Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"

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==TODO==
 
==TODO==
  
−
* get more vaccines from [[Malaria vaccine]]
+
* get more vaccines from [[wikipedia:Malaria vaccine|Malaria vaccine]]
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
 
* other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
 
* other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
 
*  C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/311.full.pdf]
 
*  C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/311.full.pdf]
−
* [[:Category:Antimalarial agents]]
+
* [[wikipedia::Category:Antimalarial agents|:Category:Antimalarial agents]]
−
* [[Antimalarial medication]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Antimalarial medication|Antimalarial medication]]
−
* [[Malaria prophylaxis]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Malaria prophylaxis|Malaria prophylaxis]]
−
* [[Mosquito control]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Mosquito control|Mosquito control]]
 
* https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
 
* https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
  
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also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
 
also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
  
−
[[Chemoprophylaxis]] -- which drugs are included?
+
[[wikipedia:Chemoprophylaxis|Chemoprophylaxis]] -- which drugs are included?
  
 
consider "patient compliance" as a column
 
consider "patient compliance" as a column
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! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages
 
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || || || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|Accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || || || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cita web|título=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|editorial=Portland State Universit y|fechaacceso=18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|Accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|Accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cita web|título=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|editorial=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cita web|título=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|editorial=World Health Organization|fechaacceso=18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-scientist-awarded-4-6-million-for-10884365.php|Accessdate= }}</ref> || || Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || More expensive than SP or chloroquine.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Malcolm |last1=Dowling |first2=Chin-Fang |last2=Yap |year=2014 |title=Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea |publisher==Palgrave and Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|165}}
+
| [[wikipedia:Artemisinin|Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{cita web|título=San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-scientist-awarded-4-6-million-for-10884365.php|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || More expensive than SP or chloroquine.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Malcolm |last1=Dowling |first2=Chin-Fang |last2=Yap |year=2014 |title=Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea |publisher=Palgrave and Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|165}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artemotil]] || Treatment || || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|Accessdate= }}</ref>|| || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cita libro|título=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|editorial=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES| publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|Accessdate= }}</ref>|| || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cita publicación|título=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES|publicación=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Atovaquone/proguanil ([[Malarone]]) || Both || || || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
+
| Atovaquone/proguanil ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Both || || || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum| publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|Accessdate= }}</ref> || ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|Accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last22=Bloem|last2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|Accessdate= }}</ref>||
+
| [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cita publicación|título=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publicación=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cita web|título=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|fechaacceso=18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cita libro|apellidos1=Semba|nombre1=Richard David|apellidos2=Bloem|nombre2=Martin W.|título=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|Accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cita publicación|título=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|fechaacceso=16 de marzo de 2017|pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials| publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|Accessdate= }}</ref> || [[Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cita publicación|título=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publicación=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|Accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cita web|título=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|editorial=WHO|fechaacceso=18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Doxycycline]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|Accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
+
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cita web|título=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|editorial=Oxford Academic|fechaacceso=18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|Accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" />
+
| [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cita web|título=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|fechaacceso=15 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" />
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|Accessdate= }}</ref>  || || || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC| publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" />
+
| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cita web|título=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|fechaacceso=15 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>  || || || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cita publicación|título=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publicación=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" />
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Lumefantrine]] ([[benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[Malarone]]) || Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|Accessdate=}}</ref> || || "released in the late 1990s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || || || || found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cita web|título=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || "released in the late 1990s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || || || || found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Piperaquine]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Pyrethroid]] nets || Prevention || || || || || || || It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance|url=https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/malaria-updated/page/itns-challenges-insecticide-resistance|Accessdate= }}</ref>
+
| [[wikipedia:Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid]] nets || Prevention || || || || || || || It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.<ref>{{cita web|título=ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance|url=https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/malaria-updated/page/itns-challenges-insecticide-resistance|fechaacceso=16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[Plasmodium vivax]], [[Plasmodium malariae]] and [[Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|Accessdate= }}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|Accessdate= }}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cita web|título=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|fechaacceso=16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cita publicación|título=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|fechaacceso=16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Quinidine]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| [[Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|Accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cita publicación|título=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|fechaacceso=17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artesunate suppositories]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate suppositories|Artesunate suppositories]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] ([[Fansidar]]) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] ([[wikipedia:Fansidar|Fansidar]]) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" />   
+
| [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" />   
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|Accessdate= }}</ref>  ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cita web|apellidos1=Mondal|nombre1=Sudeb|título=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|fechaacceso=16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || ||
 
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Swamp#Draining|Swamp draining]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Swamp#Draining|Swamp draining]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Fogging || || || || || || || ||
 
| Fogging || || || || || || || ||
Line 104: Line 104:
 
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || || ||
 
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Human genetic resistance to malaria|Genetic blood disorders]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Human genetic resistance to malaria|Genetic blood disorders]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Selective eradication of certain mosquito species || || || || || || || ||
 
| Selective eradication of certain mosquito species || || || || || || || ||
Line 110: Line 110:
 
| Use of decoys<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307162258/http://www.malariasite.com:80/malaria/history_control.htm |title=Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control |accessdate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> || || || || || || || ||
 
| Use of decoys<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307162258/http://www.malariasite.com:80/malaria/history_control.htm |title=Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control |accessdate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[RTS,S]] || || ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) || || || || || || || ||
 
| Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) || || || || || || || ||
Line 116: Line 116:
 
| Other forms of larval control? || || || || || || || ||
 
| Other forms of larval control? || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Mosquito coil]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito coil|Mosquito coil]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || || || ||
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 129: Line 129:
 
Surface := Bednet {{!}} Wall {{!}} Swamp
 
Surface := Bednet {{!}} Wall {{!}} Swamp
  
−
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for [[lambda-cyhalothrin]], and 2–3 months for [[malathion]] and [[deltamethrin]].
+
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for [[wikipedia:lambda-cyhalothrin|lambda-cyhalothrin]], and 2–3 months for [[wikipedia:malathion|malathion]] and [[wikipedia:deltamethrin|deltamethrin]].
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Usage status
 
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Usage status
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}}
+
| [[wikipedia:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BHC ([[Lindane]]?) || || || || || || ||
+
| BHC ([[wikipedia:Lindane|Lindane]]?) || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Dieldrin || || || || || || ||
 
| Dieldrin || || || || || || ||
Line 144: Line 144:
 
| HCH || || || || || || ||
 
| HCH || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Deltamethrin]] || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Paris green]] || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Paris green|Paris green]] || || || || || || ||
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
[[Carbamate#Carbamate insecticides|Carbamate insecticide]]s http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
+
[[wikipedia:Carbamate#Carbamate insecticides|Carbamate insecticide]]s http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
  
−
* [[Timeline of malaria]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of malaria|Timeline of malaria]]
−
* [[History of malaria]]
+
* [[wikipedia:History of malaria|History of malaria]]
−
* [[User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria]]
+
* [[wikipedia:User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria|User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Revision as of 19:16, 18 March 2017

Template:INDEX

This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.

TODO

Methods

Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.

Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both

ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?

also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.

Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?

consider "patient compliance" as a column

include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Method Type Acts against Route of administration First use First resistance Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages
Amodiaquine Treatment 1951[1] 1971[1]
Artemether Treatment[2] "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[2] Intramuscular injection[3]
Artemisinin Treatment Plasmodium falciparum 1970s[1] 1998[1], 2009[4] Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[5] More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[6]:165
Artemotil Treatment "Intramuscular injection only."[7]
Artesunate/amodiaquine Treatment[8] "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[8]
Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) Both 1996[1] 2002[1]
Chloroquine Both "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[9] ~1940s (during WWII) 1957[10] Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[5] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[11]
Chlorproguanil-Dapsone Treatment "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[12] "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[12]
Clindamycin Treatment[13] Plasmodium falciparum[13] 1960s[13]
Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) Oral (pills)[14]
Doxycycline
Exchange transfusion (ET) Treatment[15] Severe malaria[15]
Halofantrine Treatment "Introduced in the 1980s"[16] "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[16] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[16]
Indoor residual spraying Prevention Mosquito "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[17] "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[18] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[18] "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[18]
Lumefantrine (benflumetol) Treatment[7] "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[7] "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[7]
Proguanil Both Plasmodium falciparum
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) Treatment, prevention[19] "released in the late 1990s"[16] found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[16]
Mefloquine Both Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax 1977[1] 1982[1]
Mosquito net Prevention
Piperaquine
Pyrethroid nets Prevention It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[20]
Quinine Treatment "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[21] <1700[22] 1910[1]
Quinidine
Tafenoquine
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Treatment[23]
Intermittent preventive therapy
Artemether/lumefantrine Treatment Plasmodium falciparum
Artesunate suppositories
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) Treatment 1967[1] 1967 (same year it was introduced)[1] "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[1]
Primaquine Treatment "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[7] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[7] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[5] "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[5]
Artesunate Treatment Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[5]
Sulfonamide compounds
Swamp draining Prevention Mosquito
Fogging
Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites)
Genetic blood disorders
Selective eradication of certain mosquito species
Use of decoys[24]
RTS,S Plasmodium falciparum
Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?)
Other forms of larval control?
Mosquito coil Prevention Mosquito
Mosquito mat Prevention Mosquito
Immunity from repeated infection Prevention Malaria (just P. falciparum?)

Insecticides

All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)

Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp

Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.

Name Surface First use First resistance Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Usage status
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 1943[25]:7 1946[25]:9 Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[25]:7 Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[25]:7
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD)
BHC (Lindane?)
Dieldrin
HCH
Deltamethrin
Paris green

Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Template:Cita web
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cita web
  3. ↑ Template:Cita web
  4. ↑ Template:Cita web
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Template:Cita web
  6. ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. Palgrave and Macmillan. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Template:Cita libro
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Template:Cita publicación
  9. ↑ Template:Cita publicación
  10. ↑ Template:Cita web
  11. ↑ Template:Cita libro
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Cita publicación
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Template:Cita publicación
  14. ↑ Template:Cita web
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Template:Cita web
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Template:Cita web
  17. ↑ Template:Cita web
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Template:Cita publicación
  19. ↑ Template:Cita web
  20. ↑ Template:Cita web
  21. ↑ Template:Cita web
  22. ↑ Template:Cita publicación
  23. ↑ Template:Cita publicación
  24. ↑ "Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control". Retrieved December 20, 2016. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Palmer, Michael (March 26, 2016). "The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2016. 
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