Difference between revisions of "Timeline of pneumonia"

| 1881 || || Bacterium {{w|Streptococcus pneumonia}}, one of the most common causes of pneumonia throughout the world, is discovered independently by French microbiologist {{w|Louis Pasteur}}, and American microbiologist {{w|George Miller Sternberg}}, after both identified lancet-shaped bacteria in saliva. It is named ''Microbe septicemique du salive'' by Pasteur and ''Micrococcus  pasteuri'' by Sternberg.<ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery">{{cite web |last1=Wqatson |first1=David  A. |last2=Musher |first2=Daniel  M. |last3=Jacobson |first3=James  W. |last4=Verhoef |first4=Jan |title=A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery |url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/G/M/G/F/_/ccgmgf.pdf |website=nih.gov |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fry |first1=Michael |title=Landmark Experiments in Molecular Biology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VROKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=1881+%09%09Bacterium+Streptococcus+pneumonia+Louis+Pasteur+George+Miller+Sternberg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg-IL1iZngAhXDI7kGHXLbAy8Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=1881%20%09%09Bacterium%20Streptococcus%20pneumonia%20Louis%20Pasteur%20George%20Miller%20Sternberg&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marble |first1=Sanders |title=Builders of Trust |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6c2xYJLiprgC&pg=PA61&dq=1881+%09%09Bacterium+Streptococcus+pneumonia+Louis+Pasteur+George+Miller+Sternberg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg-IL1iZngAhXDI7kGHXLbAy8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=1881%20%09%09Bacterium%20Streptococcus%20pneumonia%20Louis%20Pasteur%20George%20Miller%20Sternberg&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}, {{w|United States}}

| 1883 || || Friedlander and Talamon first dscribe the association between the pneumococcus and lobar pneumonia.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease">{{cite web |title=Pneumococcal Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/pneumo.pdf |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="1883 Friedlander and Talamon first describe the association between the pneumococcus and lobar pneumonia">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Piyush |last2=Menon |first2=PSN |last3=Ramji |first3=Siddarth |last4=Lodha |first4=Rakesh |title=PG Textbook of Pediatrics: Volume 2: Infections and Systemic Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=krlEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1098&dq=1883+Friedlander+and+Talamon+first+describe+the+association+between+the+pneumococcus+and+lobar+pneumonia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK1PCY_pjgAhVDGrkGHWLmBW4Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=1883%20Friedlander%20and%20Talamon%20first%20describe%20the%20association%20between%20the%20pneumococcus%20and%20lobar%20pneumonia&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A system of medicine, Volume 5 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mHYXAQAAMAAJ&q=1883+Friedlander+and+Talamon&dq=1883+Friedlander+and+Talamon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrpu_bgZngAhVPILkGHQXZBu4Q6AEINzAD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller Sternberg |first1=George |title=A Text-book of Bacteriology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0BC6AAAAIAAJ&q=1883+Friedlander+and+Talamon&dq=1883+Friedlander+and+Talamon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrpu_bgZngAhVPILkGHQXZBu4Q6AEIOzAE}}</ref> ||

| 1884 || || The gram stain is developed, putting an end to confusion between pneumococcal pneumonia with other types of pneumonia.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/> ||

| 1886 || || The organism previously named by [[w:Louis Pasteur|Pasteur]] and [[w:George Miller Sternberg|Sternberg]] is referred to as ''{{w|pneumococcus}}'' by German physician {{w|Albert Fraenkel}} because of its propensity to cause pulmonary disease.<ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery"/><ref name="Vaccines E-Book: Expert Consult - Online and Print">{{cite book |last1=Plotkin |first1=Stanley A. |last2=Orenstein |first2=Walter |last3=Offit |first3=Paul A. |title=Vaccines E-Book: Expert Consult - Online and Print |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TRyXTLXNA2YC&pg=PA542&dq=1920+Fraenkel+++pneumococcus+is+renamed+diplococcus+pneumoniae&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj22em3kJjgAhX0FLkGHWLBAkEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=1920%20Fraenkel%20%20%20pneumococcus%20is%20renamed%20diplococcus%20pneumoniae&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery"/> ||

| 1892 || || Canadian physician {{w|William Osler}} writes of pneumonia, "It is a self-limited disease, and has its course uninfluenced in any way by medicine". ||

| 1893 || || The first attempt to treat pneumococcal pneumonia with rabbit serum (generated through inoculating rabbits with pneumococci) takes place in Germany.<ref name="The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond"/> || {{w|Germany}}

| 1911 || || Efforts to develop effective pneumococcal vaccines begin.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/> Whole-cell pneumococcal vaccines are tested among gold miners of {{w|South Africa}}.<ref name="Infections of the Central Nervous System"/><ref name="1883 Friedlander and Talamon first describe the association between the pneumococcus and lobar pneumonia"/> || {{w|South Africa}}

| 1911 || || Morganroth and Levy show that a {{w|quinine}} derivative, ethylhydrocupreine (also  known as optochin), inhibits the growth of pneumococci but not of clinically related organisms.<ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery"/> ||  

| 1913 || || Antipneumococcal serum therapy becomes available, being able to reduce mortality from 25% to 7.5%, if given early in disease progression. However, this treatment method is slow, costly, and time-consuming at the time.<ref name="Pneumonia History"/> ||

| 1929 || || Scottish physician {{w|Alexander Fleming}} discovers the antibacterial properties of the  fungus-derived substance that later comes to be called {{w|penicillin}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health |edition=Judith Walzer Leavitt, Ronald L. Numbers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6eOlhNkjXaAC&pg=PA103&dq=%22in+1929%22+Alexander+Fleming+penicillin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMu4L8h5ngAhW6LLkGHRjOBj0Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201929%22%20Alexander%20Fleming%20penicillin&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |title=Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QYI4xk9kOIMC&pg=PA16&dq=%22in+1929%22+Alexander+Fleming+penicillin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMu4L8h5ngAhW6LLkGHRjOBj0Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201929%22%20Alexander%20Fleming%20penicillin&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Waller |first1=John |title=Fabulous Science: Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific DiscoveryFabulous Science: Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Cay3Wf5nceMC&pg=PA261&dq=%22in+1929%22+Alexander+Fleming+penicillin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMu4L8h5ngAhW6LLkGHRjOBj0Q6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201929%22%20Alexander%20Fleming%20penicillin&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery"/> || {{w|Unitd Kingdom}}  

| 1920s || || Type I specific antipneumococcal serotherapy proves efficacious in large hospitals of the United States.<ref name="The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1928 || || Scottish microbiologist {{w|Alexander Fleming}}, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called {{w|staphylococcus}}, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Newell-McGloughlin|first1=Martina|last2=Re|first2=Edward|title=The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U27lbghWOfsC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=E.+de+Freudenreich&source=bl&ots=69HqimydSe&sig=021aY8DvwKO8_TlY5ZfeEenZ8d4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtvvWs5pTaAhXDGJAKHb5WB5AQ6AEIWTAK#v=onepage&q=E.%20de%20Freudenreich&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery">{{cite web|title=Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery|url=https://correctiv.org/en/investigations/superbugs/article/2017/07/03/ten-important-early-moments-history-antibiotic-discovery/|website=correctiv.org|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1939 || || Antibacterial agent, {{w|sulfapyridine}}, the first effective antipneumococcal sulfonamide, is introduced in the United States, representing the emerging chemotherapeutic revolution as applied to pneumonia.<ref name="The Changing Fate of Pneumonia as a Public Health Concern in 20th-Century America and Beyond"/><ref name="Pneumonia History"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Mrinal K. |title=Chemistry of Antibiotics and Related Drugs |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vgXWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=1939+Ren%C3%A9+Dubos++gramicidin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi96dD-4JjgAhXZLLkGHQwMBAkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=1939%20Ren%C3%A9%20Dubos%20%20gramicidin&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=John W. |last2=Warren |first2=Christian |title=Silent Victories: The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth-Century America |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YPYRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=1939+Ren%C3%A9+Dubos++gramicidin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi96dD-4JjgAhXZLLkGHQwMBAkQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=1939%20Ren%C3%A9%20Dubos%20%20gramicidin&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Sanjai |title=Applied Microbiology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Wdp9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91&dq=1939+Ren%C3%A9+Dubos++gramicidin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi96dD-4JjgAhXZLLkGHQwMBAkQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=1939%20Ren%C3%A9%20Dubos%20%20gramicidin&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 1939 || || French-born American microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} discovers the first naturally occurring antimicrobial compound with  demonstrable activity in vitro against a bacterial  pathogen. This compound is named {{w|gramicidin}}, with demonstrated activity against ''{{w|streptococcus pneumoniae}}''.<ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1940 || || More than 80 serotypes of pneumococci are described by the time.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/> ||

| 1942 || || Antibiotic {{w|penicillin}} begins to be used to treat infections.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|year=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-103962-1|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56}}</ref><ref name="Pneumonia History"/> ||

| 1947 || || Kaufman demonstrates the safety and efficacy of 2-valent and 3-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines.<ref name="A review of selected Federal vaccine and immunization policies : based on case studies of pneumococcal vaccine.">{{cite book |title=A review of selected Federal vaccine and immunization policies : based on case studies of pneumococcal vaccine. |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9V6FbkkltrcC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=%22in+1943..1969%22+%22pneumococcal%22&source=bl&ots=du6DjxcQRh&sig=ACfU3U0Jf7nTijDXXDnLPyBGaiPsAvsGGg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR16ON_ZjgAhXrEbkGHZkaCU4Q6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943..1969%22%20%22pneumococcal%22&f=false}}</ref> ||

| Late 1960s || || Efforts are again made to develop a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/> ||

| 1974 || || ''Pneumococcus'' is given its present name, ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', primarily  on the basis of its characteristic growth as chains of {{w|cocci}} in liquid media.<ref name="A  Brief  History  of  the  Pneumococcus  in  Biomedical  Research:  A  Panoply  of  Scientific  Discovery"/><ref name="Vaccines E-Book: Expert Consult - Online and Print"/> ||

| 1977 || || The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), a vaccine to protect against bacterial pneumonia, is first developed. However, this vaccine only protects against a limited number of Streptococcal serotypes.<ref name="Pneumonia History"/><ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Acute Respiratory Infections |edition=Wei Shen Lim |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Cu2uPxnvm00C&pg=PT101&dq=1977+The+pneumococcal+polysaccharide+vaccine+(PPV&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic5v_zkZjgAhUtErkGHcFdCSQQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=1977%20The%20pneumococcal%20polysaccharide%20vaccine%20(PPV&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Infections of the Central Nervous System">{{cite book |title=Infections of the Central Nervous System |edition=Michael W. Scheld, Richard J. Whitley, Christina M. Marra |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CmAGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA885&dq=1977+The+pneumococcal+polysaccharide+vaccine+(PPV&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic5v_zkZjgAhUtErkGHcFdCSQQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=1977%20The%20pneumococcal%20polysaccharide%20vaccine%20(PPV&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice |edition=Steven H. Woolf, Steven Jonas, Evonne Kaplan-Liss |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rDEa3YLDfwwC&pg=PA392&dq=1977+The+pneumococcal+polysaccharide+vaccine+(PPV&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic5v_zkZjgAhUtErkGHcFdCSQQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=1977%20The%20pneumococcal%20polysaccharide%20vaccine%20(PPV&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Partha's Immunization Digest">{{cite book |last1=Parthasarathy |first1=A. |title=Partha's Immunization Digest |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0vEzRVdf_igC&pg=PA49&dq=in+1983+23-valent+polysaccharide+vaccine&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcjLv-6JjgAhXeK7kGHbuFBB4Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=in%201983%2023-valent%20polysaccharide%20vaccine&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 1980s || || The classification of pneumonia based on lists of different pathogens is abandoned in favour of a more practical classification that helps to guide investigation, management and therapy: CAP, 9 hospital-acquired (or nosocomial) pneumonia, and pneumonia in the immuno- compromised host.<ref name="100 years of respiratory medicine: Pneumonia">{{cite journal |last1=Blasi |first1=Francesco |last2=Aliberti |first2=Stefano |last3=Pappalettera |first3=Maria |last4=Tarsia |first4=Paolo |title=100 years of respiratory medicine: Pneumonia |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2007.02.016}}</ref> ||

| 1983 || || 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine is licensed.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/><ref name="Partha's Immunization Digest"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends |edition=Matthias Ullrich |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SBhvdj9jPIQC&pg=PA121&dq=in+1983+23-valent+polysaccharide+vaccine&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcjLv-6JjgAhXeK7kGHbuFBB4Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=in%201983%2023-valent%20polysaccharide%20vaccine&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jong |first1=Elaine C. |last2=Stevens |first2=Dennis L. |title=Netter's Infectious Diseases E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eS8juEBAxQMC&pg=PA22&dq=in+1983+23-valent+polysaccharide+vaccine&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcjLv-6JjgAhXeK7kGHbuFBB4Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=in%201983%2023-valent%20polysaccharide%20vaccine&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 2000 || || The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), is introduced, offering protection against many more serotypes, including several strains that were resistant to antibiotics.<ref name="Pneumonia History"/><ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/><ref name="Partha's Immunization Digest"/> ||

| 2008 || || The definition of penicillin resistance is modified such that a much larger proportion of pneumococci are now considered susceptible to {{w|penicillin}}.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/> ||

| 2009 || || A 10-valent {{w|Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine}} is licensed for the vaccination of children.<ref name="Community-Acquired Pneumonia: European Respiratory Monograph"/> ||

| 2010 || || A 13-valent {{w|Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine}} is licensed.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/><ref name="Community-Acquired Pneumonia: European Respiratory Monograph">{{cite book |title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia: European Respiratory Monograph |edition=Stefano Aliberti, James D. Chalmers, Mathias W. Pletz |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NOvvAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA72&dq=2010+13-valent+PCV+is+licensed&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1qpuCn5jgAhXDH7kGHdoYDDgQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=2010%2013-valent%20PCV%20is%20licensed&f=false}}</ref> ||

| 2010 || || {{w|Pfizer}}, the manfacturer of PVC7, replaces it with an extended version, PCV13.<ref name="Community-Acquired Pneumonia: European Respiratory Monograph"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Newly Licensed Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Questions—and Answers: Page 2 of 2 |url=http://www.pediatricsconsultantlive.com/vaccines/newly-licensed-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-questions%E2%80%94and-answers/page/0/1 |website=pediatricsconsultantlive.com |accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia: European Respiratory Monograph |edition=Stefano Aliberti, James D. Chalmers, Mathias W. Pletz |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NOvvAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA72&lpg=RA3-PA72&dq=2010+Pfizer,+the+manfacturer+of+PVC7,+replaces+it+with+an+extended+version,+PCV13&source=bl&ots=XOGQr84Y1I&sig=ACfU3U0u2YKXlbLY9EIWyG2JbUMxUEgj-w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQz4KOi5ngAhW0LLkGHUHdCn4Q6AEwC3oECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=2010%20Pfizer%2C%20the%20manfacturer%20of%20PVC7%2C%20replaces%20it%20with%20an%20extended%20version%2C%20PCV13&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 2011 || || 92 serotypes of {{w|streptococcus pneumoniae}} are documented by the time.<ref name="Pneumococcal Disease"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinberger |first1=Daniel M. |last2=Malley |first2=Richard |last3=Lipsitch |first3=Marc |title=Serotype replacement in disease following pneumococcal vaccination: A discussion of the evidence |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62225-8 |pmid=21492929 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256741/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leung |first1=Marcus H. |last2=Bryson |first2=Kevin |last3=Freystatter |first3=Kathrin |last4=Pichon |first4=Bruno |last5=Edwards |first5=Giles |last6=Charalambous |first6=Bambos M. |last7=Gillespiea |first7=Stephen H. |title=Sequetyping: Serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae by a Single PCR Sequencing Strategy |doi=10.1128/JCM.06384-11 |pmid=22553238 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405617/}}</ref> ||

| 2016 || || A large trial studying the use of {{w|vitamin D}} to prevent pneumonia in children, finds no effect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yakoob MY, Salam RA, Khan FR, Bhutta ZA | title = Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five years of age | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 11 | page= CD008824 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27826955 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008824.pub2 }}</ref> ||