Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Médecins Sans Frontières"

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This is a '''timeline of {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}}''', an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in nearly 70 countries.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières History">{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières History |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/msf/history/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref>
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}}''' (Doctors Without Borders), a French-origin international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in nearly 70 countries.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières History">{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières History |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/msf/history/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref>
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
! Time period !! Development summary !! More details !! Country
+
! Time period !! Development summary
 +
|-
 +
| 1970s || {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}} is born early in the decade out of the exasperation of a group of French doctors who worked in desperate conditions in the {{w|Nigerian Civil War}}. Along the decade, its growth and increased professionalism would come as a response to {{w|decolonization}} and {{w|cold war}} conflicts in Africa and Asia, which at the time create massive refugee crises.<ref name="About MSF"/> However, MSF remains a small organization in the 1970s.<ref name="The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development"/>
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|-
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| 1980s || Early in the decade, MSF introduces logistics and medical departments, a salaried administrative system, and the organization of marketing and fundraising activities.<ref name="The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development"/> MSF field missions increase.<ref name="Silence Heals…from the Cold War to the War on Terror, MSF Speaks Out: a Brief History"/> In the 1980s, wars and refugee camps are MSF’s main field of intervention.<ref name="The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development">{{cite journal |last1=Biberson |first1=Philippe |last2=Jean |first2=François |title=The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development |doi=10.1177/089976499773746456}}</ref> Several sections of MSF are created in European countries in the decade.<ref name="Silence Heals…from the Cold War to the War on Terror, MSF Speaks Out: a Brief History">{{cite web |title=II. History |url=https://www.msf-crash.org/index.php/en/publications/agir-tout-prix-negociations-humanitaires-lexperience-de-msf/ii-history |website=msf-crash.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> 
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|-
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| 1990s || War related situations and refugees movements remain an important focus for MSF. However, the organization increasingly faces the challenges of new health care crises, with the reemergence of once controlled diseases, the emergence of new epidemics, the failing health system in the former {{w|Soviet Union}}, lack of access to heath care for excluded populations in Western countries, and so forth.<ref name="The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development"/>
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|-
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| 2000s || Médecins Sans Frontières experiences steady growth.<ref>{{cite web |title=On Danger, Sacrifice and Professionalisation: MSF and the security debate |url=https://www.msf-crash.org/en/publications/secourir-sans-perir-la-securite-humanitaire-lere-de-la-gestion-des-risques/1-history |website=msf-crash.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> Among great activist challenges is the support to the battle to bring down the price of {{w|antiretroviral}} drugs for people living with HIV in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=7 ways we increased access to lifesaving treatment |url=https://msfaccess.org/access-campaign-year-review-2017 |website=msfaccess.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> MSF's infrastructure like inflatable hospitals and telemedicine are developed in the decade.
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|-
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| 2010s || As of 2015, MSF is active in nineteen countries and is involved in assistance activities in over sixty nations. It is represented by the International Office in Geneva, and has operational centers in {{w|Brussels}}, {{w|Paris}}, {{w|Amsterdam}}, {{w|Barcelona}} and {{w|Geneva}} that coordinate interventions. MSF remains independent from governments and political parties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Papernet supports Doctors without Borders (MSF) |url=https://www.papernet.com/mea/en/news/papernet-supports-doctors-without-borders-msf |website=papernet.com |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
−
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Country
+
! Year !! Event type !! Main affliction (when applicable) || Details !! Country/location
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|-
 +
| 1971 (December 22) || Creation || || {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}} is founded in {{w|Paris}}<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières History"/> by a group of French doctors and journalists in the wake of {{w|Nigerian Civil War}}, and the [[w:Bangladesh famine of 1974|floods in Bangladesh]].<ref name="Founding"/> || {{w|France}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1972 || Assistance || Earthquake || An [[w:1972 Nicaragua earthquake|earthquake in Nicaragua]] marks the first MSF mission in a natural disaster.<ref name="Founding">{{cite web |title=Founding |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who-we-are/history/founding |website=doctorswithoutborders.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nicaragua}}
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|-
 +
| 1974 || Assistance || Hurricane || MSF conducts a relief mission to assist people in {{w|Honduras}} after the devastating {{w|Hurricane Fifi–Orlene}}.<ref name="Founding"/> || {{w|Honduras}}
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|-
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| 1975 || Assistance || Dictatorship/genocide || MSF establishes its first large-scale medical program during a refugee crisis in {{w|Cambodia}}, providing medical care for the waves of Cambodians seeking sanctuary from the [[w:Democratic Kampuchea|Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref>{{cite web |title=FOUNDING OF MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES |url=https://www.msf.org.au/founding-m%C3%A9decins-sans-fronti%C3%A8res |website=msf.org.au |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Cambodia}}
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|-
 +
| 1976 || Assistance || War || MSF conducts its first wartime mission in {{w|Lebanon}} and becomes a professional medical emergency organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caring for the most vulnerable |url=https://www.msf.org/lebanon-caring-most-vulnerable |website=msf.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Lebanon}}
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|-
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| 1977 || Activism || || MSF organizes its first major advertising campaign, featuring a picture of a child, looking into a camera from behind bars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medecins sans Frontieres looks back at its first four decades |url=https://www.dw.com/en/medecins-sans-frontieres-looks-back-at-its-first-four-decades/a-15614097-0 |website=dw.com |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1977 || Activism || Dictatorship/genocide || In spite of having promoted a depoliticized image, MSF representative {{w|Claude Malhuret}} first violates the statutory confidentiality commitment by condemning the “revolutionary crimes” of the {{w|Khmer Rouge}} who, he says, are “exterminating entire segments of the population in the name of some revamped communist ideology”.<ref name="II. History">{{cite web |title=II. History |url=https://www.msf-crash.org/index.php/en/publications/agir-tout-prix-negociations-humanitaires-lexperience-de-msf/ii-history |website=msf-crash.org |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Cambodia}}
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|-
 +
| 1978 || Assistance || War || MSF launches various refugee programs in {{w|Thailand}}, in {{w|Djibouti}} during the {{w|Ogaden War}} and Eritrean refugees in {{w|Sudan}}.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Thailand}}, {{w|Djibouti}}, {{w|Sudan}}
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|-
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| 1979 || Staff || || MSF Co-founder Dr {{w|Bernard Kouchner}} leaves to form a new group, {{w|Médecins du Monde}} (Doctors of the World).<ref name="The MSF timeline">{{cite web |title=The MSF timeline |url=https://www.msf.ie/msf-timeline |website=msf.ie |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1979 || Administration || || MSF moves beyond its {{w|modus operandi}} of sending isolated doctors to crisis zones in favour of creating a more structured organization that can provide quality medical services in crises. The initiative is led by Dr Claude Malhuret and Dr Francis Charhon.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> ||
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|-
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| 1979 || Assistance || War || MSF starts working in {{w|Somalia}}, in times of the {{w|Somali Rebellion}}.<ref name="A timeline of MSF in Somalia">{{cite web |title=A timeline of MSF in Somalia |url=https://www.msf.org/timeline-msf-somalia |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Somalia}}
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|-
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| 1979 || Assistance || War || MSF sets up missions to help civilians in {{w|South Sudan}} affected by starvation and the civil war.<ref name="bionity">{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res.html |website=bionity.com |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sudan}}
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|-
 +
| 1980 || Assistance || War || MSF launches its first nutritional program in the midst of drought and civil war in {{w|Karamoja}}, {{w|Uganda}}.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Uganda}}
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|-
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| 1980 || Assistance || War || MSF medical teams clandestinely cross the Pakistani–Afghan border and travel by mule for several weeks to reach injured civilians living in remote areas during the {{w|Soviet–Afghan War}}.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Afghanistan}}
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|-
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| 1980 || Branch || || MSF-Belgium is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - Belgium |url=https://www.globalhand.org/en/organisations/21403 |website=globalhand.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
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|-
 +
| 1981 || || War || MSF hospitals in Afghanistan are bombarded.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Afghanistan}}
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|-
 +
| 1981 || Administration || || MSF sets up its first logistics department to coordinate and channel emergency medical relief.<ref name="About MSF">{{cite web |title=About MSF |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/24/christmasappeal2005 |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> ||
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|-
 +
| 1981 || Branch || || MSF-Switzerland is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF Switzerland |url=https://www.msf.ch/sites/default/files/2018-05/20150611_ap_rapports_activites_ocg_2014_EN_1.pdf |website=msf.ch |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
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|-
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| 1982 || Assistance || General || MSF begins working in Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwandan genocide 25 years on: MSF caught in spiral of extreme violence from Rwanda to Zaire |url=https://www.msf.org/rwandan-genocide-25-years |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Rwanda}}
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|-
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| 1983 || Administration || || MSF France registers the brands "MSF International" and "MSF Europe" in Geneva and modifies its own statutes in order to integrate the possible creation of an MSF international structure.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 1984 || Assistance || Malnutrition || MSF starts programs to treat malnutrition in {{w|Ethiopia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famine in Ethiopia |url=https://doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com/post/3446035108/1984-famine-in-ethiopia-msf-starts-programs-to |website=doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}}
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|-
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| 1984 || Branch || || MSF establishes office in the {{w|Netherlands}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - Holland |url=https://www.globalhand.org/en/organisations/22911 |website=globalhand.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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|-
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| 1984 || Suborganization || || MSF creates the Liberté Sans Frontières (LSF) Foundation, a think-tank on development and human rights issues.<ref name="II. History"/> ||
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|-
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| 1984 || Suborganization || || MSF Belgium establishes AEDES (Association Européenne pour le Développement et la Santé/European Association for Development and Health) in order to support long-term projects that MSF want to hand over, and to offer more stable jobs for certain MSF employees.<ref>{{cite web |title=AEDES |url=http://associativehistory.msf.org/sites/default/files/AEDES_En.pdf |website=associativehistory.msf.org |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
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|-
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| 1985 || Administration || || MSF Belgium opposes the creation by MSF France’s newly formed Liberté Sans Frontières, thus taking a first step towards independence from MSF France.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014">{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014 |url=http://associativehistory.msf.org/sites/default/files/PPP_MSF_historical_VA.pdf |website=associativehistory.msf.org |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
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|-
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| 1985 || Withdrawal || || The {{w|Government of Ethiopia}} expells MSF doctors on accusations for speaking out against Government policies.<ref>{{cite web |title=EXPELLED DOCTORS ACCUSE ETHIOPIA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/04/world/expelled-doctors-accuse-ethiopia.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}}
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|-
 +
| 1985 || Assistance || Starvation || MSF adds food relief to its eight-year-long mission in {{w|Eritrea}}, which has previously focused on emergency medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davey |first1=Eleanor |title=7 - Controversy in a humanitarian age |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107706880.008 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/idealism-beyond-borders/controversy-in-a-humanitarian-age/9B895A59A7E3546FB1C5EDC3F1398824}}</ref> || {{w|Eritrea}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || Assistance || War || MSF assists with medical care in {{w|Honduras}} to refugees from {{w|El Salvador}} and {{w|Nicaragua}} during armed conflict.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Honduras}}
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|-
 +
| 1985 || Branch || || MSF-Spain is established.<ref name="The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development"/> || {{w|Spain}}
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|-
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| 1986 || Assistance || War || MSF organizes mobile clinics and starts assisting injured and traumatized people affected by the {{w|Sri Lankan Civil War}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Civil War in Sri Lanka |url=https://doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com/post/3484745489/1986-civil-war-in-sri-lanka-msf-organizes-mobile |website=doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sri Lanka}}
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|-
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| 1986 || Suborganization || || MSF France creates MSF Logistique to manage the stocks of equipment and medicines to be sent to missions.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 1986 || Branch || || Three doctors create MSF Luxembourg. The first actions by this association are done jointly with MSF Belgium in Ethiopia, Lebanon, Nicaragua, and then with MSF Spain in Bolivia. Refusing to recognize MSF Luxembourg as operational and independent, because of concerns over its small size and about its close ties to MSF Belgium, MSF France threatens to prosecute MSF Luxembourg to prevent the use of the MSF trademark.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Luxemburg}}, {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 1986 || Administration || || MSF France registers as an overseas organization in the {{w|United Kingdom}}.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
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| 1986 || Administration || || MSF Belgium creates its own green logo.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Belgium}}
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|-
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| 1986 || Administration || || MSF France’s General Assembly votes to create a structure in charge of training MSF volunteers. This association, called CIREM (Centre d’Intervention pour la Recherche et l’Epidémiologie Médicale/Intervention Centre for Research and Medical Epidemiology), has three objectives: public health training, provision of scientific support to MSF missions, and scientific networking.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 1987 || Assistance || Disease || MSF vaccinates 2.5 million Nigerians in the region around {{w|Ibadan}} and in {{w|Anambra State}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF starts malaria programme in the Niger Delta |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-starts-malaria-programme-niger-delta |website=msf.org |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
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|-
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| 1987 || Assistance || General || MSF doctors start working in the {{w|Philippines}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippines: Floodwaters recede but medical needs remain |url=https://msf-seasia.org/news/12974 |website=msf-seasia.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Philippines}}
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|-
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| 1987 || Suborganization || || MSF France launches a satellite organization called "Epicentre" to conduct epidemiological studies and assessments in field settings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Redfield |first1=Peter |title=Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f77CrYZvwP8C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=In+1987,+MSF-France+launched+a+%22satellite%22+organization+called+%22Epicentre%22+to+conduct+epidemiological+studies+and+assessments&source=bl&ots=miJXw46KYN&sig=ACfU3U0-GizqyyZ_BU7kS5Fr3d4RhEVaJQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpi73vyMHjAhXPGLkGHbQQDpMQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=In%201987%2C%20MSF-France%20launched%20a%20%22satellite%22%20organization%20called%20%22Epicentre%22%20to%20conduct%20epidemiological%20studies%20and%20assessments&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 1988 || Assistance || || MSF is requested to start an intervention to address urgent health needs in the area of the Western Upper Nile.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leishmaniasis Sudan |url=https://watermark.silverchair.com/14-1-70.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAkEwggI9BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggIuMIICKgIBADCCAiMGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM139m5aZH7nPoHM7pAgEQgIIB9NOuDUuXTwQCHZYcNZpkO9bRd3xKYClSCdooJ5-BY63TWHSBvcQYBJXU0kKrOl7LyHpzOyVyjZkEfTXec88O3-F_Xjt9J_AY7dLQepjsmO2b7thuoQFOOP5-dQd3U0AAyGJrHIkaDBdbBJw4BUi9X3Eov3L41NHqUcUqA3eTRE5C3TXDYQcYjl03D86pfoUKezdFYOjmAu7e5gEXB2YNwtcD-9j-TNKIovPCI2Nw1oqoAZxOlyoxzEX_gX0pKEP-HROvRSluPjAqHv5hLlZffQTFsT-yrbV7o49KiwhOpRF81QNd4QUo8bSBSVDfpZb5fYzOOveYeNjw5WSqq82J0I2jYAoLnKp658uaJrnsuGr4aVY3nf4UuMrK6fc9jaPAJ_NjW700rSwA9D_0GoO-CZsXfpAY7OscyUlYz9PrHOXmCe4_VH4M1bs36YU-KCDwYXfxBmVITyZZPnTlk1ZG3NaAWep5b1JR1yS9ADmRH8C5R_RJ8XxEQmVJtuW8swK9BNWolfp7mW9R6jRZpzWdg3p0rbTL-miDQ0WSc5yvZXjVY_hzD517Qn_c6LpPg8z-uly8S3xa7VV3BpaoUCXC4HrGNeCvf69XlWeVAW3U9c-NDHZ9erggtBXPZ7Enk8suRnwqlPZ34X7ZdfuAuF6JR0jKQ62E |website=watermark.silverchair.com |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sudan}}
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|-
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| 1988 || Suborganization || || MSF Belgium and MSF Holland strive to develop a concrete operational collaboration, and create a common Rapid Response Unit (Unité d’Intervention Rapide/UIR) which is to be coordinated alternately by each section.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Belgium}}, {{w|Netherlands}}
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|-
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| 1988 || Assistance || Earthquake || MSF assists victims of the [[w:1988 Armenian earthquake|earthquake of Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Heroes without borders |url=http://ccbeuproject2015j.blogspot.com/2015/11/in-1971-is-founded-by-doctors-and.html |website=ccbeuproject2015j.blogspot.com |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Armenia}}
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|-
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| 1988 || Assistance || Disease (cholera) || MSF employs cholera treatment centers (CTCs) in {{w|Malawi}} to address an epidemic among refugees escaping from the {{w|Mozambican Civil War}}.<ref name="Timeline: Innovation in action"/> || {{w|Malawi}}
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|-
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| 1988 || Assistance || General || MSF starts operations in {{w|Algeria}}. The organization would close its projects in 2016 in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Algeria |url=https://www.msf.org/algeria |website=msf.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Algeria}}
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|-
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| 1989 || Withdrawal || War || MSF withdraws from Sudan after an MSF plane is shot down by a missile, killing 4 people, two of them MSF volunteers.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Sudan}}
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|-
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| 1989 || Suborganization || || MSF Belgium creates Transfer, a logistics center cooperative association, which remains under MSF control via the members of the General Assembly and board, who are all MSF Belgium members.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Belgium}}
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|-
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| 1990 || Withdrawal || Crime || MSF suspends activities in {{w|Afghanistan}} after a logistician from the organization is murdered.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Afghanistan}}
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|-
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| 1990 || Assistance || War || MSF begins working in {{w|Liberia}} in response to the [[w:First Liberian Civil WarFirst Liberian Civil War|civil war]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Liberia |url=https://www.msf-me.org/country/liberia |website=msf-me.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Liberia}}
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|-
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| 1990 || Branch || || MSF-Greece is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Renée C. |title=Doctors Without Borders: Humanitarian Quests, Impossible Dreams of Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0C4_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=1990+Branch+MSF-Greece+is+established.&source=bl&ots=lUxy37lT17&sig=ACfU3U11tgnQ-n4NUjgEBgJI9_T6k26J8Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQwo2WvbrjAhU8IbkGHWLkDR0Q6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1990%20Branch%20MSF-Greece%20is%20established.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Greece}}
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|-
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| 1990 || Branch || || MSF establishes office in the {{w|United States}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctors Without Borders |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/story/new-executive-director-doctors-without-borders-usa |website=doctorswithoutborders.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1990 || Assistance || War || MSF begins its first psychosocial program in {{w|Gaza}}, which focuses on developing people’s self-help skills and on addressing both the social and psychological effects of violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosocial support within a global movement |url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-23/edition-4/psychosocial-support-within-global-movement |website=thepsychologist.bps.org.uk |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Palestine}}
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|-
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| 1991 || Assistance || Disease (HIV/AIDS) || MSF initiates an {{w|HIV/AIDS}} prevention program in {{w|Uganda}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schopper |first1=D |last2=Doussantousse |first2=S |last3=Idro |first3=WJ |last4=Homsy |first4=J. |title=Country watch. Uganda. |pmid=12318838 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12318838 |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Uganda}}
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|-
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| 1991 || Branch || || MSF establishes office in {{w|Canada}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS |url=https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/81-doctors-without-borders |website=charityintelligence.ca |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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|-
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| 1991 || Assistance || General || MSF starts operations in Brazil. All projects would be closed in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://www.msf.org/brazil |website=msf.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
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|-
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| 1992 || Branch || || MSF establishes office in {{w|Japan}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Japon founded |url=https://www.msf.or.jp/25th/en/ |website=msf.or.jp |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
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|-
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| 1992 || Branch || || MSF Sweden is established.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
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|-
 +
| 1992 || || War/crime || MSF states that, “the main problem today is that of access to victims; the authorities or factions oppose humanitarian action, an inconvenient witness to their atrocities, and insecurity makes intervention increasingly dangerous”.<ref name="II. History"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1992 || Activism || || The MSF International Office organizes the ‘Populations in Danger’ Days and the production of the ‘MSF Report on the Populations in Danger.’<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1992 || Suborganization || War || Netherlands-based {{w|Healthnet International}} is established by MSF to bridge the gap between humanitarian relief and structural support for health services in war-affected countries.<ref>{{cite book |title=Another Day in Paradise: Front Line Stories from International Aid Workers |edition=Carol Bergman |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_zCS0MUHMg8C&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=Health+Net+MSF+%22in+1992%22&source=bl&ots=h6GgcsUWV4&sig=ACfU3U1X3H6pfkxtLCna2IAXTC_sdSRHlw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi83N7kmMLjAhXBGbkGHZ7TBrgQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Health%20Net%20MSF%20%22in%201992%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || Assistance || War || MSF starts operations in {{w|Burundi}} during the [[w:Burundian Civil War|civil war]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF treats 60 people wounded in grenade explosions |url=https://www.msf.org/burundi-msf-treats-60-people-wounded-grenade-explosions |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Burundi}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || Branch || || MSF establishes office in the {{w|United Kingdom}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://www.msf.org.uk/contact-us |website=msf.org.uk |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || Branch || || MSF-Italy is established.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || Branch || || MSF Denmark is established.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Denmark}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1994 || Assistance || Disease (tuberculosis) || MSF issues a new {{w|tuberculosis}} guideline that refers explicitly to {{w|WHO}}'s declaration on the eradication of TB as a public health priority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Questioning health and human rights |url=https://www.msf.org/questioning-health-and-human-rights |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1994 || Branch || || MSF-Australia is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES AUSTRALIA |url=https://www.msf.org.au/m%C3%A9decins-sans-fronti%C3%A8res-australia |website=msf.org.au |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1994 || Branch || || MSF Germany, MSF Hong Kong, MSF Australia, and MSF Austria are established.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF-Hong Kong |url=https://msf-seasia.org/5424 |website=msf-seasia.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Germany}}, {{w|Hong Kong}}, {{w|Australia}}, {{w|Austria}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971 || || "Founded: 1971 in Paris, France"<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières History"/> "Médecins Sans Frontières is founded by a group of French doctors and journalists in the wake of the war and accompanying famine in Biafra, Nigeria, and the floods in eastern Pakistan (now Bangladesh)." || {{w|France}}
+
| 1995 || Assistance || War || MSF doctors assist civilians during the {{w|First Chechen War}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=War crimes and politics of terror in Chechnya (1994-2004) |url=https://www.msf-crash.org/index.php/en/publications/war-and-humanitarianism/war-crimes-and-politics-terror-chechnya-1994-2004 |website=msf-crash.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref>|| {{w|Russia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1972 || || "The earthquake in Nicaragua marks our first mission in a natural disaster." || {{w|Nicaragua}}
+
| 1995 || Branch || || MSF France’s Antenna is set up in the {{w|United Arab Emirates}}.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|United Arab Emirates}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1974 || || "HURRICANE IN HONDURAS Our first mission of long-term medical assistance." || {{w|Honduras}}
+
| 1995 || Assistance || || MSF becomes the first European {{w|NGO}} to begin working in North Korea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flake |first1=L. Gordon |last2=Snyder |first2=Scott |title=Paved with Good Intentions: The NGO Experience in North Korea |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=K0dfIxTr5MUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=%22in+1995+medecins+sans+frontieres%22&source=bl&ots=2iH3CJQ0nL&sig=ACfU3U2ZO6doGEkf0aBZ22WwhFJzy0-KYg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4g-Ot_7fjAhVXH7kGHQrgDVEQ6AEwBHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201995%20medecins%20sans%20frontieres%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|North Korea}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1975 || || "CAMBODIANS FLEE KHMER ROUGE. MSF establishes its first large-scale medical programme during a refugee crisis, providingmedical care for waves of Cambodians seeking sanctuary from Pol Pot’s rule." || {{w|Cambodia}}
+
| 1996 || Recognition || || MSF receive the {{w|Seoul Peace Prize}}.<ref name="bionity"/> || {{w|South Korea}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1976 || || "WAR IN LEBANONOur teams conduct surgery in the organisation's first major intervention in a war zone." || {{w|Lebanon}}
+
| 1996 || Branch || || MSF Norway is established.<ref name="Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014"/> || {{w|Norway}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1978 || || "REFUGEE ASSISTANCEMSF launchs of various refugee programmes in Thailand, in the Ogaden region (Djibouti, war between Ethiopia and Somalia) and Eritrean refugees in Sudan." ||  
+
| 1996 || Assistance || Disease (meningococcal meningitis) || MSF launches a massive vaccination and treatment program during a severe epidemic of {{w|meningococcal meningitis}} in {{w|Nigeria}}. About 4.5 million people are assisted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=I |last2=Nasidi |first2=A |last3=Alkali |first3=AS |last4=Garbati |first4=MA |last5=Ajayi-Obe |first5=EK |last6=Audu |first6=KA |last7=Usman |first7=A |last8=Abdullahi |first8=S. |title=A severe epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Nigeria, 1996. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10974995 |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1979 || || "Co-founder Dr Bernard Kouchner leaves in protest and later founds Médecins du Monde/Doctors of the World." ||
+
| 1996 (November) || Activism || War || MSF calls for armed international intervention in {{w|Rwanda}}, “to protect the refugees and guarantee access to aid”.<ref name="II. History"/> || {{w|Rwanda}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1979 || || "Led by Dr Claude Malhuret and Dr Francis Charhon, MSF moves beyond its modus operandi of sending isolated doctors to crisis zones in favour of creating a more structured organisation that can provide quality medical services in crises." ||
+
| 1997 || Assistance || War/Genocide || MSF assists Rwandan refugees forced out of camps in {{w|Zaire}} as they return home, but are blocked from assisting those fleeing further into Zaire, who fall victim to widespread massacres.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Rwanda}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1980 || || "FIRST NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMEIn the Karamoja province of Uganda, MSF's first nutritional programme is launched in the midst of drought and civil war." || {{w|Uganda}}
+
| 1997 || Literature || Forced displacement || MSF publishes the book ''Refugee Health'', which establishes ten top priorities for managing refugee emergencies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford Handbook of Humanitarian Medicine |edition=Amy Kravitz |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ShGIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22in+1997+medecins+sans+frontieres%22&source=bl&ots=LjSFZQzOhQ&sig=ACfU3U3Heay1xdKhWpkMe58_XE4rIQz5pw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaw_Tw_7fjAhVFH7kGHQOzDY4Q6AEwBHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201997%20medecins%20sans%20frontieres%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1980 || || "WAR IN AFGHANISTANAfter the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in the final days of 1979, triggering a war that would last a decade, MSF medical teams clandestinely cross the Pakistani–Afghan border and travel by mule for several weeks to reach injured civilians living in remote areas." || {{w|Afghanistan}}
+
| 1997 || Assistance || Flood || MSF in {{w|North Korea}} distributes 2,200 tons of spring barley seeds to help the population cope with flood damage and increase agricultural production.<ref name="Health System in North Korea Has Collapsed">{{cite web |title=Health System in North Korea Has Collapsed |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/health-system-north-korea-has-collapsed |website=doctorswithoutborders.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|North Korea}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1980 || || "FIRST INTERNATIONAL APPEAL“Walk for survival of Cambodia”, MSF's first international appeal, is launched in protest against the Vietnamese authorities stopping our teams from bringing aid to Cambodia." || {{w|Cambodia}}
+
| 1998 || Policy || Mental health || MSF formally recognizes the importance of providing mental healthcare and psychosocial care as part of its emergency work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond a healthy body: MSF's mental health support |url=https://www.msf-me.org/article/beyond-healthy-body-msfs-mental-health-support |website=msf-me.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The psychological impact of a humanitarian emergency can be severe. |url=https://www.msf.org.uk/issues/mental-health |website=msf.org.uk |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1981 || || "Bombardments of MSF hospitals in Afghanistan" || {{w|Afghanistan}}
+
| 1998 || Activism || Crime || MSF decides to support the creation of the {{w|International Criminal Court}}. However, 10 years later it would state that it ‘would not cooperate and would not transmit any information to the ICC', as the organization needs to keep its distance from the ICC, as from any other political body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grounds for divorce ? MSF and the international criminal court |url=https://www.msf-crash.org/en/conferences-debates/grounds-divorce-msf-and-international-criminal-court |website=msf-crash.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1984 || || "MSF starts programmes to treat malnutrition in hunger-stricken regions of Ethiopia." || {{w|Ethiopia}}
+
| 1998 (October–November) || Assistance || Hurricane || MSF assists victims of {{w|Hurricane Mitch}} in {{w|Central America}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hurricane Mitch: Two years after MSF post Mitch intervention |url=https://www.msf.org/hurricane-mitch-two-years-after-msf-post-mitch-intervention |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Honduras}}, {{w|Nicaragua}}, {{w|Guatemala}}, {{w|El Salvador}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1985 || || "MSF is expelled by the government from Ethiopia after denouncing the hijacking of humanitarian aid and the forced transfers of populations by the latter." ||
+
| 1999 || Recognition || || MSF is awarded the {{w|Nobel Peace Prize}} "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize speech |url=https://www.msf.org/nobel-peace-prize-speech |website=msf.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1985 || || "MSF provide medical care in Honduras to refugees from El Salvador and Nicaragua." || {{w|Honduras}}
+
| 1999 || Assistance || Cyclone || MSF India doctors assist victims of the [[w:1999 Odisha cyclone|cyclone in Odisha]].<ref name="Emergency response"/> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1986 || || "MSF organises mobile clinics and hospital programmes to treat injured and traumatised citizens in Sri Lanka. || {{w|Sri Lanka}}
+
| 1999 || Assistance || War || MSF doctors provide humanitarian assistance to refugees in {{w|Macedonia}}, {{w|Albania}} and {{w|Montenegro}} during the {{w|Kosovo War}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF in Albania and Macedonia |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-albaniamacedonia |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Kosovo}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1986 || || Yemen intervention in Aden where fighting rages between rival factions of the ruling party." || {{w|Yemen}}
+
| 2000 || Assistance || War || MSF doctors assist victims during the {{w|Sierra Leone Civil War}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assessing Trauma in Sierra Leone |url=https://www.msf.org/assessing-trauma-sierra-leone |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sierra Leone}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1989 || || "Withdrawal from Sudan after an MSF plane is shot down by a missile, killing 4 people, two of them MSF volunteers." || {{w|Sudan}}
+
| 2000 || Assistance || Disease (HIV/AIDS) || MSF teams in Thailand break rules to import affordable HIV medicines to treat patients from HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{cite web |title=1999-2019: 20 Years of Advocacy in Action |url=https://20years.msfaccess.org/?fbclid=IwAR31NUF5nkV_vzUOYv5JMiUvspSLYeUEaLwqq4fdUJ0MSCbJAUL7bK7kX0g |website=20years.msfaccess.org |accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Thailand}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1989 || || "Iraq attacks Kurds. We were the first medical organisation that bore witness to the use of chemical weapons on the Kurdish town of Halabja." ||
+
| 2001 || Assistance || Disease (HIV/AIDS) || MSF starts providing antiretroviral therapy to people living with AIDS in several countries.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> || {{w|Thailand}}, {{w|Cambodia}}, {{w|Cameroon}}, {{w|Guatemala}}, {{w|Kenya}}, {{w|Malawi}}, {{w|South Africa}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1989 || || "MSF provide medical care in the Soviet Union." ||
+
| 2001 || Assistance || Earthquake || MSF assists victims of the [[w:2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake in Gujarat]].<ref name="Emergency response">{{cite web |title=Emergency response |url=https://www.msfindia.in/emergency-response-0/ |website=msfindia.in |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || || "An MSF logistician is murdered in Afghanistan. Activities suspended." ||
+
| 2002 || Assistance || Dictatorship/repression || MSF France extends its program to assist {{w|North Korean}} refugees who fly from China to other Asian countries in their attempt to reach {{w|South Korea}}, where an office is established in {{w|Seoul}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Binet |first1=Laurence |title=MSF and North Korea 1995-1998 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lE8uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22in+2002+msf%22&source=bl&ots=NpR0KXVP-l&sig=ACfU3U2qD9I8ers7tSfCkLxdWWT28P3n6g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWh_qN1rrjAhW8K7kGHcvmBUMQ6AEwEnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%202002%20msf%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|North Korea}}, {{w|China}}, {{w|South Korea}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || || CIVIL WAR IN LIBERIA"Our teams provide emergency care at the height of the fighting." ||
+
| 2002 || Assistance || Disease (chagas) || MSF starts its first {{w|Chagas}} project in Bolivia, the country with the highest Chagas prevalence in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=No excuses in Chagas diagnosis |url=https://msfaccess.org/no-excuses-chagas-diagnosis |website=msfaccess.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Bolivia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || || "The MSF relief convoy evacuating the wounded from Vukovar hospital comes under attack. Three of our workers are wounded." ||  
+
| 2003 || Program || Disease || The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative is founded by MSF and the {{w|Pasteur Institute}}, along with four other public research institutions. DNDi focuses on research and development of new and more efficient treatments for neglected diseases such as {{w|malaria}}, {{w|Chagas}}, {{w|kala azar}} and {{w|sleeping sickness}}.<ref name="MSF welcomes new fixed-dose combination against malaria">{{cite web |title=MSF welcomes new fixed-dose combination against malaria |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-welcomes-new-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria |website=msf.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || || "EMERGENCY IN SOMALIA MSF represents the only foreign presence in war-stricken Mogadishu, and aids refugees in other countries." || {{w|Somalia}}
+
| 2004 || Assistance || Disease (tuberculosis) || MSF treats patients for {{w|tuberculosis}} in nearly 50 projects in 24 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF and Tuberculosis Care in 2004 |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/msf-and-tuberculosis-care-2004 |website=doctorswithoutborders.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Angola}}, {{w|Afghanistan}}, {{w|Abkhazia/Georgia}}, {{w|Burma}}, {{w|Burundi}}, {{w|Cambodia}}, {{w|Caucasus/Chechnya}}, {{w|Chad}}, {{w|China}}, {{w|Congo}}, {{w|Congo DR}}, {{w|Ethiopia}}, {{w|Guinea}}, {{w|Ivory Coast}}, {{w|Kenya}}, {{w|Liberia}}, {{w|Malawi}}, {{w|Nepal}}, {{w|Nigeria}}, {{w|Sudan}}, {{w|Somalia}}, {{w|Thailand}}, {{w|Uganda}}, {{w|Uzbekistan}}  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || || "EMERGENCY IN KURDISTAN Largest emergency relief operation to date. MSF provide care in Turkey, Iran and Jordan to Kurds displaced by the Gulf War" || {{w|Kurdistan}}
+
| 2004 || Assistance || Malnutrition || MSF treats 30,000 malnourished children worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nutritional emergency in Niger |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/nutritional-emergency-niger |website=reliefweb.int |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || "EMERGENCY IN THE HORN OF AFRICA One hundred MSF volunteers work in the region affected by war, drought and displacement of populations." ||
+
| 2004 || Withdrawal || War || MSF leaves {{w|Afghanistan}} after five of its aid workers are murdered, ostensibly by the {{w|Taliban}}. By 2009, the organization would return to the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Big Dilemma Facing Doctors Without Borders |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-big-dilemma-facing-doctors-without-borders-4946758/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Afghanistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || "BOSNIA MSF denounces ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity." || {{w|Bosnia}}
+
| 2005 || Administration || || MSF establishes an independent and specialized Evaluation Unit in {{w|Vienna}}. Since then, similar units would be set up in {{w|Stockholm}} and {{w|Paris}}.<ref name="">{{cite web |title=What is evaluation? |url=https://evaluation.msf.org/our-work/what-evaluation |website=evaluation.msf.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1993 || || "CIVIL WAR IN BURUNDI A failed coup d’état in October resulted in 750,000 refugees fleeing to neighbouring Rwanda, Tanzania and Zaire. MSF deploy 85 volunteers in the region but delays in the international relief effort cause widespread famine in the refugee camps." ||
+
| 2005 || Assistance || Malnutrition || MSF treats 60,000 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition in {{w|Niger}} by providing ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), a fortified milk paste rich in vitamins and minerals.<ref name="Timeline: Innovation in action">{{cite web |title=Timeline: Innovation in action |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/story/timeline-innovation-action |website=doctorswithoutborders.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Niger}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1993–1994 || || "WAR IN BOSNIA Medical programmes in the region extend to the UN's supposed "protection zones" of Gorazde and Srebrenica." ||
+
| 2005 || Infrastructure || Earthquake || During the {{w|2005 Kashmir earthquake}}, MSF uses an inflatable hospital for the first time, comprising nine tents, four operating theaters, an emergency room, an intensive care unit, and 120 beds. Since then such hospitals would become a staple in MSF’s projects, especially in places where medical infrastructure were damaged by conflict or natural disasters.<ref name="Timeline: Innovation in action"/> || {{w|Pakistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1994 || || "GENOCIDE IN RWANDA MSF remain in Kigali throughout the genocide of more than 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. We make an unprecedented decision to call for military intervention. One million Rwandan refugees arrive in the small town of Goma, Zaire. Within days, we collaborate on the biggest cholera programme to date." || {{w|Rwanda}}
+
| 2006 || Branch || || The MSF-Czech Republic office is established in {{w|Prague}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=(MSF) Czech Republic |url=https://www.lekari-bez-hranic.cz/en/msf-czech-republic |website=lekari-bez-hranic.cz |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Czechia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1995 || || "WAR IN CHECHNYA MSF bring aid to civilians inside the republic and in refugee camps in neighbouring countries." ||
+
| 2006 || Assistance || Disease (malaria) || MSF treats 1.8 million people for {{w|malaria}} in its projects in {{w|Africa}}, {{w|Asia}} and {{w|Latin America}}.<ref name="MSF welcomes new fixed-dose combination against malaria"/> || {{w|Africa}}, {{w|Asia}}, {{w|Latin America}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1995 || || "SREBRENICA MASSACRE Our team witness the fall of the UN "protected zone", and denounce the subsequent massacre of up to 10,000 civilians by Serbian troops." ||
+
| 2007 || Assistance || Disease (ebola) || MSF teams assist patients during an {{w|Ebola}} outbreak in {{w|Uganda}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ebola healthcare workers: a hazardous and isolating job |url=https://www.msf.org/ebola-healthcare-workers-hazardous-and-isolating-job |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Outbreak of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Uganda |url=https://www.hpsc.ie/news/newsarchive/2007newsarchive/title-2626-en.html |website=hpsc.ie |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Uganda}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1996 || || "MENINGITIS IN NIGERIA MSF launch a massive vaccination and treatment programme helping 4.5 million people." || {{w|Nigeria}}
+
| 2007 || Assistance || Repression || MSF starts to provide medical assistance to Zimbabwean refugees in the border town of {{w|Musina}}, {{w|South Africa}}.<ref name="MSF Activity Report 2008"/> || {{w|South Africa}}, {{w|Zimbabwe}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1997 || || "STREET CHILDREN NEGLECTED IN MADAGASCAR, BRAZIL AND THE PHILIPPINES MSF medical and social programmes for vulnerable and marginalised youth are expanded. || {{w|Madagascar}}
+
| 2007 || Assistance || War || MSF assists civilians affected by the {{w|Somali Civil War}}. War surgery programs start in several locations.<ref name="A timeline of MSF in Somalia"/> || {{w|Somalia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1997 || || "RWANDAN REFUGEES SEEK AID MSF assist refugees forced out of camps in Zaire as they return home, but are blocked from assisting those fleeing further into Zaire, who fall victim to widespread massacres." || {{w|Rwanda}}
+
| 2008 || Assistance || Disease (cholera) || MSF doctors assist patients during an [[w:2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak|outbreak of cholera]] in {{w|Zimbabwe}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A collective response to cholera in Harare |url=https://www.msf.org/zimbabwe-collective-response-cholera-harare |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Zimbabwe}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1997 || || "RWANDAN REFUGEE CRISIS CONTINUES MSF fight for access to Rwandan refugees, many of whom are massacred or die of starvation and disease." || {{w|Rwanda}}
+
| 2008 || Assistance || General || MSF staff comprising over 26,000 doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals, logistical experts, water and sanitation engineers and administrators provide medical aid in over 65 countries.<ref name="MSF Activity Report 2008">{{cite web |title=MSF Activity Report 2008 |url=https://legerutengrenser.no/sites/default/files/files/msf-activity-report-2008.pdf |website=legerutengrenser.no |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || "FAMINE IN NORTH KOREA Unable to ensure that medical aid was reaching the most vulnerable, we end our programmes after three years, but continue to assist refugees fleeing to China." || {{w|North Korea}}
+
| 2009 || Withdrawal || || MSF is expelled from {{w|Darfur}}, and its activities in {{w|Niger}} are suspended by the government.<ref name="Sri Lanka. Amid All-out War"/> || {{w|Sudan}}, {{w|Niger}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || "HURRICANE MITCH MSF assist victims in Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador." || {{w|El Salvador}}
+
| 2009 || Assistance || War || MSF opens a surgical hospital in Gaza and starts offering post-operative and psychological care. The two hospital tents include operating theaters and a 12-bed post-surgery recovery and post-operative care unit.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF expands surgical activity in Gaza City |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-expands-surgical-activity-gaza-city |website=msf.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Palestine}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || "CIVIL WAR IN REPUBLIC OF CONGO MSF integrate treatment for survivors of rape and sexual assault into our emergency response." ||
+
| 2009 || Assistance || Disease || MSF organizes large-scale immunization campaigns, particularly against meningitis in western Africa, where MSF workers vaccinate almost eight million people in {{w|Nigeria}} and {{w|Niger}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF India |url=https://www.msfindia.in/sites/default/files/2018-05/Financial%20Report%202009_0.pdf |website=msfindia.in |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || "FAMINE IN SOUTHERN SUDAN MSF respond to widespread famine caused by civil war and drought." || {{w|Southern Sudan}}
+
| 2009 || Withdrawal || War || MSF withdraws from {{w|Sri Lanka}}, after working for seventeen years against a background of civil war between the government and the {{w|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}.<ref name="Sri Lanka. Amid All-out War">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka. Amid All-out War |url=https://www.msf-crash.org/en/publications/agir-tout-prix-negociations-humanitaires-lexperience-de-msf/i-stories |website=msf-crash.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sri Lanka}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1999 || || "MSF is awarded the Nobel Prize and honoured for its "pioneering humanitarian work on several continents" ||
+
| 2009 || Assistance || Malnutrition || MSF workers treat 250,000 malnourished children in 34 countries in the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=“Starved for Attention”: MSF Launches Global Campaign on Childhood Malnutrition |url=https://msfaccess.org/starved-attention-msf-launches-global-campaign-childhood-malnutrition |website=msfaccess.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1999 || || "SECOND WAR IN CHECHNYA MSF call for access to Grozny and denounce the massive use of violence by Russian forces against civilians." ||
+
| 2009–2013 || Infrastructure || || MSF first pilots the use of {{w|telemedicine}} and consolidates multiple platforms in different languages in 2013 to create a more secure and accessible system. The platforms allow doctors and nurses in the field to easily consult with both MSF and non-MSF experts and specialists anywhere in the world by posting text and images, including {{w|X-ray}}s.<ref name="Timeline: Innovation in action"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1999 || || "CRISIS IN KOSOVO During NATO bombing of Serbia, we provide humanitarian assistance to refugees in FYR of Macedonia, Albania and Montenegro." || {{w|Kosovo}}
+
| 2010 || Assistance || Flood || MSF responds to massive floods in {{w|Pakistan}}, assisting more than 80,000 patients and distributing nearly 2 million liters of clean water, along with almost 65,000 relief kits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan: Six months after the floods |url=https://www.msf.org/pakistan-six-months-after-floods |website=msf.org |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Pakistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1999 || || "LAUNCH OF CAMPAIGN FOR ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES With millions dying each year from treatable infectious diseases, MSF start an international effort to push for increased access to medicines for the world's poor." ||
+
| 2010 || Activism || Malnutrition || MSF and the {{w|VII Photo Agency}} launch the "Starved For Attention" multimedia campaign on global malnutrition.<ref name="The MSF timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2000 || || "ASYLUM SEEKERS FLEE TO EUROPE MSF expand programmes assisting asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants in France, Italy, Spain and Belgium." ||
+
| 2010 (January) || Assistance || Earthquake || MSF doctors assist victims of the [[w:2010 Haiti earthquake|Haitian earthquake]].<ref name="MSF Activity Report 2010">{{cite web |title=MSF Activity Report 2010 |url=https://www.msf.org/sites/msf.org/files/msf-activity-report-2010.pdf |website=msf.org |accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Haiti}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2000 || || "CIVIL WAR IN SIERRA LEONE MSF treat victims of the country’s brutal civil war." ||
+
| 2010 || Assistance || Flood || MSF doctors carry out more than 80,000 medical consultations, treat more than 4,500 children for malnutrition and distribute 1.8 million litres of clean water every day to people affected by flooding during the {{w|2010 Pakistan floods}}.<ref name="MSF Activity Report 2010"/> || {{w|Pakistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2001 || || "HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC MSF start providing antiretroviral therapy to people living with AIDS in the following seven countries: Thailand, Cambodia, Cameroon, Guatemala, Kenya, Malawi, and South Africa." ||
+
| 2010 || Infrastructure || || MSF develops a multilingual telemedicine network to assist its field medical staff by providing direct access to specialist advice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delaigue |first1=Sophie |last2=Bonnardot |first2=Laurent |last3=Steichen |first3=Olivier |last4=Martinez Garcia |first4=Daniel |last5=Venugopal |first5=Raghu |last6=Saint-Sauveur |first6=Jean-François |last7=Wootton |first7=Richard |title=Seven years of telemedicine in Médecins Sans Frontières demonstrate that offering direct specialist expertise in the frontline brings clinical and educational value |doi=10.7189/jogh.08.020414|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6292825/}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2002 || || "AID WORKERS TARGETED MSF worker Arjan Erkel is abducted in the North Caucacus, a victim of increasing dangers faced by aid workers in conflict zones worldwide." ||  
+
| 2010 || Withdrawal || || MSF suspends activities in {{w|Turkmenistan}} stating they can no longer provide effective assistance in a country where national health authorities hide the true state of public health and disseminate misinformation.<ref name="MSF Activity Report 2010"/> || {{w|Turkmenistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2002 || || "FAMINE IN ANGOLA MSF run the largest operation in our history, with 200 international volunteers and more than 2,000 local staff working throughout the country. ||
+
| 2011 || Assistance || War/crime || MSF workers provide medical care to more than 20,088 patients in the emergency room and conduct 955 emergency surgeries in the hospital’s operating theater in {{w|Hangu, Pakistan}}, where risk of armed conflict remains high.<ref>{{cite web |title=In 2011, MSF provided medical care to 20,440 patients in Hangu |url=https://www.msf.org/pakistan-2011-msf-provided-medical-care-20440-patients-hangu |website=msf.org |accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref>  || {{w|Pakistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2002 || || "MALARIA KILLING MILLIONS IN AFRICA Faced with skyrocketing resistance to common antimalarials like chloroquine MSF increase its use of artemisin-based combination therapy, and push for wider availability of this effective treatment." ||
+
| 2012 || Assistance || General || MSF in the {{w|Democratic Republic of Congo}} provides over 1.6 million outpatient consultations, treats 434,300 patients for {{w|malaria}}, admits over 90,000 patients to hospital and vaccinates 407,600 people against {{w|measles}} across the country.<ref name="Projects in Africa - MSF-HK Activity Report 2012">{{cite web |title=Projects in Africa - MSF-HK Activity Report 2012 |url=https://msf-seasia.org/14995 |website=msf-seasia.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2002 || || "US-LED COALITION INVADE AFGHANISTAN With many International staff evacuated, our programmes continue to operate led by Afghan staff." ||
+
| 2012 || Assistance || General || MSF launches a large emergency program caused by massive influx of Sudanese refugees into {{w|South Sudan}}. The organization provides a total of 869,300 outpatient consultations, admits over 46,700 patients to hospital, treats 148,700 patients for {{w|malaria}} and vaccinates 204,800 people against {{w|measles}}. Teams also launch emergency response to the flooding in {{w|Yambio}} and the measles outbreak in {{w|Gogrial}}.<ref name="Projects in Africa - MSF-HK Activity Report 2012"/> || {{w|South Sudan}} 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || || "US INVADE IRAQ MSF teams remain in Baghdad and challenge the US government on its failure to provide adequate medical care to civilians." ||
+
| 2012 || Assistance || General || MSF in {{w|Somalia}} provides a total of 624,200 outpatient consultations, admits over 40,000 patients to hospital, treats over 30,000 severely malnourished patients, and conducts 2,750 surgical procedures in 13 areas of the country.<ref name="Projects in Africa - MSF-HK Activity Report 2012"/> || {{w|Somalia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || || "HEAVY FIGHTING IN THE LIBERIAN CAPITAL MSF remain in Monrovia to treat victims during fierce fighting between government and rebel groups." ||
+
| 2013 || Withdrawal || War/crime || MSF closes all its programs in Somalia after 22 years working in the country. The decision comes after a long series of threats, kidnappings, extremely violent attacks, and murders, with 16 members of MSF staff having been killed since 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF closes operations in Somalia over 'extreme attacks' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23697275 |website=bbc.com |accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Somalia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || || "DNDI CREATED MSF is a founding partner in the new organisation The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative dedicated to developing medicines for neglected Diseases." ||
+
| 2013 || Assistance || Disease (tuberculosis) || MSF begins implementation of a shortened treatment course for drug-resistant tuberculosis in {{w|Uzbekistan}}.<ref name="Timeline: Innovation in action"/> || {{w|Uzbekistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || || "CIVILIANS SUFFER IN DRC MSF run dozens of medical programmes for people caught in the region’s chronic conflict." ||
+
| 2014 (February) || Withdrawal || || MSF is ordered by the {{w|Government of Myanmar}} to cease all activities in the country, where MSF doctors assist 30,000 HIV/AIDS patients and more than 3,000 TB patients.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF concerned about the fate of thousands of patients after being ordered to cease activities |url=https://www.msf.org/myanmar-msf-concerned-about-fate-thousands-patients-after-being-ordered-cease-activities |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> By December 2014 MSF would restart primary health clinics in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF restarts basic medical activities in parts of Myanmar’s Rakhine State after nine-month absence |url=https://www.msf.org/myanmar-msf-restarts-basic-medical-activities-parts-myanmar%E2%80%99s-rakhine-state-after-nine-month |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Myanmar}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2004 || || "AFGHANISTAN WITHDRAWAL MSF pull out completely following the killing of five of its workers and the continuing threat to its teams by the Taliban." ||
+
| 2014 || Infrastructure || Disease (tuberculosis) || MSF experiments with the use of {{w|unmanned aerial vehicle}}s (UAVs) in {{w|Papua New Guinea}} to transport sputum samples from patients with suspected {{w|tuberculosis}} from remote health centers to a hospital for testing. || {{w|Papua New Guinea}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2004 || || "MEETING THE EMERGENCY IN WESTERN DARFUR MSF open feeding centres, clinics and vaccination campaigns in western Sudan (Darfur) and Chad, where hundreds of thousands of people fleeing violence face starvation." ||
+
| 2015 || Assistance || General || MSF intervenes in 69 countries, where it develops 446 humanitarian projects. The organization realizes 8.6 million medical consultations and hospitalizes nearly 600 000 patients.<ref name="Report 2015">{{cite web |title=Report 2015 |url=https://msf.lu/en/news/press-releases/report-on-year-2015 |website=msf.lu |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2004 || || "ASIAN TSUNAMI MSF reacts immediately to the Asian tsunami disaster. Within 48 hours teams were working on the ground and 32 tonnes of medical, water and sanitation supplies had been dispatched. Thanks to the huge international response to the tsunami, the worst of the emergency was over by May. MSF felt able to ask its donors, 99 percent of whom agree, to allow it to reallocate some of the funds received to other MSF emergency medical programmes around the world." ||
+
| 2015 || Assistance || Disease (ebola) || MSF opens the Bardnesville Junction Hospital (BJH) in {{w|Monrovia}}, at the time the epicenter of the {{w|Western African Ebola virus epidemic}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIBERIA |url=https://www.msf.org.au/country-region/liberia |website=msf.org.au |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Liberia}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2005 || || "NUTRITIONAL CRISIS IN NIGER MSF begin an emergency operation to treat tens of thousands of children suffering from severe acute malnutrition in various parts of Niger, opening seven in-patient centres and 27 ambulatory centres." ||
+
| 2016 || Assistance || General || MSF establishes a decentralized Middle East unit based in {{w|Amman}}, {{w|Jordan}} to support MSF operations in the {{w|Middle East}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Q’s for Ghassan Aziz, Health Surveillance Program Manager at Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://www.datainnovation.org/2018/02/5-qs-for-ghassan-aziz-health-surveillance-program-manager-at-medecins-sans-frontieres/ |website=datainnovation.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Jordan}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || || "SURGICAL CARE FOR VICTIMS OF WAR IN IRAQ Unable to work safely in Iraq, MSF sets up a reconstructive surgical program in Amman, Jordan to treat severely war-wounded patients referred by medical colleagues in Iraq." ||
+
| 2016 || Activism || || MSF delivers the names of more than 416,000 people from 170 countries who signed a petition asking {{w|Pfizer}} and {{w|GSK}} to reduce the price of the pneumonia vaccine to $5 per child (for all three doses) for populations affected by crisis and for all developing countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investors join MSF in calling Pfizer to reduce the price of vaccine against top childhood killer |url=https://msfaccess.org/investors-join-msf-calling-pfizer-reduce-price-vaccine-against-top-childhood-killer |website=msfaccess.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || || "SRI LANKA RETURNS TO WAR As tens of thousands of people flee renewed fighting in the north of the country, MSF reopens surgical programmes in north and central Sri Lanka after facing a series of setbacks from the authorities." ||
+
| 2017 || Assistance || Mental health || MSF workers perform 306,300 individual mental health consultations and 49,800 group sessions in 52 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond a healthy body: MSF's mental health support |url=https://www.msf-me.org/article/beyond-healthy-body-msfs-mental-health-support |website=msf-me.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || || "MASSIVE CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN ANGOLA MSF treats 26,000 people and sends more than 400 tonnes of supplies to respond to a cholera outbreak that spreads from the capital to more than half the country."
+
| 2017 || Assistance || Childbirth || MSF workers in {{w|Yemen}} help 7,900 women deliver their babies.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF IN YEMEN: HELPING AMID CONFLICT |url=https://borgenproject.org/msf-in-yemen-helping-amid-conflict/ |website=borgenproject.org |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Yemen}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || || "MEASLES VACCINATION CAMPAIGN IN DRC MSF launch a massive measles vaccination campaign in DRC. In only a few weeks, MSF teams vaccinate 359,318 children under the age of five." ||
+
| 2018 (January) || || Disease/injury || MSF opens a paediatric surgical program at a hospital in {{w|Monrovia}}, {{w|Liberia}}, with the goal to make surgical care more available for children in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSF opens paediatric surgery programme |url=https://www.msf.org/liberia-msf-opens-paediatric-surgery-programme |website=msf.org |accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Liberia}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
== Visual data ==
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Médecins Sans Frontières (Non-profit organization in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg) and Médecins Sans Frontières (Search term), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fg%2F1tfm5lkf,M%C3%A9decins%20Sans%20Fronti%C3%A8res |website=Google Trends |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Médecins Sans Frontières gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Médecins Sans Frontières, from 1971 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&year_start=1971&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=20 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Médecins Sans Frontières ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Médecins Sans Frontières}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=M%C3%A9decins+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Médecins Sans Frontières wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
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===How the timeline was built===
 
===How the timeline was built===
  
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The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXME]].
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The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
  
 
{{funding info}} is available.
 
{{funding info}} is available.

Latest revision as of 20:58, 21 March 2024

This is a timeline of Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), a French-origin international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in nearly 70 countries.[1]

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1970s Médecins Sans Frontières is born early in the decade out of the exasperation of a group of French doctors who worked in desperate conditions in the Nigerian Civil War. Along the decade, its growth and increased professionalism would come as a response to decolonization and cold war conflicts in Africa and Asia, which at the time create massive refugee crises.[2] However, MSF remains a small organization in the 1970s.[3]
1980s Early in the decade, MSF introduces logistics and medical departments, a salaried administrative system, and the organization of marketing and fundraising activities.[3] MSF field missions increase.[4] In the 1980s, wars and refugee camps are MSF’s main field of intervention.[3] Several sections of MSF are created in European countries in the decade.[4]
1990s War related situations and refugees movements remain an important focus for MSF. However, the organization increasingly faces the challenges of new health care crises, with the reemergence of once controlled diseases, the emergence of new epidemics, the failing health system in the former Soviet Union, lack of access to heath care for excluded populations in Western countries, and so forth.[3]
2000s Médecins Sans Frontières experiences steady growth.[5] Among great activist challenges is the support to the battle to bring down the price of antiretroviral drugs for people living with HIV in developing countries.[6] MSF's infrastructure like inflatable hospitals and telemedicine are developed in the decade.
2010s As of 2015, MSF is active in nineteen countries and is involved in assistance activities in over sixty nations. It is represented by the International Office in Geneva, and has operational centers in Brussels, Paris, Amsterdam, Barcelona and Geneva that coordinate interventions. MSF remains independent from governments and political parties.[7]


Full timeline

Year Event type Main affliction (when applicable) Details Country/location
1971 (December 22) Creation Médecins Sans Frontières is founded in Paris[1] by a group of French doctors and journalists in the wake of Nigerian Civil War, and the floods in Bangladesh.[8] France
1972 Assistance Earthquake An earthquake in Nicaragua marks the first MSF mission in a natural disaster.[8] Nicaragua
1974 Assistance Hurricane MSF conducts a relief mission to assist people in Honduras after the devastating Hurricane Fifi–Orlene.[8] Honduras
1975 Assistance Dictatorship/genocide MSF establishes its first large-scale medical program during a refugee crisis in Cambodia, providing medical care for the waves of Cambodians seeking sanctuary from the Khmer Rouge regime.[9] Cambodia
1976 Assistance War MSF conducts its first wartime mission in Lebanon and becomes a professional medical emergency organization.[10] Lebanon
1977 Activism MSF organizes its first major advertising campaign, featuring a picture of a child, looking into a camera from behind bars.[11]
1977 Activism Dictatorship/genocide In spite of having promoted a depoliticized image, MSF representative Claude Malhuret first violates the statutory confidentiality commitment by condemning the “revolutionary crimes” of the Khmer Rouge who, he says, are “exterminating entire segments of the population in the name of some revamped communist ideology”.[12] Cambodia
1978 Assistance War MSF launches various refugee programs in Thailand, in Djibouti during the Ogaden War and Eritrean refugees in Sudan.[13] Thailand, Djibouti, Sudan
1979 Staff MSF Co-founder Dr Bernard Kouchner leaves to form a new group, Médecins du Monde (Doctors of the World).[13]
1979 Administration MSF moves beyond its modus operandi of sending isolated doctors to crisis zones in favour of creating a more structured organization that can provide quality medical services in crises. The initiative is led by Dr Claude Malhuret and Dr Francis Charhon.[13]
1979 Assistance War MSF starts working in Somalia, in times of the Somali Rebellion.[14] Somalia
1979 Assistance War MSF sets up missions to help civilians in South Sudan affected by starvation and the civil war.[15] Sudan
1980 Assistance War MSF launches its first nutritional program in the midst of drought and civil war in Karamoja, Uganda.[13] Uganda
1980 Assistance War MSF medical teams clandestinely cross the Pakistani–Afghan border and travel by mule for several weeks to reach injured civilians living in remote areas during the Soviet–Afghan War.[13] Afghanistan
1980 Branch MSF-Belgium is founded.[16] Belgium
1981 War MSF hospitals in Afghanistan are bombarded.[13] Afghanistan
1981 Administration MSF sets up its first logistics department to coordinate and channel emergency medical relief.[2]
1981 Branch MSF-Switzerland is established.[17] Switzerland
1982 Assistance General MSF begins working in Rwanda.[18] Rwanda
1983 Administration MSF France registers the brands "MSF International" and "MSF Europe" in Geneva and modifies its own statutes in order to integrate the possible creation of an MSF international structure.[19] France
1984 Assistance Malnutrition MSF starts programs to treat malnutrition in Ethiopia.[20] Ethiopia
1984 Branch MSF establishes office in the Netherlands.[21] Netherlands
1984 Suborganization MSF creates the Liberté Sans Frontières (LSF) Foundation, a think-tank on development and human rights issues.[12]
1984 Suborganization MSF Belgium establishes AEDES (Association Européenne pour le Développement et la Santé/European Association for Development and Health) in order to support long-term projects that MSF want to hand over, and to offer more stable jobs for certain MSF employees.[22] Belgium
1985 Administration MSF Belgium opposes the creation by MSF France’s newly formed Liberté Sans Frontières, thus taking a first step towards independence from MSF France.[19] Belgium
1985 Withdrawal The Government of Ethiopia expells MSF doctors on accusations for speaking out against Government policies.[23] Ethiopia
1985 Assistance Starvation MSF adds food relief to its eight-year-long mission in Eritrea, which has previously focused on emergency medicine.[24] Eritrea
1985 Assistance War MSF assists with medical care in Honduras to refugees from El Salvador and Nicaragua during armed conflict.[13] Honduras
1985 Branch MSF-Spain is established.[3] Spain
1986 Assistance War MSF organizes mobile clinics and starts assisting injured and traumatized people affected by the Sri Lankan Civil War.[25] Sri Lanka
1986 Suborganization MSF France creates MSF Logistique to manage the stocks of equipment and medicines to be sent to missions.[19] France
1986 Branch Three doctors create MSF Luxembourg. The first actions by this association are done jointly with MSF Belgium in Ethiopia, Lebanon, Nicaragua, and then with MSF Spain in Bolivia. Refusing to recognize MSF Luxembourg as operational and independent, because of concerns over its small size and about its close ties to MSF Belgium, MSF France threatens to prosecute MSF Luxembourg to prevent the use of the MSF trademark.[19] Luxemburg, France
1986 Administration MSF France registers as an overseas organization in the United Kingdom.[19] United Kingdom
1986 Administration MSF Belgium creates its own green logo.[19] Belgium
1986 Administration MSF France’s General Assembly votes to create a structure in charge of training MSF volunteers. This association, called CIREM (Centre d’Intervention pour la Recherche et l’Epidémiologie Médicale/Intervention Centre for Research and Medical Epidemiology), has three objectives: public health training, provision of scientific support to MSF missions, and scientific networking.[19] France
1987 Assistance Disease MSF vaccinates 2.5 million Nigerians in the region around Ibadan and in Anambra State.[26] Nigeria
1987 Assistance General MSF doctors start working in the Philippines.[27] Philippines
1987 Suborganization MSF France launches a satellite organization called "Epicentre" to conduct epidemiological studies and assessments in field settings.[28] France
1988 Assistance MSF is requested to start an intervention to address urgent health needs in the area of the Western Upper Nile.[29] Sudan
1988 Suborganization MSF Belgium and MSF Holland strive to develop a concrete operational collaboration, and create a common Rapid Response Unit (Unité d’Intervention Rapide/UIR) which is to be coordinated alternately by each section.[19] Belgium, Netherlands
1988 Assistance Earthquake MSF assists victims of the earthquake of Armenia.[30] Armenia
1988 Assistance Disease (cholera) MSF employs cholera treatment centers (CTCs) in Malawi to address an epidemic among refugees escaping from the Mozambican Civil War.[31] Malawi
1988 Assistance General MSF starts operations in Algeria. The organization would close its projects in 2016 in the country.[32] Algeria
1989 Withdrawal War MSF withdraws from Sudan after an MSF plane is shot down by a missile, killing 4 people, two of them MSF volunteers.[13] Sudan
1989 Suborganization MSF Belgium creates Transfer, a logistics center cooperative association, which remains under MSF control via the members of the General Assembly and board, who are all MSF Belgium members.[19] Belgium
1990 Withdrawal Crime MSF suspends activities in Afghanistan after a logistician from the organization is murdered.[13] Afghanistan
1990 Assistance War MSF begins working in Liberia in response to the civil war.[33] Liberia
1990 Branch MSF-Greece is established.[34] Greece
1990 Branch MSF establishes office in the United States.[35] United States
1990 Assistance War MSF begins its first psychosocial program in Gaza, which focuses on developing people’s self-help skills and on addressing both the social and psychological effects of violence.[36] Palestine
1991 Assistance Disease (HIV/AIDS) MSF initiates an HIV/AIDS prevention program in Uganda.[37] Uganda
1991 Branch MSF establishes office in Canada.[38] Canada
1991 Assistance General MSF starts operations in Brazil. All projects would be closed in 2011.[39] Brazil
1992 Branch MSF establishes office in Japan.[40] Japan
1992 Branch MSF Sweden is established.[19] Sweden
1992 War/crime MSF states that, “the main problem today is that of access to victims; the authorities or factions oppose humanitarian action, an inconvenient witness to their atrocities, and insecurity makes intervention increasingly dangerous”.[12]
1992 Activism The MSF International Office organizes the ‘Populations in Danger’ Days and the production of the ‘MSF Report on the Populations in Danger.’[19]
1992 Suborganization War Netherlands-based Healthnet International is established by MSF to bridge the gap between humanitarian relief and structural support for health services in war-affected countries.[41] Netherlands
1993 Assistance War MSF starts operations in Burundi during the civil war in the country.[42] Burundi
1993 Branch MSF establishes office in the United Kingdom.[43] United Kingdom
1993 Branch MSF-Italy is established.[19] Italy
1993 Branch MSF Denmark is established.[19] Denmark
1994 Assistance Disease (tuberculosis) MSF issues a new tuberculosis guideline that refers explicitly to WHO's declaration on the eradication of TB as a public health priority.[44]
1994 Branch MSF-Australia is established.[45] Australia
1994 Branch MSF Germany, MSF Hong Kong, MSF Australia, and MSF Austria are established.[46][19] Germany, Hong Kong, Australia, Austria
1995 Assistance War MSF doctors assist civilians during the First Chechen War.[47] Russia
1995 Branch MSF France’s Antenna is set up in the United Arab Emirates.[19] United Arab Emirates
1995 Assistance MSF becomes the first European NGO to begin working in North Korea.[48] North Korea
1996 Recognition MSF receive the Seoul Peace Prize.[15] South Korea
1996 Branch MSF Norway is established.[19] Norway
1996 Assistance Disease (meningococcal meningitis) MSF launches a massive vaccination and treatment program during a severe epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Nigeria. About 4.5 million people are assisted.[49] Nigeria
1996 (November) Activism War MSF calls for armed international intervention in Rwanda, “to protect the refugees and guarantee access to aid”.[12] Rwanda
1997 Assistance War/Genocide MSF assists Rwandan refugees forced out of camps in Zaire as they return home, but are blocked from assisting those fleeing further into Zaire, who fall victim to widespread massacres.[13] Rwanda
1997 Literature Forced displacement MSF publishes the book Refugee Health, which establishes ten top priorities for managing refugee emergencies.[50]
1997 Assistance Flood MSF in North Korea distributes 2,200 tons of spring barley seeds to help the population cope with flood damage and increase agricultural production.[51] North Korea
1998 Policy Mental health MSF formally recognizes the importance of providing mental healthcare and psychosocial care as part of its emergency work.[52][53]
1998 Activism Crime MSF decides to support the creation of the International Criminal Court. However, 10 years later it would state that it ‘would not cooperate and would not transmit any information to the ICC', as the organization needs to keep its distance from the ICC, as from any other political body.[54]
1998 (October–November) Assistance Hurricane MSF assists victims of Hurricane Mitch in Central America.[55] Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador
1999 Recognition MSF is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents".[56] Sweden
1999 Assistance Cyclone MSF India doctors assist victims of the cyclone in Odisha.[57] India
1999 Assistance War MSF doctors provide humanitarian assistance to refugees in Macedonia, Albania and Montenegro during the Kosovo War.[58] Kosovo
2000 Assistance War MSF doctors assist victims during the Sierra Leone Civil War.[59] Sierra Leone
2000 Assistance Disease (HIV/AIDS) MSF teams in Thailand break rules to import affordable HIV medicines to treat patients from HIV/AIDS.[60] Thailand
2001 Assistance Disease (HIV/AIDS) MSF starts providing antiretroviral therapy to people living with AIDS in several countries.[13] Thailand, Cambodia, Cameroon, Guatemala, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa
2001 Assistance Earthquake MSF assists victims of the earthquake in Gujarat.[57] India
2002 Assistance Dictatorship/repression MSF France extends its program to assist North Korean refugees who fly from China to other Asian countries in their attempt to reach South Korea, where an office is established in Seoul.[61] North Korea, China, South Korea
2002 Assistance Disease (chagas) MSF starts its first Chagas project in Bolivia, the country with the highest Chagas prevalence in the world.[62] Bolivia
2003 Program Disease The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative is founded by MSF and the Pasteur Institute, along with four other public research institutions. DNDi focuses on research and development of new and more efficient treatments for neglected diseases such as malaria, Chagas, kala azar and sleeping sickness.[63]
2004 Assistance Disease (tuberculosis) MSF treats patients for tuberculosis in nearly 50 projects in 24 countries.[64] Angola, Afghanistan, Abkhazia/Georgia, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Caucasus/Chechnya, Chad, China, Congo, Congo DR, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Thailand, Uganda, Uzbekistan
2004 Assistance Malnutrition MSF treats 30,000 malnourished children worldwide.[65]
2004 Withdrawal War MSF leaves Afghanistan after five of its aid workers are murdered, ostensibly by the Taliban. By 2009, the organization would return to the country.[66] Afghanistan
2005 Administration MSF establishes an independent and specialized Evaluation Unit in Vienna. Since then, similar units would be set up in Stockholm and Paris.[67] Austria
2005 Assistance Malnutrition MSF treats 60,000 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition in Niger by providing ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), a fortified milk paste rich in vitamins and minerals.[31] Niger
2005 Infrastructure Earthquake During the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, MSF uses an inflatable hospital for the first time, comprising nine tents, four operating theaters, an emergency room, an intensive care unit, and 120 beds. Since then such hospitals would become a staple in MSF’s projects, especially in places where medical infrastructure were damaged by conflict or natural disasters.[31] Pakistan
2006 Branch The MSF-Czech Republic office is established in Prague.[68] Czechia
2006 Assistance Disease (malaria) MSF treats 1.8 million people for malaria in its projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America.[63] Africa, Asia, Latin America
2007 Assistance Disease (ebola) MSF teams assist patients during an Ebola outbreak in Uganda.[69][70] Uganda
2007 Assistance Repression MSF starts to provide medical assistance to Zimbabwean refugees in the border town of Musina, South Africa.[71] South Africa, Zimbabwe
2007 Assistance War MSF assists civilians affected by the Somali Civil War. War surgery programs start in several locations.[14] Somalia
2008 Assistance Disease (cholera) MSF doctors assist patients during an outbreak of cholera in Zimbabwe.[72] Zimbabwe
2008 Assistance General MSF staff comprising over 26,000 doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals, logistical experts, water and sanitation engineers and administrators provide medical aid in over 65 countries.[71]
2009 Withdrawal MSF is expelled from Darfur, and its activities in Niger are suspended by the government.[73] Sudan, Niger
2009 Assistance War MSF opens a surgical hospital in Gaza and starts offering post-operative and psychological care. The two hospital tents include operating theaters and a 12-bed post-surgery recovery and post-operative care unit.[74] Palestine
2009 Assistance Disease MSF organizes large-scale immunization campaigns, particularly against meningitis in western Africa, where MSF workers vaccinate almost eight million people in Nigeria and Niger.[75]
2009 Withdrawal War MSF withdraws from Sri Lanka, after working for seventeen years against a background of civil war between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[73] Sri Lanka
2009 Assistance Malnutrition MSF workers treat 250,000 malnourished children in 34 countries in the year.[76]
2009–2013 Infrastructure MSF first pilots the use of telemedicine and consolidates multiple platforms in different languages in 2013 to create a more secure and accessible system. The platforms allow doctors and nurses in the field to easily consult with both MSF and non-MSF experts and specialists anywhere in the world by posting text and images, including X-rays.[31]
2010 Assistance Flood MSF responds to massive floods in Pakistan, assisting more than 80,000 patients and distributing nearly 2 million liters of clean water, along with almost 65,000 relief kits.[77] Pakistan
2010 Activism Malnutrition MSF and the VII Photo Agency launch the "Starved For Attention" multimedia campaign on global malnutrition.[13]
2010 (January) Assistance Earthquake MSF doctors assist victims of the Haitian earthquake.[78] Haiti
2010 Assistance Flood MSF doctors carry out more than 80,000 medical consultations, treat more than 4,500 children for malnutrition and distribute 1.8 million litres of clean water every day to people affected by flooding during the 2010 Pakistan floods.[78] Pakistan
2010 Infrastructure MSF develops a multilingual telemedicine network to assist its field medical staff by providing direct access to specialist advice.[79]
2010 Withdrawal MSF suspends activities in Turkmenistan stating they can no longer provide effective assistance in a country where national health authorities hide the true state of public health and disseminate misinformation.[78] Turkmenistan
2011 Assistance War/crime MSF workers provide medical care to more than 20,088 patients in the emergency room and conduct 955 emergency surgeries in the hospital’s operating theater in Hangu, Pakistan, where risk of armed conflict remains high.[80] Pakistan
2012 Assistance General MSF in the Democratic Republic of Congo provides over 1.6 million outpatient consultations, treats 434,300 patients for malaria, admits over 90,000 patients to hospital and vaccinates 407,600 people against measles across the country.[81] Democratic Republic of Congo
2012 Assistance General MSF launches a large emergency program caused by massive influx of Sudanese refugees into South Sudan. The organization provides a total of 869,300 outpatient consultations, admits over 46,700 patients to hospital, treats 148,700 patients for malaria and vaccinates 204,800 people against measles. Teams also launch emergency response to the flooding in Yambio and the measles outbreak in Gogrial.[81] South Sudan
2012 Assistance General MSF in Somalia provides a total of 624,200 outpatient consultations, admits over 40,000 patients to hospital, treats over 30,000 severely malnourished patients, and conducts 2,750 surgical procedures in 13 areas of the country.[81] Somalia
2013 Withdrawal War/crime MSF closes all its programs in Somalia after 22 years working in the country. The decision comes after a long series of threats, kidnappings, extremely violent attacks, and murders, with 16 members of MSF staff having been killed since 1991.[82] Somalia
2013 Assistance Disease (tuberculosis) MSF begins implementation of a shortened treatment course for drug-resistant tuberculosis in Uzbekistan.[31] Uzbekistan
2014 (February) Withdrawal MSF is ordered by the Government of Myanmar to cease all activities in the country, where MSF doctors assist 30,000 HIV/AIDS patients and more than 3,000 TB patients.[83] By December 2014 MSF would restart primary health clinics in the country.[84] Myanmar
2014 Infrastructure Disease (tuberculosis) MSF experiments with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in Papua New Guinea to transport sputum samples from patients with suspected tuberculosis from remote health centers to a hospital for testing. Papua New Guinea
2015 Assistance General MSF intervenes in 69 countries, where it develops 446 humanitarian projects. The organization realizes 8.6 million medical consultations and hospitalizes nearly 600 000 patients.[85]
2015 Assistance Disease (ebola) MSF opens the Bardnesville Junction Hospital (BJH) in Monrovia, at the time the epicenter of the Western African Ebola virus epidemic.[86] Liberia
2016 Assistance General MSF establishes a decentralized Middle East unit based in Amman, Jordan to support MSF operations in the Middle East.[87] Jordan
2016 Activism MSF delivers the names of more than 416,000 people from 170 countries who signed a petition asking Pfizer and GSK to reduce the price of the pneumonia vaccine to $5 per child (for all three doses) for populations affected by crisis and for all developing countries.[88]
2017 Assistance Mental health MSF workers perform 306,300 individual mental health consultations and 49,800 group sessions in 52 countries.[89]
2017 Assistance Childbirth MSF workers in Yemen help 7,900 women deliver their babies.[90] Yemen
2018 (January) Disease/injury MSF opens a paediatric surgical program at a hospital in Monrovia, Liberia, with the goal to make surgical care more available for children in the country.[91] Liberia

Visual data

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Médecins Sans Frontières (Non-profit organization in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg) and Médecins Sans Frontières (Search term), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[92]

Médecins Sans Frontières gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Médecins Sans Frontières, from 1971 to 2019.[93]

Médecins Sans Frontières ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Médecins Sans Frontières, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to February 2021.[94]

Médecins Sans Frontières wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Médecins Sans Frontières History". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "About MSF". theguardian.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Biberson, Philippe; Jean, François. "The Challenges of Globalization of International Relief and Development". doi:10.1177/089976499773746456. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "II. History". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  5. ↑ "On Danger, Sacrifice and Professionalisation: MSF and the security debate". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  6. ↑ "7 ways we increased access to lifesaving treatment". msfaccess.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  7. ↑ "Papernet supports Doctors without Borders (MSF)". papernet.com. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Founding". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  9. ↑ "FOUNDING OF MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES". msf.org.au. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  10. ↑ "Caring for the most vulnerable". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  11. ↑ "Medecins sans Frontieres looks back at its first four decades". dw.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "II. History". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 "The MSF timeline". msf.ie. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "A timeline of MSF in Somalia". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Médecins Sans Frontières". bionity.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  16. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - Belgium". globalhand.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  17. ↑ "MSF Switzerland" (PDF). msf.ch. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  18. ↑ "Rwandan genocide 25 years on: MSF caught in spiral of extreme violence from Rwanda to Zaire". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 "Médecins Sans Frontières, Evolution of an International Movement: Associative History 1971-2014" (PDF). associativehistory.msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  20. ↑ "Famine in Ethiopia". doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  21. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - Holland". globalhand.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  22. ↑ "AEDES" (PDF). associativehistory.msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  23. ↑ "EXPELLED DOCTORS ACCUSE ETHIOPIA". nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  24. ↑ Davey, Eleanor. "7 - Controversy in a humanitarian age". doi:10.1017/CBO9781107706880.008. 
  25. ↑ "Civil War in Sri Lanka". doctorswithoutborders.tumblr.com. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  26. ↑ "MSF starts malaria programme in the Niger Delta". msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  27. ↑ "Philippines: Floodwaters recede but medical needs remain". msf-seasia.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  28. ↑ Redfield, Peter. Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders. 
  29. ↑ "Leishmaniasis Sudan" (PDF). watermark.silverchair.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  30. ↑ "Heroes without borders". ccbeuproject2015j.blogspot.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 "Timeline: Innovation in action". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  32. ↑ "Algeria". msf.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  33. ↑ "Liberia". msf-me.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  34. ↑ Fox, Renée C. Doctors Without Borders: Humanitarian Quests, Impossible Dreams of Médecins Sans Frontières. 
  35. ↑ "Doctors Without Borders". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  36. ↑ "Psychosocial support within a global movement". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  37. ↑ Schopper, D; Doussantousse, S; Idro, WJ; Homsy, J. "Country watch. Uganda.". PMID 12318838. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  38. ↑ "DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS". charityintelligence.ca. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  39. ↑ "Brazil". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  40. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Japon founded". msf.or.jp. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  41. ↑ Another Day in Paradise: Front Line Stories from International Aid Workers (Carol Bergman ed.). 
  42. ↑ "MSF treats 60 people wounded in grenade explosions". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  43. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières". msf.org.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  44. ↑ "Questioning health and human rights". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  45. ↑ "MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES AUSTRALIA". msf.org.au. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  46. ↑ "MSF-Hong Kong". msf-seasia.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  47. ↑ "War crimes and politics of terror in Chechnya (1994-2004)". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  48. ↑ Flake, L. Gordon; Snyder, Scott. Paved with Good Intentions: The NGO Experience in North Korea. 
  49. ↑ Mohammed, I; Nasidi, A; Alkali, AS; Garbati, MA; Ajayi-Obe, EK; Audu, KA; Usman, A; Abdullahi, S. "A severe epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in Nigeria, 1996.". Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  50. ↑ Oxford Handbook of Humanitarian Medicine (Amy Kravitz ed.). 
  51. ↑ "Health System in North Korea Has Collapsed". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  52. ↑ "Beyond a healthy body: MSF's mental health support". msf-me.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  53. ↑ "The psychological impact of a humanitarian emergency can be severe.". msf.org.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  54. ↑ "Grounds for divorce ? MSF and the international criminal court". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  55. ↑ "Hurricane Mitch: Two years after MSF post Mitch intervention". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize speech". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Emergency response". msfindia.in. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  58. ↑ "MSF in Albania and Macedonia". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  59. ↑ "Assessing Trauma in Sierra Leone". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  60. ↑ "1999-2019: 20 Years of Advocacy in Action". 20years.msfaccess.org. Retrieved 17 July 2019. 
  61. ↑ Binet, Laurence. MSF and North Korea 1995-1998. 
  62. ↑ "No excuses in Chagas diagnosis". msfaccess.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "MSF welcomes new fixed-dose combination against malaria". msf.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  64. ↑ "MSF and Tuberculosis Care in 2004". doctorswithoutborders.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  65. ↑ "Nutritional emergency in Niger". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  66. ↑ "The Big Dilemma Facing Doctors Without Borders". smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  67. ↑ "What is evaluation?". evaluation.msf.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  68. ↑ "(MSF) Czech Republic". lekari-bez-hranic.cz. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  69. ↑ "Ebola healthcare workers: a hazardous and isolating job". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  70. ↑ "Outbreak of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Uganda". hpsc.ie. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "MSF Activity Report 2008" (PDF). legerutengrenser.no. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  72. ↑ "A collective response to cholera in Harare". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Sri Lanka. Amid All-out War". msf-crash.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  74. ↑ "MSF expands surgical activity in Gaza City". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  75. ↑ "MSF India" (PDF). msfindia.in. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  76. ↑ ""Starved for Attention": MSF Launches Global Campaign on Childhood Malnutrition". msfaccess.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  77. ↑ "Pakistan: Six months after the floods". msf.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 "MSF Activity Report 2010" (PDF). msf.org. Retrieved 18 July 2019. 
  79. ↑ Delaigue, Sophie; Bonnardot, Laurent; Steichen, Olivier; Martinez Garcia, Daniel; Venugopal, Raghu; Saint-Sauveur, Jean-François; Wootton, Richard. "Seven years of telemedicine in Médecins Sans Frontières demonstrate that offering direct specialist expertise in the frontline brings clinical and educational value". doi:10.7189/jogh.08.020414. 
  80. ↑ "In 2011, MSF provided medical care to 20,440 patients in Hangu". msf.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 "Projects in Africa - MSF-HK Activity Report 2012". msf-seasia.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  82. ↑ "MSF closes operations in Somalia over 'extreme attacks'". bbc.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019. 
  83. ↑ "MSF concerned about the fate of thousands of patients after being ordered to cease activities". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  84. ↑ "MSF restarts basic medical activities in parts of Myanmar's Rakhine State after nine-month absence". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  85. ↑ "Report 2015". msf.lu. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  86. ↑ "LIBERIA". msf.org.au. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  87. ↑ "5 Q's for Ghassan Aziz, Health Surveillance Program Manager at Médecins Sans Frontières". datainnovation.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  88. ↑ "Investors join MSF in calling Pfizer to reduce the price of vaccine against top childhood killer". msfaccess.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  89. ↑ "Beyond a healthy body: MSF's mental health support". msf-me.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  90. ↑ "MSF IN YEMEN: HELPING AMID CONFLICT". borgenproject.org. Retrieved 20 July 2019. 
  91. ↑ "MSF opens paediatric surgery programme". msf.org. Retrieved 16 July 2019. 
  92. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières". Google Trends. Retrieved 20 March 2021. 
  93. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières". books.google.com. Retrieved 20 March 2021. 
  94. ↑ "Médecins Sans Frontières". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 20 March 2021. 
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