Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"

| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"<ref>{{cite web|title=amodiaquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top|website=nih.gov|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || oral<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|website=wipo.int|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] which should be taken with fatty food).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Arthur|title=Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2-nwinRKtBQC&pg=PA2005&lpg=PA2005&dq=%22amodiaquine%22+%22advantage%22&source=bl&ots=17vhyc7xHa&sig=MnF_LcWpBvjFRkn9B3WkEa7vCpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq8jS673TAhXMh5AKHQEeAa8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=%22amodiaquine%22%20%22advantage%22&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz|url=http://pharmafactz.com/medicinal-chemistry-of-antimalarial-drugs/|website=http://pharmafactz.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> ||

| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs|edition=Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1XCmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22Artemether%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=jHK7AwZkdP&sig=kU6mL9_bxLH6A4nPCAEXC2MhwOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDwd-AncDTAhUED5AKHR3_AYs4ChDoAQgnMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Artemether%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>, intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration|doi=10.1128/AAC.01428-13|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4187974/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || ||

| [[wikipedia:Artemisinin|Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || oral, intramuscular, rectal<ref>{{cite journal|title=The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.|pmid=1982311|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1982311|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0025027/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-scientist-awarded-4-6-million-for-10884365.php|accessdate= }}</ref> || || Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || More expensive than SP or chloroquine.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Malcolm |last1=Dowling |first2=Chin-Fang |last2=Yap |year=2014 |title=Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea |publisher=Palgrave and Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|165}} ||

| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."<ref name="Artemotil">{{cite web|title=Artemotil|url=http://topics.sciencedirect.com/topics/page/Artemotil?|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|accessdate= }}</ref>|| Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Artesunate + Amodiaquine|website=msh.org|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=ARAM370T3&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100mg%2B270mg&desc=Artesunate%2BAmodiaquine&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E5%2E3%2E1&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E5%2E3%2E1%29Antimalarial%20medicines%2C%20for%20curative%20treatment%3Cbr%3E|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) ||  Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|accessdate= }}</ref>  || Blood and liver phases of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref name="5  Malaria">{{cite web|title=Malaria|url=http://www.reispassie.nl/losse%20paginas/05-Malaria-00[1].pdf|website=reispassie.nl|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || Oral || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||

| [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|accessdate= }}</ref> || Oral ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| ||

| [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || ||

| [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|accessdate= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || Treatment || || || || || || || ||

| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> ||

| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref>  || || || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> ||

| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>  || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|accessdate= }}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Artesunate suppositories|Artesunate suppositories]] || || || || || || || || ||

| [[wikipedia:Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] ([[wikipedia:Fansidar|Fansidar]]) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || ||

| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>  || ||

| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || || ||