Difference between revisions of "Timeline of dentistry"

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| 2500 BC || || Oral surgery is thought to be practiced in {{w|Egypt}} this early.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|Egypt}}  
 
| 2500 BC || || Oral surgery is thought to be practiced in {{w|Egypt}} this early.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|Egypt}}  
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| 2250 BC || Anesthesia || A Babylonian clay tablet reveals the remedy for pain of dental cavities. A cement made by mixing henbane seed with gum mastic is used.
 
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| 1700 BC – 1500 BC || || The {{w|Ebers Papyrus}} in Egypt refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline">{{cite web |title=History of Dentistry Timeline |url=https://www.ada.org/en/about-the-ada/ada-history-and-presidents-of-the-ada/ada-history-of-dentistry-timeline |website=ada.org |accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
 
| 1700 BC – 1500 BC || || The {{w|Ebers Papyrus}} in Egypt refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline">{{cite web |title=History of Dentistry Timeline |url=https://www.ada.org/en/about-the-ada/ada-history-and-presidents-of-the-ada/ada-history-of-dentistry-timeline |website=ada.org |accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
 
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| 1500 BC || || Accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from that time.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
 
| 1500 BC || || Accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from that time.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|Egypt}}
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| 1000 BC || Anesthesia || {{w|Wine}} is used in {{w|India}} to produce insensibility.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|India}}
 
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| 600 BC || || An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to {{w|Phoenicia}}, where missing teeth are replaced with animal teeth and are bound into place with cord.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|Lebanon}}
 
| 600 BC || || An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to {{w|Phoenicia}}, where missing teeth are replaced with animal teeth and are bound into place with cord.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|Lebanon}}
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| 1530 || || ''Zene Artzney Buchlein wider allerlei kranckeyten und gebrechen der tzeen'' (The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth) becomes the first book devoted entirely to dentistry. Published in Germany, it is written in German instead of Latin. The book addresses barber-surgeons and surgeons, who treat the mouth, rather than university-trained physicians, who ignore all diseases of the teeth. Subsequent to this publication, other surgeons would publish texts incorporating aspects of dental treatment.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/>  || {{w|Germany}}
 
| 1530 || || ''Zene Artzney Buchlein wider allerlei kranckeyten und gebrechen der tzeen'' (The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth) becomes the first book devoted entirely to dentistry. Published in Germany, it is written in German instead of Latin. The book addresses barber-surgeons and surgeons, who treat the mouth, rather than university-trained physicians, who ignore all diseases of the teeth. Subsequent to this publication, other surgeons would publish texts incorporating aspects of dental treatment.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/>  || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1575 || || French surgeon {{w|Ambroise Paré}} covers the subject of dentistry in his works, including extraction and treating decay.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1540 || Anesthesia || German physician {{w|Valerius Cordus}} introduces synthesized sweet vitriol, now more commonly known as {{w|ether}}. || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1564 || Anesthesia || French surgeon {{w|Ambroise Paré}} obtains local anesthesia by compression of nerves.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1575 || || {{w|Ambroise Paré}} covers the subject of dentistry in his works, including extraction and treating decay.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1685 || || "In 1685, Charles Allen became the first to publish a dental textbook in English. "The Operator for the Teeth" guided a dental practitioner beyond simply extracting teeth, and it included instructions for helping patients relax before treatment as well as making homemade dentifrice to whiten teeth."<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> ||
 
| 1685 || || "In 1685, Charles Allen became the first to publish a dental textbook in English. "The Operator for the Teeth" guided a dental practitioner beyond simply extracting teeth, and it included instructions for helping patients relax before treatment as well as making homemade dentifrice to whiten teeth."<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> ||
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| 1771 || || British surgeon [[w:John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] publishes ''The Natural History of the Human Teeth''.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1771 || || British surgeon [[w:John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] publishes ''The Natural History of the Human Teeth''.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1779 || Anesthesia || Cornish chemist {{w|Humphry Davy}} announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1789 || || Parisian dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant introduces his mineral teeth paste dentures, commonly known as porcelain teeth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Bill |last2=Gadow |first2=Rainer |last3=Mitic |first3=Vojislav |title=Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dsDqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1789%22+Nicolas+Dubois+porcelain+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKooCd9L_cAhXMf5AKHTHSBDsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20Nicolas%20Dubois%20porcelain%20teeth&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bairsto |first1=Rachel |title=The British Dentist |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bdLvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=%22in+1789%22+Nicolas+Dubois+porcelain+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKooCd9L_cAhXMf5AKHTHSBDsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20Nicolas%20Dubois%20porcelain%20teeth&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1789 || || Parisian dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant introduces his mineral teeth paste dentures, commonly known as porcelain teeth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Bill |last2=Gadow |first2=Rainer |last3=Mitic |first3=Vojislav |title=Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dsDqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1789%22+Nicolas+Dubois+porcelain+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKooCd9L_cAhXMf5AKHTHSBDsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20Nicolas%20Dubois%20porcelain%20teeth&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bairsto |first1=Rachel |title=The British Dentist |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bdLvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=%22in+1789%22+Nicolas+Dubois+porcelain+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKooCd9L_cAhXMf5AKHTHSBDsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20Nicolas%20Dubois%20porcelain%20teeth&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 1840 || || The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentists are Dangerous??">{{cite web |title=Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this? |url=http://www.mosaicmanagementgroup.com/dentists-are-dangerous-what-do-you-think-of-this-article-are-your-patients-reading-things-like-this |website=mosaicmanagementgroup.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1840 || || The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentists are Dangerous??">{{cite web |title=Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this? |url=http://www.mosaicmanagementgroup.com/dentists-are-dangerous-what-do-you-think-of-this-article-are-your-patients-reading-things-like-this |website=mosaicmanagementgroup.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1846 || || Henry Morton demonstrates the use of {{w|ether}} as an {{w|anesthetic}} in dentistry.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> ||
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| 1844 || Anesthesia || American medicine man {{w|Gardner Quincy Colton}} introduces nitrous for wisdom tooth extraction.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1846 || Anesthesia || Henry Morton demonstrates the use of {{w|ether}} as an {{w|anesthetic}} in dentistry.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> ||
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| 1853 || Anesthesia || The hollow needle and hypodermic syringe are invented.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> ||
 
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| 1855 || || "Robert Arthur originates the cohesive gold foil method allowing dentists to insert gold into a cavity with minimal pressure. The foil is fabricated by annealing, a process of passing gold through a flame making it soft and malleable."<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> ||
 
| 1855 || || "Robert Arthur originates the cohesive gold foil method allowing dentists to insert gold into a cavity with minimal pressure. The foil is fabricated by annealing, a process of passing gold through a flame making it soft and malleable."<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> ||

Revision as of 17:39, 27 July 2018

This is a timeline of dentistry.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient times Dating back to 7000 B.C., dentistry is one of the oldest medical professions. The earliest records on dentistry date back to the Indus Valley Civilization. At around 5000 BC, descriptions related to dentistry and tooth decay become available. At the time, a Sumerian text describes tooth worms as causing dental decay, an idea that wouldn't prove false until the 1700s.[1]
Middle age In the Early Middle Ages in Europe monks act as doctors, surgeons and dentists. However in the early 12th century the Church forbids clergy to do operations of any kind. This gives place to the merge of craftsmen called a barber-surgeons. As well as cutting hair and doing surgery, barber-surgeons pull teeth. People clean their teeth by chewing twigs. Others make toothpaste from things like crushed eggshells. However there are no toothbrushes at the time.[2]
17th century In Europe, some barber-surgeons begin to specialize in dentistry. Toothbrushes are introduced into England in the mid-century.[2]
18th century Dentistry becomes more scientific[2] and a more defined profession.[1]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
7000 BC Human remains at the Mehgarh Neolithic site in Baluchistan, Pakistan, dating from that time show early evidence of dentistry. Holes in eleven teeth found on the site were intentionally made using ancient flint drill bits. The slight decay on the teeth suggests the patients had their teeth drilled to rid themselves of tooth decay.[3][4] Pakistan
5000 BC A Sumerian text describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay.[2][4] Iraq
3000 BC Egyptian high official Hesy-Ra is one of the earliest dental practitioners remembered by name.[3] Egypt
2900 BC – 2750 BC Egyptian skulls dating from that period contain evidence of small holes in the jaw in the vicinity of a tooth’s roots. Such holes are believed to have been drilled to drain abscesses.[5] Egypt
2500 BC Oral surgery is thought to be practiced in Egypt this early.[5] Egypt
2250 BC Anesthesia A Babylonian clay tablet reveals the remedy for pain of dental cavities. A cement made by mixing henbane seed with gum mastic is used.
1700 BC – 1500 BC The Ebers Papyrus in Egypt refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies.[6] Egypt
1500 BC Accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from that time.[5] Egypt
1000 BC Anesthesia Wine is used in India to produce insensibility.[7] India
600 BC An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to Phoenicia, where missing teeth are replaced with animal teeth and are bound into place with cord.[5] Lebanon
400 BC Greek physician Hippocrates describes diseases of the mouth.[2] Greece
384–322 BC Aristotle writes about dentistry, describing tooth growth, tooth decay, and gum disease. Like Hippocrates, Aristotle also develops treatment methods, such as using forceps to pull teeth and using wires to attach loose teeth.[3] Greece
300 BC The Greeks develop some techniques for addressing tooth maladies.[3] Greece
100 BC "Celsus, a Roman medical writer, writes extensively in his important compendium of medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain, and jaw fractures."[6]
166 AD – 201 AD The Etruscans, an ancient civilization located in current Italy, are thought to have been excellent dentists.[2] The Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed bridgework.[6] Italy
700 "A medical text in China mentions the use of “silver paste,” a type of amalgam."[6] China
1210 "A Guild of Barbers is established in France. Barbers eventually evolve into two groups: surgeons who were educated and trained to perform complex surgical operations; and lay barbers, or barber-surgeons, who performed more routine hygienic services including shaving, bleeding and tooth extraction."[6] France
1400 "A series of royal decrees in France prohibit lay barbers from practicing all surgical procedures except bleeding, cupping, leeching, and extracting teeth."[6] France
1498 The toothbrush is invented by the Chinese. The device would take a long time to reach Europe.[2] China
1530 Zene Artzney Buchlein wider allerlei kranckeyten und gebrechen der tzeen (The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth) becomes the first book devoted entirely to dentistry. Published in Germany, it is written in German instead of Latin. The book addresses barber-surgeons and surgeons, who treat the mouth, rather than university-trained physicians, who ignore all diseases of the teeth. Subsequent to this publication, other surgeons would publish texts incorporating aspects of dental treatment.[3][5] Germany
1540 Anesthesia German physician Valerius Cordus introduces synthesized sweet vitriol, now more commonly known as ether. Germany
1564 Anesthesia French surgeon Ambroise Paré obtains local anesthesia by compression of nerves.[7] France
1575 Ambroise Paré covers the subject of dentistry in his works, including extraction and treating decay.[3] France
1685 "In 1685, Charles Allen became the first to publish a dental textbook in English. "The Operator for the Teeth" guided a dental practitioner beyond simply extracting teeth, and it included instructions for helping patients relax before treatment as well as making homemade dentifrice to whiten teeth."[3]
1728 French surgeon Pierre Fauchard publishes Le Chirurgien Dentiste ("The Surgeon Dentist"). His text includes the revelation that sugar causes tooth decay, dispelling the outdated belief that tooth worms and evil spirits are responsible for dental woes.[2][3][1] France
1746 Claude Mouton from France devises a gold crown with a gold post designed to be retained in the root canal, to prevent broken-down molars from further deteriorating.[8] France
1766 English dentist John Baker becomes the first dentist to immigrate to the United States.[3][9] United States
1760 – 1780 "Isaac Greenwood practices as the first native-born American dentist."[3] United States
1770 Porcelain false teeth are invented.[2]
1771 British surgeon John Hunter publishes The Natural History of the Human Teeth.[2] United Kingdom
1779 Anesthesia Cornish chemist Humphry Davy announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.[7] United Kingdom
1789 Parisian dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant introduces his mineral teeth paste dentures, commonly known as porcelain teeth.[10][11] France
1790 "John Greenwood, son of Isaac Greenwood and one of George Washington’s dentists, constructs the first known dental foot engine. He adapts his mother’s foot treadle spinning wheel to rotate a drill."[6]
1790 American dentist Josiah Flagg constructs the first chair made specifically for dental patients.[2] United States
1801 Richard C. Skinner writes his Treatise on the Human Teeth, the first dental book published in the United States.[6] United States
1808 A single porcelain tooth imbedded with a platinum pin is invented in Italy.[12] Italy
c.1820 Amalgam is first used in Europe.[2]
1825 "Samuel Stockton begins commercial manufacture of porcelain teeth. His S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company establishes and dominates the dental supply market throughout the 19th century."[6] United States
1832 James Snell invents the first reclining dental chair.[2]
1839 The American Journal of Dental Science is launched. It is the world’s first dental journal.[6] United States
1839 The vulcanized rubber is discovered. This would be used to hold false teeth.[12]
1840 The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (today University of Maryland School of Dentistry) opens, becoming the first dental school in the United States.[3] United States
1840 The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.[3][13] United States
1844 Anesthesia American medicine man Gardner Quincy Colton introduces nitrous for wisdom tooth extraction.[7] United States
1846 Anesthesia Henry Morton demonstrates the use of ether as an anesthetic in dentistry.[2]
1853 Anesthesia The hollow needle and hypodermic syringe are invented.[7]
1855 "Robert Arthur originates the cohesive gold foil method allowing dentists to insert gold into a cavity with minimal pressure. The foil is fabricated by annealing, a process of passing gold through a flame making it soft and malleable."[6]
1859 The American Dental Association is established as a mercury amalgam promoting dental group.[1][13] United States
1860 The British Royal College of Surgeons introducea the Surgeons Licence in Dental Surgery.[2] United Kingdom
1864 Sanford C. Barnum develops the rubber dam, a piece of elastic rubber fitted over a tooth by means of weights. The rubber dam is considered the optimal method to isolate a dental operative field and to prevent moisture contamination during the placement of direct restorations and endodontic procedures.[14]
1864 George Fellows invents a clockwork dental drill.[2]
1867 Harvard University Dental School is established as an early university-affiliated dental institution.[1] United States
1871 "James B. Morrison patents the first commercially manufactured foot-treadle dental engine. Morrison’s inexpensive, mechanized tool supplies dental burs with enough speed to cut enamel and dentin smoothly and quickly, revolutionizing the practice of dentistry."[6]
1871 American dentist, George F. Green receives a patent for the first electric dental engine, a self-contained motor and handpiece.[15][6] United States
1873 Colgate starts mass production of the first toothpaste. Mass-produced toothbrushes would followed a few years later.[1] United States
1875 American dentist George Green invents an electric dental drill.[2][16]
1877 Basil Manly Wilkerson invents a hydraulic chair (now called Wilkerson dental chair).[2]
1879 A register of dentists is set up in Britain.[2] United Kingdom
1880 The British Dental Association is founded.[17] United Kingdom
1880 The first electric toothbrush is marketed.[12]
1880s "The collapsible metal tube revolutionizes toothpaste manufacturing and marketing. Dentifrice had been available only in liquid or powder form, usually made by individual dentists, and sold in bottles, porcelain pots, or paper boxes. Tube toothpaste, in contrast, is mass-produced in factories, mass-marketed, and sold nation-wide. In twenty years, it becomes the norm."[6]
1890 "Willoughby Miller an American dentist in Germany, notes the microbial basis of dental decay in his book Micro-Organisms of the Human Mouth. This generates an unprecedented interest in oral hygiene and starts a world-wide movement to promote regular toothbrushing and flossing."[6]
1892 The first collapsible tube is marketed.[12]
1895 German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.[17]
1896 American dentist Charles Edmund Kells introduces X-ray technology in dentistry.[5][1] United States
1899 "Edward Hartley Angle classifies the various forms of malocclusion. Credited with making orthodontics into a dental specialty, Angle also establishes the first school of orthodontics (Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis, 1900), the first orthodontic society (American Society of Orthodontia, 1901), and the first dental specialty journal (American Orthodontist, 1907)"
1901 "Edward H. Angle, who started the first school of orthodontics in 1901, created a simple classification for crooked teeth in the late 1800s, a system still in use today"[1] United States
1903 Dr Charles H. Land introduces his porcelain jacket crown, the first tooth-colored full-coverage restoration. The PJC is made with feldspathic porcelain clay layers successively fired over platinum foil.[17][18]
1905 German chemist Alfred Einhorn formulates the local anesthetic procain, later marketed under the trade name Novocain.[17] Germany
1907 American dentist William Taggart introduces a precision casting machine that allows dentists to create gold restorations of great accuracy with a minimum of tooth removal.[5][17] United States
1908 "Greene Vardiman Black, the leading reformer and educator of American dentistry, publishes his monumental two-volume treatise Operative Dentistry, which remains the essential clinical dental text for fifty years. Black later develops techniques for filling teeth, standardizes operative procedures and instrumentation, develops an improved amalgam, and pioneers the use of visual aids for teaching dentistry."[17] United States
1913 American dentist Edwin J. Greenfield demonstrates the first modern and truly functional dental implant.[5]
1913 Clinic American dentist Alfred Fones opens the Fones Clinic For Dental Hygienists in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the world’s first oral hygiene school.[6] United States
1917 "Irene Newman receives the world’s first dental hygiene license in Connecticut."[6]
1921 New law introduced in Britain stipulates that only registered dentists could practice dentistry.[2] United Kingdom
1924 Organization The American Dental Assistants Association is founded.[17] United States
1930 Organization The American Board of Orthodontics is founded as the world’s first dental specialty board.[6] Template:W1United States
1937 "Alvin Strock inserts the first Vitallium dental screw implant. Vitallium, the first successful biocompatible implant metal, had been developed a year earlier by Charles Venable, an orthopedic surgeon."[6]
1938 DuPont introduces nylon bristles to the market.[17][4]
1945 The water fluoridation era begins when the cities of Newburgh, New York, and Grand Rapids, Michigan, add sodium fluoride to their public water systems, in order to help fight tooth decay among residents.[17][12] United States
1949 Swiss chemist Oskar Hagger develops the first system of bonding acrylic resin to dentin.[17]
1950 The first fluoride toothpastes are marketed.[17]
1953 The first commercially successful water-driven turbine drill, developed by American dentist Robert Nelson, is introduced.[5] United States
1955 "Michael Buonocore describes the acid etch technique, a simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic fillings to enamel." [17]
1956 Proctor & Gamble introduces Crest brand toothpaste with fluoride.[12] United States
1957 John Borden introduces the air turbine dental drill (using compressed air).[2][5]
1958 A fully reclining dental chair is introduced.[17]
1960 Lasers are developed and approved in dentistry for soft tissue work, such as treatment of periodontal disease.[6]
1962 "Rafael Bowen develops Bis-GMA, the thermoset resin complex used in most modern composite resin restorative materials."[17]
1980 "Per-Ingvar Branemark describes techniques for the osseointegration of dental implants."[17]
1984 The pump dispenser is introduced.[12]
1989 The first commercial home tooth bleaching product is marketed.[17]
1990 "New tooth-colored restorative materials plus increased usage of bleaching, veneers, and implants inaugurate an era of esthetic dentistry."[6]
1997 "FDA approves the erbium YAG laser, the first for use on dentin, to treat tooth decay."[6]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

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What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". adea.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 "A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". localhistories.org. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "A Brief History of Dentistry". carefreedental.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The history of dentistry". renkendentistry.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 "Dentistry". britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 "History of Dentistry Timeline". ada.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named A_Brief_History_of_Dental_Anesthesia
  8. ↑ Goodman, Saundra. Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them!. 
  9. ↑ "'Dentists' and the establishment of the Anglo-American profession in the 18th century. Part 4. North America". nature.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  10. ↑ Lee, Bill; Gadow, Rainer; Mitic, Vojislav. Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference. 
  11. ↑ Bairsto, Rachel. The British Dentist. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 "The History of Dental Advances". knowyourteeth.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this?". mosaicmanagementgroup.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  14. ↑ "RUBBER DAM ISOLATION". dentistry.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  15. ↑ "January 26, 1875 : Kalamazoo Dentist George F. Green Patents First Electric Dental Drill". blogpublic.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  16. ↑ "First electric dental drill: Jan. 26, 1875". healthcentral.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 "The History of Dentistry". namibiadent.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 
  18. ↑ Freedman, George A. Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry - E-Book. 
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