing/|website=technologyreview.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates endorses genetically modified mosquitoes to combat malaria|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/17/11965176/bill-gates-genetically-modified-mosquito-malaria-crispr|website=theverge.com|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gates Foundation doubling efforts to use CRISPR to create mosquito-killing technology|url=https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/09/07/gates-foundation-doubling-efforts-use-crispr-create-mosquito-killing-technology/|website=geneticliteracyproject.org|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref> ||
+| 2016 (June) || Funding || American magnate [[wikipedia:Bill Gates|Bill Gates]] endorses the use of CRISPR technique to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes. By September, the [[wikipedia:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] would plan to double the sum it was spending under the Gates–funded project [[wikipedia:Target malaria|Target malaria]], to create a mosquito-killing technology that relies on CRISPR gene editing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates Doubles His Bet on Wiping Out Mosquitoes with Gene Editing|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602304/bill-gates-doubles-his-bet-on-wiping-out-mosquitoes-with-gene-editing/|website=technologyreview.com|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates endorses genetically modified mosquitoes to combat malaria|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/17/11965176/bill-gates-genetically-modified-mosquito-malaria-crispr|website=theverge.com|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gates Foundation doubling efforts to use CRISPR to create mosquito-killing technology|url=https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/09/07/gates-foundation-doubling-efforts-use-crispr-create-mosquito-killing-technology/|website=geneticliteracyproject.org|accessdate=11 June 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2016 (October 18) || Literature || James Kozubek publishes ''Modern Prometheus: Editing the Human Genome with Crispr-Cas9''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kozubek |first1=James |title=Modern Prometheus: Editing the Human Genome with Crispr-Cas9 |date=18 October 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-78098-5 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Modern_Prometheus.html?id=wIwwDQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 2017 (February) || Patent case || The [[wikipedia:United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent and Trademark Office]] rules that the [[wikipedia:Broad Institute|Broad Institute]] and [[wikipedia:University of California, Berkeley |University of California, Berkeley ]]’s patents do not interfere, after lawyers representing the [[wikipedia:University of California|University of California]] filed for an ‘interference’ proceeding in order to have the Broad’s patents thrown out. The judges' rule, that would benefit Broad Institute, effectively allows both UC-Berkeley and the Broad to have patents covering portions of [[wikipedia:intellectual property|intellectual property]] in the CRISPR's field, possibly requiring companies to license patents from both institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broad Institute wins bitter battle over CRISPR patents|url=http://www.nature.com/news/broad-institute-wins-bitter-battle-over-crispr-patents-1.21502|website=nature.com|accessdate=7 June 2017}}</ref> || United States
@@ Line 166: / Line 168: @@
 |-
 | 2017 (May) || Funding || The Open Philanthropy Project, a collaboration between [[wikipedia:Good Ventures|Good Ventures]] and charity evaluator  [[wikipedia:GiveWell|GiveWell]], awards a grant of US$ 17,500,000 to [[wikipedia:Target Malaria|Target Malaria]] over four years to help the project develop and prepare for the potential deployment of gene drive technologies to help eliminate malaria in [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria elimination project wins $17.5m funding boost|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_30-5-2017-13-49-35|website=imperial.ac.uk|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Target Malaria — General Support|url=http://www.openphilanthropy.org/focus/scientific-research/miscellaneous/target-malaria-general-support|website=openphilanthropy.org|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2017 (June 13) || Literature || {{w|Jennifer A. Doudna}} and Samuel H. Sternberg publish ''A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution''. || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2017 (June) || Application || Scientists at {{w|Emory University}} show that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can reverse {{w|Huntington’s disease}} in {{w|mice}} by snipping part of a gene that produces toxic protein aggregates in the brains of 9-month-old mice.<ref>{{cite web|title=CRISPR Reverses Huntington’s Disease in Mice|url=https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/crispr-reverses-huntingtons-disease-in-mice/81254532|website=genengnews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gene editing reverses Huntington's in mouse model|url=http://news.emory.edu/stories/2017/06/li_hd_jci-CRISPR/index.html|website=emory.edu|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Ricki|title=Can CRISPR Conquer Huntington’s?|url=http://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2017/06/29/can-crispr-conquer-huntingtons/|website=plos.org|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barlow|first1=Joshua|title=CRISPR gene-editing reverses Huntington’s Disease in mice|url=https://america.cgtn.com/2017/06/27/crispr-gene-editing-reverses-huntingtons-disease-in-mice|website=cgtn.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 171: / Line 175: @@
 | 2017 (July) || Application || Research team, led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov of {{w|Oregon Health and Science University}}, claims having used CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing technique to correct a disease-causing mutation in gene called MYBPC3 in dozens of viable human embryos. The targeted mutation causes a condition known as {{w|hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}}, which is the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Connor|first1=Steve|title=First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/|website=technologyreview.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ledford|first1=Heidi|title=CRISPR fixes disease gene in viable human embryos|url=http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-fixes-disease-gene-in-viable-human-embryos-1.22382|website=nature.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Potenza|first1=Alessandra|title=Human embryos edited for first time in the US using CRISPR|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/27/16049340/human-embryos-dna-crispr-gene-editing-us|website=theverge.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Molteni|first1=Megan|title=US Scientists Edit a Human Embryo—But Superbabies Won’t Come Easy|url=https://www.wired.com/story/first-us-crispr-edited-embryos-suggest-superbabies-wont-come-easy/|website=wired.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2017 (October) || Technology || Researchers at the {{w|University of California, Berkeley}}, develop new version of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology called CRISPR-Gold, a technology that uses {{w|gold}} nanoparticles for delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to cells that, when tested in the mdx mouse model of {{w|Duchenne muscular dystrophy}} (DMD), repair the faulty DMD gene, leading to improved strength and agility and reduced {{w|fibrosis}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mumal|title=Advanced Gene-Editing Technology CRISPR-Gold Repairs DMD Mutation in Mice|url=https://musculardystrophynews.com/2017/10/13/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-mutation-in-mice-fixed-crispr-gold-gene-editing-technology/|website=musculardystrophynews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Israel|first1=Brett|title=CRISPR-Gold fixes Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation in mice|url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/10/03/crispr-gold-fixes-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-mutation-in-mice/|website=berkeley.edu|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laycock|first1=Emma|title='CRISPR-Gold' repairs muscular dystrophy gene in mouse model|url=http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_894685.asp|website=bionews.org.uk|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ktorri|first1=Sophia|title=CRISPR Nanoparticles Repair Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene|url=https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/crispr-nanoparticles-repair-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-gene/81255009|website=genengnews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Leitch|first1=Carmen|title=New CRISPR-Gold Tool Repairs Muscular Dystrophy in Mice|url=https://www.labroots.com/trending/cell-and-molecular-biology/7053/crispr-gold-tool-repairs-muscular-dystrophy-mice|website=labroots.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>
+| 2017 (October) || Technology || Researchers at the {{w|University of California, Berkeley}}, develop new version of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology called CRISPR-Gold, a technology that uses {{w|gold}} nanoparticles for delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system to cells that, when tested in the mdx mouse model of {{w|Duchenne muscular dystrophy}} (DMD), repair the faulty DMD gene, leading to improved strength and agility and reduced {{w|fibrosis}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mumal|title=Advanced Gene-Editing Technology CRISPR-Gold Repairs DMD Mutation in Mice|url=https://musculardystrophynews.com/2017/10/13/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-mutation-in-mice-fixed-crispr-gold-gene-editing-technology/|website=musculardystrophynews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Israel|first1=Brett|title=CRISPR-Gold fixes Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation in mice|url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/10/03/crispr-gold-fixes-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-mutation-in-mice/|website=berkeley.edu|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laycock|first1=Emma|title='CRISPR-Gold' repairs muscular dystrophy gene in mouse model|url=http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_894685.asp|website=bionews.org.uk|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ktorri|first1=Sophia|title=CRISPR Nanoparticles Repair Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene|url=https://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/crispr-nanoparticles-repair-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-gene/81255009|website=genengnews.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Leitch|first1=Carmen|title=New CRISPR-Gold Tool Repairs Muscular Dystrophy in Mice|url=https://www.labroots.com/trending/cell-and-molecular-biology/7053/crispr-gold-tool-repairs-muscular-dystrophy-mice|website=labroots.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2021 (March) || Literature || American author {{w|Walter Isaacson}} publishes ''{{w|The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race}}''. || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2021 (July 1) || Commercialization || {{w|Caribou Biosciences}} files for an {{w|initial public offering}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Philippidis |first1=Alex |title=Vintage “Chardonnay:” Caribou Biosciences Files for $100M IPO |url=https://www.genengnews.com/news/vintage-chardonnay-caribou-biosciences-files-for-100m-ipo/ |website=GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=6 July 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 |}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 22, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! crispr
+! crispr cas9 system
+! crispr plant
+! crispr ethics
+|-
+| 1980 || 10 || 2 || 4 ||
+|-
+| 1985 || 17 || 8 || 2 ||
+|-
+| 1990 || 36 || 7 || 6 || 2
+|-
+| 1995 || 64 || 12 || 15 || 2
+|-
+| 2000 || 607 || 119 || 88 || 8
+|-
+| 2002 || 675 || 186 || 109 || 38
+|-
+| 2004 || 809 || 228 || 150 || 54
+|-
+| 2006 || 1,160 || 256 || 230  || 83
+|-
+| 2008 || 1,100 || 298 || 252 || 82
+|-
+| 2010 || 1,920 || 369 || 419 || 133
+|-
+| 2012 || 2,220 || 538 || 590 || 237
+|-
+| 2014 || 6,480 || 2,680 || 1,570 || 715
+|-
+| 2016 || 21,800 || 12,700 || 4,970 || 3,160
+|-
+| 2017 || 33,300 || 16,900 || 6,780 || 5,150
+|-
+| 2018 || 45,300 || 22,500 || 8,790 || 7,540
+|-
+| 2019 || 52,000 || 27,300 || 10,800 || 10,400
+|-
+| 2020 || 45,900 || 29,300 || 14,600 || 15,300
+|-
+|}
+[[File:CRISPR tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The image shows Google Trends data CRISPR (topic) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F06q4w3 |website=trends.google.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Crispr gt.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for {{w|CRISPR Therapeutics}} (Search term), {{w|Intellia Therapeutics}} (Search term) and {{w|Editas Medicine}} (Search term) from January 2014 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia Therapeutics and Editas Medicine |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2014-01-01%202021-02-16&q=%2Fg%2F11cs5w5lwr,%2Fg%2F11gh95xbnx,%2Fg%2F11clr_m12_ |website=Google Trends |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Crsp ntla edit gt.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for CRISPR from 2002 to 2019.
+<ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=CRISPR&year_start=2002&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Crspr ngramv.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|CRISPR }} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=CRISPR&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Crispr wv.jpeg|thumb|center|500px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 182: / Line 265: @@
 {{funding info}} is available.
+===Feedback and comments===
+Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
 === What the timeline is still missing ===
-[https://www.vox.com/2017/10/25/16527370/crispr-gene-editing-harvard-mit-broad][https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631520-100-biohackers-are-using-crispr-on-their-dna-and-we-cant-stop-it/][https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cnHuopicWJkC&pg=PR7&dq=%22in+1980..2016%22+%22crispr%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVnar80KnUAhUEgZAKHYSLADUQ6AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201980..2016%22%20%22crispr%22&f=false]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=624389042578852&set=a.358682769149482]
-[https://genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/crispr-editing-creates-tcr-swap-shop-for-cancer-immunotherapy/81255191]
+*[https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=468419421633010&set=gm.10161898157358916]
+*[https://www.synthego.com/blog/crispr-startup-companies]
+*[https://www.vox.com/2017/10/25/16527370/crispr-gene-editing-harvard-mit-broad]
+*[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631520-100-biohackers-are-using-crispr-on-their-dna-and-we-cant-stop-it/]
+*[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cnHuopicWJkC&pg=PR7&dq=%22in+1980..2016%22+%22crispr%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVnar80KnUAhUEgZAKHYSLADUQ6AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201980..2016%22%20%22crispr%22&f=false]
+*[https://genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/crispr-editing-creates-tcr-swap-shop-for-cancer-immunotherapy/81255191]
+*[https://www.newscientist.com/article/2246020-three-people-with-inherited-diseases-successfully-treated-with-crispr/]
+* [https://singularityhub.com/2020/07/21/a-newly-discovered-tiny-crispr-protein-packs-a-giant-punch-for-human-gene-editing/?fbclid=IwAR0cBy3SI-xkkvZyAwoPZDNBP0iCuuDjdlinI5p6G3uxGgiO1ROGfFCaVS8]
+* [https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/crispr-edited-babies-improved-cognition?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1]
+* [https://www.wired.co.uk/article/jennifer-doudna-crispr]
+* [https://www.inverse.com/innovation/crispr-chronic-pain-opioid-study?fbclid=IwAR210BXEWU9eclFaM6Pku-ZLuJknxoYxuMvvkqoaOefFGQl7EX54FQBesLQ]
+* [https://news.berkeley.edu/2021/03/30/fda-approves-first-test-of-crispr-to-correct-genetic-defect-causing-sickle-cell-disease/?fbclid=IwAR3nnYzyzpLZgDFIcQxqDUQK-jHatRuLM4Hf9uA-0mmBgg6JO6Ga8J75ys4]
+* [https://biohackinfo.com/news-china-gene-editing-criminal-law-article-336-march-2021/?fbclid=IwAR3XLfNI7_41xKei_mG6B-lRfWJxc2TzDPbWNu_3gCn3EgWPt1OOs3d2ngQ]
+* [https://news.berkeley.edu/2021/03/30/fda-approves-first-test-of-crispr-to-correct-genetic-defect-causing-sickle-cell-disease/]
+===Timeline update strategy===
-===Timeline update strategy===
+=== Pingbacks ===
+* [https://www.geneonline.com/the-crispr-cas9-report-card/ The CRISPR-Cas9 Report Card]
 ==See also==
 * [[Timeline of DNA sequencing]]
+* [[Timeline of gene therapy]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|30em}}

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of CRISPR"

Latest revision as of 18:41, 1 December 2023

Contents

Big picture

Full timeline

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

Feedback and comments

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

Pingbacks

See also

References

Navigation menu

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Namespaces

Variants

Views

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