Difference between revisions of "Timeline of antibiotics"

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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Geographical location
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Geographical location
 
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| 350 CE–550 CE || || Traces of {{w|tetracycline}} are found in human skeletal remains from ancient Sudanese Nubia.<ref name="A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future">{{cite journal|last1=Aminov|first1=Rustam I.|title=A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134|pmid=21687759|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109405/|pmc=3109405}}</ref><ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/>
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| 350 CE–550 CE || || Traces of {{w|tetracycline}} are found in human skeletal remains from ancient Sudanese Nubia.<ref name="A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future">{{cite journal|last1=Aminov|first1=Rustam I.|title=A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134|pmid=21687759|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109405/|pmc=3109405}}</ref><ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
 
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| 1877 || || French microbiologist {{w|Louis Pasteur}} shows that the bacterial disease anthrax, can be rendered harmless in animals with the injection of {{w|soil bacteria}}.
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| 1877 || || French microbiologist {{w|Louis Pasteur}} shows that the bacterial disease anthrax, can be rendered harmless in animals with the injection of {{w|soil bacteria}}. ||
 
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| 1887 || || German bacteriologist {{w|Rudolf Emmerich}} shows that the intestinal infection cholera is prevented in animals that have been previously infected with the streptococcus bacterium and then injected with the cholera bacillus.
+
| 1887 || || German bacteriologist {{w|Rudolf Emmerich}} shows that the intestinal infection cholera is prevented in animals that have been previously infected with the streptococcus bacterium and then injected with the cholera bacillus. ||
 
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| 1888 || || German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Newell-McGloughlin|first1=Martina|last2=Re|first2=Edward|title=The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U27lbghWOfsC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=E.+de+Freudenreich&source=bl&ots=69HqimydSe&sig=021aY8DvwKO8_TlY5ZfeEenZ8d4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtvvWs5pTaAhXDGJAKHb5WB5AQ6AEIWTAK#v=onepage&q=E.%20de%20Freudenreich&f=false}}</ref>
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| 1888 || || German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Newell-McGloughlin|first1=Martina|last2=Re|first2=Edward|title=The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U27lbghWOfsC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=E.+de+Freudenreich&source=bl&ots=69HqimydSe&sig=021aY8DvwKO8_TlY5ZfeEenZ8d4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtvvWs5pTaAhXDGJAKHb5WB5AQ6AEIWTAK#v=onepage&q=E.%20de%20Freudenreich&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1896 || || French medical student {{w|Ernest Duchesne}} originally discovers the antibiotic properties of {{w|Penicillium}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zhang|first1=Yawei|title=Encyclopedia of Global Health, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1_XIbBRvD0gC&pg=PA145&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Myers|first1=Richard L.|title=The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nKtzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=Shannon D.|last2=Alcamo|first2=I. Edward|last3=Heymann|first3=David L.|title=Escherichia Coli Infections|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TFkzNocHde4C&pg=PA64&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref>
+
| 1896 || || French medical student {{w|Ernest Duchesne}} originally discovers the antibiotic properties of {{w|Penicillium}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zhang|first1=Yawei|title=Encyclopedia of Global Health, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1_XIbBRvD0gC&pg=PA145&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Myers|first1=Richard L.|title=The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nKtzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=Shannon D.|last2=Alcamo|first2=I. Edward|last3=Heymann|first3=David L.|title=Escherichia Coli Infections|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TFkzNocHde4C&pg=PA64&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1909 || || German physician {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} discovers that a chemical called {{w|arsphenamine}} is an effective treatment for {{w|syphilis}}.<ref name="THE HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS"/>
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| 1909 || || German physician {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} discovers that a chemical called {{w|arsphenamine}} is an effective treatment for {{w|syphilis}}.<ref name="THE HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS"/> ||
 
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| 1928 || || Scottish microbiologist {{w|Alexander Fleming}}, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called {{w|staphylococcus}}, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology"/><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1928 || || Scottish microbiologist {{w|Alexander Fleming}}, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called {{w|staphylococcus}}, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology"/><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1930 || || French-born American microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.<ref name="René Dubos">{{cite web|title=René Dubos|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Dubos|website=britannica.com|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>  
+
| 1930 || || French-born American microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.<ref name="René Dubos">{{cite web|title=René Dubos|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Dubos|website=britannica.com|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
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| 1932 || || German pathologist {{w|Gerhard Domagk}} develops {{w|prontosil}}, the first sulphonamide microbial.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravina|first1=Enrique|title=The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA48&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Savona-Ventura|first1=Charles|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eMgkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA465&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Torok|first1=Estee|last2=Moran|first2=Ed|last3=Cooke|first3=Fiona|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
| 1932 || || German pathologist {{w|Gerhard Domagk}} develops {{w|prontosil}}, the first sulphonamide microbial.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravina|first1=Enrique|title=The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA48&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Savona-Ventura|first1=Charles|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eMgkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA465&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Torok|first1=Estee|last2=Moran|first2=Ed|last3=Cooke|first3=Fiona|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1939 || || Microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it {{w|tyrothricin}}.<ref name="René Dubos"/>
 
| 1939 || || Microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it {{w|tyrothricin}}.<ref name="René Dubos"/>
 
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| 1939 || || "1939, that Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Norman Heatley"
+
| 1939 || || "1939, that Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Norman Heatley" ||
 
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| 1941 || || {{w|Penicillin}} is introduced for medical use.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History">{{cite journal|last1=Landecker|first1=Hannah|title=Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1357034X14561341}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/> ||
 
| 1941 || || {{w|Penicillin}} is introduced for medical use.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History">{{cite journal|last1=Landecker|first1=Hannah|title=Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1357034X14561341}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/> ||
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| 1943 || || American biochemists {{w|Selman Waksman}}, [[w:Albert Schatz (scientist)|Albert Schatz]], and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic {{w|Streptomycin}}, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorian|first1=Victor|title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA197&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morabia|first1=Alfredo|title=Enigmas of Health and Disease: How Epidemiology Helps Unravel Scientific Mysteries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H00ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumo|first1=Christopher Martin|title=The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzqhBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1943 || || American biochemists {{w|Selman Waksman}}, [[w:Albert Schatz (scientist)|Albert Schatz]], and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic {{w|Streptomycin}}, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorian|first1=Victor|title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA197&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morabia|first1=Alfredo|title=Enigmas of Health and Disease: How Epidemiology Helps Unravel Scientific Mysteries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H00ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumo|first1=Christopher Martin|title=The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzqhBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1943 || || Penicillin is mass produced and used heavily to treat Allied troops fighting in Europe during {{w|World War II}}.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/>
+
| 1943 || || Penicillin is mass produced and used heavily to treat Allied troops fighting in Europe during {{w|World War II}}.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
 
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| 1945 || || The {{w|cephalosporins}} are discovered from a fungus, ''{{w|Cephalosporium acremonium}}'', in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in {{w|Sardinia}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stephanie Watts|last2=Faingold|first2=Carl|last3=Dunaway|first3=George|last4=Crespo|first4=Lynn|title=Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kfsrz_-OrMQC&pg=PA536&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Riviere|first1=Jim E.|last2=Papich|first2=Mark G.|title=Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ievLulSqwBAC&pg=PA865&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Peter N.|last2=Brown|first2=Morris J.|title=Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: With STUDENTCONSULT Access|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FaXRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 
| 1945 || || The {{w|cephalosporins}} are discovered from a fungus, ''{{w|Cephalosporium acremonium}}'', in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in {{w|Sardinia}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stephanie Watts|last2=Faingold|first2=Carl|last3=Dunaway|first3=George|last4=Crespo|first4=Lynn|title=Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kfsrz_-OrMQC&pg=PA536&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Riviere|first1=Jim E.|last2=Papich|first2=Mark G.|title=Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ievLulSqwBAC&pg=PA865&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Peter N.|last2=Brown|first2=Morris J.|title=Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: With STUDENTCONSULT Access|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FaXRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}

Revision as of 14:22, 30 March 2018

This is a timeline of antibiotics, also known as antibacterials and antimicrobials.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
<19th century although people did not know infections were caused by bacteria, antibiotics have been used for millennia to treat infections. Some of the earliest civilizations used various moulds and plant extracts to treat infections. The ancient Egyptians, for example, applied mouldy bread to infected wounds.[1]
19th century Scientists begin to observe antibacterial chemicals in action.[1] By the late century, a few notable breakthroughs occur.
20th century Antibiotics revolutionized medicine during the later half of the 20th century.[2] The major event in the history of antibiotics is the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotics classes, with no new classes discovered since then.[3] In the 1970s and 1980s synthetic versions of erythromycin, including clarithromycin and azithromycin, are developed.[4] After the 1970s, with the decline of the discovery rate, the mainstream approach for the development of new drugs to combat emerging and re-emerging resistance of pathogens to antibiotics would be the modification of existing antibiotics.[3] In the 1980s and 1990s, scientists only manage to make improvements within classes.[5]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Geographical location
350 CE–550 CE Traces of tetracycline are found in human skeletal remains from ancient Sudanese Nubia.[3][2]
1877 French microbiologist Louis Pasteur shows that the bacterial disease anthrax, can be rendered harmless in animals with the injection of soil bacteria.
1887 German bacteriologist Rudolf Emmerich shows that the intestinal infection cholera is prevented in animals that have been previously infected with the streptococcus bacterium and then injected with the cholera bacillus.
1888 German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.[6]
1896 French medical student Ernest Duchesne originally discovers the antibiotic properties of Penicillium.[7][8][9]
1909 German physician Paul Ehrlich discovers that a chemical called arsphenamine is an effective treatment for syphilis.[1]
1928 Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called staphylococcus, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.[6][4] United Kingdom
1930 French-born American microbiologist René Dubos isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.[10]
1932 German pathologist Gerhard Domagk develops prontosil, the first sulphonamide microbial.[11][12][13] Germany
1939 Microbiologist René Dubos manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it tyrothricin.[10]
1939 "1939, that Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Norman Heatley"
1941 Penicillin is introduced for medical use.[14][13] Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.[14]
1942 Penicillin resistant bacteria are first detected, about one year after the introduction of penicillin.[14]
1943 American biochemists Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic Streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.[4][15][16][17][13] United States
1943 Penicillin is mass produced and used heavily to treat Allied troops fighting in Europe during World War II.[2]
1945 The cephalosporins are discovered from a fungus, Cephalosporium acremonium, in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in Sardinia.[13][18][19][20] Italy
1947 Chloramphenicol is isolated from the soil organism Streptomyces venezuelae. Merketed in 1949, its use would quickly become widespread due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.[21][22][23][24]
1947 American plant physiologist Benjamin Minge Duggar isolates chlortetracycline from a Missouri River mud sample. It is the first tetracycline introduced.[25][26][27][28] United States
1947 Antibiotic polymyxin is discovered.[4]
1949 Jewish-American biochemist Selman Waksman and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolate neomycin, as aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.[29][30][31] United States
1950 Resistance against chloramphenicol is observed.[32]
1952 Eli Lilly and Company introduces erythromycin, an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis.[33][34][35] United States
1953 Oxford University scientists discover antibiotic cephalosporin C.[4] United Kingdom
1956 Research team at the Lilly Biological Laboratories in Indiana first isolates vancomycin from bacterium streplomyces orienlalis. Vancomycin is used as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.[13][36][37][38] United States
1956 Resistance Resistance against erythromycin is observed.[32]
1959 Colistin becomes available for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.[4]
1960 In an attempt to defeat penicillin-resistant strains, scientists develop methicillin, a different antibiotic in the penicillin class.[2]
1961 Resistance Methicillin resistance is first reported.[14][32]
1961 Antibiotic ampicillin is introduced. Within a short time it would become the drug of choice for treatment of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.[39][40][41][13]
1961 Resistance Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is first reported in the United Kingdom, just a year after the antibiotic methicillin was introduced in the country.[4]
1962 Quinolones are discovered accidentally, as a byproduct of some research on the antimalarial drug chloroquine.[4]
1963 Weinstein and his colleagues from the Schering Corporation describe the first isolation of the gentamicin complex.[13][42][43][44] United States
1963 Resistance Gram-negative bacterium acinetobacter baumannii becomes an antibiotic resistant pathogen.[14]
1965 Dicloxacillin is synthesized by Bayer.[45][46][47]
1966 Antibiotic doxycycline is introduced.[48][49][50][13]
1966 Resistance Resistance against cephalotin is observed.[32]
1968 Antibiotic rifampicin is introduced for clinical use.[51][52][53] Italy
1970 Non-toxic semi-synthetic acid-resistant isoxazolyl penicillin flucloxacillin is introduced into clinical practice.[47][54]
1972 Antibiotic minocycline is discovered.[48][49][50]
1974 Antibiotic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is commercially released.[55][13]
1976 Antibiotic amikacin is introduced.[13]
1976 Tufts University researcher Stuart B. Levy becomes one of the first to identify antibiotic resistance due to their use in animals.[2]
1984 Antibiotic ampicillin/clavulanate is introduced.[13]
1985 Researchers at Eli Lilly and Company discover antibiotic daptomycin.[56][57][58] United States
1985 Introduction Carbapenems are introduced.[32]
1986 Resistance Resistance against vancomycin is observed.[32]
1987 Antibiotic imipenem/cilastin is introduced.[13]
1987 Antibiotic ciprofloxacin is introduced.[13]
1987 Resistance Resistance against cephalosporins is observed.[32]
1987 Resistance Resistance against carbapenems is observed.[32]
1993 Antibiotics azithromycin and clarithromycin are introduced.[13]
1999 Antibiotic quinupristin/dalfopristin is introduced.[13]
2000 Antibiotic linezolid is introduced.[13][32]
2001 Antibiotic telithromycin is introduced in the European Union.[59][60][61]
2002 Resistance Resistance against linezolid is observed.[32]
2003 Introduction Antibiotic daptomycin is introduced.[13]
2005 Antibiotic tigecycline is introduced for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections and intraabdominal infections.[62][63][64]
2010 Publication Authors of a report on the evolution of resistance note that microbes have “extraordinary genetic capabilities” that benefit “from man’s overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes... to develop [resistance] for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise.”[2]
2012 Study A team of scientists propose adding the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to better help them classify and potentially defeat superbugs.[2]
2014 The World Health Organization (WHO) releases a statement in response to major superbug outbreaks like lebsiella pneumoniae (which causes pneumonia and bloodstream infections in the hospital) and gonorrhea strains all over the world, noting that “this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country.”[2]
2015 American fast food company McDonald's announces that it would phase out all meat sources that contain antibiotics.[2]

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "THE HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS". microbiologysociety.org. Retrieved 29 March 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time". medicaldaily.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Aminov, Rustam I. "A Brief History of the Antibiotic Era: Lessons Learned and Challenges for the Future". PMC 3109405Freely accessible. PMID 21687759. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery". correctiv.org. Retrieved 29 March 2018. 
  5. ↑ "A brief history of antibiotics". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Newell-McGloughlin, Martina; Re, Edward. The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology. 
  7. ↑ Zhang, Yawei. Encyclopedia of Global Health, Volume 1. 
  8. ↑ Myers, Richard L. The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide. 
  9. ↑ Manning, Shannon D.; Alcamo, I. Edward; Heymann, David L. Escherichia Coli Infections. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "René Dubos". britannica.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018. 
  11. ↑ Ravina, Enrique. The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. 
  12. ↑ Savona-Ventura, Charles. Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 Torok, Estee; Moran, Ed; Cooke, Fiona. Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Landecker, Hannah. "Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History". 
  15. ↑ Lorian, Victor. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 
  16. ↑ Morabia, Alfredo. Enigmas of Health and Disease: How Epidemiology Helps Unravel Scientific Mysteries. 
  17. ↑ Cumo, Christopher Martin. The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History. 
  18. ↑ Stephanie Watts; Faingold, Carl; Dunaway, George; Crespo, Lynn. Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book. 
  19. ↑ Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 
  20. ↑ Bennett, Peter N.; Brown, Morris J. Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: With STUDENTCONSULT Access. 
  21. ↑ Kacew, Sam. Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics. 
  22. ↑ Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 
  23. ↑ Shapiro, Stuart. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Actinomycetes. 
  24. ↑ Aschenbrenner, Diane S.; Venable, Samantha J. Drug Therapy in Nursing. 
  25. ↑ Dougherty, Thomas J.; Pucci, Michael J. Antibiotic Discovery and Development. 
  26. ↑ Kokate, Chandrakant; Jalalpure, SS; Pramod, H.J. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - E-Book. 
  27. ↑ Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 
  28. ↑ McKenna, John. Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics – Revised and Updated: How to treat infections without antibiotics. 
  29. ↑ Schindel, Leo. Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics: Antibiotics. 
  30. ↑ Grayson, M Lindsay; Crowe, Suzanne M; McCarthy, James S; Mills, John; Mouton, Johan W; Norrby, S Ragnar; Paterson, David L; Pfaller, Michael A. Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs. 
  31. ↑ Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 18. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 Stearns, Stephen C.; Koella, Jacob C. Evolution in Health and Disease. Evolution in Health and Disease. 
  33. ↑ Rubin, Bruce K.; Tamaoki, Jun. Antibiotics as Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents. 
  34. ↑ Piscitelli, Stephen C.; Rodvold, Keith A.; Pai, Manjunath P. Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases. 
  35. ↑ Nightingale; Mur. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, Second Edition. 
  36. ↑ Staphylococci in Human Disease (Kent B. Crossley, Kimberly K. Jefferson, Gordon L. Archer, Vance G. Fowler ed.). 
  37. ↑ Antibiotics Annual. 
  38. ↑ Hejzlar, Miroslav. Advances in Antimicrobial and Antineoplastic Chemotherapy: Progress in Research and Clinical Application: pt. 1-2. Antimicrobial chemotherapy. 
  39. ↑ Atta-ur-Rahman. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 56. 
  40. ↑ Thompson, R.A.; Green, John R. Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System. 
  41. ↑ Fifty Years of Antimicrobials: Past Perspectives and Future Trends. Society for General Microbiology. Symposium. 
  42. ↑ Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 18. 
  43. ↑ Eardley, Ian; Whelan, Peter; Kirby, Roger; Schaeffer, Anthony. Drug Treatment in Urology. 
  44. ↑ Antimicrobials: Synthetic and Natural Compounds (Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran, Nooruddin Thajuddin, A. Panneerselvam ed.). 
  45. ↑ McGuire, John L. Pharmaceuticals, 4 Volume Set. 
  46. ↑ Kuemmerle, Helmut Paul. Clinical Chemotherapy: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Harper, N. J.; Simmonds, Alma B. Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Yaffe, Sumner J.; Aranda, Jacob V. Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Denyer, Stephen P.; Hodges, Norman A.; Gorman, Sean P.; Gilmore, Brendan F. Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Dirnagl, Ulrich; Elger, Bernd. Neuroinflammation in Stroke. 
  51. ↑ Rahman, Atta -ur-; Choudhary, M. Iqbal. Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, Volume 6. 
  52. ↑ Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set (y M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson ed.). 
  53. ↑ Mann, R.D. Modern Drug use: An Enquiry on Historical Principles. 
  54. ↑ Neonatal Formulary. BMJ Books, 2000. 
  55. ↑ "Pharmaceutical Marketing in India". books.google.com.ar. Retrieved 28 March 2018. 
  56. ↑ Current Medical Research and Opinion, Volume 22, Issues 9-12. Clayton-Wray Publications Limited, 2006. 
  57. ↑ Rybak, M. J. "The efficacy and safety of daptomycin: first in a new class of antibiotics for Gram‐positive bacteria". 
  58. ↑ Beiras-Fernandez, Andres; Ferdinand Vogt, Ferdinand Vogt; Sodian, Ralf; Weis, Florian. "Daptomycin: a novel lipopeptide antibiotic against Gram-positive pathogens". PMC 3108743Freely accessible. PMID 21694898. doi:10.2147/IDR.S6961. 
  59. ↑ Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set (M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson ed.). 
  60. ↑ Alex, Alexander; Harris, C. John; Smith, Dennis A. Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward. 
  61. ↑ Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Stephen P. Denyer, Norman A. Hodges, Sean P. Gorman, Brendan F. Gilmore ed.). 
  62. ↑ Low-dose antibiotics: current status and outlook for the future (Robert Paul Hunter, Carlos F Amábile-Cuevas, Jun Lin, Joshua D Nosanchuk, Rustam Aminov ed.). 
  63. ↑ Vincent, Jean-Louis; Abraham, Edward; Kochanek, Patrick; Moore, Frederick A.; Fink, Mitchell P. Textbook of Critical Care E-Book. 
  64. ↑ Trauma: Critical Care (William C. Wilson, Christopher M. Grande, David B. Hoyt ed.). 
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