Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"
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! Species !! Family !! Focus !! Acts against !! Locations where used !! Comments/support quote | ! Species !! Family !! Focus !! Acts against !! Locations where used !! Comments/support quote | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Abutilon grandifolium}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | + | | ''{{w|Abutilon grandifolium}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Acacia nilotica}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | | ''{{w|Acacia nilotica}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
| ''{{w|Acacia xanthoploea}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | | ''{{w|Acacia xanthoploea}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Acampe pachyglossa || {{w|Orchidaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | + | | ''{{w|Acampe pachyglossa}}'' || {{w|Orchidaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Acanthospermum hispidum}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | | ''{{w|Acanthospermum hispidum}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| Line 117: | Line 117: | ||
| ''{{w|Acridocarpus chloropterus}}'' || {{w|Malpighiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | | ''{{w|Acridocarpus chloropterus}}'' || {{w|Malpighiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Ageratum conyzoides}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimalarial activity of aqueous extract and fractions of leaves of Ageratum conyzoides in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266251758_Antimalarial_activity_of_aqueous_extract_and_fractions_of_leaves_of_Ageratum_conyzoides_in_mice_infected_with_Plasmodium_berghei |website=researchgate.net |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> || || Two continents || "Study indicated that aqueous extract of ''A. conyzoides'' had the ability to potentiate the antimalarial activity of chloroquine and artesunate against induced plasmodiasis in mice. It contributes a lot in the malaria endemic and poverty stricken tropics."<ref name="Ukwe Chi">{{cite journal |last1=V |first1=Ukwe Chinwe |last2=I |first2=Ekwunife Obinna |last3=A |first3=Epueke Ebele |last4=M |first4=Ubaka Chukwuemeka |title=Antimalarial activity of Ageratum conyzoides in combination with chloroquine and artesunate |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=December 2010 |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60005-9}}</ref> || [[File:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''{{w|Ageratum conyzoides}}'']] | + | | ''{{w|Adansonia digitata}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Adenia cissampeloides}}'' || {{w|Passiforaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Ghana}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Adhatoda latibracteata}}'' || {{w|Acanthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Gabon}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aerva javanica}}'' || {{w|Amaranthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Sudan}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aerva lanata}}'' || {{w|Amaranthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aframomum giganteum}}'' || {{w|Zingiberaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Gabon}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Agathosma apiculata}}'' || {{w|Rutaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Ageratum conyzoides}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimalarial activity of aqueous extract and fractions of leaves of Ageratum conyzoides in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266251758_Antimalarial_activity_of_aqueous_extract_and_fractions_of_leaves_of_Ageratum_conyzoides_in_mice_infected_with_Plasmodium_berghei |website=researchgate.net |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || Two continents, {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || "Study indicated that aqueous extract of ''A. conyzoides'' had the ability to potentiate the antimalarial activity of chloroquine and artesunate against induced plasmodiasis in mice. It contributes a lot in the malaria endemic and poverty stricken tropics."<ref name="Ukwe Chi">{{cite journal |last1=V |first1=Ukwe Chinwe |last2=I |first2=Ekwunife Obinna |last3=A |first3=Epueke Ebele |last4=M |first4=Ubaka Chukwuemeka |title=Antimalarial activity of Ageratum conyzoides in combination with chloroquine and artesunate |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=December 2010 |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60005-9}}</ref> It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || [[File:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''{{w|Ageratum conyzoides}}'']] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | {{w|Ajuga remota}} || {{w|Lamiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Alafa barteri}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Albizia coriaria}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Albizia gummifera}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Albizia lebbek}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || Treatment<ref name="Kalia"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Kalia">{{cite journal |last1=Kalia |first1=Shagun |last2=Walter |first2=Neha Sylvia |last3=Bagai |first3=Upma |title=Antimalarial efficacy of Albizia lebbeck (Leguminosae) against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro & P. berghei in vivo |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=December 2015 |volume=142 Suppl |pages=S101–107 |doi=10.4103/0971-5916.176635 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26905234/ |issn=0971-5916}}</ref>, ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Kalia"/> || Two continents || "Significant antiplasmodial activity of ''A. lebbeck'' should be exploited as a potential source of useful antimalarial drug in the future."<ref name="Kalia"/> || [[File:Starr 080531-4752 Albizia lebbeck.jpg|thumb|center|100px|''[[w:Albizia lebbek|A. lebeek]]'']] | | ''{{w|Albizia lebbek}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || Treatment<ref name="Kalia"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Kalia">{{cite journal |last1=Kalia |first1=Shagun |last2=Walter |first2=Neha Sylvia |last3=Bagai |first3=Upma |title=Antimalarial efficacy of Albizia lebbeck (Leguminosae) against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro & P. berghei in vivo |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=December 2015 |volume=142 Suppl |pages=S101–107 |doi=10.4103/0971-5916.176635 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26905234/ |issn=0971-5916}}</ref>, ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Kalia"/> || Two continents || "Significant antiplasmodial activity of ''A. lebbeck'' should be exploited as a potential source of useful antimalarial drug in the future."<ref name="Kalia"/> || [[File:Starr 080531-4752 Albizia lebbeck.jpg|thumb|center|100px|''[[w:Albizia lebbek|A. lebeek]]'']] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Albizia versicolor}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Alchornea cordifolia}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Ivory Coast}}, {{w|Congo D.R.}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Alepidea amatymbica}}'' || {{w|Apiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aloe ferox}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aloe maculata}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aloe marlothii}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aloe pulcherrima}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Ethiopia}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Aloe secundifora}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Aloe weloensis}}'' || {{w|Aloaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Njogu">{{cite journal |last1=Amare |first1=Gedefaw Getnet |last2=Degu |first2=Amsalu |last3=Njogu |first3=Peter |last4=Kifle |first4=Zemene Demelash |title=Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe weloensis (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium Parasites |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM |date=2021 |volume=2021 |pages=6664711 |doi=10.1155/2021/6664711}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Njogu"/>, ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''?<ref name="Njogu"/> || {{w|Ethiopia}}<ref name="Njogu"/> || "The leaf latex of ''Aloe weloensis'' was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use."<ref name="Njogu"/> | | ''{{w|Aloe weloensis}}'' || {{w|Aloaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Njogu">{{cite journal |last1=Amare |first1=Gedefaw Getnet |last2=Degu |first2=Amsalu |last3=Njogu |first3=Peter |last4=Kifle |first4=Zemene Demelash |title=Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe weloensis (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium Parasites |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM |date=2021 |volume=2021 |pages=6664711 |doi=10.1155/2021/6664711}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Njogu"/>, ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''?<ref name="Njogu"/> || {{w|Ethiopia}}<ref name="Njogu"/> || "The leaf latex of ''Aloe weloensis'' was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use."<ref name="Njogu"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Alstonia boonei}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Nkongmeneck">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=6 January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22079831/ |issn=1872-7573}}</ref> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Otuu |first1=Chidiebere A. |last2=Obiezue |first2=Rose N. N. |last3=Okoye |first3=Chris I. |last4=Omalu |first4=Innocent C. J. |last5=Otuu |first5=Ada Q. A. |last6=Eke |first6=Samuel S. |last7=Udeh |first7=Emmanuel. O. |last8=Ekuma |first8=Innocent C. |last9=Yamman |first9=Hadijah U. |last10=Okafor |first10=Fabian C. |title=Antimalarial Activity, Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity Tests of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild |journal=International Journal of Pathogen Research |date=16 December 2020 |pages=55–63 |doi=10.9734/ijpr/2020/v5i430144}}</ref> || "Results presented in study suggest that the extract of ''A. boonei'' is safe and possesses potent anti-malarial activity which justifies its continuous use in folk medicine as an anti-malarial remedy. Further works are on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the active ingredients from this plant."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyiola |first1=O.A. |last2=Tijani |first2=A.Y. |last3=Lateef |first3=K.M. |title=Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei in Mice |journal=Asian Journal of Biological Sciences |date=15 March 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.3923/ajbs.2011.235.243}}</ref> || | | ''{{w|Alstonia boonei}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Nkongmeneck">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=6 January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22079831/ |issn=1872-7573}}</ref> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Otuu |first1=Chidiebere A. |last2=Obiezue |first2=Rose N. N. |last3=Okoye |first3=Chris I. |last4=Omalu |first4=Innocent C. J. |last5=Otuu |first5=Ada Q. A. |last6=Eke |first6=Samuel S. |last7=Udeh |first7=Emmanuel. O. |last8=Ekuma |first8=Innocent C. |last9=Yamman |first9=Hadijah U. |last10=Okafor |first10=Fabian C. |title=Antimalarial Activity, Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity Tests of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild |journal=International Journal of Pathogen Research |date=16 December 2020 |pages=55–63 |doi=10.9734/ijpr/2020/v5i430144}}</ref> || "Results presented in study suggest that the extract of ''A. boonei'' is safe and possesses potent anti-malarial activity which justifies its continuous use in folk medicine as an anti-malarial remedy. Further works are on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the active ingredients from this plant."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyiola |first1=O.A. |last2=Tijani |first2=A.Y. |last3=Lateef |first3=K.M. |title=Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei in Mice |journal=Asian Journal of Biological Sciences |date=15 March 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.3923/ajbs.2011.235.243}}</ref> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Alstonia congensis}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Congo D.R.}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Amorpha fruticosa}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | | ''{{w|Amorpha fruticosa}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Ampelocissus africana}}'' || {{w|Vitaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Andrographis peniculata}}'' || {{w|Acanthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cambodia}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Anisopappus chinensis}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Frédérich">{{cite web |last1=Lusakibanza |first1=M. |last2=Mesia |first2=G. |last3=Tona |first3=G. |last4=Karemere |first4=S. |last5=Lukuka |first5=A. |last6=Tits |first6=M. |last7=Angenot |first7=L. |last8=Frédérich |first8=M. |title=In vitro and in vivo antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of five plants used in congolese traditional medicine |url=10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007. |website=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |pages=398–402 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007 |date=June 2010}}</ref> || || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."<ref name="Frédérich"/> | | ''{{w|Anisopappus chinensis}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Frédérich">{{cite web |last1=Lusakibanza |first1=M. |last2=Mesia |first2=G. |last3=Tona |first3=G. |last4=Karemere |first4=S. |last5=Lukuka |first5=A. |last6=Tits |first6=M. |last7=Angenot |first7=L. |last8=Frédérich |first8=M. |title=In vitro and in vivo antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of five plants used in congolese traditional medicine |url=10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007. |website=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |pages=398–402 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007 |date=June 2010}}</ref> || || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."<ref name="Frédérich"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Annickia chlorantha}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Nkongmeneck">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=6 January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22079831/ |issn=1872-7573}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "The aqueous extract of the plant ''Enantia chlorantha'' was found effective in suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agbaje |first1=E. O. |last2=Onabanjo |first2=A. O. |title=The effects of extracts of Enantia chlorantha in malaria |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |date=January 1991 |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=585–590 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1991.11812613}}</ref> | | ''{{w|Annickia chlorantha}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Nkongmeneck">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=6 January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22079831/ |issn=1872-7573}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "The aqueous extract of the plant ''Enantia chlorantha'' was found effective in suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agbaje |first1=E. O. |last2=Onabanjo |first2=A. O. |title=The effects of extracts of Enantia chlorantha in malaria |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |date=January 1991 |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=585–590 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1991.11812613}}</ref> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Annickia kummeriae}}'' || Annonaceae || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Annona ambotay}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guiana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Wayampi}} region<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || | | ''{{w|Annona ambotay}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guiana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Wayampi}} region<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || | ||
| Line 145: | Line 191: | ||
| ''{{w|Annona haematantha}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guiana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Wayampi}} region<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | | ''{{w|Annona haematantha}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guiana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Wayampi}} region<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Annona muricata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Boyom">{{cite journal |last1=Yamthe |first1=Lauve |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick |last3=Mbouna |first3=Cedric |last4=Keumoe |first4=Rodrigue |last5=Ndjakou |first5=Bruno |last6=Djouonzo |first6=Paul |last7=Mfopa |first7=Alvine |last8=Legac |first8=Jennifer |last9=Tsabang |first9=Nole |last10=Gut |first10=Jiri |last11=Rosenthal |first11=Philip |last12=Boyom |first12=Fabrice |title=Extracts from Annona Muricata L. and Annona Reticulata L. (Annonaceae) Potently and Selectively Inhibit Plasmodium Falciparum |journal=Medicines |date=30 April 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.3390/medicines2020055}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Boyom"/><ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || Three continents || "The importance of ''A. muricata'' leaves to treat malaria is very crucial in tropical countries such as {{w|Cameroon}}, {{w|Togo}}, and {{w|Vietnam}}."<ref name="Abdul Wahab">{{cite journal |last1=Abdul Wahab |first1=Siti Mariam |last2=Jantan |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Haque |first3=Md. Areeful |last4=Arshad |first4=Laiba |title=Exploring the Leaves of Annona muricata L. as a Source of Potential Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Agents |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=2018 |volume=9 |pages=661 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00661 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00661/full |issn=1663-9812}}</ref> || [[File:Annona muricata fleur2.jpg|thumb|center|90px|''[[w:Annona muricata|A. muricata]]'']] | + | | ''{{w|Annona muricata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Boyom">{{cite journal |last1=Yamthe |first1=Lauve |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick |last3=Mbouna |first3=Cedric |last4=Keumoe |first4=Rodrigue |last5=Ndjakou |first5=Bruno |last6=Djouonzo |first6=Paul |last7=Mfopa |first7=Alvine |last8=Legac |first8=Jennifer |last9=Tsabang |first9=Nole |last10=Gut |first10=Jiri |last11=Rosenthal |first11=Philip |last12=Boyom |first12=Fabrice |title=Extracts from Annona Muricata L. and Annona Reticulata L. (Annonaceae) Potently and Selectively Inhibit Plasmodium Falciparum |journal=Medicines |date=30 April 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.3390/medicines2020055}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Boyom"/><ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || Three continents, {{w|Ivory Coast}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || "The importance of ''A. muricata'' leaves to treat malaria is very crucial in tropical countries such as {{w|Cameroon}}, {{w|Togo}}, and {{w|Vietnam}}."<ref name="Abdul Wahab">{{cite journal |last1=Abdul Wahab |first1=Siti Mariam |last2=Jantan |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Haque |first3=Md. Areeful |last4=Arshad |first4=Laiba |title=Exploring the Leaves of Annona muricata L. as a Source of Potential Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Agents |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=2018 |volume=9 |pages=661 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00661 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00661/full |issn=1663-9812}}</ref> It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || [[File:Annona muricata fleur2.jpg|thumb|center|90px|''[[w:Annona muricata|A. muricata]]'']] |
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Annona purpurea}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Mexico}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Colombia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Caribean}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | | ''{{w|Annona purpurea}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Mexico}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Colombia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Caribean}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Annona reticulata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Boyom"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Boyom"/> || {{w|Brazil}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Guatemala}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | + | | ''{{w|Annona reticulata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Boyom"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Boyom"/> || {{w|Brazil}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Guatemala}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Cameroon}} || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Annona senegalensis}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || || | | ''{{w|Annona senegalensis}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Annona squamosa}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo">{{cite journal |last1=Frausin |first1=Gina |last2=Lima |first2=Renata Braga Souza |last3=Hidalgo |first3=Ari de Freitas |last4=Maas |first4=Paul |last5=Pohlit |first5=Adrian Martin |title=Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review |journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura |date=2014 |volume=36 |issue=spe1 |pages=315–337 |doi=10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038}}</ref> || || {{w|Africa}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|India}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "The fresh leaves of this plant are used together with ''{{w|Ocimum americanum}}'' and ''{{w|Ocimum gratissimum}}'' ({{w|Lamiaceae}}) for the treatment of malaria in different communities found in Africa."<ref name="Hidalgo"/> | | ''{{w|Annona squamosa}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo">{{cite journal |last1=Frausin |first1=Gina |last2=Lima |first2=Renata Braga Souza |last3=Hidalgo |first3=Ari de Freitas |last4=Maas |first4=Paul |last5=Pohlit |first5=Adrian Martin |title=Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review |journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura |date=2014 |volume=36 |issue=spe1 |pages=315–337 |doi=10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038}}</ref> || || {{w|Africa}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|India}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "The fresh leaves of this plant are used together with ''{{w|Ocimum americanum}}'' and ''{{w|Ocimum gratissimum}}'' ({{w|Lamiaceae}}) for the treatment of malaria in different communities found in Africa."<ref name="Hidalgo"/> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Anogeissus leiocarpus}}'' || {{w|Combretaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Anonidium mannii}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/><ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/><ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh">{{cite journal |last1=Tajbakhsh |first1=Elahe |last2=Kwenti |first2=Tebit Emmanuel |last3=Kheyri |first3=Parya |last4=Nezaratizade |first4=Saeed |last5=Lindsay |first5=David S. |last6=Khamesipour |first6=Faham |title=Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature |journal=Malaria Journal |date=December 2021 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=349 |doi=10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0}}</ref> || | | ''{{w|Anonidium mannii}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/><ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/><ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh">{{cite journal |last1=Tajbakhsh |first1=Elahe |last2=Kwenti |first2=Tebit Emmanuel |last3=Kheyri |first3=Parya |last4=Nezaratizade |first4=Saeed |last5=Lindsay |first5=David S. |last6=Khamesipour |first6=Faham |title=Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature |journal=Malaria Journal |date=December 2021 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=349 |doi=10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0}}</ref> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Artemisia annua}}'' || || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweet Wormwood Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/sweet-wormwood.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || || || " | + | | ''{{w|Ansellia africana}}'' || {{w|Orchidaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Anthocleista grandifora}}'' || {{w|Gentianaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Anthocleista nobilis}}'' || {{w|Gentianaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Anthocleista vogelii}}'' || {{w|Gentianaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Arenga engleri}}'' || {{w|Arecaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Artabotrys monteiroae}}'' || {{w|Arecaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Artemisia afra}}'' || {{w|Asteraceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}, {{w|South Africa}}, {{w|Zimbabwe}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity in {{w|Kenya}} and {{w|South Africa}}. It has moderate antiplasmodial activity in {{w|Zimbabwe}}.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Artemisia annua}}'' || {{w|Asteraceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweet Wormwood Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/sweet-wormwood.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>|| ''{{w|Kenya}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>|| It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Artocarpus communis}}'' || Moraceae || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Asparagus virgatus}}'' || {{w|Asparagaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Aspilia africana Asteraceae [56] Uganda Shoots Ethyl Acetate Moderate 9.3–11.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, K1 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Aspilia pruliseta Compositae [24] Kenya Root BARKS Methanol Good 6.8–9.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Azadirachta indica}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Oj">{{cite journal |last1=Oj |first1=Afolabi |last2=Oj |first2=Afolabi |title=Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica) in Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei |doi=10.23937/2572-3987.1510024 |url=https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iacp/international-archives-of-clinical-pharmacology-iacp-7-024.php?jid=iacp |issn=2572-3987}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Oj"/> || || " Azadirachta indica plants from the Meliaceae family are extensively used as traditional remedies against malaria in the tropics"<ref name="Pillai">{{cite journal |last1=Farahna |first1=Mohammed |last2=Bedri |first2=Selma |last3=Khalid |first3=Sami |last4=Idris |first4=Mustafa |last5=Pillai |first5=C. Radhakrishna |last6=Khalil |first6=Eltahir A. |title=Anti-plasmodial effects of Azadirachta indica in experimental cerebral malaria: Apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice as a marker |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |date=November 2010 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2518 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338214/ |issn=2250-1541}}</ref> | | ''{{w|Azadirachta indica}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Oj">{{cite journal |last1=Oj |first1=Afolabi |last2=Oj |first2=Afolabi |title=Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica) in Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei |doi=10.23937/2572-3987.1510024 |url=https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iacp/international-archives-of-clinical-pharmacology-iacp-7-024.php?jid=iacp |issn=2572-3987}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Oj"/> || || " Azadirachta indica plants from the Meliaceae family are extensively used as traditional remedies against malaria in the tropics"<ref name="Pillai">{{cite journal |last1=Farahna |first1=Mohammed |last2=Bedri |first2=Selma |last3=Khalid |first3=Sami |last4=Idris |first4=Mustafa |last5=Pillai |first5=C. Radhakrishna |last6=Khalil |first6=Eltahir A. |title=Anti-plasmodial effects of Azadirachta indica in experimental cerebral malaria: Apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice as a marker |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |date=November 2010 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2518 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338214/ |issn=2250-1541}}</ref> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Azadirachta indica Meliaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stems, leaves Water Very Good 2.35–6.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd Cambodia Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 4.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd [58] Sudan Leaves Methanol Very Good 1.7–5.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd5 Nd [59] Togo Leaves Ethanol Very Good 2.48–2.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Azanza garckeana Malvaceae [60] Malawi Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 11·79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum, Vl/S Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae [24] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 8.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Root barks Methanol Very good 3.49 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae [25] South Africa Stem barks Dichloromethane Very good 1.94 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Barringtonia racemosa Lecythidaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 5.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Berberis holstii Berberidaceae [61] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane/Methanol Very good 0.17 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Bergia sufruticosa Elatinaceae [62] Burkina Faso Whole plant Dichloromethane Moderate 19.53 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Berula erecta Apiaceae [22] South Africa Whole plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.6 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 9.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [22] South Africa Leaves Methanol Good 5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Bidens engleri Compositae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 9–18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=10 µg/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Biophytum sensitivum}}'' || {{w|Oxalidaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Biophytum sensitivum}}'' || {{w|Oxalidaceae}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Bixa orellana}}'' || {{w|Bixaceae}} | + | | ''{{w|Bixa orellana}}'' || {{w|Bixaceae}} Cambodia Leaves Water Good 9.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falcip |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Caesalpinia bonducella}}'' || | + | | Boscia angustifolia Capparaceae [24] Kenya Stem barks Water Very good 1.4–4.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Boscia salicifolia Capparaceae [26] Kenya Stem barks Methanol good 1.1–8.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Boswellia dalzielii Burseraceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 14.59–15.1 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥101; Mouse [NBMH] Burkina Faso Leaves Methanol Moderate 18.85 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Moderate 14.2–19.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Bridelia mollis Hutch Phyllanthaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 3.06 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Brucea javanica Simaroubaceae [45] Cambodia Roots Dichloromethane Very good 1.0 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 11.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Burchellia bubalina Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Caesalpinia bonducella}}'' || Fabaceae [64] Nigeria Aerial Parts Ethyl Acetate Moderate 16 µg/ml EC50 Plasmodium falciparum Yes (SI=0.29–0.69; | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Calotropis gigantea}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Kumari">{{cite journal |last1=Satish |first1=P.V.V. |last2=Kumari |first2=DSantha |last3=Sunita |first3=K |title=Antiplasmodial efficacy of Calotropis gigantea (L.) against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) |journal=Journal of Vector Borne Diseases |date=2017 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=215 |doi=10.4103/0972-9062.217612}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Kumari"/> || || "The methanolic leaf extract of ''C. gigantea'' may act as potent alternative source for development of new medicines or drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria."<ref name="Kumari"/> | | ''{{w|Calotropis gigantea}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Kumari">{{cite journal |last1=Satish |first1=P.V.V. |last2=Kumari |first2=DSantha |last3=Sunita |first3=K |title=Antiplasmodial efficacy of Calotropis gigantea (L.) against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) |journal=Journal of Vector Borne Diseases |date=2017 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=215 |doi=10.4103/0972-9062.217612}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Kumari"/> || || "The methanolic leaf extract of ''C. gigantea'' may act as potent alternative source for development of new medicines or drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria."<ref name="Kumari"/> | ||
| Line 174: | Line 280: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cananga odorata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || || | | ''{{w|Cananga odorata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Canthium setosum Rubiaceae [65] Benin Aerial Parts Methylene Chloride Very good 2.77–4.80 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Capparis tomentosa Lam Capparaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 2.19 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Capsicum annuum}}'' || {{w|Solanaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Capsicum annuum}}'' || {{w|Solanaceae}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Carica papaya}}'' || {{w|Caricaceae}} || | + | | Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 20 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Carica papaya}}'' || {{w|Caricaceae}} || [66] Nigeria Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very good 2.96 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, DD2 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Carissa edulis Apocynaceae [21] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 6.41 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Carpolobia alba Polygalaceae [53] Nigeria Roots Dichloromethane Good 7.10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cassia abbreviata Fabaceae [60] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 2·88 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Vl/S Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cassia alata Fabaceae [67] D.R.Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1—5.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium Falciparum Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cassia fistula}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || | | ''{{w|Cassia fistula}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cassia siamea Fabaceae [70] Togo Leaves Water Good <7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cassia tora Fabaceae [23] Sudan Aerial parts Methanol Good 3.3–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd2 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Catha edulis Celastraceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 0.68 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 N | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cedrela odorata}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Cedrela odorata}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cedrelopsis grevei Rutaceae [71] Madagascar Leaves Water Moderate 17.5 mg/L IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Celtis integrifolia Cannabaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI≥0.5; HepG2 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Centella asiatica Apiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 14.9–15.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, NF54 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cephalanthus natalensis Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Ceratotheca sesamoides Pedaliaceae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 15–23 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=50 µg | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Chenopodium ambrosioides}}'' || {{w|Chenopodiaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Chenopodium ambrosioides}}'' || {{w|Chenopodiaceae}} || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Sapotaceae [43] Ivory Coast Stem Barks Ethanol Moderate 12.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFCB1 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cinchona officinalis}}'' || {{w|Rubiaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Cinchona officinalis}}'' || {{w|Rubiaceae}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Cissampelos pareira}}'' || {{w|Menispermaceae}} || || || Three continents | + | | Cinchona succirubra Rubiaceae [73] S. Tome´ And Prı ´Ncipe Barks Petroleum Ether, Dichloromethane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol Good <10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7 And Dd2 Nd |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cinnamonum camphora Lauraceae [57] Ivory Coast Cortex Water Moderate 9.37–16.6 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 & F32 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cissampelos mucronata Menispermaceae [20] Tanzania Roots Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.38 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | ''{{w|Cissampelos pareira}}'' || {{w|Menispermaceae}} || || || Three continents || Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 5.2–6.5 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [74] Kenya Root Methanol Good 5.85–7.70 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54, ENT30 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cissus populnea Vitaceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 15.81– 19.91 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥84, Mouse [NBMH]) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Citropsis articulata Rutaceae [75] Uganda Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Nd nd Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Citrus aurantiifolia}}'' || {{w|Rutaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Citrus aurantiifolia}}'' || {{w|Rutaceae}} || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clausena anisota Rutaceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 8.4–9.2 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD10 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cleistopholis glauca}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | | ''{{w|Cleistopholis glauca}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | ||
| Line 196: | Line 346: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cleistopholis staudtii}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | | ''{{w|Cleistopholis staudtii}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clematis brachiata Thunb Ranunculaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 5.36 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd Kenya Root Barks Methanol Very Good 4.15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clerodendrum eriophyllum Lamiaceae [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 2.7–5.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good <1.8–3.9 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey Lamiaceae [37] South Africa Leaves Dicloromethane Good 8.89 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clerodendrum johnstonii Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 8.5 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 N | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clerodendrum rotundifolium Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Leaves Dichloromethane Good <3.9–15.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [77] Uganda Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.03–0.21 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 & FCR3 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clutia abyssinica Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Moderate 7.8–11.3 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clutia hirsuta Peraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Clutia robusta Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 3.4–7.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cochlospermum planchonii Bixaceae [78] Burkina Faso Rhizomes Methanol, Dichloromethane Gooda 2.4–11.5 μg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd Ivory Coast Roots Methylene Chloride Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cochlospermum tinctorium Bixaceae [79] Burkina Faso Tubecles Ns Very Good 1–2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [79] Burkina Faso Tubercles Water Very Good 0.4–1.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcbl And F32 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cola caricaefolia Malvaceae [48] Ivory Coast Leaves Pentane Moderate 11–16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCM29, CQ-S (Nigerian) No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Combretum collinum Combretaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 0.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Combretum micranthum Combretaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stem, Leaves Water Very Good 0.88–1.7 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Combretum psidioides subsp. Psilophyllum Combretaceae [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Good 6.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Commiphora africana Burseraceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 9.6–10.2 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Commiphora schimperi Burseraceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Very Good 3.9–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Inner Barks Methanol Very Good 4.63 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Copaifera religiosa Fabaceae [33] Gabon Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 8.5–13.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCB, 3D7 Yes (CC50=4.87 µg/ | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Conyza albida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Conyza podocephala Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Conyza scabrida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Flower Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 7.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cordia myxa Boraginaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Good 6.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI=0.5–0.9; HrpG2 cells) | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Coula edulis Olacaceae [80] Cameroon Stem Barks Methanol Good 5.79–13.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, DD2 N | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Crossopteryx febrifuga Rubiaceae [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Crotalaria burkeana Fabaceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 9.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Croton lobatus Euphorbiaceae [65] Benin Roots Methanol Good 2.80–6.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae [30] Kenya Leaves, Stems Dichloromethane Very Good 2.72 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Croton menghartii Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 1.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Croton pseudopulchellus Euphorbiaceae [25] South Africa Stem Barks Chloroform Very Good 3.45 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Croton zambesicus Euphorbiaceae [55] Cameroon Stem Barks Ethanol, Water, Dichloromethane, Methanol, Hexane Good 0.88–9.14 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd Sudan Fruits Petroleum Ether/ Chloroform Very Good <5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Apocynaceae [81] GuineaBissau Leaves, Roots Ethanol, Chcl3, Chloroform Very Good 1.79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, T996 Nd [82] Ghana Roots Ethanol Very gooda 0.031 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, Plasmodium berghei Nd [83] D.R. Congo Root barks Water, ethanol, chloroform Very good 27–41 ng/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, K1, W2, Plasmodium berghei yoelii, Plasmodium berghei berghei Nd [84] Ghana Roots Hexane, ethanol, dichloromethane Very gooda 0.2–0.6 μM IC50 Plasmodium vinckei petteri, Plasmodium berghei ANKA N | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cuminum cyminum}}'' || {{w|Umbelliferae}} || | | ''{{w|Cuminum cyminum}}'' || {{w|Umbelliferae}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Curcuma longa}}'' || {{w|Zingiberaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Curcuma longa}}'' || {{w|Zingiberaceae}} || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cussonia spicata Thunb Araliaceae [22] South Africa Fruits Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 14 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [37] South Africa Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 3.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Cymbopetalum brasiliense}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Colombia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | | ''{{w|Cymbopetalum brasiliense}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Colombia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || | ||
| Line 302: | Line 518: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Ricinus communis}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ubulom |first1=Peace ME. |last2=Ettebong |first2=Ette O. |last3=Udofia |first3=Edidiong J. |last4=Inyang Etuk |first4=Rachel S |title=In vivo antiplasmodial potential of aqueous seed extract of Ricinus communis |journal=Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology |date=25 February 2019 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.15171/jhp.2019.21 |url=http://herbmedpharmacol.com/Article/jhp-1290 |language=en |issn=2345-5004}}</ref> || || Three continents | | ''{{w|Ricinus communis}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ubulom |first1=Peace ME. |last2=Ettebong |first2=Ette O. |last3=Udofia |first3=Edidiong J. |last4=Inyang Etuk |first4=Rachel S |title=In vivo antiplasmodial potential of aqueous seed extract of Ricinus communis |journal=Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology |date=25 February 2019 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.15171/jhp.2019.21 |url=http://herbmedpharmacol.com/Article/jhp-1290 |language=en |issn=2345-5004}}</ref> || || Three continents | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Rotheca myricoides Lamiaceae [76] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.0—8.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum(K39, ENT30, NF54, V1/S) Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.7–8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Moderate 11 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 10.9–15.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Scoparia dulcis}}'' || {{w|Scrophulariaceae}} || | | ''{{w|Scoparia dulcis}}'' || {{w|Scrophulariaceae}} || | ||
| Line 309: | Line 527: | ||
| ''{{w|Senna obtusifolia}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || | | ''{{w|Senna obtusifolia}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | ''{{w|Senna occidentalis}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || Three continents | + | | ''{{w|Senna occidentalis}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || Three continents Senna occidentalis L Fabaceae [68] Mozambique And Portugal Roots N-Hexane Moderate 19.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Moderate 18.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [69] D.R. Congo Leaves Petroleum Ether Very Good 1.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [67] D.R. Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1— 0.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd |
|- | |- | ||
| ''{{w|Senna tora}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || Three continents | | ''{{w|Senna tora}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || Three continents | ||
Latest revision as of 14:09, 21 May 2022
This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
Contents
TODO
- get more vaccines from Malaria vaccine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
- other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
- C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [1]
- :Category:Antimalarial agents
- Antimalarial medication
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Mosquito control
- https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
Drug Methods
Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.
Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both
ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?
also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?
consider "patient compliance" as a column
include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
| Method | Focus | Acts against | Route of administration | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Combines with | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amodiaquine | Treatment | "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"[1] | oral[2] | 1951[3] | 1971[3] | Africa | Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug lumefantrine which should be taken with fatty food).[4] | "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"[5] | Artesunate | WHO Essential Medicine | |
| Artemether | Treatment[6] | "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[6] | Oral[7], intramuscular injection[8] | 1987 | Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."[9] | Lumefantrine | WHO Essential Medicine | ||||
| Artemisinin | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | Oral, intramuscular, rectal[10][11] | 1970s[3] | 1998[3], 2009[12] | Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] | More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[14]:165 | ||||
| Artemotil | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum[15] | "Intramuscular injection only."[16] | 2000 [17] | "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."[17] | ||||||
| Artemether/lumefantrine | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "[18] | "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."[18] | |||||||
| Artesunate | Treatment | Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally), severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)[19] | Oral, parenteral[19] | 1996[20] | Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[13] | ||||||
| Artesunate/amodiaquine | Treatment[21] | "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[21] | Oral[22] | 2007[23] | Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||||
| Artesunate suppositories | Treatment[24] | ||||||||||
| Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) | Both prevention and treatment[25] | Blood and liver phases of Plasmodium falciparum[26] | Oral | 1996[3] | 2002[3] | Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[27] | |||||
| Chloroquine | Both prevention and treatment | "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[28] | Oral | ~1940s (during WWII) | 1957[29] | "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"[30] | Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[31] | Proguanil | |||
| Chlorproguanil-Dapsone | Treatment | "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[32] | "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[32] | ||||||||
| Clindamycin | Treatment[33] | Plasmodium falciparum[33] | oral, topical, intravenous, intravaginal[34][35] | 1960s[33] | "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."[36] | "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."[37] | Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil[34] | ||||
| Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) | Oral (pills)[38] | "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."[18] | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | Treatment | ||||||||||
| Halofantrine | Treatment | "Introduced in the 1980s"[27] | "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."[39] | "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[27] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[27] | |||||||
| Intermittent preventive therapy | |||||||||||
| Lumefantrine (benflumetol) | Treatment[16] | "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[16] | "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[16] | ||||||||
| Mefloquine | Both prevention and treatment | Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax | 1977[3] | 1982[3] | "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"[40] | "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."[40] | |||||
| Piperaquine | Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum[41] | 1963[42] | |||||||||
| Primaquine | Treatment | "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[16] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[16] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[13] | "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[13] | ||||||||
| Proguanil | Both prevention and treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | chloroquine, atovaquone | ||||||||
| Quinidine | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | |||||||||
| Quinine | Treatment | "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[43] | <1700[44] | 1910[3] | |||||||
| RTS,S | Prevention | Plasmodium falciparum | |||||||||
| Tafenoquine | "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"[45] | ||||||||||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Treatment[46] | ||||||||||
| Vibramycin | Prevention | ||||||||||
| Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) | Treatment | 1967[3] | 1967 (same year it was introduced)[3] | "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[3] |
Herbal methods
The table below lists mostly traditional herbal medicine methods of treatment of malaria. It also may include researched non-traditional herbal species.
| Species | Family | Focus | Acts against | Locations where used | Comments/support quote | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abutilon grandifolium | Malvaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | ||||
| Acacia nilotica | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acacia polyacantha | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acacia tortilis | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acacia xanthoploea | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acampe pachyglossa | Orchidaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acanthospermum hispidum | Compositae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Burkina Faso[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Achyranthes aspera | Amaranthaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acmella caulirhiza | Compositae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Acridocarpus chloropterus | Malpighiaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Adansonia digitata | Malvaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Adenia cissampeloides | Passiforaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Ghana[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Adhatoda latibracteata | Acanthaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Gabon[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aerva javanica | Amaranthaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Sudan[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aerva lanata | Amaranthaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aframomum giganteum | Zingiberaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Gabon[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Agathosma apiculata | Rutaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Ageratum conyzoides | Compositae | Treatment[48] | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Two continents, Kenya[47] | "Study indicated that aqueous extract of A. conyzoides had the ability to potentiate the antimalarial activity of chloroquine and artesunate against induced plasmodiasis in mice. It contributes a lot in the malaria endemic and poverty stricken tropics."[49] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | ||
| Ajuga remota | Lamiaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Alafa barteri | Apocynaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Nigeria[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Albizia coriaria | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Albizia gummifera | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Albizia lebbek | Leguminosae | Treatment[50] | Plasmodium falciparum[50], Plasmodium berghei[50] | Two continents | "Significant antiplasmodial activity of A. lebbeck should be exploited as a potential source of useful antimalarial drug in the future."[50] | ||
| Albizia versicolor | Fabaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Alchornea cordifolia | Euphorbiaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Ivory Coast, Congo D.R.[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Alepidea amatymbica | Apiaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aloe ferox | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aloe maculata | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aloe marlothii | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aloe pulcherrima | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Ethiopia[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aloe secundifora | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aloe weloensis | Aloaceae | Treatment[51] | Plasmodium falciparum[51], Plasmodium berghei?[51] | Ethiopia[51] | "The leaf latex of Aloe weloensis was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use."[51] | ||
| Alstonia boonei | Treatment[52] | Cameroon[52], Nigeria[53] | "Results presented in study suggest that the extract of A. boonei is safe and possesses potent anti-malarial activity which justifies its continuous use in folk medicine as an anti-malarial remedy. Further works are on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the active ingredients from this plant."[54] | ||||
| Alstonia congensis | Apocynaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Congo D.R.[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Amorpha fruticosa | Euphorbiaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Ampelocissus africana | Vitaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Andrographis peniculata | Acanthaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Cambodia[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Anisopappus chinensis | Treatment[55] | Democratic Republic of the Congo | "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55] | ||||
| Annickia chlorantha | Annonaceae | Treatment[52] | Plasmodium falciparum[56] | Cameroon[52], Nigeria[57] | "The aqueous extract of the plant Enantia chlorantha was found effective in suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice"[58] | ||
| Annickia kummeriae | Annonaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Annona ambotay | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | French Guiana[57], Wayampi region[57] | ||||
| Annona cherimola | Treatment[57] | Latin America[57] | |||||
| Annona coriacea | Treatment | "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59] | |||||
| Annona crassiflora | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | Brazil (Brasilia)[57] | ||||
| Annona foetida | Treatment[57] | Brazil (Bahia)[57] | |||||
| Annona glabra | Treatment[57] | Caribbean[57] | |||||
| Annona haematantha | Treatment[57] | French Guiana[57], Wayampi region[57] | |||||
| Annona muricata | Annonaceae | Treatment[60] | Plasmodium falciparum[60][56] | Three continents, Ivory Coast[47] | "The importance of A. muricata leaves to treat malaria is very crucial in tropical countries such as Cameroon, Togo, and Vietnam."[61] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | ||
| Annona purpurea | Treatment[57] | Mexico[57], Colombia[57], Caribean[57] | |||||
| Annona reticulata | Annonaceae | Treatment[60] | Plasmodium falciparum[60] | Brazil[57], Guatemala[57], Cameroon | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | ||
| Annona senegalensis | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | Cameroon[57], Nigeria[57] | ||||
| Annona squamosa | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | Africa[57], India[57] | "The fresh leaves of this plant are used together with Ocimum americanum and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) for the treatment of malaria in different communities found in Africa."[57] | |||
| Anogeissus leiocarpus | Combretaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Nigeria[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Anonidium mannii | Annonaceae | Treatment (fever)[57] | Plasmodium falciparum[56][47] | Cameroon[57][47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | ||
| Ansellia africana | Orchidaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Tanzania[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Anthocleista grandifora | Gentianaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Anthocleista nobilis | Gentianaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Burkina Faso[47] | It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Anthocleista vogelii | Gentianaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Nigeria[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Arenga engleri | Arecaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Artabotrys monteiroae | Arecaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Artemisia afra | Asteraceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity in Kenya and South Africa. It has moderate antiplasmodial activity in Zimbabwe.[47] | |||
| Artemisia annua | Asteraceae | Treatment[62] | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Kenya[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | ||
| Artocarpus communis | Moraceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | Cameroon[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Asparagus virgatus | Asparagaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Aspilia africana Asteraceae [56] Uganda Shoots Ethyl Acetate Moderate 9.3–11.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, K1 Nd | |||||||
| Aspilia pruliseta Compositae [24] Kenya Root BARKS Methanol Good 6.8–9.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Azadirachta indica | Meliaceae | Treatment[63] | Plasmodium berghei[63] | " Azadirachta indica plants from the Meliaceae family are extensively used as traditional remedies against malaria in the tropics"[64] | |||
| Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Azadirachta indica Meliaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stems, leaves Water Very Good 2.35–6.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd Cambodia Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 4.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd [58] Sudan Leaves Methanol Very Good 1.7–5.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd5 Nd [59] Togo Leaves Ethanol Very Good 2.48–2.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd | |||||||
| Azanza garckeana Malvaceae [60] Malawi Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 11·79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum, Vl/S Nd | |||||||
| Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae [24] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 8.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Root barks Methanol Very good 3.49 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No | |||||||
| Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae [25] South Africa Stem barks Dichloromethane Very good 1.94 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd | |||||||
| Barringtonia racemosa Lecythidaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 5.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Berberis holstii Berberidaceae [61] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane/Methanol Very good 0.17 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd | |||||||
| Bergia sufruticosa Elatinaceae [62] Burkina Faso Whole plant Dichloromethane Moderate 19.53 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd | |||||||
| Berula erecta Apiaceae [22] South Africa Whole plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.6 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 9.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [22] South Africa Leaves Methanol Good 5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Bidens engleri Compositae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 9–18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=10 µg/ | |||||||
| Biophytum sensitivum | Oxalidaceae | ||||||
| Bixa orellana | Bixaceae Cambodia Leaves Water Good 9.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falcip | ||||||
| Boscia angustifolia Capparaceae [24] Kenya Stem barks Water Very good 1.4–4.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Boscia salicifolia Capparaceae [26] Kenya Stem barks Methanol good 1.1–8.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Boswellia dalzielii Burseraceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 14.59–15.1 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥101; Mouse [NBMH] Burkina Faso Leaves Methanol Moderate 18.85 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd | |||||||
| Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Moderate 14.2–19.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Bridelia mollis Hutch Phyllanthaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 3.06 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd | |||||||
| Brucea javanica Simaroubaceae [45] Cambodia Roots Dichloromethane Very good 1.0 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd | |||||||
| Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 11.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Burchellia bubalina Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Caesalpinia bonducella | Fabaceae [64] Nigeria Aerial Parts Ethyl Acetate Moderate 16 µg/ml EC50 Plasmodium falciparum Yes (SI=0.29–0.69; | ||||||
| Calotropis gigantea | Apocynaceae | Treatment[65] | Plasmodium berghei[65] | "The methanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea may act as potent alternative source for development of new medicines or drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria."[65] | |||
| Calotropis procera | Asclepiadaceae | ||||||
| Cananga latifolia | Annonaceae | Treatment (fever)[57] | Cambodia[57] | "Cananga latifolia, a Thai medical plant, is used for the treatment of dizziness and fever."[66] | |||
| Cananga odorata | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | |||||
| Canthium setosum Rubiaceae [65] Benin Aerial Parts Methylene Chloride Very good 2.77–4.80 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd | |||||||
| Capparis tomentosa Lam Capparaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 2.19 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd | |||||||
| Capsicum annuum | Solanaceae | ||||||
| Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 20 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Carica papaya | Caricaceae | [66] Nigeria Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very good 2.96 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, DD2 No | |||||
| Carissa edulis Apocynaceae [21] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 6.41 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No | |||||||
| Carpolobia alba Polygalaceae [53] Nigeria Roots Dichloromethane Good 7.10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Cassia abbreviata Fabaceae [60] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 2·88 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Vl/S Nd | |||||||
| Cassia alata Fabaceae [67] D.R.Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1—5.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium Falciparum Nd | |||||||
| Cassia fistula | Leguminosae | ||||||
| Cassia siamea Fabaceae [70] Togo Leaves Water Good <7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd | |||||||
| Cassia tora Fabaceae [23] Sudan Aerial parts Methanol Good 3.3–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd2 No | |||||||
| Catha edulis Celastraceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 0.68 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 N | |||||||
| Cedrela odorata | Meliaceae | ||||||
| Cedrelopsis grevei Rutaceae [71] Madagascar Leaves Water Moderate 17.5 mg/L IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd | |||||||
| Celtis integrifolia Cannabaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI≥0.5; HepG2 | |||||||
| Centella asiatica Apiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 14.9–15.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, NF54 Nd | |||||||
| Cephalanthus natalensis Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Ceratotheca sesamoides Pedaliaceae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 15–23 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=50 µg | |||||||
| Chenopodium ambrosioides | Chenopodiaceae | ||||||
| Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Sapotaceae [43] Ivory Coast Stem Barks Ethanol Moderate 12.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFCB1 Nd | |||||||
| Cinchona officinalis | Rubiaceae | ||||||
| Cinchona succirubra Rubiaceae [73] S. Tome´ And Prı ´Ncipe Barks Petroleum Ether, Dichloromethane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol Good <10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7 And Dd2 Nd | |||||||
| Cinnamonum camphora Lauraceae [57] Ivory Coast Cortex Water Moderate 9.37–16.6 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 & F32 Nd | |||||||
| Cissampelos mucronata Menispermaceae [20] Tanzania Roots Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.38 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Cissampelos pareira | Menispermaceae | Three continents | Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 5.2–6.5 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [74] Kenya Root Methanol Good 5.85–7.70 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54, ENT30 Nd | ||||
| Cissus populnea Vitaceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 15.81– 19.91 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥84, Mouse [NBMH]) | |||||||
| Citropsis articulata Rutaceae [75] Uganda Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Nd nd Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 Nd | |||||||
| Citrus aurantiifolia | Rutaceae | ||||||
| Clausena anisota Rutaceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 8.4–9.2 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD10 Nd | |||||||
| Cleistopholis glauca | Treatment (fever)[57] | Cameroon[57] | |||||
| Cleistopholis patens | Treatment[57] | Cameroon[57], Ghana[57] | |||||
| Cleistopholis staudtii | Treatment (fever)[57] | Cameroon[57] | |||||
| Clematis brachiata Thunb Ranunculaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 5.36 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd Kenya Root Barks Methanol Very Good 4.15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6 No | |||||||
| Clerodendrum eriophyllum Lamiaceae [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 2.7–5.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good <1.8–3.9 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey Lamiaceae [37] South Africa Leaves Dicloromethane Good 8.89 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd | |||||||
| Clerodendrum johnstonii Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 8.5 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 N | |||||||
| Clerodendrum rotundifolium Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Leaves Dichloromethane Good <3.9–15.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [77] Uganda Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.03–0.21 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 & FCR3 Nd | |||||||
| Clutia abyssinica Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Moderate 7.8–11.3 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Clutia hirsuta Peraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Clutia robusta Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 3.4–7.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Cochlospermum planchonii Bixaceae [78] Burkina Faso Rhizomes Methanol, Dichloromethane Gooda 2.4–11.5 μg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd Ivory Coast Roots Methylene Chloride Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 No | |||||||
| Cochlospermum tinctorium Bixaceae [79] Burkina Faso Tubecles Ns Very Good 1–2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [79] Burkina Faso Tubercles Water Very Good 0.4–1.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcbl And F32 Nd | |||||||
| Cola caricaefolia Malvaceae [48] Ivory Coast Leaves Pentane Moderate 11–16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCM29, CQ-S (Nigerian) No | |||||||
| Combretum collinum Combretaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 0.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Nd | |||||||
| Combretum micranthum Combretaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stem, Leaves Water Very Good 0.88–1.7 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd | |||||||
| Combretum psidioides subsp. Psilophyllum Combretaceae [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Good 6.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 Nd | |||||||
| Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Commiphora africana Burseraceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 9.6–10.2 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd | |||||||
| Commiphora schimperi Burseraceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Very Good 3.9–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Inner Barks Methanol Very Good 4.63 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No | |||||||
| Copaifera religiosa Fabaceae [33] Gabon Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 8.5–13.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCB, 3D7 Yes (CC50=4.87 µg/ | |||||||
| Conyza albida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Conyza podocephala Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Conyza scabrida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Flower Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 7.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Cordia myxa Boraginaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Good 6.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI=0.5–0.9; HrpG2 cells) | |||||||
| Coula edulis Olacaceae [80] Cameroon Stem Barks Methanol Good 5.79–13.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, DD2 N | |||||||
| Crossopteryx febrifuga Rubiaceae [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd | |||||||
| Crotalaria burkeana Fabaceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 9.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Croton lobatus Euphorbiaceae [65] Benin Roots Methanol Good 2.80–6.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd | |||||||
| Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae [30] Kenya Leaves, Stems Dichloromethane Very Good 2.72 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd | |||||||
| Croton menghartii Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 1.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd | |||||||
| Croton pseudopulchellus Euphorbiaceae [25] South Africa Stem Barks Chloroform Very Good 3.45 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd | |||||||
| Croton zambesicus Euphorbiaceae [55] Cameroon Stem Barks Ethanol, Water, Dichloromethane, Methanol, Hexane Good 0.88–9.14 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd Sudan Fruits Petroleum Ether/ Chloroform Very Good <5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd | |||||||
| Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Apocynaceae [81] GuineaBissau Leaves, Roots Ethanol, Chcl3, Chloroform Very Good 1.79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, T996 Nd [82] Ghana Roots Ethanol Very gooda 0.031 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, Plasmodium berghei Nd [83] D.R. Congo Root barks Water, ethanol, chloroform Very good 27–41 ng/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, K1, W2, Plasmodium berghei yoelii, Plasmodium berghei berghei Nd [84] Ghana Roots Hexane, ethanol, dichloromethane Very gooda 0.2–0.6 μM IC50 Plasmodium vinckei petteri, Plasmodium berghei ANKA N | |||||||
| Cuminum cyminum | Umbelliferae | ||||||
| Curcuma longa | Zingiberaceae | ||||||
| Cussonia spicata Thunb Araliaceae [22] South Africa Fruits Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 14 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [37] South Africa Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 3.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd | |||||||
| Cymbopetalum brasiliense | Treatment (fever)[57] | Colombia[57] | |||||
| Dennettia tripetala | Treatment[57] | Nigeria[57] | |||||
| Desmos teysmannii | Treatment[57] | Malaysia[57] | |||||
| Dicoma anomala subsp. gerrardii | Compositae | Plasmodium falciparum[47] | South Africa[47] | It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47] | |||
| Duguetia duckei | Treatment (fever)[57] | Brazil[57] | |||||
| Duguetia furfuracea | Treatment[57] | Brazil[57] | "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59] | ||||
| Duguetia lanceolata | Treatment[57] | "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59] | |||||
| Duguetia spixiana | Treatment (fever)[57] | Bolivia[57] | |||||
| Duguetia staudtii | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | Cameroon[56], Democratic Republic of Congo[56] | ||||
| Elephantopus scaber | Compositae | ||||||
| Enantia chlorantha | Treatment[67] | "Enantia chlorantha stem bark has been scientifically studied for its several pharmacological activities. These include antimalarial".[67] | |||||
| Erythrina indica | Leguminosae | ||||||
| Eucalyptus citriodora | Myrtaceae | ||||||
| Euphorbia hirta | Euphorbiaceae | ||||||
| Fissistigma rigidum | Treatment | Asia | |||||
| Gossypium barbadense | Malvaceae | ||||||
| Greenwayodendron | Treatment[57] | Ghana[57] | |||||
| Guatteria australis | Treatment | "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59] | |||||
| Guatteria discolor | Treatment (fever)[57] | French Guyana, Guayapi Indians (Colombia)[57] | |||||
| Guatteria megalophylla | Treatment[57] | Witoto indians[57] | |||||
| Guatteria schunkevigoi | Treatment (fever)[57] | Ecuador | "Schultes and Raffauf (1994) reported the use of the bark of Guatteria schunkevigoi among the local populations in the Napo region of Ecuador. In the procedure described, the bark is ground and mixed with water and rubbed on the body to combat fevers."[68] | ||||
| Hexalobus crispiflorus | Treatment (fever)[57] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Isolona hexaloba | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Jatropha curcas | Euphorbiaceae | Three continents | |||||
| Kalanchoe pinnata | Crassulaceae | Three continents | |||||
| Lantana camara | Labiatae | Vector[69] | |||||
| Leonotis nepetaefolia | Labiatae | ||||||
| Mangifera indica | Anacardiaceae | Three continents | |||||
| Melia azedarach | Meliaceae | ||||||
| Monodora brevipes | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Monodora tenuifolia | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Moringa oleifera | Moraceae | ||||||
| Momordica charantia | Cucurbitaceae | Three continents | |||||
| Monodora myristica | Treatment[56] | Plasmodium falciparum[56] | Cameroon[56], Democratic Republic of the Congo[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | |||
| Nigella sativa | Ranunculaceae | ||||||
| Ocimum americanum | Labiatae | ||||||
| Ocimum basilicum | Labiatae | ||||||
| Ocimum canum | Labiatae | ||||||
| Ocimum gratissimum | Labiatae | ||||||
| Pachypodanthium mannii | Treatment[57] | Cameroon[57] | |||||
| Phyllanthus amarus | Euphorbiaceae | Treatment[70] | |||||
| Phyllanthus niruri | Euphorbiaceae | Treatment[71] | |||||
| Physalis angulata | Solanaceae | Treatment[55] | Democratic Republic of the Congo | "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55] | |||
| Plantago major | Plantaginaceae | ||||||
| Plumbago zeylanica | Plumbaginaceae | ||||||
| Polyalthia debilis | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | Plasmodium falciparum[57][56] | Thailand[72] | "The ethanol extracts of Polyalthia debilis (...) proved to be quite active against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."[57] "Antimalarial activity of the extracts and fractions was tested against chloroquine resistant P. falciparum."[72] | ||
| Polyalthia suaveolens | Treatment[56] | Plasmodium falciparum[56] | Democratic Republic of Congo[56], other parts of Africa[56] | A study result supports the traditional use of P. suaveolens to treat malaria and relative symptoms."[73] | |||
| Polyceratocarpus (genus) | Annonaceae | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | |||
| Prosopis juliflora | Leguminosae | "This[2] study reports for the first time the in vivo antimalarial activity of julifloridine, juliprosopine and alkaloid-enriched extracts from P. juliflora (Fabaceae)."[74] | |||||
| Psidium guajava | Myrtaceae | ||||||
| Ricinus communis | Euphorbiaceae | Treatment[75] | Three continents | ||||
| Rotheca myricoides Lamiaceae [76] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.0—8.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum(K39, ENT30, NF54, V1/S) Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.7–8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Moderate 11 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 10.9–15.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd | |||||||
| Scoparia dulcis | Scrophulariaceae | ||||||
| Senna alata | Leguminosae | ||||||
| Senna obtusifolia | Leguminosae | ||||||
| Senna occidentalis | Leguminosae | Three continents Senna occidentalis L Fabaceae [68] Mozambique And Portugal Roots N-Hexane Moderate 19.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Moderate 18.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [69] D.R. Congo Leaves Petroleum Ether Very Good 1.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [67] D.R. Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1— 0.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd | |||||
| Senna tora | Leguminosae | Three continents | |||||
| Sida rhombifolia | Malvaceae | Three continents | |||||
| Solanum nigrum | Solanaceae | ||||||
| Spondias mombin | Anacardiaceae | ||||||
| Strychnos icaja | Treatment[55] | Democratic Republic of the Congo | "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55] | ||||
| Tagetes erecta | Compositae | ||||||
| Tamarindus indica | Leguminosae | Treatment[76] | |||||
| Tinthonia diversifolia | Compositae | Treatment[77] | |||||
| Uvaria | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Uvaria banmanni | Annonaceae | Plasmodium falciparum[56] | "Non-volatile extracts from Annickia chlorantha, Annona muricata, Anonidium mannii, Monodora myristica, Polyalthia suaveolens, Uvaria banmanni, Xylopia aethiopica, and Xylopia parviflora also showed potency against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."[56] | ||||
| Xylopia aethiopica | Treatment[68] | Plasmodium falciparum[56] | Cameroon[68] | "In Cameroon Xylopia aethiopica, commonly named Ethiopian Pepper is the only species of this genus claimed to be useful for the treatment of malaria and other diseases."[68] | |||
| Xylopia aromatica | Annonaceae | Treatment[57] | Plasmodium falciparum[57] | Brazil[57] | "Xylopia aromatica is reported to be useful for the treatment of malaria by local populations in the region around the Brazilian Federal Capital, Brasília"[57] | ||
| Xylopia brasiliensis | Treatment | "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59] | |||||
| Xylopia emarginata | Treatment | "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59] | |||||
| Xylopia hypolampra | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Xylopia parviflora | Treatment[56] | Plasmodium falciparum[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | |||
| Xylopia staudtii | Treatment[56] | Cameroon[56] | "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56] | ||||
| Zanthoxylum macrophylla | Treatment | Cameroon[52] | |||||
| Zingiber officinale | Zingiberaceae | Three continents | |||||
| Zizyphus mauritiana | Rhamnaceae |
.png)
_W_IMG_6935.jpg)
Other Methods
| Method | Focus | Acts against | First use | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicken scent | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
| Sulfonamide compounds | |||||||
| Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")[78] | Prevention | Mosquito | "
"[78] |
"
"[78] | |||
| Exchange transfusion (ET) | Treatment[79] | Severe malaria[79] | |||||
| Swamp draining | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
| Fogging | |||||||
| Indoor residual spraying | Prevention | Mosquito | "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[80] | "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[81] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[81] | "
"[78] " |
"
" "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[81] | |
| Insecticide–treated nets | Prevention | Mosquito | "
"[78] |
"
Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."[82] |
|||
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) | |||||||
| Genetic blood disorders | |||||||
| Selective eradication of certain mosquito species | |||||||
| Use of decoys[83] | |||||||
| Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) | |||||||
| Other forms of larval control? | |||||||
| Pyrethroid nets | Prevention | It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[84] | |||||
| Mosquito coil | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
| Mosquito mat | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
| Mosquito net | Prevention | Mosquito | 484–?425 BC[85] | ||||
| Immunity from repeated infection | Prevention | Malaria (just P. falciparum?) |
Insecticides
All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)
Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.
| Name | Surface | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Duration of effective action (months) | Usage status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-cypermethrin | 4–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| Bifenthrin | circa 1984[87] | "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."[87] | "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."[87] | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | |||
| Cyfluthrin | Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations[88] | 1983[89] | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||
| Deltamethrin | 1974, first described[90] | "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."[90] | "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."[90] | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | |||
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 1943[91]:7 | 1946[91]:9 | Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[91]:7 | Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[91]:7 | ||||
| Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) | ||||||||
| Etofenprox | Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields[92] | 1987[92] | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||
| Bendiocarb | 2–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| BHC (Lindane?) | ||||||||
| Dieldrin | ||||||||
| Fenitrothion | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| HCH | ||||||||
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| Malathion | 2–3[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| Deltamethrin | ||||||||
| Paris green | ||||||||
| Pirimiphosmethyl | 2–3[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| Propoxur | 3–6[86] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86] | ||||||
| Pyrethrin |
Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
Vaccine developments
See also
Funding information for this timeline is available.
What the table is missing
- [3] check here! ref name: [47]
- [4]
- [5]
- [6]
- [7]
- [8]
- [9]
- [10]
- [11]
- [12]
- [13]
- [14]
- [15]
- [16]
- [17]
- [18]
- [19]
- [20]
- [21]
- [22]
- [23]
- [24]
External links
References
- ↑ "amodiaquine". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet" (PDF). wipo.int. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs". Portland State Universit y.
- ↑ Turner, Arthur. Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz". pharmafactz.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Artemether". OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE.
- ↑ Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs (Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee ed.). Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ↑ "Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal". World Health Organization.
- ↑ "Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration". doi:10.1128/AAC.01428-13. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.". PMID 1982311. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research".
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Mondal, Sudeb. "Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology".
- ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. Palgrave and Macmillan.
- ↑ "Artemotil". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. World Health Organization.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "MALARIA: Artemotil treatment". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso". doi:10.1086/522985. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Artesunate". who.int. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" (PDF). WHO.
- ↑ Artesunate + Amodiaquine. msh.org.
- ↑ "New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available". dndi.org. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ↑ "Rectal Artesunate Suppository". Severe Malaria Observatory. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ↑ "Malarone".
- ↑ "Malaria" (PDF). reispassie.nl. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis".
- ↑ "dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY.
- ↑ "Chloroquine resistance".
- ↑ "The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel". British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ Semba, Richard David; Bloem, Martin W. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.". PMC 164103
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- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials". Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Clindamycin Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ↑ Leyden, James J. (2006). Hidradenitis suppurativa. Berlin: Springer. p. 152. ISBN 9783540331018.
- ↑ "Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance". nap.edu. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ↑ Smieja, Marek. "Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review". PMC 3250868. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ "Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children". WHO.
- ↑ "The Use of Halofantrine Hydrochloride in Acute Malaria" (PDF). proceedings-szh.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine". theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ↑ "Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health". esciencecentral.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children". plos.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "QUININE".
- ↑ "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144.
- ↑ "The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)". biomedcentral.com. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.". PMID 7051240.
- ↑ 47.000 47.001 47.002 47.003 47.004 47.005 47.006 47.007 47.008 47.009 47.010 47.011 47.012 47.013 47.014 47.015 47.016 47.017 47.018 47.019 47.020 47.021 47.022 47.023 47.024 47.025 47.026 47.027 47.028 47.029 47.030 47.031 47.032 47.033 47.034 47.035 47.036 47.037 47.038 47.039 47.040 47.041 47.042 47.043 47.044 47.045 47.046 47.047 47.048 47.049 47.050 47.051 47.052 47.053 47.054 47.055 47.056 47.057 47.058 47.059 47.060 47.061 47.062 47.063 47.064 47.065 47.066 47.067 47.068 47.069 47.070 47.071 47.072 47.073 47.074 47.075 47.076 47.077 47.078 47.079 47.080 47.081 47.082 47.083 47.084 47.085 47.086 47.087 47.088 47.089 47.090 47.091 47.092 47.093 47.094 47.095 47.096 47.097 47.098 47.099 47.100 47.101 47.102 47.103 47.104 47.105 47.106 47.107 47.108 47.109 47.110 47.111 47.112 47.113 47.114 47.115 47.116 47.117 47.118 47.119 47.120 47.121 47.122 47.123 47.124 47.125 47.126 47.127 47.128 47.129 47.130 47.131 47.132 47.133 47.134 47.135 47.136 47.137 47.138 47.139 47.140 47.141 47.142 47.143 47.144 47.145 47.146 Tajbakhsh, Elahe; Kwenti, Tebit Emmanuel; Kheyri, Parya; Nezaratizade, Saeed; Lindsay, David S.; Khamesipour, Faham (December 2021). "Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature". Malaria Journal. 20 (1): 349. doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0.
- ↑ "Antimalarial activity of aqueous extract and fractions of leaves of Ageratum conyzoides in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei". researchgate.net. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ↑ V, Ukwe Chinwe; I, Ekwunife Obinna; A, Epueke Ebele; M, Ubaka Chukwuemeka (December 2010). "Antimalarial activity of Ageratum conyzoides in combination with chloroquine and artesunate". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 3 (12): 943–947. doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60005-9.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Kalia, Shagun; Walter, Neha Sylvia; Bagai, Upma (December 2015). "Antimalarial efficacy of Albizia lebbeck (Leguminosae) against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro & P. berghei in vivo". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 142 Suppl: S101–107. ISSN 0971-5916. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.176635.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 Amare, Gedefaw Getnet; Degu, Amsalu; Njogu, Peter; Kifle, Zemene Demelash (2021). "Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe weloensis (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium Parasites". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM. 2021: 6664711. doi:10.1155/2021/6664711.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 Tsabang, Nolé; Fokou, Patrick Valère Tsouh; Tchokouaha, Lauve Rachel Yamthe; Noguem, Béatrice; Bakarnga-Via, Issakou; Nguepi, Mireille Sylviane Dongmo; Nkongmeneck, Bernard Aloys; Boyom, Fabrice Fekam (6 January 2012). "Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 139 (1): 171–180. ISSN 1872-7573. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035.
- ↑ Otuu, Chidiebere A.; Obiezue, Rose N. N.; Okoye, Chris I.; Omalu, Innocent C. J.; Otuu, Ada Q. A.; Eke, Samuel S.; Udeh, Emmanuel. O.; Ekuma, Innocent C.; Yamman, Hadijah U.; Okafor, Fabian C. (16 December 2020). "Antimalarial Activity, Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity Tests of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild". International Journal of Pathogen Research: 55–63. doi:10.9734/ijpr/2020/v5i430144.
- ↑ Iyiola, O.A.; Tijani, A.Y.; Lateef, K.M. (15 March 2011). "Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei in Mice". Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 4 (3): 235–243. doi:10.3923/ajbs.2011.235.243.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Lusakibanza, M.; Mesia, G.; Tona, G.; Karemere, S.; Lukuka, A.; Tits, M.; Angenot, L.; Frédérich, M. (June 2010). [10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007. "In vitro and in vivo antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of five plants used in congolese traditional medicine"] Check
|url=value (help). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. pp. 398–402. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007. - ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 56.13 56.14 56.15 56.16 56.17 56.18 56.19 56.20 56.21 56.22 56.23 56.24 56.25 56.26 56.27 56.28 56.29 56.30 56.31 56.32 56.33 56.34 56.35 56.36 56.37 56.38 56.39 56.40 56.41 56.42 56.43 56.44 Tsabang, Nolé; Fokou, Patrick Valère Tsouh; Tchokouaha, Lauve Rachel Yamthe; Noguem, Béatrice; Bakarnga-Via, Issakou; Nguepi, Mireille Sylviane Dongmo; Nkongmeneck, Bernard Aloys; Boyom, Fabrice Fekam (January 2012). "Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 139 (1): 171–180. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035.
- ↑ 57.00 57.01 57.02 57.03 57.04 57.05 57.06 57.07 57.08 57.09 57.10 57.11 57.12 57.13 57.14 57.15 57.16 57.17 57.18 57.19 57.20 57.21 57.22 57.23 57.24 57.25 57.26 57.27 57.28 57.29 57.30 57.31 57.32 57.33 57.34 57.35 57.36 57.37 57.38 57.39 57.40 57.41 57.42 57.43 57.44 57.45 57.46 57.47 57.48 57.49 57.50 57.51 57.52 57.53 57.54 57.55 57.56 57.57 57.58 57.59 57.60 57.61 57.62 57.63 57.64 57.65 57.66 57.67 57.68 57.69 57.70 Frausin, Gina; Lima, Renata Braga Souza; Hidalgo, Ari de Freitas; Maas, Paul; Pohlit, Adrian Martin (2014). "Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review". Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 36 (spe1): 315–337. doi:10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038.
- ↑ Agbaje, E. O.; Onabanjo, A. O. (January 1991). "The effects of extracts of Enantia chlorantha in malaria". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 85 (6): 585–590. doi:10.1080/00034983.1991.11812613.
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- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 Yamthe, Lauve; Fokou, Patrick; Mbouna, Cedric; Keumoe, Rodrigue; Ndjakou, Bruno; Djouonzo, Paul; Mfopa, Alvine; Legac, Jennifer; Tsabang, Nole; Gut, Jiri; Rosenthal, Philip; Boyom, Fabrice (30 April 2015). "Extracts from Annona Muricata L. and Annona Reticulata L. (Annonaceae) Potently and Selectively Inhibit Plasmodium Falciparum". Medicines. 2 (2): 55–66. doi:10.3390/medicines2020055.
- ↑ Abdul Wahab, Siti Mariam; Jantan, Ibrahim; Haque, Md. Areeful; Arshad, Laiba (2018). "Exploring the Leaves of Annona muricata L. as a Source of Potential Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Agents". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9: 661. ISSN 1663-9812. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00661.
- ↑ "Sweet Wormwood Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database". Drugs.com. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Oj, Afolabi; Oj, Afolabi. "Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica) in Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei". ISSN 2572-3987. doi:10.23937/2572-3987.1510024.
- ↑ Farahna, Mohammed; Bedri, Selma; Khalid, Sami; Idris, Mustafa; Pillai, C. Radhakrishna; Khalil, Eltahir A. (November 2010). "Anti-plasmodial effects of Azadirachta indica in experimental cerebral malaria: Apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice as a marker". North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2 (11): 518–525. ISSN 2250-1541. doi:10.4297/najms.2010.2518.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Satish, P.V.V.; Kumari, DSantha; Sunita, K (2017). "Antiplasmodial efficacy of Calotropis gigantea (L.) against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA)". Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 54 (3): 215. doi:10.4103/0972-9062.217612.
- ↑ Phatchana, Ratchanee; Thongsri, Yordhathai; Somwaeng, Ratree; Piboonpol, Kewalin; Yenjai, Chavi (September 2015). "Canangalias A and B from the stem bark of Cananga latifolia". Phytochemistry Letters. 13: 147–151. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2015.05.025.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 "(PDF) Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles, and toxicity of Enantia chlorantha (Oliver): An overview". ResearchGate.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Frausin, Gina; Lima, Renata Braga Souza; Hidalgo, Ari de Freitas; Maas, Paul; Pohlit, Adrian Martin (2014). "Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review". Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 36 (spe1): 315–337. doi:10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038.
- ↑ "The Promise of a Plant in the Fight against Malaria - United Republic of Tanzania". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ↑ Oronsaye, F. E. (0000). "Treatment of malaria using a new plant Phyllantus amarus". Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology. doi:10.4172/2155-9597-C1-032. Retrieved 3 January 2022. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Olawale, Jeje Temitope; Bando, Hironori; Fukuda, Yasuhiro; Oluwafemi, Ibukun Emmanuel; Kato, Kentaro (10 July 2021). "Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri protects against severe malaria by blocking erythrocyte invasion and modulating the host immune response": 2021.07.09.451735. doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451735v1.full.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Prachayasittikul, Supaluk; Manam, Patumporn; Chinworrungsee, Maneekarn; Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya, Chartchalerm; Ruchirawat, Somsak; Prachayasittikul, Virapong (3 November 2009). "Bioactive Azafluorenone Alkaloids from Polyalthia debilis (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep.". Molecules. 14 (11): 4414–4424. doi:10.3390/molecules14114414.
- ↑ Mfopa, Alvine Ngoutane (2014). "Antiplasmodial activity and acute toxicity of fractions from Cameroonian plant Polyalthia suaveolens". doi:10.13140/2.1.1753.1848.
- ↑ Batista, Ronan; Santana, Clarissa Cunha; Azevedo-Santos, Alene Vanessa; Suarez-Fontes, Ana Márcia; Ferraz, José Lucas de Almeida Antunes; Silva, Luiz Alberto Mattos; Vannier-Santos, Marcos André (May 2018). "In vivo antimalarial extracts and constituents of Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae)". Journal of Functional Foods. 44: 74–78. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.032.
- ↑ Ubulom, Peace ME.; Ettebong, Ette O.; Udofia, Edidiong J.; Inyang Etuk, Rachel S (25 February 2019). "In vivo antiplasmodial potential of aqueous seed extract of Ricinus communis". Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 8 (2): 133–138. ISSN 2345-5004. doi:10.15171/jhp.2019.21.
- ↑ Bhadoriya, Santosh Singh; Ganeshpurkar, Aditya; Narwaria, Jitendra; Rai, Gopal; Jain, Alok Pal (January 2011). "Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 5 (9): 73–81. ISSN 0976-2787. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79102.
- ↑ Elufioye, T. O.; Agbedahunsi, J. M. (August 2004). "Antimalarial activities of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae) on mice in vivo". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 93 (2-3): 167–171. ISSN 0378-8741. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.009.
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- ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 "Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC". UNITAID.
- ↑ "Malaria—should we abandon insecticide-treated bednets?". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
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