Difference between revisions of "Timeline of 5G"

Latest revision as of 21:42, 26 July 2023

This is a timeline of 5G, the fifth generation of cellular network technology.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

What are some important milestones in the development of 5G?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Milestone".
- You will see standout events like the first adoption of 5G by a country.
Which are some developed network standards related to 5G?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Network standard".
- You will see a list of standards approved by 3GPP, the standards organization that develops protocols for mobile telephony.
What are some significant events related to spectrum use for 5G?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Spectrum use".
- You will see information on a variety of frequencies, including millimetre wave and sub-6GHz.
What are some of the many 5G tests and trials conducted around the world?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Testing".
What are some important fundings and other events related to 5G R&D?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Research and development".
What are some notable partnerships between countries and organizations related to the development of 5G?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Partnership".
Which are some notable 5G-related products (handsets, modems) launched or to be released?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Product launch".
Which are the most notable companies involved in the development and network launch of the 5G generation?
- Sort the full timeline by "Organization".
- This will help you make sense of the most notable organizations given their number of occurrences.
Which countries are involved in the development and adoption of 5G so far?
- See the Summary by country section in the big picture for an overview.
- For more details, sort the full timeline by "Country/location". This will help you make sense of the countries most involved in the development and adoption of 5G given their number of occurrences.
Which are some notable 5G-related products (handsets, modems) launched or to be released?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Product".
What are some indicative figures on 5G userbase and market penetration?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Userbase".
- You will see market penetration in pioneering countries.

Big picture

Summary by year

Key year	Development summary
2011	The first studies considering millimeter wave as a key component for cellular 5G networks appear around this time.^[1]
2012	5G research is conducted in countries like Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
2013	In Japan, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone leads 5G research. Samsung in South Korea announces development of the technology. India and Israel start a program. Chinese companies, including Huawei, start research on 5G.
2014	Japan establishes its 5G Mobile Forum. A 5G mobile strategy starts in South Korea. The European Commission earmarks €700 million for 5G research starting in this year.^[2]
2015	Some consider the road to 5G having begun in this year, with the International Telecommunication Union’s IMT-2020 framework, which sets out the general requirements and future development of the next-generation mobile technology.^[3] Huawei demonstrates the world’s first 5G testbed working on sub-6 GHz frequency band.
2016	Vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum are freed in the United States for 5G. Chinese companies begin conducting technical trials. The European Union adopts its action plan with the objective of launching 5G services in all 28 member states by the end of 2020.^[4] Nokia, NTT Docomo, and Ericsson among others, lead 5G research.
2017	77 operators in 49 countries complete 5G trials. The non-standalone (NSA) mode of 5G NR specifications are approved by 3GPP.^[5]
2018	A number of countries start launching limited 5G networks in selected locations. Qatar launches its network, but 5G mobiles are not available at the time. Elisa launches commercial 5G networks in Tampere and Tallinn. South Korea rolls out a 5G trial at the 2018 Winter Olympics.^[6] 3GPP approves standard frozen.^[5]
2019	The first countrywide commercial 5G network deployment occurs in South Korea.^[5]
2020	5G services are expected to be launched in many major cities.^[7] Global 5G wireless network infrastructure revenue is expected to reach US$4.2 billion by this year. 5G smartphone shipments are estimated to number at around 260 million units in the year.^[8]
2021	By this year, mobile and network communications applications, products, and services would be built mostly around 5G. Smartphone shipments using this technology are estimated to number at around 540 million units in the year.^[8]

Summary by country

Key country	5G development
South Korea	South Korea is recognized as the world's first country to roll out 5G on a large scale. Samsung, SK Telecom, KT, and LG Uplus are South Korean companies involved in the development and deployment of the technology.
China	China is considered to be a leading country in telecommunications, as Japan was when it pioneered 3G in the early 2000s, and the United States in 2011 when the country dominated the launch of 4G. As of December 2019, China has the largest 5G userbase in the world.^[9]^[8] 5G deployment is strongly backed by the government. China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom are major 5G network players.^[10]
United States	The United States is considered to be a well advanced country in terms of 5G.^[10] It is the leader in spectrum efficiency, permitting the repurposing of broadcast spectrum for broadband.^[6] AT&T, Verizon, Sprint Corporation, and T-Mobile US are important players in this country.^[10] US carriers prefer using midband and millimeter wave spectrum for 5G from the outset.^[11]
Europe	Europe's adoption of 5G is only months behind the United States. The focus in this region is almost entirely on using midband, which brings slightly slower speeds than millimeter wave used in the US, but which works over long distances.^[11]
Japan	Japan is considered to be among the top 5G network developers. NTT Docomo, SoftBank, and KDDI stand among the top players developing 5G in the country.^[6]

Summary of all cellular network generations

Time period	Cellular network generation	Operating cellular frequencies	Speed	Development summary
1979–1991	1G	800 MHz^[12]–1900 MHz^[13]	Maximum 2.4 Kbps^[14]	Exclusive period of the first generation of wireless cellular technology, which features and supports voice only.^[12] It starts with the first commercially automated cellular network launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979. In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone system simultaneously launches in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.
1991^[15]–onwards	2G	GSM: 900MHZ, 1800MHz. CDMA: 800MHz^[12]	50 Kbps^[14]	Second generation cellular network lifetime, which features multiple users on single channel, and supports voice and data.^[12] It is first commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland^[15] by Radiolinja.
1998^[15]–onwards	3G	2100 MHz^[12]	2 Mbps on stationary or non-moving devices and 384 Kbps on devices in moving vehicles^[14]^[15]	Third generation lifetime of wireless mobile telecommunications technology, starting with the first commercial 3G networks introduced in 2000.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]
2009–onwards	4G	600 MHz–2.5 GHz^[13]	Maximum 400 Mbps^[15]	500 times faster than 3G^[15], the fourth generation lifetime of wireless mobile telecommunications technology starts with the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard commercially deployed in Oslo and Stockholm in 2009. Instead of replacing, 5G is building on 4G LTE, using updated radios and software.^[20]
2019	5G	Enables about 28 GHz^[13]	Maximum in the theoretical range 10 Gbps^[21]–20 Gbps^[14]	5G is first deployed in South Korea on a national basis. Many elements of 5G technology is built on 4G networks, rather than representing a complete departure of the generation.^[22] In most cases, 5G has built on 4G deployment.^[23]
2030	6G	?	1 Tbps?^[24]	NTT Docomo aims to launch 6G on a commercial basis by 2030.^[25] China has already two working groups overseeing research around 6G.^[24]

Full timeline

Year	Month and date	Event type	Organization	Frequency range (when aplicable)	Details	Country/location
2008	April	Partnership	NASA, Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp		NASA partners with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications technology.^[26]	United States
2010		Research and development	NTT Docomo		NTT Docomo starts studying and experimenting with 5G.^[27]	Japan
2011		Spectrum use		Millimeter wave	The first studies considering millimeter wave as a key component for cellular 5G networks appeared around this time.^[1]
2012	August	Research and development	NYU WIRELESS		New York University founds NYU WIRELESS, a multi-disciplinary academic research center that would conduct pioneering work in 5G wireless communications.^[28]^[29]^[30]	United States
2012	October 8	Research and development	University of Surrey		The UK's University of Surrey secures £35million for a new 5G research center, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International. It aims at offering testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum while delivering speeds faster than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]	United Kingdom
2012	November 1	Program launch			The EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) starts its activity towards the definition of 5G. METIS achieves an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS plays an important role of building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This is done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies.^[35]	European Union
2012	November	Program launch			The iJOIN EU project is launched, focusing on "small cell" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic resources, such as the radio wave spectrum. According to Günther Oettinger, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further describes it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main driver".^[36]	European Union
2012		Research and development	NTT Docomo		NTT Docomo starts working on a real-time 5G system simulator.^[37]	Japan
2012	Late year	Research and development	NTT Docomo	11 GHz	NTT Docomo performs 5G uplink field trials using a base station and 2 mobile terminals in an outdoor environment, and each user obtains an uplink data rate of 10 Gbps with a 400 MHz bandwidth in the 11 GHz band, using 8 transmiting and 16 receiving antennas.^[37]	Japan
2013	May 12	Research and development	Samsung		Samsung Electronics announces development of a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sends data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO.^[38]^[39]	South Korea
2013	July	Partnership			India and Israel agree to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies.^[40]	India, Israel
2013	October 1	Recognition	Nippon Telegraph and Telephone		NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) wins Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award at CEATEC for its 5G R&D efforts.^[41]	Japan
2013	November 6	Research and development	Huawei		Huawei announces plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than modern LTE networks.^[42]	China
2013		Research and development			Chinese companies begin conducting research on 5G.^[9]	China
2013	Organization		Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Development and Reform Commission		China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Development and Reform Commission establish the IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group, which includes nearly 60 industry experts. The group is aimed at working to promote 5G research.^[23]	China
2014	January	Program launch	Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning		The South Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning and the public-private partnership, 5G Forum, define their 5G mobile strategy. For that purpose, the Government allocates US$1.5 billion.^[10]	South Korea
2014	September	Program launch	Japanese Government		Japan establishes its 5G Mobile Forum.^[10]	Japan
2015	March	Notable report	Next Generation Mobile Networks		The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) alliance publishes its 5G White Paper, a set of operator requirements intended to guide the development of future technology platforms and related standards.^[43]
2015	July	Technology	Huawei	Sub-6 GHz	The Mobile World Congress Shanghai 2015 is held. Huawei demonstrates the world’s first 5G testbed working on sub-6 GHz frequency band.^[44]	China
2015		Spectrum use	Huawei	Sub-6 GHz	Huawei proposes bands blow 6 GHz as the primary working frequency of 5G.^[44]
2016	January	Spectrum use	Ministry of Industry and Information Technology	Sub-6GHz (3 GHz – 3.6 GHz)	China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology officially reserves 3-3.6 GHz for 5G. 3.3-3.4 GHz is limited to indoor use.^[10]	China
2016	May 24	Testing	NTT Docomo, Nokia		In a trial jointly conducted with Nokia, NTT Docomo announces having achieved the world's first wireless real-time transmission of 8K video deploying radio access technology for 5G mobile communications systems.^[45]	Japan
2016	June 13	Testing	NTT Docomo, Ericsson		NTT Docomo and Ericsson announce successful completion of a joint Proof of Concept (PoC) of dynamic network slicing technology for 5G core networks. NTT Docomo is responsible the network slice creation and selection functions, and Ericsson developed technologies to perform network slice lifecycle and service management.^[46]
2016	June	Technology	Qualcomm	Sub-6 GHz	Qualcomm announces a 5G New Radio prototype system and trial platform. The 5G NR prototype system operates in the sub-6 GHz spectrum bands and is utilized to showcase the company’s 5G designs to efficiently achieve multigigabit per second data rates and low latency.^[44]
2016	July	Spectrum use	Federal Communications Commission	Millimeter wave	The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) frees up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubles the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14GHz and creates four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC has licensed to date.^[47]	United States
2016		Testing	AT&T	Millimeter wave	AT&T starts conducting 5G field trials with millimeter wave spectrum.^[5]	United States
2016		Testing			Chinese companies begin conducting technical trials on 5G.^[9]	China
2016		Research and development	Federal Communications Commission		The U.S. Federal Communications Commission announces a US$400 million funding dedicated to research on 5G.^[10]	United States
2016	Second half	Testing	China Mobile		China Mobile starts to conduct 5G trials.^[10]	China
2017	January	Testing	Turkcell	15GHz^[48]	Turkcell, the largest mobile phone operator in Turkey, completes a 24.7 Gb/s 5G trial with Ericsson.^[27]	Turkey
2017	January		Ministry of Industry and Information Technology		The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in the People's Republic of China publishes a report on “Development Planning for Information and Communication Industry (2016-2020) in which it sets the objective of becoming one of the Global leaders of 5G.^[10]	China
2017	February	Spectrum use	Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute	Millimeter wave	South Korean Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute achieves the world first millimeter wave prototype system demonstrated in a running subway train with a peak data rate of 1.25 Gbps.^[1]	South Korea
2017	March 10	Partnership	Ericsson, Mobitel		Sri Lankan National Mobile Service Provider Mobitel partners with Ericsson with the signing of the 5G Island of Innovation Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to bring 5G to Sri Lanka.^[27]^[49]	Sri Lanka
2017	March	Testing	Telenor, Huawei	Millimeter wave (71-76 GHz/81-86 GHz)^[50]	Norwegian telecommunications provider Telenor jointly with Huawei successfully test 5G in Norway.^[27]^[51]	Norway
2017	May	Spectrum use	Communications and Information Technology Commission (Saudi Arabia), Mobily, STC, Zain	700 MHz, 800 MHz, 1800 MHz	The Saudi Communications and Information Technology Commission awards 160 MHz of additional IMT spectrum in 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 1800 MHz bands to mobile operators Mobily, STC and Zain.^[10]	Saudi Arabia
2017	July	Spectrum use	Chinese Government	Millimeter wave	China approves 24.75-27.5 GHz and 37-42.5 GHz trials in the millimeter wave frequencies.^[10]	China
2017	August		Telecom Regulatory Authority of India		The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India releases a PDF [1] that outlines the 5G standard draft and shows a timeframe for when 5G should be deployed around the world.^[27]	India
2017	August	Spectrum use	Ericsson, Softbank	Sub-6GHz (4.5 GHz)	Softbank and Ericsson in Japan perform 5G trials using 4.5 GHz frequencies.^[10]	Japan
2017	September	Testing	Ericsson, Irancell		Iranian telecommunications Irancell and Ericsson perform their first 5G test in Tehran and announce that 5G would be available in Iran in 2020.^[27]	Iran
2017	September	Testing	Ericsson, KDDI	Sub-6GHz (4.5 GHz)	Starting in September 2017 to March 2018, Japanese telecommunications operator KDDI and Ericsson test a proof of concept in the 4.5 GHz frequency band in a many cities across Japan.^[10]	Japan
2017	October	Program launch	Chinese government		The Chinese government launches its third phase of 5G technology research and development tests, with aims at getting pre-commercial products ready for when the first version of 5G standard comes out.^[10]	China
2017	October	Technology	SoftBank Group, ZTE		Along with Chinese multinational ZTE, Japanese conglomerate SoftBank Group achieves DL speeds of 956 Mbps in Nagasaki.^[10]	Japan
2017	November	Infrastructure	Federal Communications Commission	24 GHz, 48.2 GHz	The U.S. Federal Communications Commission makes available an additional 1700 MHz of high band spectrum for flexible terrestrial wireless use in the 24 GHz (24.25-24.45/24.74-25.25 GHz) and 47 GHz (47.2-48.2 GHz) bands.^[10]	United States
2017	November	Milestone (technology)	Ericsson, Telstra	Millimeter wave	Ericsson and Australian mobile network operator Telstra complete the world’s first 5G data call using 26GHz millimeter wave spectrum.^[52]	Australia
2017	Late year	Network launch	América Móvil		Mexican telecommunications company América Móvil announces the release of 4.5 networks in anticipation of a 5G release.^[27]	Mexico
2017	December	Network standard	3GPP		The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) approves NSA 5G NR specifications.^[5]
2017	December	Testing	KDDI, Samsung		KDDI and Samsung in Japan complete a successful 5G demo on a train moving at over 100km/h.^[10]	Japan
2018	February	Network launch	Sprint Corporation	Millimeter wave	Sprint Corporation names Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and Washington, DC. as its initial wave of millimeter wave 5G markets.^[10]	United States
2018	February	Network launch	Samsung, KT Corporation	Millimeter wave (28 GHz)	5G is provided at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. Samsung and KT Corporation provide a 4K streaming video service via a 5G network using 28 GHz spectrum.^[10]	South Korea
2018	March	Network standard	3GPP		The 3rd Generation Partnership Project approves standard frozen.^[5]
2018	March	Testing			Six 5G trials are announced in the United Kingdom with each receiving between £2-5 million in government grants.^[23]	United Kingdom
2018	April	Testing	Government of China		The government of China authorizes 5G trials in 16 cities.^[10]	China
2018	May	Spectrum use	Communications and Information Technology Commission	Sub-6GHz	The Saudi Communications and Information Technology Commission issues testing licenses to Mobily, STC Group and Zain Group. The 3.6-3.8 GHz licenses allow the mobile network operators to test 5G with 100 MHz of spectrum between June 2018 and year-end 2019.^[10]	Saudi Arabia
2018	May	Testing	NTT Docomo	Millimeter wave (28GHz)	NTT Docomo achieves a 5G field trial at 28GHz, involving a 5G base station and a car travelling at around 293km/h.^[10]	Japan
2018	June	Network standard	3GPP		The 3rd Generation Partnership Project approves SA 5G NR specifications.^[5]
2018	June	Milestone (network launch)	Elisa	Sub-6GHz (3,4 GHz – 3,8 GHz)	Finnish telecom operator Elisa launches the world’s first commercial 5G networks and starts selling subscriptions in Tampere and Tallinn.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]	Finland, Estonia
2018	June	Network launch	Vodafone Spain	Sub-6GHz (3.6 GHz – 3.8 GHz)^[58]	Vodafone Spain launches 5G trials in Madrid, Valencia, Seville, and Barcelona.^[59]	Spain
2018	June	Research and development	Smart Communications		Filipino wireless communications provider Smart Communications announces the launch of 5G TehnoLab, their 5G innovation lab.^[27]	Philippines
2018	June	Spectrum use	South Korean Government	Sub-6GHz (3.4 GHz – 3.7 GHz)	The South Korean Government allocates 280 MHz of 3.4-3.7 GHz spectrum at 3.3 trillion KRW.^[10]	South Korea
2018	July		Ericsson, Telefónica Telecom		Ericsson and Telefónica Telecom demonstrate a 5G data transfer of 27 Gbps in Bogotá.^[27]	Colombia
2018	July	Network launch	Ooredoo	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)^[60]	Doha–based Ooredoo announces launch of its 5G commercial network in Qatar. The company states it is waiting for manufacturers to produce 5G capable devices as these are not ready at the time.^[10]	Qatar
2018	August	Testing	Vodacom	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)	Vodacom releases a 5G trial in Lesotho, showcasing a fixed wireless access (FWA) network using a temporary license in the 3.5 GHz band.^[27]	Lesotho
2018	September	Network standard	3GPP		The 3rd Generation Partnership Project approves Standard frozen.^[5]
2018	September	Program launch	FCC		The United States Federal Communications Commission announces its 5G FAST Plan in an effort to advance the country’s position among the countries that have deployed 5G networks. Part of this plan includes spectrum auctions.^[61]	United States
2018	September	Testing	NTT Docomo	Millimeter wave (28GHz)	NTT Docomo successfully achieves 25–27 Gbps download speeds in a 5G trial with Mitsubishi Electric.^[27]	Japan
2018	September	Partnership	Nokia, Turkcell		Turkish mobile phone operator Turkcell announces an agreement with Nokia to develop 5G technologies.^[27]	Turkey
2018	September	Spectrum use	Department of Telecommunications	Sub-6GHz (3.3-3.4 GHz)	The Indian Department of Telecommunications orders operators to vacate spectrum in the 3.3-3.4 GHz range.^[10]	India
2018	September	Spectrum use	FICORA, Telia Finland, Elisa Finland, DNA	Sub-6GHz (3.4 GHz – 3.8 GHz)	The Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority completes its 3.4 to 3.8 GHz spectrum auction, with all three operators securing spectrum: Telia Finland: 3410 to 3540 MHz, Elisa Finland: 3540 to 3670 MHz, DNA: 3670 to 3800 MHz.^[62]	Finland
2018	September	Spectrum use	Verizon	Millimeter wave	Verizon states that "millimeter-wave spectrum is the cornerstone in enabling our 5G Ultra Wideband network" and that this spectrum is like "a superhighway that's capable of moving massive amounts of traffic, at super-high speeds, on thousands of lanes lined up side by side."^[63]	United States
2018	October 1	Network launch	Verizon	Millimeter wave	Verizon launches new 5G millimeter wave fixed–wireless access (FWA) service, starting in certain neighbourhoods of Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles and Sacramento.^[64] The company is the first to have a non-standards-based deployment, that is actually a fixed broadband network.^[61]	United States
2018	November	Testing	Samsung, Turkcell		Turkish mobile phone operator Turkcell trials 5G fixed wireless access solutions with Samsung in Istanbul.^[27]	Turkey
2018	November	Infrastructure	Smart Communications		Smart Communications rolls out their first 5G cell sites in the Philippines.^[27]	Philippines
2018	November	Testing	Nokia, StarHub	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)	Singaporean telecommunications provider StarHub announces, in partnership with Nokia, the completion of their first outdoor pilot of 5G on the 3.5 GHz frequency band in Singapore.^[27]	Singapore
2018	November	Partnership	Ericsson, MTN Group	Millimeter wave (28 GHz)^[65]	South African mobile telecommunications company MTN Group partners with Ericsson to deploy a fixed wireless access 5G site in Midrand, South Africa.^[27]^[66]	South Africa
2018	November	Infrastructure	Telenor		Norwegian Telenor launches three 5G base stations in Kongsberg.^[27]^[67]	Norway
2018	November 29	Testing	NTT Docomo, Toyota	Millimeter wave (28 GHz)	NTT Docomo and Toyota announce having successfully controlled the Toyota-developed T-HR31 humanoid robot in trials using 5G under a test environment with control from a remote location (a distance of approximately 10 kilometers) using 5G in an area between two points.^[68]	Japan
2018	December	Testing	TeliaSonera, Ericsson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology		TeliaSonera, Ericsson, and KTH Royal Institute of Technology launch 5G testbed in Stockholm.^[59]	Sweden
2018	December	Network launch	KT Corporation, SK Telecom, LG Uplus	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)	South Korean carriers KT Corporation, SK Telecom, and LG Uplus launch limited 5G commercial services in Seoul, and six metropolitan cities in 3.5 GHz band. With 5G Mobile Hotspot as a device, initial services target B2B customers.^[69]	South Korea
2018	December	Network launch	AT&T	Millimeter wave	AT&T becomes the first United States carrier to launch a standards-based mobile 5G network servicing a dozen cities, albeit without any 5G-enabled devices.^[61]	United States
2018	December	Partnership	Ericsson, Tigo		Ericsson announces that telecommunications company Tigo has chosen the company to modernize its radio access network. The deal "includes the provision of a 5G-ready multi-standard network."^[27]	Honduras
2018	December	Testing	Telia Company		Telia Company opens its first 5G test network in Norway.^[70]^[27]	Norway
2018	December	Research and development	Nokia, Telefónica Germany		Broadband telecom provider Telefónica Germany announces that, in collaboration with Nokia, they finished building their "Early 5G Innovation Cluster" in Berlin.^[27]^[71]	Germany
2018	December	Spectrum use	China Telecom, China Unicom, China Mobile, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology	Low and mid-band spectrum	China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issues 5G trial spectrum permits for low and mid-band spectrum to China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile.^[23]	China
2019	January	Technology	Sprint Corporation, Nokia, Qualcomm	Sub-6GHz (2.5 GHz)	Sprint Corporation, Nokia and Qualcomm complete the world's first over-the-air 5G data transmission using 2.5 GHz.^[59]	United States
2019	January	Technology	T-Mobile, Ericsson, Intel	Sub-6GHz (600 MHz)	T-Mobile, Ericsson, and Intel conduct the world's first 5G data call and video call on 600 MHz on a live commercial network.^[59]	United States
2019	February	Milestone (technology)	Hospital Clinic Barcelona		A team of doctors at Hospital Clinic Barcelona carries out the world’s first 5G-powered telementored operation (removal of a cancerous tumor from a patient's colon), with surgeon overseeing the procedure at over three miles away.^[72]^[73]	Spain
2019	February	Partnership	Nokia, Saudi Telecom Company		Nokia and Saudi Telecom Company sign deal for 5G network launch and early rollout of services in Saudi Arabia.^[27]^[74]	Saudi Arabia
2019	February	Partnership	Nokia, Telecom Egypt		Telecom Egypt and Nokia agree to introduce a 5G network in Egypt.^[75]^[27]	Egypt
2019	March	Product launch	Global Mobile Suppliers Association		The Global Mobile Suppliers Association releases the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device.^[76]
2019	March	Partnership	Huawei, U Mobile, ZTE Corporation, Maxis Communications		Malaysian provider Maxis Communications, Huawei, U Mobile, and ZTE Corporation sign a memorandums of understanding to collaborate on 5G deployment in Malaysia.^[27]	Malaysia
2019	March	Network launch	Verizon	Millimeter wave^[77]	Verizon activates its standards-based 5G network in Minneapolis and Chicago, before mobile 5G devices are available.^[61]	United States
2019	March 30	Network launch	China Mobile		Shanghai starts both 5G coverage and broadband gigabit network trial runs, backed by Chinese telecom giant China Mobile.^[78]^[79]	China
2019	April 3	Milestone (network launch)	SK Telecom, KT, LG Uplus	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)^[80]	South Korea becomes the first country to adopt 5G when three companies launch the world's first nationwide 5G mobile.^[59]^[81] The three main telecommunication companies (SK Telecom, KT and LG Uplus) add more than 40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day.^[82]	South Korea
2019	April 3	Network launch	Verizon	Millimeter wave	Just hours later of 5G launch in South Korea, Verizon launches its 5G services in the United States.^[83]	United States
2019	April 17	Network launch	Ericsson, Swisscom	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)^[84]	Ericsson and Swisscom launch 5G network in 54 cities and communities in Switzerland. It is the first commercial 5G in Europe.^[59]^[59]^[85]^[86]^[87]	Switzerland
2019	April 22	Spectrum use	T-Mobile	Millimeter wave	T-Mobile Chief technology officer Neville Ray writes that millimeter wave spectrum "will never materially scale beyond small pockets of 5G hotspots in dense urban environments,"^[63]	United States
2019	April	Product launch	Samsung		Samsung announces having started mass production for its 5G chips. Among the new chip offerings is the Exynos Modem 5100, which contains a 5G multi-mode chipset.^[88]	South Korea
2019	April	Spectrum use		>24 GHz	Japan allocates over 24 GHz spectrum for 5G.^[23]	Japan
2019	May 16	Product launch	Verizon		Verizon begins selling Samsung Galaxy S10 5G.^[61]	United States
2019	May 24	Network launch	Telstra	Sub-6GHz (3.6 GHz)^[89]	Australian network operator Telstra launches limited 5G services in the country with a device that customers can use to connect other devices.^[90]	Australia
2019	May 30	Network launch	EE Limited	Sub-6GHz	Mobile network operator EE Limited launches first 5G consumer mobile network in the United Kingdom in select locations in London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Belfast, Birmingham and Manchester.^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]	United Kingdom
2019	May 30	Network launch	Etisalat		Emirati multinational Etisalat launches 5G commercial service in the United Arab Emirates, along with ZTE 5G smartphone.^[95]^[96]^[97]	United Arab Emirates
2019	Late May	Network launch	Sprint Corporation	Sub-6GHz (2.5GHz mid-band)	Sprint Corporation launches 5G service in Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, and Kansas City.^[59]	United States
2019	May	Technology			As of date, 30% of international patents related to 5G connectivity standards are from China.^[23]	China
2019	Late May	Network launch	Sprint Corporation	Sub-6GHz (2.5GHz mid-band)	Sprint Corporation launches 5G service in Chicago.^[59]	United States
2019	June 5	Network launch	Batelco		Batelco becomes the first to launch a commercial 5G network in Bahrain.^[98]^[99]^[100]	Bahrain
2019	June 5	Network launch	Vodafone		Vodafone launches 5G in Italy in five cities: Naples, Bologna, Milan, Turin, and Rome.^[27]^[101]	Italy
2019	June 6	Partnership	Huawei		Huawei signs a deal with Russian network provider MTS to develop a 5G network in the country over the next year.^[102]^[103]^[104]	China, Russia
2019	June 15	Network launch	Huawei, Vodafone		Huawei and Vodafone roll out in collaboration the first commercial 5G mobile services in Spain, making it one of the first European countries with the ultrafast mobile network in Europe.^[105]^[106]	Spain
2019	June 19	Network launch	STC Group	Sub-6GHz (3.5 GHz)^[107]	STC Group becomes the first operator to launch 5G commercial services in Saudi Arabia, making it available to customers in a number of cities in the Kingdom.^[108] The service uses Ericsson commercial hardware.^[109]^[110]^[111]	Saudi Arabia
2019	June 27	Network launch	Ericsson, RCS & RDS		Ericsson and Romanian operator RCS & RDS launch Romania’s first 5G commercial service in the busiest parts of Bucharest.^[112]	Romania
2019	June	Userbase			South Korea reaches over one million 5G subscribers.^[113]	South Korea
2019	June	Infrastructure	Qualcomm		American tech company Qualcomm starts construction of a 5G center in Taipei.^[114] 5G service is expected to be available in Taiwan by January 2020, according to Vice Premier Chen Chi-mai.^[115]	Taiwan
2019	June	Policy	China Telecom, China Unicom, China Mobile		China Telecom, China Unicom, China Mobile are allocated commercial 5G licenses for deployment in China.^[23]	China
2019	Late June	Userbase			Over 1.6 million people are subscribed to 5G in South Korea, accounting for 77 per cent of the global population of 5G users. At the time, there are 14 times as many South Koreans using 5G as there are Americans.^[116]	South Korea
2019	July 9	Network launch	Huawei, Monaco Telecom		Monaco Telecom launches its 5G network covering the entire city area in conjunction with the presentation of the commercial offer.^[117]^[118] The microstate becomes the first in the world to have to have full, operational 5G coverage. The network is built by Huawei.^[119]^[120]^[121]	Monaco
2019	July 16	Network launch	SK Telecom, Swisscom		SK Telecom and Swisscom launch 5G roaming services for Koreans visiting Switzerland.^[122]^[123]^[124]	Switzerland
2019	July 16	Infrastructure	Vodafone		Vodafone activates its first 25 5G base stations in Germany.^[27]^[125]	Germany
2019	July 18	Product launch	Verizon		Verizon announces 5G hotspot, the Inseego 5G MiFi M1000, at a cost of around US$600.^[126]^[127]
2019	July 26	Infrastructure	Telecom Italia, Vodafone		Telecom Italia and Vodafone agree to merge their mobile tower infrastructure and to jointly roll out 5G in Italy.^[128]^[129]	Italy
2019	July	Testing	Smart Axiata		Cambodian telecommunications service provider Smart Axiata showcases the Cambodia's first 5G live trial.^[27]^[130]	Cambodia
2019	August 5	Product launch	ZTE		ZTE releases the first 5G phone in China with the launch of the Axon 10 Pro 5G t, which comes equipped with a 6.47-inch 1080p AMOLED display, and will use one of Qualcomm’s first generation X50 5G modems to connect to China’s upcoming 5G wireless network.^[131]^[132]	China
2019	August 5	Network launch	Ericsson, Vodafone		Ericsson and Vodafone launch in Germany a commercial 5G network using Ericsson products and solutions, with their sights set on bringing 5G to 20 million people in the country by the end of 2021.^[133]	Germany
2019	August 6	Network launch	AT&T	Sub-6GHz^[134]	AT&T rolls out limited 5G in parts of New York City, but only accessible to business customers and developers. As of date, AT&T lags behind Verizon, which offers 5G services in nine cities.^[135]^[136]^[137]^[138]	United States
2019	August 8	Network launch	Ericsson, Tele2		Ericsson and Tele2 launch Russia's first 5G zone in central Moscow. Ericsson provides the equipment for the network, which is run by Tele2.^[139]^[140]^[141]	Russia
2019	August 13	Network launch	Vodafone	Sub-6GHz (3.6 GHz)^[142]	Vodafone launches 5G services in five Irish cities: Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Waterford.^[143]	Ireland
2019	August	Testing	Zong 4G		Pakistani mobile data network operator Zong 4G becomes the first company in Pakistan to test 5G services.^[27]	Pakistan
2019	August	Testing	Qualcomm	Millimeter wave	Qualcomm announces work in Russia with local operators and the Moscow government to set up a trial millimeter wave 5G network by the fall. The network would be used for fixed and mobile services for applications like augmented and virtual reality.^[144]	Russia
2019	Late August	Network launch	Sprint Corporation	Sub-6GHz (2.5GHz mid-band)	Sprint Corporation launches 5G service in Los Angeles, New York City, Phoenix and Washington, D.C.^[59]	United States
2019	September 1	Network launch	Huawei		Huawei deploys 5G In Russia.^[145]	Russia
2019	September 2	Partnership	Iliad SA, Nokia		French telecommunications provider Iliad SA announces partnership with Nokia as for 5G network deployments in France and Italy.^[146]^[147]^[148]	France, Italy
2019	September 3	Product launch	Samsung		Samsung announces the launch of its first SoC that integrates 5G connectivity. The device, called Exynos 980, combines a 5G modem and mobile application processor into one chip, thus increasing power efficiency and occupying less space within smartphones compared to older generation SoCs.^[149]^[150]^[151]^[152]
2019	September 5	Network launch	Verizon	Millimeter wave^[63]	Verizon launches 5G in National Football League stadiums across the United States, with 13 expected to be live by the start of the 2019-20 football season. Attendees would still need to have a 5G compatible phone to access the 5G networks, which can download data 10 to 100 times faster than the average 4G LTE connection.^[153]^[154]^[155]^[156]^[157]	United States
2019	September 6	Product launch	Qualcomm	Both Millimeter wave and Sub-6GHz	American company Qualcomm announces expansion of its 5G modems across its Snapdragon 8 series, 7 series and 6 series processors.^[158]^[159]	United States
2019	September 9	Public reception			Several hundred people demonstrate in The Hague against the arrival of 5G mobile phone networks in the Netherlands, and call for the government to reduce the level of permitted radiation from the new generation mobile phones, improve privacy regulations and assess the effect on the climate.^[160]	Netherlands
2019	September 9	Partnership	Samsung, SK Telecom		Samsung announces partnership with SK Telecom to develop and commercialize the world's first 8K-5G TV. The device is expected to offer ultra-high resolution screen that is also capable of extremely fast connection speeds, enabling users to download VR and other data-heavy content.^[161]^[162]	South Korea
2019	September 10	Partnership	NTT Docomo, Omron, Nokia		NTT Docomo announces agreement with Omron and Nokia Networks to collaborate in trials of 5G mobile communication technology inside factories, "with the aim of significantly enhancing future manufacturing productivity". ^[163]	Japan
2019	September 16	Acquisition	Qualcomm		Qualcomm announces full acquisition of RF360 (a joint venture between TDK and Qualcomm) in order to boost content in 5G smartphones.^[164]^[165]^[166]^[167]
2019	September 18	Network launch	Rain	Sub-6GHz (3.6 GHz)	South African data-only operator Rain launches a commercial 5G wireless home broadband service in parts of Johannesburg and Tshwane, the first 5G network in the country.^[168]^[169]^[170]	South Africa
2019	September 19	Product launch	Huawei		Huawei launches a new 5G flagship smartphone lineup without pre-installed Google-licensed apps.^[171]^[172]	China
2019	September	Network launch	NTT Docomo		NTT Docomo launches pre-commercial 5G services.^[27]	Japan
2019	September	Network launch	Deutsche Telekom		Deutsche Telekom rolls out 5G in Germany in Berlin, Darmstadt, Munich, Bonn, and Cologne.^[27]^[173]	Germany
2019	October	Testing	Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes	26 GHz	French regulator Arcep announces first eleven projects for 5G trials in 26 GHz band.^[174]	France
2019	October 8	Partnership	Ericsson, Telia		Ericsson is selected by service provider Telia as its sole 5G radio access network (RAN) vendor for Telia's next-generation nationwide network in Norway. 5G rollouts are expected to start in 2020 and extend through 2023.^[175]^[176]	Norway
2019	October 11	Network launch	BT Mobile	Sub-6GHz	BT Mobile launches 5G services in the United Kingdom, in 20 cities.^[27]	United Kingdom
2019	October	Network launch	Eir		Irish broadband telecommunications company Eir launches 5G in Ireland with help from Ericsson’s 5G core. The network is expected to cover up to 110 towns and cities around the country in a number of weeks.^[177]	Ireland
2019	October	Testing	VEON	Sub-6GHz (3.7 GHz)	VEON launches a 5G trial on a live network in Kazakhstan.^[27]^[178]	Kazakhstan
2019	November 1	Network launch	China Mobile, China Telecom, China Unicom	Sub-6GHz (3.4 GHz – 3.6 GHz)^[23]	China state carriers China Mobile (CHL), China Telecom (CHA) and China Unicom (CHU) formally announce the rollout of 5G service, laying out their price plans and data speeds. All three offer 5G plans that start at 128 yuan (US$18) for 30 GB of data per month.^[179]^[180]^[181]	China
2019	November 11	Partnership	Zain Group, Ericsson		Kuwaiti mobile telecommunications company Zain Group announces having selected Ericsson to build its 5G network in Bahrain, with the first commercial 5G services expected to go live before the end of 2019.^[182]	Bahrain
2019	November 14	Partnership	Ericsson, MTN South Africa		MTN South Africa selects Ericsson as a 5G network modernization vendor. Ericsson would supply 5G products and solutions from its Radio Access Network (RAN), transport and Core portfolios, with commercial rollout expected to start in 2020.^[183]	South Africa
2019	November 15	Technology	Samsung, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Openet		Samsung Electronics, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and software vendor Openet announce the successful integration of a cloud-native 5G standalone (SA) Core with multivendor interoperability. The test features the integration of Samsung’s control, user plane network function, and orchestrator with HPE’s shared data environment and network functions, and Openet’s cloud-native network functions software. A 5G SA core would allow operators to offer many of the new services considered paramount to 5G, including network slicing, mobile edge computing, analytics driven by artificial intelligence, and ultra-low latency networks.^[184]^[185]^[186]	South Korea
2019	November 19	Network launch	Verizon	28 GHz^[187]	Verizon ads 5G network to Boston, Houston and Sioux Falls, bringing the total number of cities with the carrier’s next-generation network to 18.^[188]	United States
2019	November 20	Network launch	EE Limited	Sub-6GHz	EE Limited announces having switched on 5G technology in 14 new cities and towns across the United Kingdom, adding the service to Castlereagh, Guildford, Hamilton, Harlow, Hoddesdon, Kimberley, Lisburn, Maidstone, Sydenham, Watford and Wolverhampton, as well as Liverpool, Glasgow and Huddersfield.^[189]	United Kingdom
2019	November 21	Infrastructure			As of date, China has 113,000 5G base stations.^[190]	China
2019	November 22	Infrastructure	International Telecommunications Union	Millimeter wave	Delegates at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2019 (WRC-19), a quadrennial gathering of regulators and governments organized by the United Nations-affiliated International Telecommunications Union, identify several millimeter wave bands that could be used for 5G networks. These include 24.25-27.5 GHz, 37-43.5 GHz, 45.5-47 GHz, 47.2-48.2 and 66-71 GHz.^[191]	Egypt
2019	November	Spectrum use	Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes	Sub-6GHz (3.4 GHz – 3.8 GHz)	French regulator Arcep (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes) publishes and submits to the government the conditions for awarding licences to use frequencies in the 3.4 GHz to 3.8 GHz band in France. Arcep states: “The 3.4-3.8 GHz band is the core band for 5G whose deployment promises to make French businesses more competitive and drive innovation, in addition to satisfying users’ expectation of having access to increasingly powerful mobile services.”^[192]	France
2019	November	Policy	German Government	Sub-6GHz (3.7 GHz – 3.8 GHz)	Germany offers to private companies corporate licenses to fractions of 3.7-3.8GHz wireless spectrum for 5G services.^[193]	Germany
2019	December 3	Network launch	T-Mobile	Millimeter wave	T-Mobile launches 600MHz 5G in the United States, becoming the first American carrier to offer 5G access across the country.^[194]^[195] The network is expected to cover more than 200 million people and more than 1 million square miles. The company is expected to add mid-band spectrum for broad coverage and performance as well as millimeter wave spectrum for hotspot-like coverage in dense urban areas.^[196]	United States
2019	December 10	Milestone (technology)	Ericsson	Sub-6GHz (2.3 GHz)	Australian telecommunications company Optus claims to have made the world’s first 5G data call using lower frequency 2.3 GHz spectrum in a trial completed in Sydney using kit from Ericsson. The lower frequency is expected ultimately to offer even greater speeds as well as providing greater coverage depth enabling even more customers to benefit from 5G services.^[197]	Australia
2019	December 11	Partnership	Nokia		Nokia announces development of a strategic partnership ecosystem to bring local 5G/private wireless LTE to industrial and government customers in Japan. These five Nokia partners span multiple segments, including NS Solutions for factory IoT, Marubeni for global IoT, Internet Initiative Japan for Full MVNO, Equinix for multi-cloud and global data centers, and Hitachi Kokusai Electric.^[198]	Japan
2019	December 11	Research and development	SK Telecom, Samsung Heavy Industries		South Korean SK Telecom and Samsung Heavy Industries announce joint development of a 5G-based autonomous platform for testing of the technology. The test ship, built by SHI, is equiped with remote control capabilities, 5G-based Lidar, a cloud-based IoT platform and real-time video monitoring from SK Telecom.^[199]	South Korea
2019	December 11	Network launch	Deutsche Telekom	Sub-6GHz	Deutsche Telekom launches commercial 5G services in Hamburg.^[200]	Germany
2019	December	Userbase			Chinese 5G smartphone users are reported to outperform South Korean users, following 5G commercial launch in November in China.^[8]	China
2020	January 16	Infrastructure	Galaxy Space		227-kilogram Yinhe–1 (Galaxy-1) technology verification satellite for Beijing-based communications satellite producer Galaxy Space launches. It is the first private 5G low-orbit broadband satellite China successfully puts in orbit.^[201]^[202]	China
2020	January 17	Testing	ZTE Corporation, MTN Uganda	Sub-6GHz (60 MHz)^[203]	ZTE Corporation and MTN Uganda successfully roll out 5G technology trial in Uganda, which becomes the first country in East Africa to adopt 5G technology.^[204]^[205]	Uganda
2020	January 29		European Commission		The European Commission issues its guidance on 5G and the role that "high-risk" vendors should play in networks. The non-binding EC recommendations call on member states to strengthen security requirements, assess the risk of suppliers, restrict suppliers considered to be high-risk, reveal exclusions for key assets considered as critical (such as the core network), set up a legal or regulatory framework to control the use of outsourced suppliers, and ensure governments get audit telecoms operators to provide detailed data on sourcing of 5G equipment.^[206]	European Union
2020	January	Research and development	Ericsson		Ericsson announces a new R&D site in France with up to 300 employees. The site would focus initially on 5G software development and security.^[207]^[208]^[209]	France
2020	February 12	Policy	Swiss Government		Switzerland places an indefinite moratorium on the rollout of 5G over health concerns.^[210]	Switzerland
2020	February 17	Education	Nokia		Nokia launches a 5G certification program with the purpose to train and certify business and technology professionals at communications service providers and enterprises.^[211]^[212]
2020	February 18	Technology	Qualcomm	Millimeter wave	Qualcomm announces new 5G modem and millimeter wave antenna module, as well as a Radio frequency filtering technology with several applications.^[213]
2020	February 23	Testing	Ericsson	Millimeter wave	Ericsson achieves the fastest maximum speed record of 4.3 Gbps on the millimeter wave spectrum, breaking the previous record if Huawei.^[214]
2020	February 26	Network launch	du	Millimeter wave	UAE-based telecommunications provider du announces successful deployment of the MENA's first millimeter wave site at the du arena in Yas Island, Abu Dhabi, which is expected to provide the region’s highest ultra-high mobile broadband 5G services, increase coverage, and accelerate the pace of widespread 5G usage in the country.^[215]	United Arab Emirates
2020	February 27	Network launch	Google Fi	Millimeter wave	Google Fi announces millimeter wave officially listed as being available in “pockets of select cities” by the carrier, with Google having yet to detail a specific 5G arrangement. Google Fi already uses T-Mobile’s 5G network on supported phones.^[216]	United States
2020	March 4	Infrastructure	Ericsson	Millimeter wave	Ericsson announces production of the first 5G base station, millimeter wave Street Macro units, at its new factory in the United States.^[217]	United States
2020	March 5	Network launch	AT&T	Millimeter wave	AT&T expands its 5G network and launches millimeter wave connections for its customers.^[218]
2020	March 12	Infrastructure	Verizon	Millimeter wave	Verizon announces acquisition of a metric ton of millimeter wave 5G spectrum from the FCC in Auction 103, spending over US$1.6 billion to purchase 4,960 licenses from the FCC to bolster their 5G network. The purchase implies 50% more spectrum than AT&T, which was the next-highest bidder at US$1.186 billion for 3,267 licenses.^[219]
2020	June	Network launch	Viettel		Vietnamese telecommunication company Viettel plans to launch commercial 5G mobile services by this time.^[27]^[220]	Vietnam
2020	July	Network launch	NTT Docomo		NTT Docomo plans to have 5G base stations in all 47 Japanese prefectures by this time.^[221]	Japan
2021	Spring	Network launch	NTT Docomo		NTT Docomo plans to reach a total of 10,000 5G base stations by this time.^[221]	Japan
2023		Network launch	China Tower		State-owned telecommunication provider China Tower expects to reach 5G national coverage by this year.^[9]	China
2024		Userbase			5G subscriptions are expected to reach 1.5 billion by this time, with US$301 billion in revenue, driven predominantly by high demand for faster speeds, according to September 2019 research from GlobalData. The Asia Pacific region is expected to be the biggest market.^[222]^[223]
2024					A new study finds that total operator-billed revenue from 5G IoT connections would reach US$8 billion by this year.^[224]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.

Year	1G	2G	3G	4G	5G
1980	9,360	12,600	8,490	6,470	5,530
1985	10,800	15,100	10,100	7,650	7,080
1990	15,500	21,300	13,700	10,600	10,400
1995	20,000	28,100	16,800	12,300	12,500
2000	32,800	34,700	21,700	14,600	15,700
2002	38,900	40,500	31,600	18,000	18,500
2004	45,700	46,700	41,900	22,700	23,600
2006	49,200	47,800	48,800	26,400	25,800
2008	56,200	52,100	51,300	29,100	28,000
2010	62,500	57,200	65,500	37,200	35,400
2012	74,400	69,400	74,500	50,600	41,700
2014	74,500	72,600	70,800	60,800	51,100
2016	77,000	73,000	68,700	64,800	82,000
2017	74,800	70,200	64,100	64,600	98,600
2018	66,900	63,000	57,600	57,200	105,000
2019	58,600	54,000	50,400	50,800	110,000
2020	43,200	41,300	39,600	40,100	84,900

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for 2G (Search term), 3G (Search term), 4G (Search term). 5G (Search term) and 6G (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[225]

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G, from 1985 to 2019.^[226]

Wikipedia Views

The image below shows pageviews of the Wikipedia page 5G since December 2007 for desktop, and since July 2015 (see red line) for mobile-web and mobile-app; to March 2021.^[227]

The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop and mobile app of the English Wikipedia articles 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G, from July 2015 to February 2021. ^[228]

Other

The table and image below illustrate the evolution of worldwide wireless infrastructure revenue forecast in millions of dollars across different segments, for the years 2018 to 2021.^[7]

Year	5G	2G	3G	LTE and 4G	Small Cells	Mobile Core
2018	612.9	1503.1	5578.4	20454.7	4785.6	4599
2019	2211.4	697.5	3694	19322.4	5378.4	4621
2020	4176	406.5	2464.3	18278.2	5858.1	4787.3
2021	6805.6	285.2	1558	16352.7	6473.1	5009.5

Wireless Infrastructure Revenue Forecast, Worldwide, 2018-2021 (in millions of dollars).png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "Where, When, and How mmWave is Used in 5G and Beyond". arxiv.org. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ "Mobile World Congress to show why Europe is the world's 5G laggard". politico.eu. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
↑ "How 5G will transform business" (PDF). mcrinc.com. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
↑ "Will 2020 be the year of 5G technology? Euronews explains". euronews.com. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 "The 5G era in the US". gsmaintelligence.com. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 "The Top Countries Most Likely to Launch 5G First". sdxcentral.com. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "5G network infrastructure to reach $4.2bn in revenues by 2020". capacitymedia.com. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "Chinese 5G Smartphone Users Outperform Korean Users Following 5G Commercial Launch in November". en.ctimes.com.tw. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "China is racing ahead in 5G. Here's what that means". technologyreview.com. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
↑ ^10.00 ^10.01 ^10.02 ^10.03 ^10.04 ^10.05 ^10.06 ^10.07 ^10.08 ^10.09 ^10.10 ^10.11 ^10.12 ^10.13 ^10.14 ^10.15 ^10.16 ^10.17 ^10.18 ^10.19 ^10.20 ^10.21 ^10.22 ^10.23 ^10.24 "USA, Japan, South Korea and China are the leading countries in terms of 5G readiness. A number of Gulf countries claim to have launched 5G mid-2018.". 5gobservatory.eu. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "Europe's 5G difference: Unlimited data without a big surcharge". cnet.com. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 "Generations in Telecommunication (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G)". zseries.in. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 "What frequency is 5G?". verizon.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 "1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, & 5G Explained". lifewire.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 "What is the difference between 3G, 4G and 5G?". verizon.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
↑ Charny, Ben (2001-10-01). "World's first 3G phone network goes live". ZDNet. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
↑ McCarthy, Kieren (2001-10-01). "World's first 3G network live today". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
↑ "THE EVOLUTION TO 3G MOBILE — STATUS REPORT". itu.int. 2003-07-29. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
↑ "First 3G mobiles launched in Japan". 2001-10-01. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
↑ "No, 5G isn't going to make your 4G LTE phone obsolete". cnet.com. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
↑ "What Is 5G, and How Fast Will It Be?". howtogeek.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
↑ "The road to 5G: The inevitable growth of infrastructure cost". mckinsey.com. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 ^23.6 ^23.7 "Encouraging 5G Investment" (PDF). assets.kpmg. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 "6G: SPEEDS COULD INCREASE UP TO 1 TB/S, 8000 TIMES THE SPEED OF 5G". gizchina.com. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
↑ "DOCOMO Releases White Paper Promoting 6G Communication System". nttdocomo.co.jp. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
↑ jim. "NASA - NASA Ames Partners With M2MI For Small Satellite Development". nasa.gov.
↑ ^27.00 ^27.01 ^27.02 ^27.03 ^27.04 ^27.05 ^27.06 ^27.07 ^27.08 ^27.09 ^27.10 ^27.11 ^27.12 ^27.13 ^27.14 ^27.15 ^27.16 ^27.17 ^27.18 ^27.19 ^27.20 ^27.21 ^27.22 ^27.23 ^27.24 ^27.25 ^27.26 ^27.27 ^27.28 ^27.29 ^27.30 ^27.31 "5G Availability Around the World". lifewire.com. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
↑ "The world's first academic research center combining Wireless, Computing, and Medical Applications". Nyu Wireless. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
↑ "NYU Wireless' Rappaport envisions a 5G, millimeter-wave future - FierceWirelessTech". Fiercewireless.com. 2014-01-13. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
↑ Alleven, Monica (2015-01-14). "NYU Wireless says U.S. falling behind in 5G, presses FCC to act now on mmWave spectrum". Fiercewireless.com. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
↑ Kelly, Spencer (13 October 2012). "BBC Click Programme - Kenya". BBC News Channel. Retrieved 6 August 2019. Some of the world biggest telecoms firms have joined forces with the UK government to fund a new 5G research center. The facility, to be based at the University of Surrey, will offer testing facilities to operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering faster speeds than current 4G technology that's been launched in around 100 countries, including several British cities. They say the new tech could be ready within a decade.
↑ "The University Of Surrey Secures £35M For New 5G Research Centre". University of Surrey. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
↑ "5G research centre gets major funding grant". BBC News. BBC News Online. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
↑ Philipson, Alice (9 October 2012). "Britain aims to join mobile broadband leaders with £35m '5G' research centre". The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
↑ "METIS projet presentation" (PDF). November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
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 |}
-== Visual data ==
-The table and image below illustrate the evolution of worldwide wireless infrastructure revenue forecast in millions of dollars across different segments, for the years 2018 to 2021.<ref name="capacitymedia.com"/>
-{| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year !! {{w|5G}} !! {{w|2G}} !! {{w|3G}} || [[W:LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] and {{w|4G}} !! {{w|Small Cell}}s !! Mobile Core
-|-
-| 2018 || 612.9 || 1503.1 || 5578.4 || 20454.7 || 4785.6 || 4599
-|-
-| 2019 || 2211.4 || 697.5 || 3694 || 19322.4 || 5378.4 || 4621
-|-
-| 2020 || 4176 || 406.5 || 2464.3 || 18278.2 || 5858.1 || 4787.3
-|-
-| 2021 || 6805.6 || 285.2 || 1558 || 16352.7 || 6473.1 || 5009.5
-|-
-|}
-[[File:Wireless Infrastructure Revenue Forecast, Worldwide, 2018-2021 (in millions of dollars).png|thumb|center|500px]]
-=== Wikipedia Views ===
-The image below shows pageviews of the {{w|Wikipedia}} page {{w|5G}} since December 2007 for [[w:Desktop computer|desktop]], and since July 2015 (see red line) for [[w:Mobile web|mobile-web]] and [[w:Mobile app|mobile-app]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipedia views |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=5G&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=human |website=wikipediaviews.org |accessdate=5 February 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:5G Wikipedia Views across devices.png|500px|thumb|center]]
-The image below shows pageviews of the {{w|Wikipedia}} pages {{w|1G}}, {{w|2G}}, {{w|3G}}, {{w|4G}}, and {{w|5G}} from July 2015 onward.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipedia views |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=1G&pages[1]=2G&pages[2]=3G&pages[3]=4G&pages[4]=5G&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=human |website=wikipediaviews.org |accessdate=5 February 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:1G-5G Wikipedia Views.png|500px|thumb|center]]
-=== Google Trends ===
-The image shows {{w|Google Trends}} data comparing all generations of wireless technology for digital cellular networks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Trends |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0c41j8y,%2Fm%2F02g9ds,%2Fm%2F01pqj_,%2Fm%2F01pqkx,%2Fm%2F04gt_7 |website=trends.google.com |accessdate=5 February 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:1G-5G Google Trends.png|800px|thumb|center]]
 ==Full timeline==
@@ Line 211: / Line 182: @@
 | 2017 || August || || Telecom Regulatory Authority of India || || The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India releases a {{w|PDF}}[https://main.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/presentations_&_cv/Day-2_24Aug2017/Session3_spectrum%20Plg/5G%20spectrum%20stratergy_Bharat%20Bhatia.pdf] that outlines the 5G standard draft and shows a timeframe for when 5G should be deployed around the world.<ref name="5G Availability Around the World"/> || {{w|India}}
 |-
-| 2017 || August || [[w:Spectrum management|Spectrum use]] || {{w|Ericsson}}, {{w|Softbank}} || 4.5 GHz || {{w|Softbank}} and {{w|Ericsson}} in Japan perform {{w|5G}} trials using 4.5 GHz frequencies.<ref name="5gobservatory.eu"/> || {{w|Japan}}
+| 2017 || August || [[w:Spectrum management|Spectrum use]] || {{w|Ericsson}}, {{w|Softbank}} || Sub-6GHz (4.5 GHz) || {{w|Softbank}} and {{w|Ericsson}} in Japan perform {{w|5G}} trials using 4.5 GHz frequencies.<ref name="5gobservatory.eu"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 2017 || September || Testing || {{w|Ericsson}}, {{w|Irancell}} || || Iranian telecommunications {{w|Irancell}} and {{w|Ericsson}} perform their first {{w|5G}} test in {{w|Tehran}} and announce that 5G would be available in Iran in 2020.<ref name="5G Availability Around the World"/> || {{w|Iran}}
@@ Line 305: / Line 276: @@
 | 2019 || January || Technology || {{w|Sprint Corporation}}, {{w|Nokia}}, {{w|Qualcomm}} || Sub-6GHz (2.5 GHz) || {{w|Sprint Corporation}}, {{w|Nokia}} and {{w|Qualcomm}} complete the world's first over-the-air 5G data transmission using 2.5 GHz.<ref name="5G commercial network world coverage map"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2019 || January || Technology || {{w|T-Mobile}}, {{w|Ericsson}}, {{w|Intel}} || 600 MHz || {{w|T-Mobile}}, {{w|Ericsson}}, and {{w|Intel}} conduct the world's first 5G data call and video call on 600 MHz on a live commercial network.<ref name="5G commercial network world coverage map"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2019 || January || Technology || {{w|T-Mobile}}, {{w|Ericsson}}, {{w|Intel}} || Sub-6GHz (600 MHz) || {{w|T-Mobile}}, {{w|Ericsson}}, and {{w|Intel}} conduct the world's first 5G data call and video call on 600 MHz on a live commercial network.<ref name="5G commercial network world coverage map"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2019 || February || Milestone (technology) || Hospital Clinic Barcelona || || A team of doctors at Hospital Clinic Barcelona carries out the world’s first 5G-powered telementored operation (removal of a cancerous tumor from a patient's colon), with surgeon overseeing the procedure at over three miles away.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctor performs first 5G surgery |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/28/business/tech/doctor-performs-first-5g-surgery/#.XUofy_L0mUk |website=japantimes.co.jp |accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Doctor uses 5G to direct surgery live from a stage at Mobile World Congress |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/27/tech/5g-surgery-mobile-world-congress/index.html |website=edition.cnn.com |accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
@@ Line 502: / Line 473: @@
 |-
 |}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! 1G
+! 2G
+! 3G
+! 4G
+! 5G
+|-
+| 1980 || 9,360 || 12,600 || 8,490 || 6,470 || 5,530
+|-
+| 1985 || 10,800 || 15,100 || 10,100 || 7,650 || 7,080
+|-
+| 1990 || 15,500 || 21,300 || 13,700 || 10,600 || 10,400
+|-
+| 1995 || 20,000 || 28,100 || 16,800 || 12,300 || 12,500
+|-
+| 2000 || 32,800 || 34,700 || 21,700 || 14,600 || 15,700
+|-
+| 2002 || 38,900 || 40,500 || 31,600 || 18,000 || 18,500
+|-
+| 2004 || 45,700 || 46,700 || 41,900 || 22,700 || 23,600
+|-
+| 2006 || 49,200 || 47,800 || 48,800 || 26,400 || 25,800
+|-
+| 2008 || 56,200 || 52,100 || 51,300 || 29,100 || 28,000
+|-
+| 2010 || 62,500 || 57,200 || 65,500 || 37,200 || 35,400
+|-
+| 2012 || 74,400 || 69,400 || 74,500 || 50,600 || 41,700
+|-
+| 2014 || 74,500 || 72,600 || 70,800 || 60,800 || 51,100
+|-
+| 2016 || 77,000 || 73,000 || 68,700 || 64,800 || 82,000
+|-
+| 2017 || 74,800 || 70,200 || 64,100 || 64,600 || 98,600
+|-
+| 2018 || 66,900 || 63,000 || 57,600 || 57,200 || 105,000
+|-
+| 2019 || 58,600 || 54,000 || 50,400 || 50,800 || 110,000
+|-
+| 2020 || 43,200 || 41,300 || 39,600 || 40,100 || 84,900
+|-
+|}
+[[File:5G tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for 2G (Search term), 3G (Search term), 4G (Search term). 5G (Search term) and 6G (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=2G,3G,4G,5G,6G |website=Google Trends |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:5G compared gt.jpeg|600px|thumb|center]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G, from 1985 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=5G+mobile%2C4G+mobile%2C+3G+mobile%2C2G+mobile%2C1G+mobile&year_start=1985&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2C5G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C4G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C3G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C2G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C1G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2C5G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C4G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C3G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C2G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C1G%20mobile%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=30 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G ngram.png|700px|thumb|center]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The image below shows pageviews of the {{w|Wikipedia}} page {{w|5G}} since December 2007 for [[w:Desktop computer|desktop]], and since July 2015 (see red line) for [[w:Mobile web|mobile-web]] and [[w:Mobile app|mobile-app]]; to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=5G |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=5G&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=human |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:5G WV.png|450px|thumb|center]]
+The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop and mobile app of the English Wikipedia articles {{w|1G}}, {{w|2G}}, {{w|3G}}, {{w|4G}} and {{w|5G}}, from July 2015 to February 2021. <ref>{{cite web |title=1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=1G&pages[1]=2G&pages[2]=3G&pages[3]=4G&pages[4]=5G&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=human |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G wv.png|450px|thumb|center]]
+=== Other ===
+The table and image below illustrate the evolution of worldwide wireless infrastructure revenue forecast in millions of dollars across different segments, for the years 2018 to 2021.<ref name="capacitymedia.com"/>
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year !! {{w|5G}} !! {{w|2G}} !! {{w|3G}} || [[W:LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] and {{w|4G}} !! {{w|Small Cell}}s !! Mobile Core
+|-
+| 2018 || 612.9 || 1503.1 || 5578.4 || 20454.7 || 4785.6 || 4599
+|-
+| 2019 || 2211.4 || 697.5 || 3694 || 19322.4 || 5378.4 || 4621
+|-
+| 2020 || 4176 || 406.5 || 2464.3 || 18278.2 || 5858.1 || 4787.3
+|-
+| 2021 || 6805.6 || 285.2 || 1558 || 16352.7 || 6473.1 || 5009.5
+|-
+|}
+[[File:Wireless Infrastructure Revenue Forecast, Worldwide, 2018-2021 (in millions of dollars).png|thumb|center|500px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of 5G"

Latest revision as of 21:42, 26 July 2023

Contents

Sample questions

Big picture

Summary by year

Summary by country

Summary of all cellular network generations

Full timeline

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Other

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

Feedback and comments

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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