Difference between revisions of "Timeline of bicycle sharing systems"

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This is a '''timeline of {{w|bicycle sharing system}}s'''.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|bicycle sharing system}}s''', attempting to describe significant events related to the evolution of the systems, as well as their expansion worldwide.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary   
 
! Time period !! Development summary   
 
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| 1960s || Bike sharing dates back to this decade, with the introducction of the first system in {{w|Amsterdam}}.
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| 1960s || Bike sharing dates back to this decade, with the introducction of the first system in {{w|Amsterdam}}. Considered '''first generation''', the system comprises ordinary bikes without locks or racks. First generation systems are still used in closed areas such as national parks.<ref name="Three generations bike sharing"/>
 
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| 1970s || Many city governments and non-governmental organizations start attending the creation of bike sharing systems and begin to consider them as part of the public transport system.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/>
 
| 1970s || Many city governments and non-governmental organizations start attending the creation of bike sharing systems and begin to consider them as part of the public transport system.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/>
 
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| 1990s || The docking station-ID system develops as the next generation, which requires a user being identified.<ref name="Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change?">{{cite web |title=Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change? |url=https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-do-bicycle-sharing-systems-work-4176148 |website=thebalancesmb.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref>  
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| 1990s || The second and third generations of bicycle sharing systems are introduced in the decade. The '''second generation''' introduces bikes specially designed that can be picked up and returned at specific locations (racks) with a coin deposit (like super market trolleys). The '''third generation''' includes high tech solutions like electronically locking racks, or bike locks, chip cards, {{w|mobile phone}}s and {{w|internet}}. The third generation system 'knows' who uses the bikes.<ref name="Three generations bike sharing"/><ref name="Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change?">{{cite web |title=Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change? |url=https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-do-bicycle-sharing-systems-work-4176148 |website=thebalancesmb.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref>  
 
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| 2010s || "bike-sharing services are now seemingly ubiquitous in many major cities. The propagation of “dockless” systems, shared bicycles that can be parked nearly anywhere, has led to unprecedented growth, increasing the number of publicly accessible bikes from 1.2 million worldwide in 2015 to more than 16 million in China alone in just two years."<ref name="The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks"/>
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| 2000s || The '''fourth generation''' of bicycle sharing systems is introduced, incorporating mobile docking stations which allows them to be removed and transferred to different locations, thus enabling stations to be relocated according to usage patterns and user demands.<ref name="Fourth Generation Bikeshare and Social Innovation"/>
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| 2010s || Today, bike-sharing services are ubiquitous in many major cities. An unprecedented growth has been fueled by the propagation of “dockless” systems, shared bicycles that can be parked nearly anywhere, increasing the number of publicly accessible bikes from 1.2 million worldwide in 2015 to more than 16 million in China alone in just two years.<ref name="The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks"/>
 
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
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! Year !! Month and date !! Event type !! Details !! Location
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! Year !! Month and date !! Event type !! Details !! Country
 
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| 1965 || || || "In Amsterdam, a group of activists introduce the Witte Fietsen, or White Bikes—dozens of regular bicycles that were painted white and left unlocked for anyone to use and leave behind for the next person. After many of the bikes are stolen or damaged, the program is quickly shut down—and considered a massive failure."      {{w|Wittefietsenplan}} (WhiteBikes).  "Luud Schimmelpennink – considered the father of the bike share - helped paint set of white bicycles in Amsterdam and left them out in public for everyone to use. In reality, the program wasn’t a business offering, but a political statement of concern for pollution and against the growing number of cars in the city."<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Bradley |title=A brief history of bike sharing |url=https://360.here.com/a-brief-history-of-bikesharing |website=360.here.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM">{{cite web |title=THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM |url=https://www.citylab.com/city-makers-connections/bike-share/#slide-1965 |website=citylab.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} ({{w|Amsterdam}})
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| 1965 || || System launch || A group of activists in {{w|Amsterdam}} introduce the {{w|Wittefietsenplan}} (White Bikes), a set of dozens of regular bicycles painted in white and left unlocked for anyone to use and leave behind for the next person. This first generation program is not a business offering, but the result of a political statement of concern for pollution and against the growing number of cars in the city. It would eventually result into a massive failure and would be quickly shut down after many of the bikes are stolen or damaged. The main person behind the program, {{w|Luud Schimmelpennink}}, is considered the father of the bike share.<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Bradley |title=A brief history of bike sharing |url=https://360.here.com/a-brief-history-of-bikesharing |website=360.here.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM">{{cite web |title=THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM |url=https://www.citylab.com/city-makers-connections/bike-share/#slide-1965 |website=citylab.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bike-Sharing Enters Its 4th Generation">{{cite web |title=Bike-Sharing Enters Its 4th Generation |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/four-generations-bike-sharing/122546/ |website=smartcitiesdive.com |accessdate=12 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} ({{w|Amsterdam}})
 
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| 1974 || || System launch || Vélos Jaunes program in {{w|La Rochelle}} introduces 350 bicycles.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Rochelle 1974 une ville cyclable française en avance sur son temps |url=http://www.alsace-velo.fr/index.php/reportages/item/1363-la-rochelle-une-ville-en-avance-sur-son-temps |website=alsace-velo.fr |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} ({{w|La Rochelle}})
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| 1974 || || System launch || Vélos Jaunes program in {{w|La Rochelle}} introduces 350 free bicycles for use. This first generation system would prove to be successful.<ref name="City Cycling">{{cite book |title=City Cycling |edition=John Pucher, Ralph Buehler |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=226mCyz9JaEC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=V%C3%A9los+Jaunes+program+in+La+Rochelle+free&source=bl&ots=lcYse2lJ9J&sig=ACfU3U3q4weJLS0o6c633E20bI8RQloXoQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwtPepwLzjAhX9GrkGHSfiCy8Q6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=V%C3%A9los%20Jaunes%20program%20in%20La%20Rochelle%20free&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La Rochelle 1974 une ville cyclable française en avance sur son temps |url=http://www.alsace-velo.fr/index.php/reportages/item/1363-la-rochelle-une-ville-en-avance-sur-son-temps |website=alsace-velo.fr |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} ({{w|La Rochelle}})
 
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| 1975 || || || The idea of a bicycle sharing system is illustrated in {{w|Ernest Callenbach}}'s novel ''{{w|Ecotopia}}'', a utopian novel of a society that does not use {{w|fossil fuel}}s. Callenbach describes a system available to inhabitants and integrated as part of the public transportation system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Callenbach|first1=Ernest
 
| 1975 || || || The idea of a bicycle sharing system is illustrated in {{w|Ernest Callenbach}}'s novel ''{{w|Ecotopia}}'', a utopian novel of a society that does not use {{w|fossil fuel}}s. Callenbach describes a system available to inhabitants and integrated as part of the public transportation system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Callenbach|first1=Ernest
 
  |title=Ecotopia|date=1975
 
  |title=Ecotopia|date=1975
 
  |publisher=Ernest Callenbach (first self-published as Banyan Tree Books)
 
  |publisher=Ernest Callenbach (first self-published as Banyan Tree Books)
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  |isbn=978-0-553-34847-7|pages=181}}</ref> ||
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  |isbn=978-0-553-34847-7|pages=181}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1991 || || System launch || A second generation of bike-sharing program launches in {{w|Farsø}} and {{w|Grenå}}, Denmark.<ref name="Bike-sharing">{{cite web |title=Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1196&context=jpt |website=scholarcommons.usf.edu |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> These bikes can be picked up and returned at specific locations (racks) with a coin deposit (like super market trolleys). These second generation bikes would still experience theft due to the anonymity of the users, though their advantage remains in their simplicity and low cost. The system is still in use in Denmark and other (Scandinavian) countries.<ref name="Three generations bike sharing">{{cite web |title=Three generations bike sharing |url=http://www.bikesharing.eu/global-solutions/three-generations |website=bikesharing.eu |accessdate=12 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}} ({{w|Farsø}}, {{w|Grenå}})
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| 1993 || || System launch || "Green Bike Schemes" launches in {{w|Cambridge, England}} as a free byke system, with almost 300 shared bicycles that would be eventually stolen, resulting in program failure.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} ([[w:Cambridge, England|Cambridge]])
 
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| 1991 || || System launch || A second generation of bike-sharing program launches in {{w|Farsø}} and {{w|Grenå}}, Denmark.<ref name="Bike-sharing">{{cite web |title=Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1196&context=jpt |website=scholarcommons.usf.edu |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}
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| 1994 || || System launch || The first North American bikesharing program is launched in {{w|Portland}}, {{w|Oregon}}, by the United Community Action Network. Sixty bicycles are left unlocked at Pioneer Square in Portland and are available for anyone to use. The program would close in 2001.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Portland}})
 
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| 1995 || || System launch || Having taken 30 years for another major city to attempt a large-scale public bike program, Bycyklen, or City Bikes, launches in {{w|Copenhagen}} as the first large-scale second generation bike-sharing program, with many improvements over the previous generation.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> This system allows users to access sturdy, shared bicycles at specific locations throughout the city via a coin-operated system. Despite clear improvements over Amsterdam’s White Bikes, thefts and vandalism still plague the program, in addition to problems in funding. The system eventually flourish, featuring fixed docks, where riders deposit money to unlock the bikes. Riders would then get their deposit back after returning the bike to a dock.<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing"/><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|Denmark}} ({{w|Copenhaguen}})
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| 1995 || || System launch || Having taken 30 years for another major city to attempt a large-scale public bike program, Bycyklen, or City Bikes, launches in {{w|Copenhagen}} as the first large-scale second generation bike-sharing program, with many improvements over the previous generation.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> This system allows users to access sturdy, shared bicycles at specific locations throughout the city via a coin-operated system. Despite clear improvements over Amsterdam’s White Bikes, thefts and vandalism still plague the program, in addition to problems in funding. The system eventually flourish, featuring fixed docks, where riders deposit money to unlock the bikes. Riders would then get their deposit back after returning the bike to a dock.<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing"/><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|Denmark}} ({{w|Copenhagen}})
 
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| 1996 || || || "The first of this new breed of 3rd generation bike-sharing programs was Bikeabout
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| 1996 || || System launch || Bikeaboutin launches at {{w|Portsmouth University}} in {{w|England}} as the third generation of bike-sharing programs, where students can use a magnetic stripe card to rent a bike.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> It is the first to come up with a solution to the theft problem. The magnetic-stripe card to borrow a bike, allows it to be tracked when it isn't returned.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} ({{w|University of Portsmouth}})
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in 1996 at Portsmouth University in England, where students could use a magnetic
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stripe card to rent a bike (Black and Potter undated)"<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> "Bikeabout, a small bike-share system limited to students at Portsmouth University in the U.K., is the first to come up with a solution to the theft problem—users had to swipe an individualized magnetic-stripe card to borrow a bike, which allowed them to be tracked when they weren’t returned."<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> ||
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| 1996 || || System launch || "Olympia Bike Library" launches in {{w|Olympia, Washington}} as a second generation coin-deposit model system.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Olympia, Washington}})
 
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| 1996 || || Organization || {{w|8D Technologies}} is founded in {{w|Canada}}. It develops {{w|bicycle-sharing system}}s and [[w:Parking meter#Fully electrical|automated parking management systems]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.8d.com/about/ |title=About &#124; 8D Technologies |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=8D |access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 
| 1996 || || Organization || {{w|8D Technologies}} is founded in {{w|Canada}}. It develops {{w|bicycle-sharing system}}s and [[w:Parking meter#Fully electrical|automated parking management systems]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.8d.com/about/ |title=About &#124; 8D Technologies |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=8D |access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 
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| 1998 || || System launch || "In 1998, Rennes, France, launched “Vélos à la carte,” introducing the third-generation of bike-sharing replacing coin-access with smart card access"    "Vélo à la Carte in Rennes, France, is the first city-scale bike-share program to use magnetic-stripe cards and RFID technology. "    Vélo a la Carte launches in {{w|Rennes}}, France. The bikes were free to use, and have fixed docks in certain location.<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing"/><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/><ref name="Four generations of bike-sharing">{{cite web |last1=Colin |first1=Benoit |title=Four generations of bike-sharing |url=https://thecityfix.com/blog/generations-bike-sharing-generations/ |website=thecityfix.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} ({{w|Rennes}})
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| 1996 || || System launch || {{w|Minneapolis}} and {{w|Saint Paul, Minnesota}} launch the "Yellow Bike Project", a second generation coin-deposit system.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Minneapolis}}, [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]
 
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| 2000 || || || A number of researches relative to bicycle-sharing schemes emerges.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future |doi=10.5038/2375-0901.12.4.3}}</ref> ||
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| 1996 || || System launch || "Bycycler", a second generation bikesharing system, launches in {{w|Sandness}}, {{w|Norway}}.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Norway}} ({{w|Sandness}})
 
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| 2000 || April || System launch || The Buga system launches in {{w|Aveiro}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Adriana |last2=You |first2=Nicholas |title=Sustainable Urbanisation: Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yC2nAGtHuLQC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=2000+System+launch+Buga+launches+in+Aveiro&source=bl&ots=yNgm8W2B1x&sig=ACfU3U1AGh97AgrWYNoqcS0DlUgmMLAwQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj499zJh5DjAhWbF7kGHVEQAhIQ6AEwAnoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=2000%20System%20launch%20Buga%20launches%20in%20Aveiro&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Portugal}}
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| 1997 || || System launch || "Yellow Bike" launches in {{w|Austin, Texas}} as a second generation coin-deposit model system.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 2003 || June || System launch || Citybike Wien launches in {{w|Vienna}}. <ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Anniversary Year: Citybike Wien celebrates its 15th anniversary |url=https://www.gewista.at/en/press-reports/2018-anniversary-year-citybike-wien-celebrates-its-15th-anniversary |website=gewista.at |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref>|| {{w|Austria}} ({{w|Vienna}})
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| 1998 || || System launch || "Freewheels" launches in {{w|Princeton}}, {{w|New Jersey}}, as a second generation coin-deposit model system.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Princeton}})
 
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| 2003 || || System launch || {{w|Oslo Bysykkel}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smile, you are on a City Bike |url=https://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/new_logo_and_identity_for_oslo_bysykkel_by_heydays.php |website=underconsideration.com |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Norway}}
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| 1998 || || System launch || “Vélos à la carte” launches in {{w|Rennes}}, France, introducing to a city the third-generation of bike-sharing replacing coin-access with smart card access. It is the first city-scale bike-share program to use magnetic-stripe cards and RFID technology. The bikes are free to use, and have fixed docks in certain location.<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing"/><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/><ref name="Four generations of bike-sharing">{{cite web |last1=Colin |first1=Benoit |title=Four generations of bike-sharing |url=https://thecityfix.com/blog/generations-bike-sharing-generations/ |website=thecityfix.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bike-Sharing Enters Its 4th Generation"/> || {{w|France}} ({{w|Rennes}})
 
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| 2005 || || System launch || Advertising company JCDecaux partners with the city of {{w|Lyon}}, France, to launch Vélo’v, a similarly “smart” bike-share system  with 1,500 bikes.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1999 || || System launch || "TownBike" launches in {{w|Singapore}} as the first bikesharing program in {{w|Asia}}. A third generation program, it would end in 2007.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Singapore}}
 
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| 2005 || || || "In 2005, the city of Lyon, France, introduced “Lyon Vélo’v,” with bikes equipped with electronic components allowing for the bike to be identified by the stations, the distance traveled and conditions of the bikes (lights, dynamo, brakes, etc.) to be tracked, and detailed statistics about bike usage collected. "<ref name="Four generations of bike-sharing"/> ||
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| 2000 || || Research || A number of researchers publishing studies relative to bicycle-sharing schemes emerges.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future |doi=10.5038/2375-0901.12.4.3}}</ref> ||
 
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| 2006 || April || System launch || {{w|Stockholm City bikes}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stockholm on City Bikes |url=https://viewstockholm.com/stockholm-on-city-bikes/ |website=viewstockholm.com |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 2000 || April || System launch || The Buga system launches in {{w|Aveiro}}, {{w|Portugal}}, as a free public bike scheme, with 200 bikes made available through 33 bike parks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Adriana |last2=You |first2=Nicholas |title=Sustainable Urbanisation: Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yC2nAGtHuLQC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=2000+System+launch+Buga+launches+in+Aveiro&source=bl&ots=yNgm8W2B1x&sig=ACfU3U1AGh97AgrWYNoqcS0DlUgmMLAwQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj499zJh5DjAhWbF7kGHVEQAhIQ6AEwAnoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=2000%20System%20launch%20Buga%20launches%20in%20Aveiro&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Portugal}} ({{w|Aveiro}})
 
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| 2007 || March 22 || System launch || {{w|Bicing}} is launched in {{w|Barcelona}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barcelona bicycle numbers |url=http://barcelonabicycle.blogspot.com/2012/06/barcelona-bicycle-mumbers.html |website=barcelonabicycle.blogspot.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
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| 2000 || || System launch || Second generation "City Bikes" launches in {{w|Helsinki}}, offering clunky and heavy, single speed bikes in green, which can be rent with a 2 euro coin. No registration is required and since the bikes have no {{w|GPS}}-system to locate their whereabouts, a lot of the bikes would be stolen and vandalized.<ref name="City Cycling"/><ref name="The past, present and future of Helsinki’s bike sharing system"/> || {{w|Finland}} ({{w|Helsinki}})
 
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| 2007 || || || ", Paris launches the 6,000-bike Vélib’ "<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> ||
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| 2002 || || System launch || "Decatur Yellow Bikes" launches in {{w|Decatur, Georgia}}, as a second generation coin-deposit model system.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Decatur, Georgia}})
 
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| 2007–2017 || || || "Bicycle-sharing schemes (BSSs) are experiencing a major breakthrough in cities at a global scale. Of the estimated 1,600 schemes in operation in 2017, approximately 95 percent were launched since 2007, with more than 200 in 2017 alone."<ref name="The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks">{{cite web |last1=Moon |first1=Christopher |last2=Sharpin |first2=Anna Bray |last3=De La Lanza |first3=Iván |last4=Khan |first4=Azra |last5=Lo Re |first5=Luca |last6=Maassen |first6=Anne |title=The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks |url=https://www.wri.org/publication/evolution-bike-sharing |website=wri.org |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 2002 || November || System launch || Third generation "Taito Bicycle Sharing Experiment" launches in {{w|Tokyo}} as the second bikesharing program in {{w|Asia}}. It is the first bikesharing pilot in the country, employing 130 bivyvles at twelve locations.. It operates for about three months.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Japan}} ({{w|Tokyo}})
 
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| 2007 || December || Statistics || There are about 60 third generation programs globally by the time.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/>
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| 2003 || June || System launch || {{w|Citybike Wien}} launches in {{w|Vienna}}, and from the beginning it can be used with Austrian ATMs. The system would prove successful, and would be exported from Vienna to 60 major world cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Anniversary Year: Citybike Wien celebrates its 15th anniversary |url=https://www.gewista.at/en/press-reports/2018-anniversary-year-citybike-wien-celebrates-its-15th-anniversary |website=gewista.at |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref>|| {{w|Austria}} ({{w|Vienna}})
 
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| 2008 || || System launch || "Washington, D.C., launches SmartBike DC, a 10-station, 120-bike pilot program that is the first modern bike-share system in the U.S. Like Barcelona’s, it uses the same Clear Channel technology developed for Rennes’s Vélo à la Carte."<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> ||  
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| 2003 || || System launch || {{w|Oslo Bysykkel}} is launched, with around 1,000 bikes in 100 stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smile, you are on a City Bike |url=https://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/new_logo_and_identity_for_oslo_bysykkel_by_heydays.php |website=underconsideration.com |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Norway}} ({{w|Oslo}})
 
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| 2008 || || System launch || "In Montréal, a government-owned company known as Bixi pilots its own system with innovative, robust bicycles and a modular docking system."<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> ||
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| 2005 || || System launch || “Lyon Vélo’v” is introduced in {{w|Lyon}}, {{w|France}} with bikes equipped with electronic components allowing for the bike to be identified by the stations, the distance traveled and conditions of the bikes (lights, dynamo, brakes, etc.) to be tracked, and detailed statistics about bike usage collected.<ref name="Four generations of bike-sharing"/><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|France}} ({{w|Lyon}})
 
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| 2008 || July 31 || System launch || Cicloteque launches in {{w|Bucharest}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=CYCLING ON THE RISE |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/sites/iee-projects/files/projects/documents/spicycles_leaflet.pdf |website=ec.europa.eu |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Romania}}
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| 2005 || || System launch || Second generation "Bycykel" launches in {{w|Arhus}}, {{w|Denmark}}.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Denmark}} ({{w|Arhus}})
 
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| 2008 || || || "2008 saw the rise of bikes in the U.S with similar features, so-called ''commuter bikes,'' which are geared directly at riders looking to use bicycles for daily work and study travel."<ref name="Hopes">{{cite news
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| 2006 || April || System launch || {{w|Stockholm City bikes}} is introduced as a rental system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stockholm on City Bikes |url=https://viewstockholm.com/stockholm-on-city-bikes/ |website=viewstockholm.com |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}} ({{w|Stockholm}})
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| 2007 || March 22 || System launch || {{w|Bicing}} is launched in {{w|Barcelona}}. It is similar to the {{w|Vélo'v}} service in {{w|Lyon}} or {{w|Vélib'}} in {{w|Paris}}. It uses the same bicycles and stations as used in [[w:Stockholm City Bikes|Stockholm]], [[w:Oslo Bysykkel|Oslo]], and [[w:Bizi Zaragoza|Zaragoza]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Barcelona bicycle numbers |url=http://barcelonabicycle.blogspot.com/2012/06/barcelona-bicycle-mumbers.html |website=barcelonabicycle.blogspot.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}} ({{w|Barcelona}})
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|-
 +
| 2007 || July 15 || System launch || {{w|Vélib’}} bicycle sharing system launches in {{w|Paris}}, with a fleet of 6,000 bikes. Managed by {{w|JCDecaux}}, the system would prove successful. It would end in December 2017, being replaced by {{w|Vélib' Métropole}}.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|France}} ({{w|Paris}})
 +
|-
 +
| 2007–2017 || || Expansion || Bicycle-sharing schemes experience a major breakthrough in cities at a global scale during this period. Of the estimated 1,600 schemes in operation in 2017, approximately 95 percent were launched since 2007, with more than 200 in 2017 alone.<ref name="The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks">{{cite web |last1=Moon |first1=Christopher |last2=Sharpin |first2=Anna Bray |last3=De La Lanza |first3=Iván |last4=Khan |first4=Azra |last5=Lo Re |first5=Luca |last6=Maassen |first6=Anne |title=The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks |url=https://www.wri.org/publication/evolution-bike-sharing |website=wri.org |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2007 || December || Expansion || There are about 60 third generation programs globally by the time.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || || System launch || SmartBike DC launches in {{w|Washington, D.C.}} as a 10-station, 120-bike pilot program, the first modern bike-share system in the United States. The system uses the same Clear Channel technology developed for Rennes’s Vélo à la Carte.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Washington, D.C.}})
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || || System launch || Government-owned company Bixi in {{w|Montréal}} pilots its own system with innovative, robust bicycles and a modular docking system.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|Canada}} ({{w|Montréal}})
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || || Organization || {{w|Smoove}} is founded in {{w|France}}. It designs, manufactures and markets products related to {{w|bike-sharing}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smoove |url=https://www.smoove-bike.com/who-are-we |website=smoove-bike.com |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || July 31 || System launch || Cicloteque launches in {{w|Bucharest}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=CYCLING ON THE RISE |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/sites/iee-projects/files/projects/documents/spicycles_leaflet.pdf |website=ec.europa.eu |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Romania}} ({{w|Bucharest}})
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || || Expansion || A rise of bikes in experienced in the United States with similar features, so-called ''commuter bikes,'' which are geared directly at riders looking to use bicycles for daily work and study travel.<ref name="Hopes">{{cite news
 
   | title = Big Hopes for Commuting by Bike  
 
   | title = Big Hopes for Commuting by Bike  
 
   | author = John Markoff
 
   | author = John Markoff
Line 76: Line 100:
 
   | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/10/business/big-hopes-for-commuting-by-bike.html?scp=12&sq=bicycle+industry&st=nyt
 
   | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/10/business/big-hopes-for-commuting-by-bike.html?scp=12&sq=bicycle+industry&st=nyt
 
   | date=2002-10-10
 
   | date=2002-10-10
−
| accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref>
+
| accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || || || Outside Europe, bike-sharing finally began to take hold in 2008,
+
| 2008 || || Expansion || Bike-sharing finally begins to take hold outside Europe, with new programs in {{w|Brazil}}, {{w|Chile}}, {{w|China}}, {{w|New Zealand}}, {{w|South Korea}}, {{w|Taiwan}}, and the {{w|United States}}. Each is the first third generation bike-sharing program for the countries.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> ||
−
with new programs in Brazil, Chile, China, New Zealand, South Korea, Taiwan, and
 
−
the U.S. Each was the first 3rd generation bike-sharing program for the countries.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/>
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2008 || October || System launch || {{w|Hangzhou Public Bicycle}} launches. It is one of the world’s largest, with more than 78,000 bicycles.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|China}} ({{w|Hangzhou}})
 
| 2008 || October || System launch || {{w|Hangzhou Public Bicycle}} launches. It is one of the world’s largest, with more than 78,000 bicycles.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> || {{w|China}} ({{w|Hangzhou}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || December 8 || System launch || {{w|BikeMi}} <ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartbike.com/article_view?a3063 |title=Clear Channel Jolly launches BikeMi |publisher=smartbike.com |date=8 December 2008 |accessdate=24 June 2019 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922193855/http://www.smartbike.com/article_view?a3063 |archivedate=22 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} ({{w|Milan}})
+
| 2008 || December 8 || System launch || {{w|BikeMi}} launches in {{w|Milan}} in connection with urban road pricing. Users are charged on credit card.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smartbike.com/article_view?a3063 |title=Clear Channel Jolly launches BikeMi |publisher=smartbike.com |date=8 December 2008 |accessdate=24 June 2019 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922193855/http://www.smartbike.com/article_view?a3063 |archivedate=22 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} ({{w|Milan}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || || || "By the end of 2008, there were about 92 programs (DeMaio 2008a)"<ref name="Bike-sharing"/>
+
| 2008 || || Expansion || An estimated 92 programs worldwide are calculated for the end of the year.<ref name="Bike-sharing"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || March || || China Shanghai[45][46][47][48] Forever Bicycle March 2009 ||
+
| 2008 || || System launch || Brazil launches two bikesharing programs: "UseBike" in {{w|Sao Paulo}} and "Samba" in {{w|Rio de Janeiro}}.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Brazil}} ({{w|Sao Paulo}}, {{w|Rio de Janeiro}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || May 19 || System launch || {{w|Villo!}} launches in {{w|Brussels}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Villo! bike sharing relieves public transport in Brussels (Belgium) |url=https://www.eltis.org/discover/case-studies/villo-bike-sharing-relieves-public-transport-brussels-belgium |website=eltis.org |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
+
| 2008 || || System launch || Third generation system "Nubija" launches in {{w|Chongwan}} as the first bikesharing program in {{w|South Korea}}.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|South Korea}} ({{w|Chongwan}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || September || System launch || {{w|Dublin Bikes}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=One million journeys |url=http://www.dublinbikes.ie/Magazine/News/One-million-journeys |website=dublinbikes.ie |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ireland}}  
+
| 2009 || May 19 || System launch || {{w|Villo!}} launches in {{w|Brussels}}. The system is composed of fully automated bike stations that can be used with an annual card with pincode, or with a weekly or day ticket that can be purchased at some of the stations by bank card. <ref>{{cite web |title=Villo! bike sharing relieves public transport in Brussels (Belgium) |url=https://www.eltis.org/discover/case-studies/villo-bike-sharing-relieves-public-transport-brussels-belgium |website=eltis.org |accessdate=30 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}} ({{w|Brussels}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2009 || November || System launch || {{w|YouBike}} is launched in {{w|Taipei}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taichung to launch iBike system |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201407160028.aspx |website=focustaiwan.tw |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Taiwan}} ({{w|Taipei}})
+
| 2009 || May || System launch || BIXI launches in Canada. This system marks the beginning of bikesharing’s fourth generation. The scheme incorporates mobile docking stations which allows stations to be removed and transferred to different locations. This enables stations to be relocated according to usage patterns and user demands. Another feature that could enhance future programs is the use of solar-powered stations.<ref name="Fourth Generation Bikeshare and Social Innovation">{{cite web |title=Fourth Generation Bikeshare and Social Innovation |url=http://progcity.maynoothuniversity.ie/tag/4th-generation-bikeshare/ |website=progcity.maynoothuniversity.ie |accessdate=12 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || January || || China Wuxi Wuxibike January 2010 || {{w|China}}
+
| 2009 || || System launch || Third generation system "C-Bike" launches in {{w|Kaohsiung City}} as the first bikesharing program in {{w|Taiwan}}.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Taiwan}} ({{w|Kaohsiung City}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || March 22 || System launch || Cyclocity Toyama launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan: launch of Cyclocity in Toyama |url=https://www.jcdecaux.com/press-releases/japan-launch-cyclocity-toyama |website=jcdecaux.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
+
| 2009 || September || System launch || {{w|Dublin Bikes}} launches. The system would be considered a huge success for the city. It is operated by {{w|JCDecaux}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=One million journeys |url=http://www.dublinbikes.ie/Magazine/News/One-million-journeys |website=dublinbikes.ie |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ireland}} ({{w|Dublin}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || June || System launch || {{w|Melbourne Bike Share}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian bike hire schemes fail because of helmet laws |url=http://www.cycle-helmets.com/bike-hire-schemes.html |website=cycle-helmets.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}} ({{w|Melbourne}})  
+
| 2009 || November || System launch || {{w|YouBike}} is launched in {{w|Taipei}} as a public bicycle rental system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taichung to launch iBike system |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201407160028.aspx |website=focustaiwan.tw |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Taiwan}} ({{w|Taipei}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || July 30 || System launch || {{w|Santander Cycles}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cycle hire scheme celebrates best ever month of hires |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2018/july/cycle-hire-scheme-celebrates-best-ever-month-of-hires |website=tfl.gov.uk |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} ({{w|London}})
+
| 2010 || March 22 || System launch || Cyclocity Toyama is launched by {{w|JCDecaux}}, including 150 bicycles available for self-service rental divided between 15 stations in the city center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan: launch of Cyclocity in Toyama |url=https://www.jcdecaux.com/press-releases/japan-launch-cyclocity-toyama |website=jcdecaux.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}} ({{w|Toyama}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || System launch || [[w:EcoBici (Buenos Aires)|EcoBici]] launches in {{w|Buenos Aires}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuevo sistema automático de Ecobici |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/presentacion-de-ecobici-automatico |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Argentina}} ({{w|Buenos Aires}})
+
| 2010 || June || System launch || {{w|Melbourne Bike Share}} is introduced as the first bikesharing program in {{w|Australia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian bike hire schemes fail because of helmet laws |url=http://www.cycle-helmets.com/bike-hire-schemes.html |website=cycle-helmets.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="City Cycling"/> || {{w|Australia}} ({{w|Melbourne}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || System launch || [[w:EcoBici (Mexico City)|EcoBici]] is launched in {{w|Mexico City}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecobici: Official Bike Sharing Program Launched in Mexico City |url=https://www.treehugger.com/bikes/ecobici-official-bike-sharing-program-launched-in-mexico-city.html |website=treehugger.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> ||  
+
| 2010 || July 30 || System launch || {{w|Santander Cycles}} launches in {{w|London}}, with an initial 400 docking stations and 6600 bikes, which would expand to 11,000 bikes and over 800 stations, making it the largest cycle hire scheme in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cycle hire scheme celebrates best ever month of hires |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2018/july/cycle-hire-scheme-celebrates-best-ever-month-of-hires |website=tfl.gov.uk |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} ({{w|London}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || || "In 2010, Oliver O'Brien, a researcher at the Department of Geography at UCL (University College London) working with digital cartography and data visualization, created a Bike Share Map. Updated in real time, the map shows the location of bike share stations in 150 cities across the world, and has become one of the easiest ways for users to get updated on information on their local bike programs."<ref name="From Amsterdam to Beijing: The Global Evolution of Bike Share">{{cite web |title=From Amsterdam to Beijing: The Global Evolution of Bike Share |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/amsterdam-beijing-global-evolution-bike-share/1100421/ |website=smartcitiesdive.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 2010 || || System launch || [[w:EcoBici (Buenos Aires)|EcoBici]] launches in {{w|Buenos Aires}}, with an initial 3 stations and 72 bicycles, which would grow to 200 and 3.000 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuevo sistema automático de Ecobici |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/presentacion-de-ecobici-automatico |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Argentina}} ({{w|Buenos Aires}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || Organization || {{w|Jump Bikes}} is founded in the {{w|United States}}. It is a dockless [[w:Scooter-sharing system|scooter]] and {{w|electric bicycle}} [[w:bicycle-sharing system|sharing system]] operating in the United States, Germany, Portugal and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/17/technology/ebikes-electric-bikes/index.html|title=Electric bicycles emerge as a hot trend in the U.S.|last=McFarland|first=Matt|date=17 January 2018|work=[[CNNMoney]]|access-date=23 January 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118003206/http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/17/technology/ebikes-electric-bikes/index.html|archivedate=18 January 2018|df=}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2010 || || System launch || [[w:EcoBici (Mexico City)|EcoBici]] is launched in {{w|Mexico City}}, with an initial phase including 85 stations across the city and over 1,000 bikes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecobici: Official Bike Sharing Program Launched in Mexico City |url=https://www.treehugger.com/bikes/ecobici-official-bike-sharing-program-launched-in-mexico-city.html |website=treehugger.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Mexico}} ({{w|Mexico City}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || March || System launch || Ecovolis launches in {{w|Tirana}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Bike Scheme as a Social Business. Tirana. Albania |url=https://www.eltis.org/discover/case-studies/public-bike-scheme-social-business-tirana-albania |website=eltis.org |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 2010 || || Infrastructure || Oliver O'Brien, a researcher at {{w|University College London}} creates a Bike Share Map digital using cartography and data visualization. Updated in real time, the map shows the location of bike share stations in 150 cities across the world, and would become one of the easiest ways for users to get updated on information on their local bike programs.<ref name="From Amsterdam to Beijing: The Global Evolution of Bike Share">{{cite web |title=From Amsterdam to Beijing: The Global Evolution of Bike Share |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/amsterdam-beijing-global-evolution-bike-share/1100421/ |website=smartcitiesdive.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || April || || China Xi'an Xianbicycle April 2011
+
| 2010 || || Organization || {{w|Jump Bikes}} is founded in the {{w|United States}}. It is a dockless [[w:Scooter-sharing system|scooter]] and {{w|electric bicycle}} [[w:bicycle-sharing system|sharing system]] operating in the United States, Germany, Portugal and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/17/technology/ebikes-electric-bikes/index.html|title=Electric bicycles emerge as a hot trend in the U.S.|last=McFarland|first=Matt|date=17 January 2018|work={{w|CNNMoney}}|access-date=23 January 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118003206/http://money.cnn.com/2018/01/17/technology/ebikes-electric-bikes/index.html|archivedate=18 January 2018|df=}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || May || Statistics || There are around 375 bike-sharing systems worldwide, comprising 236,000 bicycles.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> ||
+
| 2011 || March || System launch || Ecovolis launches in {{w|Tirana}} as a small-scale, low-tech public bicycle system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Bike Scheme as a Social Business. Tirana. Albania |url=https://www.eltis.org/discover/case-studies/public-bike-scheme-social-business-tirana-albania |website=eltis.org |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Albania}} ({{w|Tirana}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || May 12 || System launch || BicikeLJ is introduced in {{w|Ljubljana}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cycling |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/en/ljubljana-for-you/transport-in-ljubljana/cycling-in-ljubljana/ |website=ljubljana.si |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> ||  
+
| 2011 || May || Expansion || There are around 375 bike-sharing systems worldwide, comprising 236,000 bicycles.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || June || System launch || "China Fuzhou Fuzhou Public Bicycle" ||
+
| 2011 || May 12 || System launch || BicikeLJ is introduced in {{w|Ljubljana}} with an initial fleet of 300 bicycles at 30 stations available to users. The first hour of use is free of charge, which is very well received among users since 98 percent of all journeys are free.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cycling |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/en/ljubljana-for-you/transport-in-ljubljana/cycling-in-ljubljana/ |website=ljubljana.si |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Slovenia}} ({{w|Ljubljana}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || October || System launch || EasyBike launches in {{w|Nicosia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bike-sharing Blog |url=http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/2011/10/ |website=bike-sharing.blogspot.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Cyprus}}
+
| 2011 || October || System launch || EnCicla launches in {{w|Medellin}} with six stations and 105 bicycles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Encicla dobla su flota y triplica la ruta este semestre |url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/encicla_dobla_su_flota_y_triplica_la_ruta_este_semestre-AEEC_235746 |website=elcolombiano.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Colombia}} ({{w|Medellin}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || || System launch || EnCicla launches in {{w|Medellin}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Encicla dobla su flota y triplica la ruta este semestre |url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/encicla_dobla_su_flota_y_triplica_la_ruta_este_semestre-AEEC_235746 |website=elcolombiano.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Colombia}}
+
| 2011 || March || Expansion || As of date, there are approximately 135 bikesharing programs operating in an estimated 160 cities around the world, with over 236,000 shared bicycles.<ref name="City Cycling"/> || Worldwide
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || July || System launch || NS Bike launches in {{w|Novi Sad}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=NS bike |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Getting-Started-NS-bike-rental-system-in-Novi-Sad-in-July-2011_fig6_320508314 |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Serbia}}
+
| 2011 || July || System launch || NS Bike launches in {{w|Novi Sad}} as a rental system.<ref>{{cite web |title=NS bike |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Getting-Started-NS-bike-rental-system-in-Novi-Sad-in-July-2011_fig6_320508314 |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Serbia}} ({{w|Novi Sad}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || || System launch || Bikesampa launches in {{w|Sao Paulo}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle rental and mobility in São Paulo |url=http://www.aliancabike.org.br/noticia.php?intro=1&id_news=19&id_catnews=11&id_subcatnews= |website=aliancabike.org.br |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}} ({{w|Sao Paulo}})
+
| 2011 || October || System launch || EasyBike launches in {{w|Nicosia}} by Greek company easyBike and French {{w|Smoove}}. The system has a fleet of 300 bikes distributed through 27 stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bike-sharing Blog |url=http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/2011/10/ |website=bike-sharing.blogspot.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Cyprus}} ({{w|Nicosia}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || April || || "China Huizhou Guangzhou Huimin April 2012" ||
+
| 2012 || || System launch || Bikesampa launches in {{w|Sao Paulo}} as a bicycle rental system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle rental and mobility in São Paulo |url=http://www.aliancabike.org.br/noticia.php?intro=1&id_news=19&id_catnews=11&id_subcatnews= |website=aliancabike.org.br |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}} ({{w|Sao Paulo}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || May || System launch || {{w|Houston B-cycle}} launches in {{w|Houston}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOUSTON BCYCLE PROGRAM |url=https://www.houstontx.gov/planning/transportation/BCycle.html |website=houstontx.gov |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Houston}})
+
| 2012 || May || System launch || {{w|Houston B-cycle}} launches in {{w|Houston}}, with 3 bike stations that would grow to 66 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOUSTON BCYCLE PROGRAM |url=https://www.houstontx.gov/planning/transportation/BCycle.html |website=houstontx.gov |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Houston}})  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || August 1 || System launch || {{w|Veturilo}} is launched in {{w|Warsaw}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five years of bike revolution in Warsaw. |url=https://www.veturilo.waw.pl/en/polski-piec-lat-rowerowej-rewolucji-w-warszawie-za-nami-sezon-2016-rowerow-miejskich-veturilo/ |website=veturilo.waw.pl |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Poland}}
+
| 2012 || August 1 || System launch || {{w|Veturilo}} is launched in {{w|Warsaw}}. The system would become one of the most thriving networks worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five years of bike revolution in Warsaw. |url=https://www.veturilo.waw.pl/en/polski-piec-lat-rowerowej-rewolucji-w-warszawie-za-nami-sezon-2016-rowerow-miejskich-veturilo/ |website=veturilo.waw.pl |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Poland}} ({{w|Warsaw}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || || System launch || BiciQ launches in {{w|Quito}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quito ya cuenta con un sistema de bicicleta Pública BiciQ |url=https://normanwray.wordpress.com/2012/08/03/quito-ya-cuenta-con-un-sistema-de-bicicleta-publica-biciq/ |website=normanwray.wordpress.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ecuador}}
+
| 2012 || || System launch || BiciQ launches in {{w|Quito}}, with 425 bicycles and 21 stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quito ya cuenta con un sistema de bicicleta Pública BiciQ |url=https://normanwray.wordpress.com/2012/08/03/quito-ya-cuenta-con-un-sistema-de-bicicleta-publica-biciq/ |website=normanwray.wordpress.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ecuador}} ({{w|Quito}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || || || Pun Pun Bike Share<ref>{{cite web |title=Pun Pun Bicycle Share Program in Bangkok Thailand |url=https://bicyclethailand.com/pun-pun-bicycle-share-program-in-bangkok-thailand/ |website=bicyclethailand.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> and CU Bike are introduced in {{w|Bangkok}}. ||
+
| 2012 || November || System launch || Pun Pun Bike Share is introduced in {{w|Bangkok}} with an initial two, of a planned fifty stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pun Pun Bicycle Share Program in Bangkok Thailand |url=https://bicyclethailand.com/pun-pun-bicycle-share-program-in-bangkok-thailand/ |website=bicyclethailand.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Thailand}} ({{w|Bangkok}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || || Statistics || As of date, the biggest sharing system peograms are in {{w|Wuhan}} and {{w|Hangzhou}}, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bikes respectively.<ref name="rep.bntu.by">{{cite web |last1= |title=Bicycle Sharing Systems |url=https://rep.bntu.by/bitstream/handle/data/27516/Bicycle%20sharing%20system.pdf?sequence=1 |website=rep.bntu.by |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
+
| 2012 || || Expansion || As of date, the biggest sharing system peograms are in {{w|Wuhan}} and {{w|Hangzhou}}, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bikes respectively.<ref name="rep.bntu.by">{{cite web |last1= |title=Bicycle Sharing Systems |url=https://rep.bntu.by/bitstream/handle/data/27516/Bicycle%20sharing%20system.pdf?sequence=1 |website=rep.bntu.by |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2013 || March || Research || A study published in the ''{{w|American Journal of Public Health}}'' reports observing an increase in cycling and health benefits where bicycle sharing systems are run.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal
 
| 2013 || March || Research || A study published in the ''{{w|American Journal of Public Health}}'' reports observing an increase in cycling and health benefits where bicycle sharing systems are run.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal
Line 152: Line 174:
 
| author7 = Louis Drouin
 
| author7 = Louis Drouin
 
| last-author-amp = yes
 
| last-author-amp = yes
−
| journal = [[American Journal of Public Health]]
+
| journal = {{w|American Journal of Public Health}}
 
|volume = 103| issue = 3
 
|volume = 103| issue = 3
 
| pages = e85–e92
 
| pages = e85–e92
Line 158: Line 180:
 
| doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917| pmid = 23327280
 
| doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917| pmid = 23327280
 
| pmc = 3673500
 
| pmc = 3673500
−
}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> ||  
+
}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || April || Statistics || There are around 535 bike-sharing systems, made of an estimated fleet of 517,000 bicycles.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> || Worldwide
+
| 2013 || April || Expansion || There are around 535 bike-sharing systems, made of an estimated fleet of 517,000 bicycles.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> || Worldwide
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || May 27 || System launch || {{w|Citi Bike}} launches in {{w|New York City}} "New York’s bike-share system launches with 6,000 bikes and a first-of-its-kind funding model that uses no public dollars, fully paid for by corporate sponsorships."<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/><ref>[http://www.ecogeek.org/component/content/article/3591 New York City Bike Share Program Will Have 10,000 Bikes, 600 Stations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129065240/http://www.ecogeek.org/component/content/article/3591 |date=29 January 2012 }}, Ecogeek, by Megan Treacy, 14 September 2011, Accessed 21 June 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citibikenyc.com/|title=Citi Bike – Your bike sharing system in New York City|work=citibikenyc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2012/08/08/chicago-like-new-york-facing-bike-share-delay | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Chicago, Like New York, Facing Bike-Share Delay – Metropolis – WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlsstats.ifsttar.fr/cityinfo.html?NewYork|title=VLS & Stats, NewYork|work=ifsttar.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150426/TRANSPORTATION/150429890/cycle-of-citi-bike-suffering-ends-here | work=Crain's New York Business | title=Cycle of Citi Bike suffering ends here}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|New York City}})
+
| 2013 || May 27 || System launch || {{w|Citi Bike}} launches in {{w|New York City}}, with 6,000 bikes and a novel funding model that uses no public dollars, but is fully paid for by corporate sponsorships.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citibikenyc.com/|title=Citi Bike – Your bike sharing system in New York City|work=citibikenyc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2012/08/08/chicago-like-new-york-facing-bike-share-delay | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Chicago, Like New York, Facing Bike-Share Delay – Metropolis – WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlsstats.ifsttar.fr/cityinfo.html?NewYork|title=VLS & Stats, NewYork|work=ifsttar.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150426/TRANSPORTATION/150429890/cycle-of-citi-bike-suffering-ends-here | work=Crain's New York Business | title=Cycle of Citi Bike suffering ends here}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|New York City}})  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || June || System launch || Velobike is launched in {{w|Moscow}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Russian cyclists bringing bike culture to Moscow |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/28/russian-cyclists-worlds-worst-traffic-bike-culture-moscow |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
+
| 2013 || June || System launch || {{w|Velobike}} is launched in {{w|Moscow}} as pilot bike rental scheme. Having proved to be successful, by 2018 it would grow to 430 parking stations with 4300 bicycles.<ref name="4,25" >{{cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/5143050/ |title=4,25 миллиона поездок за шесть месяцев: сезон велопроката в Москве завершен |publisher=Официальный портал Мэра и Правительства Москвы |date=2018-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Russian cyclists bringing bike culture to Moscow |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/28/russian-cyclists-worlds-worst-traffic-bike-culture-moscow |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}} ({{w|Moscow}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || July || Statistics || As of date, the systems with the higher market penetration are {{w|Vélib'}} in {{w|Paris}} with 1 buke per 97 inhabitants, {{w|Vélo'v}} in {{w|Lyon}} with 1 bike per 121 residents, and {{w|Hangzou}} in China with 1 per 145.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> ||
+
| 2013 || June || System launch || {{w|Divvy}} launches in {{w|Chicago}} as the first large-scale bike share program in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Every New Divvy Rider Needs to Know |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-312/August-2013/What-to-Know-On-Your-First-Divvy-Ride/ |website=chicagomag.com |accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Chicago}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || || System launch || Rekola launches in {{w|Prague}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rekola |url=http://www.seen2.com/learn?s=Rekola |website=seen2.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Czechia}}
+
| 2013 || July || Expansion || As of date, the systems with the higher market penetration are {{w|Vélib'}} in {{w|Paris}} with 1 bike per 97 inhabitants, {{w|Vélo'v}} in {{w|Lyon}} with 1 bike per 121 residents, and {{w|Hangzou}} in China with 1 per 145.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || || System launch || {{w|Weifang Public Bicycle}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weifang rented bicycles are frequently praised |url=http://www.11jn.com/english/17/14217.html |website=11jn.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}} ({{w|Weifang}})
+
| 2013 || || System launch || Rekola launches in {{w|Prague}} as a small project. By 2018, it would operate in 8 Czech cities and in Finnish city {{w|Vaasa}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rekola |url=http://www.seen2.com/learn?s=Rekola |website=seen2.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Czechia}} ({{w|Prague}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || || System launch || Bikesantiago launches in {{w|Santiago}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bike Santiago |url=http://financingsustainablecities.org/solutions/43 |website=financingsustainablecities.org |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Chile}}
+
| 2013 || August || System launch || {{w|Weifang Public Bicycle}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weifang rented bicycles are frequently praised |url=http://www.11jn.com/english/17/14217.html |website=11jn.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || November || || "China Lhasa November 2013"
+
| 2013 || || System launch || Bikesantiago launches in {{w|Santiago}} as a metropolitan system operating across different communes or municipalities. The public bicycle system starts with a fleet of 300 bikes in 30 stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bike Santiago |url=http://financingsustainablecities.org/solutions/43 |website=financingsustainablecities.org |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Chile}} ({{w|Santiago}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || || Statistics || "Globally, 2013 saw a 60 percent increase in the number of programs, with 65 new bike-share launches in China alone. The number of bike-share bikes worldwide hits 700,000."<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> ||
+
| 2013 || || Expansion || A 60 percent increase in the number of programs is experienced globally, with 65 new bike-share launches in {{w|China}} alone. The number of bike-share bikes worldwide hits 700,000.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || April || System launch || {{w|BuBi}} launches in {{w|Budapest}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=BKK reveals the bicycles of the MOL Bubi public bike-sharing scheme |url=https://bkk.hu/en/2013/11/bkk-reveals-the-bicycles-of-the-mol-bubi-public-bike-sharing-scheme/ |website=bkk.hu |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Hungary}}
+
| 2014 || April || System launch || {{w|BuBi}} launches in {{w|Budapest}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=BKK reveals the bicycles of the MOL Bubi public bike-sharing scheme |url=https://bkk.hu/en/2013/11/bkk-reveals-the-bicycles-of-the-mol-bubi-public-bike-sharing-scheme/ |website=bkk.hu |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> As of May 2019 the network would grow to 143 docking stations and 1,846 bicycles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://molbubi.hu/a-molbubi.php |title=MOL Bubi|publisher=}}</ref> || {{w|Hungary}} ({{w|Budapest}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || May || || Whitebikes launches in {{w|Bratislava}} || 
+
| 2014 || June || Expansion || Public bike-sharing systems operate in 50 countries on five continents, including 712 cities, operating approximately 806,200 bicycles at 37,500 stations.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> || Worldwide
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || June || Statistics || Public bike-sharing systems operate in 50 countries on five continents, including 712 cities, operating approximately 806,200 bicycles at 37,500 stations.<ref name="rep.bntu.by"/> || Worldwide
+
| 2014 || July 16 || System launch || Orania Openbare Fietsprojek is introduced in {{w|Orania}}, {{w|South Africa}}.<ref name="afriforumvisit">{{cite web|title=Orania – Nie so 'n vergesogte droom nie|url=https://www.afriforum.co.za/orania-nie-n-vergesogte-droom-nie/|publisher=AfriForum|accessdate=5 April 2015|date=23 February 2015|first=Juran|last=van den Heever|language=Afrikaans|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410163917/https://www.afriforum.co.za/orania-nie-n-vergesogte-droom-nie/|archivedate=10 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is arguably the first bicycle sharing system in {{w|Africa}}. || {{w|South Africa}} ({{w|Orania}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || July 16 || || Orania Openbare Fietsprojek is introduced in {{w|Orania}}. || {{w|South Africa}}
+
| 2014 || December || System launch || ADCB Bikeshare launches in {{w|Abu Dhabi}} with 11 bicycle stations across {{w|Yas Island}} and {{w|Al Raha}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The wheels are turning in Abu Dhabi with the ADCB bikeshare programmes |url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/the-wheels-are-turning-in-abu-dhabi-with-the-adcb-bikeshare-programmes-1.108889 |website=thenational.ae |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Arab Emirates}} ({{w|Abu Dhabi}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || December || System launch || ADCB Bikeshare launches in {{w|Abu Dhabi}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The wheels are turning in Abu Dhabi with the ADCB bikeshare programmes |url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/the-wheels-are-turning-in-abu-dhabi-with-the-adcb-bikeshare-programmes-1.108889 |website=thenational.ae |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Arab Emirates}}
+
| 2014 || || Infrastructure || {{w|Madrid}} becomes the first European city to offer an all-electric bicycle program.<ref name="Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023"/> || {{w|Spain}} ({{w|Madrid}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || || Infrastructure || {{w|Madrid}} becomes the first European city to offer an all-electric bicycle program.<ref name="Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023"/> || {{w|Spain}}  
+
| 2015 || January 27 || Organization || {{w|Mobike}} is founded. It is, by the number of bicycles, the world's largest shared (for hire) bicycle operator.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meituan Bike |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/mobike |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=12 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || January 27 || Organization || {{w|Mobike}} is founded. It is, by the number of bicycles, the world's largest shared (for hire) bicycle operator. || {{w|China}}
+
| 2015 || || Expansion || The number of bike-share bicycles hits an estimated 1,000,000 worldwide. China is by far the leader in the sheer number of bicycles,<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> followed by {{w|France}} with almost 43,000 bikes in 38 cities.<ref name="The forgotten radical history of bike sharing">{{cite web |title=The forgotten radical history of bike sharing |url=http://betterbikeshare.org/2016/08/01/radical-history-bike-sharing/ |website=betterbikeshare.org |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref>  ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || || Statistics || The number of bike-share bicycles hits an estimated 1,000,000 worldwide. China is by far the leader in the sheer number of bicycles.<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> "By the end of 2014, the number of shared bikes in the world amounted to almost one million. China led the charts with more than 750,000 shared bikes in 237 cities, followed by France with almost 43,000 bikes in 38 cities. Britain was seventh highest with almost 11,000 bikes."<ref name="The forgotten radical history of bike sharing">{{cite web |title=The forgotten radical history of bike sharing |url=http://betterbikeshare.org/2016/08/01/radical-history-bike-sharing/ |website=betterbikeshare.org |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 2015 || April 23 || System launch || {{w|Indego}} launches in {{w|Philadelphia}}, with 70 parking stations. A 30-day membership costs US$ 15 and provides those who sign up with unlimited one-hour rides.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philly bike share program to launch April 23 |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/philly-bike-share-program-launch-april-23/ |website=phillyvoice.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Philadelphia}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || April 23 || System launch || {{w|Indego}} launches in {{w|Philadelphia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philly bike share program to launch April 23 |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/philly-bike-share-program-launch-april-23/ |website=phillyvoice.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2015 || October 15 || System launch || {{w|Ddareungi}} launches in {{w|Seoul}} with an initial fleet of 2,000 bicycles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expanded Operation of Seoul Bike “Ddareungi” |url=http://seoul-e.lhsoft.co.kr/expanded-operation-seoul-bike-ddareungi/ |website=seoul-e.lhsoft.co.kr |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|South Korea}} ({{w|Seoul}})
−
|-
 
−
| 2015 || October 15 || System launch || {{w|Ddareungi}} launches in {{w|Seoul}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expanded Operation of Seoul Bike “Ddareungi” |url=http://seoul-e.lhsoft.co.kr/expanded-operation-seoul-bike-ddareungi/ |website=seoul-e.lhsoft.co.kr |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|South Korea}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2015 || || Research || A study published in the journal [[w:Transportation (journal)|''Transportation'']] concludes that bike sharing systems can be grouped into behaviourally similar categories based upon their size, where larger systems display greater behavioural heterogeneity amongst their stations, and smaller systems generally have stations which all behave similarly in terms of their daily utilization patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=Advait|last2=Lathia|first2=Neal|last3=Mascolo|first3=Cecilia|title=Comparing cities' cycling patterns using online shared bicycle maps|journal=Transportation|volume=42|issue=4|pages=541–559|date=2015|doi=10.1007/s11116-015-9599-9}}</ref> ||
 
| 2015 || || Research || A study published in the journal [[w:Transportation (journal)|''Transportation'']] concludes that bike sharing systems can be grouped into behaviourally similar categories based upon their size, where larger systems display greater behavioural heterogeneity amongst their stations, and smaller systems generally have stations which all behave similarly in terms of their daily utilization patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=Advait|last2=Lathia|first2=Neal|last3=Mascolo|first3=Cecilia|title=Comparing cities' cycling patterns using online shared bicycle maps|journal=Transportation|volume=42|issue=4|pages=541–559|date=2015|doi=10.1007/s11116-015-9599-9}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || April || System launch || {{w|Tel-O-Fun}} launches in {{w|Tel Aviv}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tel O-Fun – bike’s rental service in Tel Aviv |url=https://askalocalapp.com/Tel_Aviv/EN/tel-o-fun-bikes-rental-service-tel-aviv/ |website=askalocalapp.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
+
| 2016 || April || System launch || {{w|Tel-O-Fun}} launches in {{w|Tel Aviv}}, with hundreds of bicycles for rent scattered around the city. The user can choose a daily or weekly subscription with credit card, approach to one of the stations around the city, and rent the bike. After using, return the bike to any station so they’re ready for the next rider.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tel O-Fun – bike’s rental service in Tel Aviv |url=https://askalocalapp.com/Tel_Aviv/EN/tel-o-fun-bikes-rental-service-tel-aviv/ |website=askalocalapp.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}} ({{w|Tel Aviv}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || June || System launch || Almatybike launches in {{w|Almaty}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=AlmatyBike automated bike rental system has been launched in Almaty |url=https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=4899&lang=2&news_id=14124 |website=almaty.gov.kz |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Kazakhstan}}
+
| 2016 || May || System launch || {{w|Helsinki City Bikes}} launches as a second attempt in the city after the former and failed system. The new program is launched with 500 bikes and 50 parking stations. The system would prove to be successful.<ref name="The past, present and future of Helsinki’s bike sharing system">{{cite web |title=The past, present and future of Helsinki’s bike sharing system |url=https://www.bikecitizens.net/kaupunkipyorat-helsinkis-bike-sharing-system/ |website=bikecitizens.net |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Finland}} ({{w|Helsinki}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || July 7 || System launch || {{w|Metro Bike Share}} is introduced in {{w|Los Angeles}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro, city of L.A. to launch bike sharing in Downtown L.A. on July 7 |url=https://thesource.metro.net/2016/05/25/metro-city-of-l-a-to-launch-bike-sharing-in-downtown-l-a-on-july-7/ |website=thesource.metro.net |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|California}}
+
| 2016 || June || System launch || Almatybike launches in {{w|Almaty}} as an automated bike rental system with an initial 50 bike stations with the capacity for 270 bikes.<ref>{{cite web |title=AlmatyBike automated bike rental system has been launched in Almaty |url=https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=4899&lang=2&news_id=14124 |website=almaty.gov.kz |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Kazakhstan}} ({{w|Almaty}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || || Environmental impact || "In Shanghai, in 2016, bike sharing systems cut down carbon dioxide (CO2) by 25,240 tons."<ref name="Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change?"/>
+
| 2016 || July 7 || System launch || {{w|Metro Bike Share}} is introduced in {{w|Los Angeles}}, starting with 1,000 bicycles available at 65 strategically placed locations in downtown.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro, city of L.A. to launch bike sharing in Downtown L.A. on July 7 |url=https://thesource.metro.net/2016/05/25/metro-city-of-l-a-to-launch-bike-sharing-in-downtown-l-a-on-july-7/ |website=thesource.metro.net |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} ({{w|Los Angeles}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || December || Research || Publication claim that bike-share programs fail to reach more low-income communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2136406/do-bike-share-systems-actually-work|title=Do Bike Share Systems Actually Work?|last=Lindsey|first=Joe|date=2016-12-01|work=Outside Online|access-date=4 July 2019|language=en}}</ref>
+
| 2016 || || Research || A positive environmental impact is found in {{w|Shanghai}}, where bike sharing systems are found to cut down carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) by 25,240 tons.<ref name="Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change?"/> || {{w|China}} ({{w|Shanghai}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2017 || May || System launch || {{w|Helsinki City Bikes}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=The past, present and future of Helsinki’s bike sharing system |url=https://www.bikecitizens.net/kaupunkipyorat-helsinkis-bike-sharing-system/ |website=bikecitizens.net |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Finland}}
+
| 2016 || December || Research || Publication claim that bike-share programs fail to reach more low-income communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2136406/do-bike-share-systems-actually-work|title=Do Bike Share Systems Actually Work?|last=Lindsey|first=Joe|date=2016-12-01|work=Outside Online|access-date=4 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2017 || December || Statistics || An estimated 16 million bikes on China’s streets transport about 130 million registered users.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing in China |url=http://www.sustainabletransport.org/archives/6278 |website=sustainabletransport.org |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
+
| 2017 || December || Expansion || An estimated 16 million bikes on China’s streets transport about 130 million registered users.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing in China |url=http://www.sustainabletransport.org/archives/6278 |website=sustainabletransport.org |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2017 || || Research || It is found that bicycle sharing annual memberships in the {{w|United States}} make up for more than 96% of total trips made in the country.<ref name="Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023">{{cite web |title=Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023 |url=https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/454204/bike-sharing-market-in-us-and-europe-2018-2023 |website=24-7pressrelease.com |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 2017 || || Research || It is found that bicycle sharing annual memberships in the {{w|United States}} make up for more than 96% of total trips made in the country.<ref name="Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023">{{cite web |title=Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023 |url=https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/454204/bike-sharing-market-in-us-and-europe-2018-2023 |website=24-7pressrelease.com |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2017 || || Research || Studies in {{w|Beijing}} and {{w|Shanghai}} link the massive increase of dockless bike shares to the decrease in the number of private automobile trips that are less than five kilometers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/9887-Time-to-regulate-China-s-booming-bike-share-sector-/en|title=Time to regulate China's booming bike share sector
 
| 2017 || || Research || Studies in {{w|Beijing}} and {{w|Shanghai}} link the massive increase of dockless bike shares to the decrease in the number of private automobile trips that are less than five kilometers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/9887-Time-to-regulate-China-s-booming-bike-share-sector-/en|title=Time to regulate China's booming bike share sector
−
  |website=www.chinadialogue.net|language=en|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
+
  |website=www.chinadialogue.net|language=en|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}} ({{w|Beijing}}, {{w|Shanghai}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || January 1 || System launch || {{w|Vélib' Métropole}} launches in {{w|Paris}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learning lessons From Vélib’ Métropole Difficulties |url=https://urbanmobilitydaily.com/learning-lessons-from-velib-metropole-difficulties/ |website=urbanmobilitydaily.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} ({{w|Paris}})
+
| 2018 || January 1 || System launch || {{w|Vélib' Métropole}} launches in {{w|Paris}}, replacing the previous successful {{w|Vélib'}} system. It is one of the largest public bike-share systems outside of China with 14 000 bikes and 1000 stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learning lessons From Vélib’ Métropole Difficulties |url=https://urbanmobilitydaily.com/learning-lessons-from-velib-metropole-difficulties/ |website=urbanmobilitydaily.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} ({{w|Paris}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || || System launch || {{w|JoBike}} launches in {{w|Dhaka}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=First bicycle sharing app launched |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/tech/2018/06/19/first-bicycle-sharing-app-launched |website=dhakatribune.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Bangladesh}} ({{w|Dhaka}})
+
| 2018 || || System launch || {{w|JoBike}} launches in {{w|Dhaka}} as the first bicycle sharing app in the country. The app enables users to find bicycles for rent.<ref>{{cite web |title=First bicycle sharing app launched |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/tech/2018/06/19/first-bicycle-sharing-app-launched |website=dhakatribune.com |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Bangladesh}} ({{w|Dhaka}})  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || August 15 || System launch || Nextbike is introduced in {{w|Kiev}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=NextBike dockless bicycle sharing system is launching in Kyiv |url=https://its-ukraine.org/nextbike-kyiv/ |website=its-ukraine.org |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ukraine}}
+
| 2018 || August 15 || System launch || Germany-based international bicycle rental company {{w|Nextbike}} launches dockless bicycle sharing service in {{w|Kiev}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=NextBike dockless bicycle sharing system is launching in Kyiv |url=https://its-ukraine.org/nextbike-kyiv/ |website=its-ukraine.org |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ukraine}} ({{w|Kiev}})
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || August || Statistics || As of date, Mobike operates in over 200 cities and 19 countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/the-king-of-bike-sharing|title=Mobike co-founder Joe Xia: The king of bike sharing|last=hermes|date=17 December 2017|work=The Straits Times|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/spain_launch|title=Mobike Launches Spain|last=|first=|date=|website=mobike.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> ||  
+
| 2018 || August || Expansion || Chinese {{w|Mobike}} now operates in over 200 cities and 19 countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/the-king-of-bike-sharing|title=Mobike co-founder Joe Xia: The king of bike sharing|last=hermes|date=17 December 2017|work=The Straits Times|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobike.com/global/blog/post/spain_launch|title=Mobike Launches Spain|last=|first=|date=|website=mobike.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 +
=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
 +
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! bicycle sharing system
 +
! public bicycle sharing system
 +
! bicycle sharing schemes
 +
! bicycle sharing program
 +
! bicycle sharing sustainability
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 362 || 300 || 69 || 290 || 2
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 436 || 340 || 74 || 297 || 8
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 623 || 512 || 133 || 461 || 21
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 1,290 || 1,070 || 273 || 995 || 106
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 2,400 || 2,030 || 499 || 1,720 || 302
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 2,940 || 2,470 || 653 || 2,110 || 460
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 3,560 || 3,010 || 841 || 2,560 || 548
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 4,260 || 3,640 || 989 || 3,010 || 908
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 5,230 || 4,530 || 1,120 || 3,740 || 1,230
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 6,910 || 6,000 || 1,530 || 4,890 || 1,850
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 8,850 || 7,590 || 2,010 || 6,060 || 2,470
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 9,740 || 8,440 || 2,160 || 6,700 || 2,710
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 10,400 || 9,040 || 2,300 || 6,920 || 3,340
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 11,000 || 9,460 || 2,390 || 7,230 || 3,790
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 11,900 || 10,300 || 2,650 || 7,890 || 4,050
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 12,600 || 10,900 || 2,830 || 8,100 || 4,720
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 12,100 || 10,300 || 2,740 || 7,730 || 5,400
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Bycicle.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Bicycle-sharing system (Transit service type) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle-sharing system |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F02gk83 |website=Google Trends |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Bicycle sharing system gt.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for {{w|Bicycle sharing systems}}, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle sharing systems |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Bicycle+sharing+systems&year_start=1965&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cbicycle%20sharing%20systems%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Cbicycle%20sharing%20systems%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Bicycle sh ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Bicycle-sharing system }} on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle-sharing system |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Bicycle-sharing+system&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Bicycle sharing system wv.jpeg|thumb|center|600px]]
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 248: Line 338:
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
 +
* [[Timeline of bicycle transportation]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Latest revision as of 20:25, 24 June 2023

This is a timeline of bicycle sharing systems, attempting to describe significant events related to the evolution of the systems, as well as their expansion worldwide.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1960s Bike sharing dates back to this decade, with the introducction of the first system in Amsterdam. Considered first generation, the system comprises ordinary bikes without locks or racks. First generation systems are still used in closed areas such as national parks.[1]
1970s Many city governments and non-governmental organizations start attending the creation of bike sharing systems and begin to consider them as part of the public transport system.[2]
1990s The second and third generations of bicycle sharing systems are introduced in the decade. The second generation introduces bikes specially designed that can be picked up and returned at specific locations (racks) with a coin deposit (like super market trolleys). The third generation includes high tech solutions like electronically locking racks, or bike locks, chip cards, mobile phones and internet. The third generation system 'knows' who uses the bikes.[1][3]
2000s The fourth generation of bicycle sharing systems is introduced, incorporating mobile docking stations which allows them to be removed and transferred to different locations, thus enabling stations to be relocated according to usage patterns and user demands.[4]
2010s Today, bike-sharing services are ubiquitous in many major cities. An unprecedented growth has been fueled by the propagation of “dockless” systems, shared bicycles that can be parked nearly anywhere, increasing the number of publicly accessible bikes from 1.2 million worldwide in 2015 to more than 16 million in China alone in just two years.[5]

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details Country
1965 System launch A group of activists in Amsterdam introduce the Wittefietsenplan (White Bikes), a set of dozens of regular bicycles painted in white and left unlocked for anyone to use and leave behind for the next person. This first generation program is not a business offering, but the result of a political statement of concern for pollution and against the growing number of cars in the city. It would eventually result into a massive failure and would be quickly shut down after many of the bikes are stolen or damaged. The main person behind the program, Luud Schimmelpennink, is considered the father of the bike share.[6][7][8] Netherlands (Amsterdam)
1974 System launch Vélos Jaunes program in La Rochelle introduces 350 free bicycles for use. This first generation system would prove to be successful.[9][10] France (La Rochelle)
1975 The idea of a bicycle sharing system is illustrated in Ernest Callenbach's novel Ecotopia, a utopian novel of a society that does not use fossil fuels. Callenbach describes a system available to inhabitants and integrated as part of the public transportation system.[11] United States
1991 System launch A second generation of bike-sharing program launches in Farsø and Grenå, Denmark.[12] These bikes can be picked up and returned at specific locations (racks) with a coin deposit (like super market trolleys). These second generation bikes would still experience theft due to the anonymity of the users, though their advantage remains in their simplicity and low cost. The system is still in use in Denmark and other (Scandinavian) countries.[1] Denmark (Farsø, Grenå)
1993 System launch "Green Bike Schemes" launches in Cambridge, England as a free byke system, with almost 300 shared bicycles that would be eventually stolen, resulting in program failure.[9] United Kingdom (Cambridge)
1994 System launch The first North American bikesharing program is launched in Portland, Oregon, by the United Community Action Network. Sixty bicycles are left unlocked at Pioneer Square in Portland and are available for anyone to use. The program would close in 2001.[9] United States (Portland)
1995 System launch Having taken 30 years for another major city to attempt a large-scale public bike program, Bycyklen, or City Bikes, launches in Copenhagen as the first large-scale second generation bike-sharing program, with many improvements over the previous generation.[12] This system allows users to access sturdy, shared bicycles at specific locations throughout the city via a coin-operated system. Despite clear improvements over Amsterdam’s White Bikes, thefts and vandalism still plague the program, in addition to problems in funding. The system eventually flourish, featuring fixed docks, where riders deposit money to unlock the bikes. Riders would then get their deposit back after returning the bike to a dock.[6][7] Denmark (Copenhagen)
1996 System launch Bikeaboutin launches at Portsmouth University in England as the third generation of bike-sharing programs, where students can use a magnetic stripe card to rent a bike.[12] It is the first to come up with a solution to the theft problem. The magnetic-stripe card to borrow a bike, allows it to be tracked when it isn't returned.[7] United Kingdom (University of Portsmouth)
1996 System launch "Olympia Bike Library" launches in Olympia, Washington as a second generation coin-deposit model system.[9] United States (Olympia, Washington)
1996 Organization 8D Technologies is founded in Canada. It develops bicycle-sharing systems and automated parking management systems.[13] Canada
1996 System launch Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota launch the "Yellow Bike Project", a second generation coin-deposit system.[9] United States (Minneapolis, Saint Paul
1996 System launch "Bycycler", a second generation bikesharing system, launches in Sandness, Norway.[9] Norway (Sandness)
1997 System launch "Yellow Bike" launches in Austin, Texas as a second generation coin-deposit model system.[9] United States
1998 System launch "Freewheels" launches in Princeton, New Jersey, as a second generation coin-deposit model system.[9] United States (Princeton)
1998 System launch “Vélos à la carte” launches in Rennes, France, introducing to a city the third-generation of bike-sharing replacing coin-access with smart card access. It is the first city-scale bike-share program to use magnetic-stripe cards and RFID technology. The bikes are free to use, and have fixed docks in certain location.[6][7][14][8] France (Rennes)
1999 System launch "TownBike" launches in Singapore as the first bikesharing program in Asia. A third generation program, it would end in 2007.[9] Singapore
2000 Research A number of researchers publishing studies relative to bicycle-sharing schemes emerges.[15]
2000 April System launch The Buga system launches in Aveiro, Portugal, as a free public bike scheme, with 200 bikes made available through 33 bike parks.[16] Portugal (Aveiro)
2000 System launch Second generation "City Bikes" launches in Helsinki, offering clunky and heavy, single speed bikes in green, which can be rent with a 2 euro coin. No registration is required and since the bikes have no GPS-system to locate their whereabouts, a lot of the bikes would be stolen and vandalized.[9][17] Finland (Helsinki)
2002 System launch "Decatur Yellow Bikes" launches in Decatur, Georgia, as a second generation coin-deposit model system.[9] United States (Decatur, Georgia)
2002 November System launch Third generation "Taito Bicycle Sharing Experiment" launches in Tokyo as the second bikesharing program in Asia. It is the first bikesharing pilot in the country, employing 130 bivyvles at twelve locations.. It operates for about three months.[9] Japan (Tokyo)
2003 June System launch Citybike Wien launches in Vienna, and from the beginning it can be used with Austrian ATMs. The system would prove successful, and would be exported from Vienna to 60 major world cities.[18] Austria (Vienna)
2003 System launch Oslo Bysykkel is launched, with around 1,000 bikes in 100 stations.[19] Norway (Oslo)
2005 System launch “Lyon Vélo’v” is introduced in Lyon, France with bikes equipped with electronic components allowing for the bike to be identified by the stations, the distance traveled and conditions of the bikes (lights, dynamo, brakes, etc.) to be tracked, and detailed statistics about bike usage collected.[14][7] France (Lyon)
2005 System launch Second generation "Bycykel" launches in Arhus, Denmark.[9] Denmark (Arhus)
2006 April System launch Stockholm City bikes is introduced as a rental system.[20] Sweden (Stockholm)
2007 March 22 System launch Bicing is launched in Barcelona. It is similar to the Vélo'v service in Lyon or Vélib' in Paris. It uses the same bicycles and stations as used in Stockholm, Oslo, and Zaragoza.[21] Spain (Barcelona)
2007 July 15 System launch Vélib’ bicycle sharing system launches in Paris, with a fleet of 6,000 bikes. Managed by JCDecaux, the system would prove successful. It would end in December 2017, being replaced by Vélib' Métropole.[7] France (Paris)
2007–2017 Expansion Bicycle-sharing schemes experience a major breakthrough in cities at a global scale during this period. Of the estimated 1,600 schemes in operation in 2017, approximately 95 percent were launched since 2007, with more than 200 in 2017 alone.[5]
2007 December Expansion There are about 60 third generation programs globally by the time.[12]
2008 System launch SmartBike DC launches in Washington, D.C. as a 10-station, 120-bike pilot program, the first modern bike-share system in the United States. The system uses the same Clear Channel technology developed for Rennes’s Vélo à la Carte.[7] United States (Washington, D.C.)
2008 System launch Government-owned company Bixi in Montréal pilots its own system with innovative, robust bicycles and a modular docking system.[7] Canada (Montréal)
2008 Organization Smoove is founded in France. It designs, manufactures and markets products related to bike-sharing.[22] France
2008 July 31 System launch Cicloteque launches in Bucharest.[23] Romania (Bucharest)
2008 Expansion A rise of bikes in experienced in the United States with similar features, so-called commuter bikes, which are geared directly at riders looking to use bicycles for daily work and study travel.[24] United States
2008 Expansion Bike-sharing finally begins to take hold outside Europe, with new programs in Brazil, Chile, China, New Zealand, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States. Each is the first third generation bike-sharing program for the countries.[12]
2008 October System launch Hangzhou Public Bicycle launches. It is one of the world’s largest, with more than 78,000 bicycles.[7] China (Hangzhou)
2008 December 8 System launch BikeMi launches in Milan in connection with urban road pricing. Users are charged on credit card.[25] Italy (Milan)
2008 Expansion An estimated 92 programs worldwide are calculated for the end of the year.[12]
2008 System launch Brazil launches two bikesharing programs: "UseBike" in Sao Paulo and "Samba" in Rio de Janeiro.[9] Brazil (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro)
2008 System launch Third generation system "Nubija" launches in Chongwan as the first bikesharing program in South Korea.[9] South Korea (Chongwan)
2009 May 19 System launch Villo! launches in Brussels. The system is composed of fully automated bike stations that can be used with an annual card with pincode, or with a weekly or day ticket that can be purchased at some of the stations by bank card. [26] Belgium (Brussels)
2009 May System launch BIXI launches in Canada. This system marks the beginning of bikesharing’s fourth generation. The scheme incorporates mobile docking stations which allows stations to be removed and transferred to different locations. This enables stations to be relocated according to usage patterns and user demands. Another feature that could enhance future programs is the use of solar-powered stations.[4] Canada
2009 System launch Third generation system "C-Bike" launches in Kaohsiung City as the first bikesharing program in Taiwan.[9] Taiwan (Kaohsiung City)
2009 September System launch Dublin Bikes launches. The system would be considered a huge success for the city. It is operated by JCDecaux.[27] Ireland (Dublin)
2009 November System launch YouBike is launched in Taipei as a public bicycle rental system.[28] Taiwan (Taipei)
2010 March 22 System launch Cyclocity Toyama is launched by JCDecaux, including 150 bicycles available for self-service rental divided between 15 stations in the city center.[29] Japan (Toyama)
2010 June System launch Melbourne Bike Share is introduced as the first bikesharing program in Australia.[30][9] Australia (Melbourne)
2010 July 30 System launch Santander Cycles launches in London, with an initial 400 docking stations and 6600 bikes, which would expand to 11,000 bikes and over 800 stations, making it the largest cycle hire scheme in Europe.[31] United Kingdom (London)
2010 System launch EcoBici launches in Buenos Aires, with an initial 3 stations and 72 bicycles, which would grow to 200 and 3.000 respectively.[32] Argentina (Buenos Aires)
2010 System launch EcoBici is launched in Mexico City, with an initial phase including 85 stations across the city and over 1,000 bikes.[33] Mexico (Mexico City)
2010 Infrastructure Oliver O'Brien, a researcher at University College London creates a Bike Share Map digital using cartography and data visualization. Updated in real time, the map shows the location of bike share stations in 150 cities across the world, and would become one of the easiest ways for users to get updated on information on their local bike programs.[34] United Kingdom
2010 Organization Jump Bikes is founded in the United States. It is a dockless scooter and electric bicycle sharing system operating in the United States, Germany, Portugal and the United Kingdom.[35] United States
2011 March System launch Ecovolis launches in Tirana as a small-scale, low-tech public bicycle system.[36] Albania (Tirana)
2011 May Expansion There are around 375 bike-sharing systems worldwide, comprising 236,000 bicycles.[2]
2011 May 12 System launch BicikeLJ is introduced in Ljubljana with an initial fleet of 300 bicycles at 30 stations available to users. The first hour of use is free of charge, which is very well received among users since 98 percent of all journeys are free.[37] Slovenia (Ljubljana)
2011 October System launch EnCicla launches in Medellin with six stations and 105 bicycles.[38] Colombia (Medellin)
2011 March Expansion As of date, there are approximately 135 bikesharing programs operating in an estimated 160 cities around the world, with over 236,000 shared bicycles.[9] Worldwide
2011 July System launch NS Bike launches in Novi Sad as a rental system.[39] Serbia (Novi Sad)
2011 October System launch EasyBike launches in Nicosia by Greek company easyBike and French Smoove. The system has a fleet of 300 bikes distributed through 27 stations.[40] Cyprus (Nicosia)
2012 System launch Bikesampa launches in Sao Paulo as a bicycle rental system.[41] Brazil (Sao Paulo)
2012 May System launch Houston B-cycle launches in Houston, with 3 bike stations that would grow to 66 in 2017.[42] United States (Houston)
2012 August 1 System launch Veturilo is launched in Warsaw. The system would become one of the most thriving networks worldwide.[43] Poland (Warsaw)
2012 System launch BiciQ launches in Quito, with 425 bicycles and 21 stations.[44] Ecuador (Quito)
2012 November System launch Pun Pun Bike Share is introduced in Bangkok with an initial two, of a planned fifty stations.[45] Thailand (Bangkok)
2012 Expansion As of date, the biggest sharing system peograms are in Wuhan and Hangzhou, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bikes respectively.[2] China
2013 March Research A study published in the American Journal of Public Health reports observing an increase in cycling and health benefits where bicycle sharing systems are run.[46] United States
2013 April Expansion There are around 535 bike-sharing systems, made of an estimated fleet of 517,000 bicycles.[2] Worldwide
2013 May 27 System launch Citi Bike launches in New York City, with 6,000 bikes and a novel funding model that uses no public dollars, but is fully paid for by corporate sponsorships.[7][47][48][49][50] United States (New York City)
2013 June System launch Velobike is launched in Moscow as pilot bike rental scheme. Having proved to be successful, by 2018 it would grow to 430 parking stations with 4300 bicycles.[51][52] Russia (Moscow)
2013 June System launch Divvy launches in Chicago as the first large-scale bike share program in the city.[53] United States (Chicago)
2013 July Expansion As of date, the systems with the higher market penetration are Vélib' in Paris with 1 bike per 97 inhabitants, Vélo'v in Lyon with 1 bike per 121 residents, and Hangzou in China with 1 per 145.[2]
2013 System launch Rekola launches in Prague as a small project. By 2018, it would operate in 8 Czech cities and in Finnish city Vaasa.[54] Czechia (Prague)
2013 August System launch Weifang Public Bicycle launches.[55] China
2013 System launch Bikesantiago launches in Santiago as a metropolitan system operating across different communes or municipalities. The public bicycle system starts with a fleet of 300 bikes in 30 stations.[56] Chile (Santiago)
2013 Expansion A 60 percent increase in the number of programs is experienced globally, with 65 new bike-share launches in China alone. The number of bike-share bikes worldwide hits 700,000.[7]
2014 April System launch BuBi launches in Budapest.[57] As of May 2019 the network would grow to 143 docking stations and 1,846 bicycles.[58] Hungary (Budapest)
2014 June Expansion Public bike-sharing systems operate in 50 countries on five continents, including 712 cities, operating approximately 806,200 bicycles at 37,500 stations.[2] Worldwide
2014 July 16 System launch Orania Openbare Fietsprojek is introduced in Orania, South Africa.[59] It is arguably the first bicycle sharing system in Africa. South Africa (Orania)
2014 December System launch ADCB Bikeshare launches in Abu Dhabi with 11 bicycle stations across Yas Island and Al Raha.[60] United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi)
2014 Infrastructure Madrid becomes the first European city to offer an all-electric bicycle program.[61] Spain (Madrid)
2015 January 27 Organization Mobike is founded. It is, by the number of bicycles, the world's largest shared (for hire) bicycle operator.[62] China
2015 Expansion The number of bike-share bicycles hits an estimated 1,000,000 worldwide. China is by far the leader in the sheer number of bicycles,[7] followed by France with almost 43,000 bikes in 38 cities.[63]
2015 April 23 System launch Indego launches in Philadelphia, with 70 parking stations. A 30-day membership costs US$ 15 and provides those who sign up with unlimited one-hour rides.[64] United States (Philadelphia)
2015 October 15 System launch Ddareungi launches in Seoul with an initial fleet of 2,000 bicycles.[65] South Korea (Seoul)
2015 Research A study published in the journal Transportation concludes that bike sharing systems can be grouped into behaviourally similar categories based upon their size, where larger systems display greater behavioural heterogeneity amongst their stations, and smaller systems generally have stations which all behave similarly in terms of their daily utilization patterns.[66]
2016 April System launch Tel-O-Fun launches in Tel Aviv, with hundreds of bicycles for rent scattered around the city. The user can choose a daily or weekly subscription with credit card, approach to one of the stations around the city, and rent the bike. After using, return the bike to any station so they’re ready for the next rider.[67] Israel (Tel Aviv)
2016 May System launch Helsinki City Bikes launches as a second attempt in the city after the former and failed system. The new program is launched with 500 bikes and 50 parking stations. The system would prove to be successful.[17] Finland (Helsinki)
2016 June System launch Almatybike launches in Almaty as an automated bike rental system with an initial 50 bike stations with the capacity for 270 bikes.[68] Kazakhstan (Almaty)
2016 July 7 System launch Metro Bike Share is introduced in Los Angeles, starting with 1,000 bicycles available at 65 strategically placed locations in downtown.[69] United States (Los Angeles)
2016 Research A positive environmental impact is found in Shanghai, where bike sharing systems are found to cut down carbon dioxide (CO2) by 25,240 tons.[3] China (Shanghai)
2016 December Research Publication claim that bike-share programs fail to reach more low-income communities.[70]
2017 December Expansion An estimated 16 million bikes on China’s streets transport about 130 million registered users.[71] China
2017 Research It is found that bicycle sharing annual memberships in the United States make up for more than 96% of total trips made in the country.[61] United States
2017 Research Studies in Beijing and Shanghai link the massive increase of dockless bike shares to the decrease in the number of private automobile trips that are less than five kilometers.[72] China (Beijing, Shanghai)
2018 January 1 System launch Vélib' Métropole launches in Paris, replacing the previous successful Vélib' system. It is one of the largest public bike-share systems outside of China with 14 000 bikes and 1000 stations.[73] France (Paris)
2018 System launch JoBike launches in Dhaka as the first bicycle sharing app in the country. The app enables users to find bicycles for rent.[74] Bangladesh (Dhaka)
2018 August 15 System launch Germany-based international bicycle rental company Nextbike launches dockless bicycle sharing service in Kiev.[75] Ukraine (Kiev)
2018 August Expansion Chinese Mobike now operates in over 200 cities and 19 countries around the world.[76][77]

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.

Year bicycle sharing system public bicycle sharing system bicycle sharing schemes bicycle sharing program bicycle sharing sustainability
1980 362 300 69 290 2
1985 436 340 74 297 8
1990 623 512 133 461 21
1995 1,290 1,070 273 995 106
2000 2,400 2,030 499 1,720 302
2002 2,940 2,470 653 2,110 460
2004 3,560 3,010 841 2,560 548
2006 4,260 3,640 989 3,010 908
2008 5,230 4,530 1,120 3,740 1,230
2010 6,910 6,000 1,530 4,890 1,850
2012 8,850 7,590 2,010 6,060 2,470
2014 9,740 8,440 2,160 6,700 2,710
2016 10,400 9,040 2,300 6,920 3,340
2017 11,000 9,460 2,390 7,230 3,790
2018 11,900 10,300 2,650 7,890 4,050
2019 12,600 10,900 2,830 8,100 4,720
2020 12,100 10,300 2,740 7,730 5,400
Bycicle.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Bicycle-sharing system (Transit service type) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.[78]

Bicycle sharing system gt.jpeg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Bicycle sharing systems, from 1900 to 2019.[79]

Bicycle sh ngram.jpeg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Bicycle-sharing system on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021[80]

Bicycle sharing system wv.jpeg

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Three generations bike sharing". bikesharing.eu. Retrieved 12 July 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Bicycle Sharing Systems" (PDF). rep.bntu.by. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change?". thebalancesmb.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Fourth Generation Bikeshare and Social Innovation". progcity.maynoothuniversity.ie. Retrieved 12 July 2019. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Moon, Christopher; Sharpin, Anna Bray; De La Lanza, Iván; Khan, Azra; Lo Re, Luca; Maassen, Anne. "The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks". wri.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Walker, Bradley. "A brief history of bike sharing". 360.here.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 "THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM". citylab.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Bike-Sharing Enters Its 4th Generation". smartcitiesdive.com. Retrieved 12 July 2019. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 City Cycling (John Pucher, Ralph Buehler ed.). 
  10. ↑ "La Rochelle 1974 une ville cyclable française en avance sur son temps". alsace-velo.fr. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  11. ↑ Callenbach, Ernest (1975). Ecotopia. Ernest Callenbach (first self-published as Banyan Tree Books). p. 181. ISBN 978-0-553-34847-7. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 "Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future". scholarcommons.usf.edu. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  13. ↑ "About | 8D Technologies". 8D. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Colin, Benoit. "Four generations of bike-sharing". thecityfix.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  15. ↑ "Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future". doi:10.5038/2375-0901.12.4.3. 
  16. ↑ Allen, Adriana; You, Nicholas. Sustainable Urbanisation: Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The past, present and future of Helsinki's bike sharing system". bikecitizens.net. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  18. ↑ "2018 Anniversary Year: Citybike Wien celebrates its 15th anniversary". gewista.at. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  19. ↑ "Smile, you are on a City Bike". underconsideration.com. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  20. ↑ "Stockholm on City Bikes". viewstockholm.com. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  21. ↑ "Barcelona bicycle numbers". barcelonabicycle.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  22. ↑ "Smoove". smoove-bike.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  23. ↑ "CYCLING ON THE RISE" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  24. ↑ John Markoff (2002-10-10). "Big Hopes for Commuting by Bike". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  25. ↑ "Clear Channel Jolly launches BikeMi". smartbike.com. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2019. 
  26. ↑ "Villo! bike sharing relieves public transport in Brussels (Belgium)". eltis.org. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  27. ↑ "One million journeys". dublinbikes.ie. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  28. ↑ "Taichung to launch iBike system". focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  29. ↑ "Japan: launch of Cyclocity in Toyama". jcdecaux.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  30. ↑ "Australian bike hire schemes fail because of helmet laws". cycle-helmets.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  31. ↑ "Cycle hire scheme celebrates best ever month of hires". tfl.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  32. ↑ "Nuevo sistema automático de Ecobici". buenosaires.gob.ar. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  33. ↑ "Ecobici: Official Bike Sharing Program Launched in Mexico City". treehugger.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  34. ↑ "From Amsterdam to Beijing: The Global Evolution of Bike Share". smartcitiesdive.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  35. ↑ McFarland, Matt (17 January 2018). "Electric bicycles emerge as a hot trend in the U.S.". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018. 
  36. ↑ "Public Bike Scheme as a Social Business. Tirana. Albania". eltis.org. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  37. ↑ "Cycling". ljubljana.si. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  38. ↑ "Encicla dobla su flota y triplica la ruta este semestre". elcolombiano.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  39. ↑ "NS bike". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  40. ↑ "The Bike-sharing Blog". bike-sharing.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  41. ↑ "Bicycle rental and mobility in São Paulo". aliancabike.org.br. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  42. ↑ "HOUSTON BCYCLE PROGRAM". houstontx.gov. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  43. ↑ "Five years of bike revolution in Warsaw.". veturilo.waw.pl. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  44. ↑ "Quito ya cuenta con un sistema de bicicleta Pública BiciQ". normanwray.wordpress.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  45. ↑ "Pun Pun Bicycle Share Program in Bangkok Thailand". bicyclethailand.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  46. ↑ Daniel Fuller; Lise Gauvin; Yan Kestens; Mark Daniel; Michel Fournier; Patrick Morency & Louis Drouin (17 January 2013). "mpact Evaluation of a Public Bicycle Share Program on Cycling: A Case Example of BIXI in Montreal, Quebec". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (3): e85–e92. PMC 3673500Freely accessible. PMID 23327280. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917. 
  47. ↑ "Citi Bike – Your bike sharing system in New York City". citibikenyc.com. 
  48. ↑ "Chicago, Like New York, Facing Bike-Share Delay – Metropolis – WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. 
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  50. ↑ "Cycle of Citi Bike suffering ends here". Crain's New York Business. 
  51. ↑ "4,25 миллиона поездок за шесть месяцев: сезон велопроката в Москве завершен". Официальный портал Мэра и Правительства Москвы. 2018-11-02. 
  52. ↑ "The Russian cyclists bringing bike culture to Moscow". theguardian.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  53. ↑ "What Every New Divvy Rider Needs to Know". chicagomag.com. Retrieved 14 July 2019. 
  54. ↑ "Rekola". seen2.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  55. ↑ "Weifang rented bicycles are frequently praised". 11jn.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  56. ↑ "Bike Santiago". financingsustainablecities.org. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  57. ↑ "BKK reveals the bicycles of the MOL Bubi public bike-sharing scheme". bkk.hu. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  58. ↑ "MOL Bubi". 
  59. ↑ van den Heever, Juran (23 February 2015). "Orania – Nie so 'n vergesogte droom nie" (in Afrikaans). AfriForum. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015. 
  60. ↑ "The wheels are turning in Abu Dhabi with the ADCB bikeshare programmes". thenational.ae. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023". 24-7pressrelease.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  62. ↑ "Meituan Bike". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 12 July 2019. 
  63. ↑ "The forgotten radical history of bike sharing". betterbikeshare.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  64. ↑ "Philly bike share program to launch April 23". phillyvoice.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  65. ↑ "Expanded Operation of Seoul Bike "Ddareungi"". seoul-e.lhsoft.co.kr. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
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  68. ↑ "AlmatyBike automated bike rental system has been launched in Almaty". almaty.gov.kz. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
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  75. ↑ "NextBike dockless bicycle sharing system is launching in Kyiv". its-ukraine.org. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
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