Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"
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| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || || || || || | | Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || | + | | [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || | + | | [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || chloroquine, atovaquone || | + | | [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || chloroquine, atovaquone || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid]] nets || Prevention || || || || || || || It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance|url=https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/malaria-updated/page/itns-challenges-insecticide-resistance|accessdate= }}</ref> | + | | [[wikipedia:Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid]] nets || Prevention || || || || || || || It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance|url=https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/malaria-updated/page/itns-challenges-insecticide-resistance|accessdate= }}</ref> || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|accessdate= }}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|accessdate= }}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate suppositories|Artesunate suppositories]] || || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate suppositories|Artesunate suppositories]] || || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] ([[wikipedia:Fansidar|Fansidar]]) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] ([[wikipedia:Fansidar|Fansidar]]) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> | + | | [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref> || || | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref> || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || || || | + | | Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Swamp#Draining|Swamp draining]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Swamp#Draining|Swamp draining]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Fogging || || || || || || || || | + | | Fogging || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || || || | + | | Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Human genetic resistance to malaria|Genetic blood disorders]] || || || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Human genetic resistance to malaria|Genetic blood disorders]] || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Selective eradication of certain mosquito species || || || || || || || || | + | | Selective eradication of certain mosquito species || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| Use of decoys<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307162258/http://www.malariasite.com:80/malaria/history_control.htm |title=Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control |accessdate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> || || || || || || || || | | Use of decoys<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307162258/http://www.malariasite.com:80/malaria/history_control.htm |title=Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control |accessdate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) || || || || || || || || | + | | Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Other forms of larval control? || || || || || || || || | + | | Other forms of larval control? || || || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Mosquito coil|Mosquito coil]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Mosquito coil|Mosquito coil]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || || || || | + | | [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || || || || || |
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 11:38, 26 April 2017
This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
TODO
- get more vaccines from Malaria vaccine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
- other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
- C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [1]
- :Category:Antimalarial agents
- Antimalarial medication
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Mosquito control
- https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
Methods
Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.
Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both
ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?
also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?
consider "patient compliance" as a column
include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
| Method | Type | Acts against | Route of administration | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Combines with | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amodiaquine | Treatment | "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"[1] | oral[2] | 1951[3] | 1971[3] | Africa | Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug lumefantrine which should be taken with fatty food).[4] | "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"[5] | Artesunate | WHO Essential Medicine | |
| Artemether | Treatment[6] | "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[6] | Oral[7], intramuscular injection[8] | 1987 | Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."[9] | Lumefantrine | WHO Essential Medicine | ||||
| Artemisinin | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | oral, intramuscular, rectal[10][11] | 1970s[3] | 1998[3], 2009[12] | Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] | More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[14]:165 | ||||
| Artemotil | Treatment | "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."[15] | "Intramuscular injection only."[16] | 2000 [17] | "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."[17] | ||||||
| Artesunate/amodiaquine | Treatment[18] | "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[18] | Oral[19] | 2007<http://www.dndi.org/2007/media-centre/press-releases/new-once-a-day-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria-now-available/> | Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||||
| Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) | Treatment, prevention[20] | Blood and liver phases of Plasmodium falciparum[21] | Oral | 1996[3] | 2002[3] | Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[22] | |||||
| Chloroquine | Both | "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[23] | Oral | ~1940s (during WWII) | 1957[24] | Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[25] | Proguanil | ||||
| Chlorproguanil-Dapsone | Treatment | "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[26] | "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[26] | ||||||||
| Clindamycin | Treatment[27] | Plasmodium falciparum[27] | 1960s[27] | ||||||||
| Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) | Oral (pills)[28] | ||||||||||
| Doxycycline | Treatment | ||||||||||
| Exchange transfusion (ET) | Treatment[29] | Severe malaria[29] | |||||||||
| Halofantrine | Treatment | "Introduced in the 1980s"[22] | "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[22] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[22] | ||||||||
| Indoor residual spraying | Prevention | Mosquito | "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[30] | "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[31] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[31] | "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[31] | ||||||
| Lumefantrine (benflumetol) | Treatment[16] | "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[16] | "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[16] | ||||||||
| Proguanil | Both | Plasmodium falciparum | chloroquine, atovaquone | ||||||||
| Mefloquine | Both | Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax | 1977[3] | 1982[3] | |||||||
| Mosquito net | Prevention | ||||||||||
| Piperaquine | Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum[32] | 1963[33] | |||||||||
| Pyrethroid nets | Prevention | It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[34] | |||||||||
| Quinine | Treatment | "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[35] | <1700[36] | 1910[3] | |||||||
| Quinidine | |||||||||||
| Tafenoquine | |||||||||||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Treatment[37] | ||||||||||
| Intermittent preventive therapy | |||||||||||
| Artemether/lumefantrine | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | |||||||||
| Artesunate suppositories | |||||||||||
| Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) | Treatment | 1967[3] | 1967 (same year it was introduced)[3] | "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[3] | |||||||
| Primaquine | Treatment | "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[16] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[16] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[13] | "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[13] | ||||||||
| Artesunate | Treatment | 1996[38] | Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[13] | ||||||||
| Sulfonamide compounds | |||||||||||
| Swamp draining | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||||||
| Fogging | |||||||||||
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) | |||||||||||
| Genetic blood disorders | |||||||||||
| Selective eradication of certain mosquito species | |||||||||||
| Use of decoys[39] | |||||||||||
| RTS,S | Prevention | Plasmodium falciparum | |||||||||
| Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) | |||||||||||
| Other forms of larval control? | |||||||||||
| Mosquito coil | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||||||
| Mosquito mat | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||||||
| Immunity from repeated infection | Prevention | Malaria (just P. falciparum?) |
Insecticides
All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)
Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.
| Name | Surface | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Usage status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 1943[40]:7 | 1946[40]:9 | Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[40]:7 | Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[40]:7 | |||
| Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) | |||||||
| BHC (Lindane?) | |||||||
| Dieldrin | |||||||
| HCH | |||||||
| Deltamethrin | |||||||
| Paris green |
Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
See also
External links
References
- ↑ "amodiaquine". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet" (PDF). wipo.int. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs". Portland State Universit y.
- ↑ Turner, Arthur. Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz". http://pharmafactz.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017. External link in
|website=(help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Artemether". OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE.
- ↑ Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs (Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee ed.). Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ↑ "Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal". World Health Organization.
- ↑ "Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration". doi:10.1128/AAC.01428-13. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.". PMID 1982311. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research".
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Mondal, Sudeb. "Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology".
- ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. Palgrave and Macmillan.
- ↑ "Artemotil". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. World Health Organization.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "MALARIA: Artemotil treatment". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" (PDF). WHO.
- ↑ Artesunate + Amodiaquine. msh.org.
- ↑ "Malarone".
- ↑ "Malaria" (PDF). reispassie.nl. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis".
- ↑ "dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY.
- ↑ "Chloroquine resistance".
- ↑ Semba, Richard David; Bloem, Martin W. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.". PMC 164103
.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials". Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002.
- ↑ "Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children". WHO.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review". Oxford Academic.
- ↑ "Indoor Residual Spraying".
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC". UNITAID.
- ↑ "Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health". esciencecentral.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children". plos.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance".
- ↑ "QUININE".
- ↑ "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144.
- ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.". PMID 7051240.
- ↑ "THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control". Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Palmer, Michael (March 26, 2016). "The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2016.
