Difference between revisions of "Timeline of antibiotics"

Revision as of 16:22, 11 July 2018

This is a timeline of antibiotics, mainly focusing on both the introduction of drugs and first reported drug resistances. For historic events focusing on bacteria, visit Timeline of bacteriology.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
<19th century	Although people did not know infections were caused by bacteria, antibiotics have been used for millennia to treat infections. Some of the earliest civilizations used various molds and plant extracts for treatment. The ancient Egyptians, for example, applied mouldy bread to infected wounds.^[1]
19th century	Scientists begin to observe antibacterial chemicals in action.^[1] By the late century, a few notable breakthroughs occur.
20th century	Antibiotics revolutionize medicine during the later half of the 20th century.^[2] The major event in the history of antibiotics is the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. The first antibiotics are prescribed in the late 1930s.^[3] The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotics classes, with no new classes discovered since then.^[4] In fact, between 1944 and 1972 human life expectancy jumps by eight years, largely due to the introduction of antibiotics.^[3] In the 1970s and 1980s synthetic versions of erythromycin, including clarithromycin and azithromycin, are developed.^[5] After the 1970s, with the decline of the discovery rate, the mainstream approach for the development of new drugs to combat emerging and re-emerging resistance of pathogens to antibiotics would be the modification of existing antibiotics.^[4] By the 1980s and 1990s, scientists only manage to make improvements within classes.^[6]
21th century	At present, there are more than 100 antibiotics available to treat human and animal diseases.^[7]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Details	Geographical location
350 CE–550 CE		Traces of tetracycline are found in human skeletal remains from ancient Sudanese Nubia.^[4]^[2]
1877	Scientific development	French microbiologist Louis Pasteur shows that the bacterial disease anthrax can be rendered harmless in animals with the injection of soil bacteria.^[8]^[9]	France
1887	Scientific development	German bacteriologist Rudolf Emmerich shows that the intestinal infection cholera is prevented in animals that have been previously infected with the streptococcus bacterium and then injected with the cholera bacillus.^[10]
1888	New drug	German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.^[11]
1896	Scientific development	French medical student Ernest Duchesne originally discovers the antibiotic properties of Penicillium.^[12]^[13]^[14]
1897	Resistance	Doctoral student Ernest Duchesne submits a dissertation, Contribution à l'étude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between molds and microbes), the first known scholarly work to consider the therapeutic capabilities of molds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. In his thesis, Duchesne proposes that bacteria and molds engage in a perpetual battle for survival.^[15]	France
1907	Scientific development	German chemist Alfred Bertheim and Paul Ehrlich discover arsenic-derived synthetic antibiotics. This marks the beginning of the era of antibacterial treatment.^[16]
1909	New drug	Japanese bacteriologist Sahachiro Hata discovers the antisyphilitic activity of arsphenamine.^[1]^[17]
1912	New drug	Paul Ehrlich discovers Neosalvarsan, a synthetic chemotherapeutic.^[18]
1928	New drug	Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called staphylococcus, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.^[11]^[5]	United Kingdom
1930	New drug	French-born American microbiologist René Dubos isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.^[19]
1932	New drug	German pathologist Gerhard Domagk develops prontosil, the first sulphonamide microbial.^[20]^[21]^[22]	Germany
1936	New drug	Sulfonamide antibacterial sulfanilamide is introduced in the United States and is immediately established as a powerful antiinfective agent.^[23]	United States
1937	New drug	The first effective antimicrobials (sulfonamides) are introduced.^[24]
1938	New drug	Sulfapyridine is introduced for clinical use for the treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia.^[25]^[26] Today it is used to help control dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease), a skin problem.^[27]
1939	New drug	Microbiologist René Dubos manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it tyrothricin.^[19]
1939	New drug	Gramicidin A is discovered from the soil bacterium bacillus brevis, and becomes the first clinically useful topical antibiotic.^[28]^[29]^[30]
1939	Scientific development	Australian pharmacologist Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain manage to elucidate the structure of penicillin G, the first penicillin used in therapy.^[31]^[32]^[33]
1939	New drug	Sulfonamide antibiotic sulfacetamide is first reported in the treatment of diseases of the eye.^[34]^[35] Today it is used to treat bacterial eye infections, such as conjunctivitis.^[36]
1940	New drug	Sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethizole is introduced and marketed as a single compound for the treatment of urinary tract infections.^[37]^[38]^[39]
1941	New drug	β-lactam antibiotics enter initial clinical trials. In time, they would become the most widely produced and used antibacterial drugs in the world.^[40]^[41] β-lactam antibiotics now the most economically important of all the groups of antimicrobials.^[42]
1941	New drug	Penicillin is introduced for medical use.^[43]^[22] Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.^[43]
1942	New drug	Sulfadimidine is introduced for the treatment of bacterial infections.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]
1942	Resistance	Penicillin resistant bacteria are first detected, about one year after the introduction of penicillin.^[43]
1942	New drug	Gramicidin S, the first peptide antibiotic, is isolated by Gauze and Brazhnikova.^[48]^[49]^[50]
1943	New drug	American biochemists Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.^[5]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[22]	United States
1943	New drug	Sulfamerazine is synthesized by American chemists.^[54] The drug is today used as an antibacterial agent.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]	United States
1943	Production	Penicillin is mass produced and used heavily to treat Allied troops fighting in Europe during World War II.^[2]
1943	New drug	Bacitracin is first isolated.^[59]^[60] The drug is used to prevent minor skin infections caused by small cuts, scrapes, or burns.^[61]
1945	Discovery	The cephalosporins are discovered from a fungus, Cephalosporium acremonium, in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in Sardinia.^[22]^[62]^[63]^[64]	Italy
1947	New drug	Chloramphenicol is isolated from the soil organism Streptomyces venezuelae. Merketed in 1949, its use would quickly become widespread due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]
1947	New drug	American plant physiologist Benjamin Minge Duggar isolates chlortetracycline from a Missouri River mud sample. It is the first tetracycline introduced.^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]	United States
1947	New drug	The polymyxin family of antibiotics is discovered, with polymyxin B being the first isolated from bacterium paenibacillus polymyxa.^[5]^[73]^[74]
1947	New drug	Drug class Nitrofuran is introduced.^[40] Nitrofurans are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including salmonella and Giardia spp, trichomonads, amebae, and some coccidial species.^[75]
1948	New drug	Mafenide –a sulfonamide-type antibiotic, is approved by the United States FDA.^[76]^[77]
1949	New drug	Jewish-American biochemist Selman Waksman and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolates neomycin, as aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.^[78]^[79]^[80]	United States
1949	Scientific development	British chemist Dorothy Hodgkin reveals the complete structure of molecular penicillin, using the X-ray crystallography.^[24]	United Kingdom
1950	New drug	Oxytetracycline comes into commercial use.^[60]^[81]^[82] Since then, this antibiotic would be used widely in human and veterinary medicine.^[83]
1950	Resistance	Resistance against chloramphenicol is observed.^[84]
1952	New drug	Lincosamides are introduced.^[40] A small group of agents with a novel structure unlike that of any other antibiotic, lincosamides are widely active against Gram-positive bacteria and most anaerobes, with the exception of Gram-negative aerobes. Lincosamides are also active against some mycoplasmas and protozoa.^[85]
1952	New drug	Antibiotic thiamphenicol is first synthesized.^[86] It is a broad spectrum antibiotic with good activity against Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria.^[87]
1952	New drug	Eli Lilly and Company introduces erythromycin, an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis.^[88]^[89]^[90] Erythromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic.^[91]	United States
1952	New drug	Streptogramins are introduced. Streptogramins are effective in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), two of the most rapidly growing strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria.^[40]
1953	New drug	Oxford University scientists discover antibiotic cephalosporin C, from which cephalosporins later develop. Like penicillins, cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan.^[92]^[5]	United Kingdom
1953	Resistance	Macrolide resistance is observed.^[40]
1954	New drug	Benzathine penicillin is established as a method for the treatment of syphilis.^[93]
1954	Discovery	Antibiotic cycloserine is discovered. It is used for the treatment of tuberculosis.^[94]^[95]
1955	New drug	Macrolide antibiotic spiramycin is first introduced into the French market.^[96] Spiramycin is used to treat various infections.^[97]	France
1956	New drug	Research team at the Lilly Biological Laboratories in Indiana first isolates vancomycin from bacterium streplomyces orienlalis. Vancomycin is used as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.^[22]^[98]^[99]^[100]	United States
1956	Resistance	Resistance against erythromycin is observed.^[84]
1957	New drug	Kanamycin is discovered. It is used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis.^[60]
1957	New drug	Ansamycins are introduced. These bacterial secondary metabolites show antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.^[40]
1959	New drug	Colistin becomes available for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.^[5]
1959	New drug	Nitroimidazoles are introduced. They are effective bactericidal agents against anaerobes and protozoa.^[40]
1960	New drug	In an attempt to defeat penicillin-resistant strains, scientists develop methicillin, a different antibiotic in the penicillin class.^[2]^[84]
1960	New drug	Metronidazole is commercially introduced as an effective antitrichomonal agent. Since then, its use would be extended to the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, and anaerobic infections, including upper genital tract infections.^[101]^[102]^[103]
1961	Resistance	Methicillin resistance is first reported.^[43]^[84]^[40]
1961	New drug	Antibiotic ampicillin is introduced. Within a short time it would become the drug of choice for treatment of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.^[104]^[105]^[106]^[22]
1961	Resistance	Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is first reported in the United Kingdom, just a year after the antibiotic methicillin was introduced in the country.^[5]
1961	Discovery	Spectinomycin is first reported. Today it is used for the treatment of gonorrhea infections.^[107]^[60]
1961	Discovery	Ethambutol is discovered. The medication is primarily used for the treatment of tuberculosis.^[108]^[109]^[110]
1962		The fusidic acid is introduced into clinical practice.^[111] The antibiotic is prescribed for skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria.^[112]
1962	New drug	Quinolones are discovered accidentally, as a byproduct of some research on the antimalarial drug chloroquine.^[5]^[40]
1963	New drug	Weinstein and his colleagues from the Schering Corporation describe the first isolation of the gentamicin complex.^[22]^[113]^[114]^[115]	United States
1963	New drug	Gentamicin is discovered. It is used to treat several types of bacterial infections.^[60]
1963	Resistance	Gram-negative bacterium acinetobacter baumannii becomes an antibiotic resistant pathogen.^[43]
1965	New drug	Antibiotic Cloxacillin synthesized. Today it is useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections,^[116] including impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa.^[116] It is used by mouth and by injection.^[116].^[117]^[118]^[119]
1966	Resistance	Nalidixic acid resistance is observed.^[40]
1966	Synthesis	Antibiotic doxycycline is synthesized.^[120]^[121]^[122] Today it is used for bacterial pneumonia, acne, {{w\|chlamydia infection}s, early Lyme disease, cholera and syphilis.^[123]
1966	Resistance	Resistance against cephalotin is observed.^[84]
1967	New drug	Clindamycin is first produced. Today it is used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.^[60]
1968	New drug	Antibiotic rifampicin is introduced for clinical use.^[124]^[125]^[126] The introduction of rifampicin would greatly shorten the duration of tuberculosis chemotherapy.^[127]	Italy
1968	Resistance	Tetracycline resistance is observed.^[40]^[40]
1968	New drug	Trimethoprim is introduced. It is used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.^[40]
1969	Discovery	Fosfomycin (originally named phosphonomycin) is discovered in Spain. It has a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is highly active against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus, and against Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.^[128]^[129]^[130]	Spain
1970	New drug	Non-toxic semi-synthetic acid-resistant isoxazolyl penicillin flucloxacillin is introduced into clinical practice.^[119]^[131]
1971	New drug	Aminoglycoside antibiotic Tobramycin is discovered. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections.^[60]
1971	New drug	Mupirocin is originally isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens.^[132] The antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.^[133]
1972	New drug	Extracellular broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic cephamycin C is first isolated.^[134]^[60]
1972	New drug	Antibiotic minocycline is discovered.^[120]^[121]^[122] It has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Minocycline is used for a variety of infectious diseases and in acne.^[135]
1972	New drug	Tinidazole is introduced.^[136] It is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections.^[137]
1973	New drug	Bactericidal antibiotic Carbenicillin is discovered. It belongs to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins.^[138] Carbenicillin has bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity.^[139]
1974	New drug	Antibiotic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is commercially released.^[140]^[22]
1974	New drug	Cotrimoxazole is introduced.^[60] It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and infections of the urinary tract, ears, and intestines. Cotrimoxazole also is used to treat 'travelers' diarrhea.^[141]
1976	New drug	The Bristol-Banyu research institute in Japan publishes the discovery of antibiotic amikacin.^[22]^[60]^[142] Amikacin is active against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative organisms, including pseudomonas, Escherichia coli and some Gram-positive organisms, like Staphylococcus aureus.^[143]	Japan
1976	Resistance	Tufts University researcher Stuart B. Levy becomes one of the first to identify antibiotic resistance due to their use in animals.^[2]
1978	New drug	Cefoxitin is introduced as an early cephamycin.^[138]^[144] It is synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum.^[145]
1978	Discovery	The teicoplanin family of glycopeptides is discovered.^[146] Teicoplanin is used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.^[147]
1979	New drug	Eli Lilly patents antibiotic cefaclor.^[148]^[149]^[150] It is used to treat certain bacterial infections such as pneumonia and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract.	United States
1981	Resistance	AmpC beta-lactamase resistance is observed.^[40]
1981	Discovery	Researchers at Bayer discover ciprofloxacin, the first fluoroquinolone. Ciproloxacin is used to treat bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.^[151]
1983	Resistance	Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase resistance is observed.^[40]
1984	New drug	amoxicillin clavulanate is introduced.^[60] It is specifically used for otitis media, strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, animal bites, and tuberculosis.^[152]
1985	New drug	Researchers at Eli Lilly and Company discover antibiotic daptomycin.^[153]^[154]^[155]	United States
1985	New drug	Carbapenems are introduced.^[84] These are commonly used for the treatment of severe or high-risk bacterial infections.
1986	Resistance	Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus is reported.^[84]^[40]
1987	New drug	Antibiotic imipenem/cilastin is introduced.^[22] It is useful for the treatment of pneumonia, sepsis, endocarditis, joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, and urinary tract infections.^[156]
1987	New drug	Highly potent fluoroquinolones are introduced.^[24] These are used to treat a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.^[157] These popular class of antibiotics would be used in a variety of infections. Newer drugs in this class are further developed with a broader spectrum of activity including better coverage of gram-positive organisms and, for some fluoroquinolones, anaerobes.^[158]
1987	Resistance	Resistance against cephalosporins is observed.^[84]
1987	Resistance	Resistance against carbapenems is observed.^[84]
1990s	Resistance	Fluorochinolone resistance is observed.^[40]
1993	New drug	Antibiotic azithromycin is introduced.^[22] It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and infections of the ears, lungs, sinuses, skin, throat, and reproductive organs.^[159]
1993	New drug	Antibiotic clarithromycin is introduced.^[22] It is used to prevent and treat certain infections caused by bacteria.^[160]
1994	New drug	Cefepime is introduced into clinical practice. Approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe infections, such as pneumonia, uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), skin and soft-tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections and febrile neutropenia.^[161]
1997	Resistance	Vancomycin-resistant staphyloccocus is reported.^[40]
1999	New drug	Antibiotic quinupristin/dalfopristin is introduced.^[22] The combination is used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
2000	New drug	Oxazolidinones are introduced.^[40] These synthetic drugs are active against a large spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and anaerobes.^[162]
2000	New drug	Antibiotic linezolid is introduced for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.^[22]^[84] An oxazolidinone antibiotic, linezolid represents the first principally new antibiotic platform that has entered medical practice in more than 30 years.^[163]^[40]
2001	New drug	Antibiotic telithromycin is introduced in the European Union.^[164]^[165]^[166] It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.^[167]
2001	New drug	Broader-spectrum fluoroquinolones are introduced.^[138]
2002	Resistance	Resistance against linezolid is observed.^[84]
2002	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves cefditoren, pivoxil and ertapenem. ^[168]^[60]
2002	Resistance	Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is reported.^[40]
2003	New drug	Lipopeptides are introduced as antibiotics.^[40]
2003	New drug	Daptomycin (a lipopeptide antibiotic) is introduced for treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive organisms.^[22]^[169]^[170]
2004	New drug	Telythromicin is introduced.^[60] It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.^[171]
2005	New drug	Antibiotic tigecycline is introduced for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections and intraabdominal infections.^[172]^[173]^[174]
2010	Publication	Authors of a report on the evolution of resistance note that microbes have “extraordinary genetic capabilities” that benefit “from man’s overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes... to develop [resistance] for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise.”^[2]
2011	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium Difficile Infection.^[175]^[176]	United States
2012	Study	A team of scientists propose adding the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to better help them classify and potentially defeat superbugs.^[2]
2012	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves bedaquiline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.^[177]^[178]	United States
2013	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves telavancin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible staphylococcus aureus.^[179]^[180]^[181]	United States
2013	Resistance	The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifies 17 antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that cause at least 23,000 deaths in the United States.^[7]	United States
2014	Declaration	The World Health Organization (WHO) releases a statement in response to major superbug outbreaks like lebsiella pneumoniae (which causes pneumonia and bloodstream infections in the hospital) and gonorrhea strains all over the world, noting that “this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country.”^[2]
2014	New drug	The United States Food and Drug Administration approves four new antibacterial agents, dalbavancin, oritavancin, tedizolid for skin infections, and ceftolozane/tazobactam for complicated intra‐abdominal and urinary tract infections.^[182]	United States
2015	Policy	American fast food company McDonald's announces that it would phase out all meat sources that contain antibiotics.^[2]
2015	New drug	Ceftazidime/avibactam is introduced for use in the United States.^[183]^[184]^[185] The combination is used for treatment against certain multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections.	United States
2015	New drug	Natural antibiotic teixobactin is discovered in a screen of uncultured bacteria. It is found to kill pathogens without detectable resistance.^[186]^[187]
2017	New drug	Scientists produce new, effective and simplified forms of teixobactin - a new generation antibiotic which defeats multi-drug resistant infections such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The research moves closer to defeating 'superbugs' with simplified forms of the drug.^[188]
2018	New drug	The discovery of malacidins is published.^[189] The novel antibiotic can work against many of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.^[190]

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References

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of antibiotics"

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 | 1887 || Scientific development || German bacteriologist {{w|Rudolf Emmerich}} shows that the intestinal infection cholera is prevented in animals that have been previously infected with the streptococcus bacterium and then injected with the cholera bacillus.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Newell-McGloughlin|first1=Martina|last2=Re|first2=Edward|title=The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U27lbghWOfsC&pg=PA23&dq=%22in+1887%22+%22streptococcus+%22+%22emmerich%22+%22cholera%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_zbvmz6PaAhVJvZAKHY3TCsIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201887%22%20%22streptococcus%20%22%20%22emmerich%22%20%22cholera%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1888 || Isolation || German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Newell-McGloughlin|first1=Martina|last2=Re|first2=Edward|title=The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U27lbghWOfsC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=E.+de+Freudenreich&source=bl&ots=69HqimydSe&sig=021aY8DvwKO8_TlY5ZfeEenZ8d4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtvvWs5pTaAhXDGJAKHb5WB5AQ6AEIWTAK#v=onepage&q=E.%20de%20Freudenreich&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1888 || New drug || German scientist E. de Freudenreich manages to isolate an actual product from a bacterium that had antibacterial properties.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology">{{cite book|last1=Newell-McGloughlin|first1=Martina|last2=Re|first2=Edward|title=The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U27lbghWOfsC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=E.+de+Freudenreich&source=bl&ots=69HqimydSe&sig=021aY8DvwKO8_TlY5ZfeEenZ8d4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtvvWs5pTaAhXDGJAKHb5WB5AQ6AEIWTAK#v=onepage&q=E.%20de%20Freudenreich&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1896 || Scientific development || French medical student {{w|Ernest Duchesne}} originally discovers the antibiotic properties of {{w|Penicillium}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zhang|first1=Yawei|title=Encyclopedia of Global Health, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1_XIbBRvD0gC&pg=PA145&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Myers|first1=Richard L.|title=The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nKtzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=Shannon D.|last2=Alcamo|first2=I. Edward|last3=Heymann|first3=David L.|title=Escherichia Coli Infections|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TFkzNocHde4C&pg=PA64&dq=%22in+1896%22+%22Ernest+Duchesne%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo15Pi75TaAhUDCpAKHVFPDLQQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201896%22%20%22Ernest%20Duchesne%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1897 || Resistance || Doctoral student {{w|Ernest Duchesne}} submits a dissertation, ''Contribution à l'étude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes'' (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between molds and microbes), the first known scholarly work to consider the therapeutic capabilities of molds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. In his thesis, Duchesne proposes that bacteria and molds engage in a perpetual battle for survival.<ref>{{cite book | last = Duchesne | first = Ernest | translator-last = Witty | translator-first = Michael | name-list-format = vanc | title = Duchesne's Antagonism between molds and bacteria, an English Colloquial Translation|asin=B00DZVXPIK|publisher=Amazon.com|access-date=| isbn = 978-1-5498-1696-3 }}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
 | 1907 || Scientific development || German chemist {{w|Alfred Bertheim}} and {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} discover arsenic-derived synthetic antibiotics. This marks the beginning of the era of antibacterial treatment.<ref name="ANTIBIOTIC USAGE IN PEDIATRICS">{{cite journal|last1=SWATHY|first1=S|last2=ARYA|first2=US|title=ANTIBIOTIC USAGE IN PEDIATRICS|journal=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD|url=http://www.ijirmf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/201610126.pdf}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1909 || Introduction || Japanese bacteriologist {{w|Sahachiro Hata}} discovers the antisyphilitic activity of {{w|arsphenamine}}.<ref name="THE HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Gareth|title=Medicinal Chemistry: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qe9lsbfM_m0C&pg=PT21&dq=%22arsphenamine%22+%22in+1909%22+%22hata%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifi7qwuufaAhVFGpAKHXg3DNUQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22arsphenamine%22%20%22in%201909%22%20%22hata%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1909 || New drug || Japanese bacteriologist {{w|Sahachiro Hata}} discovers the antisyphilitic activity of {{w|arsphenamine}}.<ref name="THE HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Gareth|title=Medicinal Chemistry: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qe9lsbfM_m0C&pg=PT21&dq=%22arsphenamine%22+%22in+1909%22+%22hata%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifi7qwuufaAhVFGpAKHXg3DNUQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22arsphenamine%22%20%22in%201909%22%20%22hata%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1912 || Introduction || {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} discovers {{w|Neosalvarsan}}, a synthetic {{w|chemotherapeutic}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neosalvarsan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/neosalvarsan|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1912 || New drug || {{w|Paul Ehrlich}} discovers {{w|Neosalvarsan}}, a synthetic {{w|chemotherapeutic}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neosalvarsan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/neosalvarsan|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1928 || Introduction || Scottish microbiologist {{w|Alexander Fleming}}, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called {{w|staphylococcus}}, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology"/><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1928 || New drug || Scottish microbiologist {{w|Alexander Fleming}}, a Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital in London, discovers penicillin after sorting through some petri dishes containing a bacteria called {{w|staphylococcus}}, which causes boils, sore throats and abscesses. Flemming discovers killed baceria in one dish contaning a blob of mold on it.<ref name="The Evolution of Biotechnology: From Natufians to Nanotechnology"/><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1930 || Isolation || French-born American microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.<ref name="René Dubos">{{cite web|title=René Dubos|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Dubos|website=britannica.com|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1930 || New drug || French-born American microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} isolates from a soil microorganism an enzyme that can decompose part of the bacillum that causes lobar pneumonia in humans.<ref name="René Dubos">{{cite web|title=René Dubos|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Dubos|website=britannica.com|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1932 || Introduction || German pathologist {{w|Gerhard Domagk}} develops {{w|prontosil}}, the first sulphonamide microbial.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravina|first1=Enrique|title=The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA48&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Savona-Ventura|first1=Charles|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eMgkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA465&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Torok|first1=Estee|last2=Moran|first2=Ed|last3=Cooke|first3=Fiona|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1932 || New drug || German pathologist {{w|Gerhard Domagk}} develops {{w|prontosil}}, the first sulphonamide microbial.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravina|first1=Enrique|title=The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA48&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Savona-Ventura|first1=Charles|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eMgkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA465&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22prontosil%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLxOHfn4PaAhVEGZAKHWKXB_gQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22prontosil%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology">{{cite book|last1=Torok|first1=Estee|last2=Moran|first2=Ed|last3=Cooke|first3=Fiona|title=Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5W-WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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-| 1936 || Introduction || [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamide]] {{w|antibacterial}} {{w|sulfanilamide}} is introduced in the {{w|United States}} and is immediately established as a powerful antiinfective agent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=HUGHES|first1=RAYMOND P.|title=THE USE OF SULFANILAMIDE IN DERMATOLOGY|doi=10.1001/archderm.1940.01490130037006|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/519536?redirect=true}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1936 || New drug || [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamide]] {{w|antibacterial}} {{w|sulfanilamide}} is introduced in the {{w|United States}} and is immediately established as a powerful antiinfective agent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=HUGHES|first1=RAYMOND P.|title=THE USE OF SULFANILAMIDE IN DERMATOLOGY|doi=10.1001/archderm.1940.01490130037006|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/519536?redirect=true}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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-| 1937 || Introduction || The first effective {{w|antimicrobial}}s ({{w|sulfonamide}}s) are introduced.<ref name="Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance">{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Julian|last2=Davies|first2=Dorothy|title=Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00016-10|url=http://mmbr.asm.org/content/74/3/417.full.pdf%26a=bi%26pagenumber=1%26w=100?site=MicrobiolMolBiolRev&utm_source=TrendMDMicrobiolMolBiolRev&utm_medium=TrendMDMicrobiolMolBiolRev&utm_campaign=trendmdalljournals_0}}</ref> ||
+| 1937 || New drug || The first effective {{w|antimicrobial}}s ({{w|sulfonamide}}s) are introduced.<ref name="Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance">{{cite journal|last1=Davies|first1=Julian|last2=Davies|first2=Dorothy|title=Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00016-10|url=http://mmbr.asm.org/content/74/3/417.full.pdf%26a=bi%26pagenumber=1%26w=100?site=MicrobiolMolBiolRev&utm_source=TrendMDMicrobiolMolBiolRev&utm_medium=TrendMDMicrobiolMolBiolRev&utm_campaign=trendmdalljournals_0}}</ref> ||
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-| 1938 || Introduction || {{w|Sulfapyridine}} is introduced for clinical use for the treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/414206|website=karger.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=DETWEILER|first1=H. K.|last2=KINSEY|first2=H. I.|last3=HURST|first3=W.|title=TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA WITH SULFAPYRIDINE|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/545831?redirect=true}}</ref> Today it is used to help control {{w|dermatitis herpetiformis}} (Duhring's disease), a skin problem.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sulfapyridine (Oral Route)|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/sulfapyridine-oral-route/description/drg-20066133|website=mayoclinic.org|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1938 || New drug || {{w|Sulfapyridine}} is introduced for clinical use for the treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/414206|website=karger.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=DETWEILER|first1=H. K.|last2=KINSEY|first2=H. I.|last3=HURST|first3=W.|title=TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA WITH SULFAPYRIDINE|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/545831?redirect=true}}</ref> Today it is used to help control {{w|dermatitis herpetiformis}} (Duhring's disease), a skin problem.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sulfapyridine (Oral Route)|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/sulfapyridine-oral-route/description/drg-20066133|website=mayoclinic.org|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1939 || Isolation || Microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it {{w|tyrothricin}}.<ref name="René Dubos"/> ||
+| 1939 || New drug || Microbiologist {{w|René Dubos}} manages to isolate an antibacterial substance and names it {{w|tyrothricin}}.<ref name="René Dubos"/> ||
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-| 1939 || Introduction || {{w|Gramicidin A}} is discovered from the soil bacterium {{w|bacillus brevis}}, and becomes the first clinically useful topical antibiotic.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Mrinal K.|title=Chemistry of Antibiotics and Related Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vgXWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22Gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-9mTzKPaAhVHHpAKHcJhApYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22Gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mouritsen|first1=Ole G.|title=Life - As a Matter of Fat: The Emerging Science of Lipidomics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3J9enifNNTUC&pg=PA186&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22Gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-9mTzKPaAhVHHpAKHcJhApYQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22Gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, Volume 33|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Wktpa3-5HO8C&pg=PA15&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22Gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-9mTzKPaAhVHHpAKHcJhApYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22Gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1939 || New drug || {{w|Gramicidin A}} is discovered from the soil bacterium {{w|bacillus brevis}}, and becomes the first clinically useful topical antibiotic.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Mrinal K.|title=Chemistry of Antibiotics and Related Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vgXWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22Gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-9mTzKPaAhVHHpAKHcJhApYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22Gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mouritsen|first1=Ole G.|title=Life - As a Matter of Fat: The Emerging Science of Lipidomics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3J9enifNNTUC&pg=PA186&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22Gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-9mTzKPaAhVHHpAKHcJhApYQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22Gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, Volume 33|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Wktpa3-5HO8C&pg=PA15&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22Gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio-9mTzKPaAhVHHpAKHcJhApYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22Gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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 | 1939 || Scientific development || Australian pharmacologist {{w|Howard Florey}} and {{w|Ernst Boris Chain}} manage to elucidate the structure of {{w|penicillin G}}, the first penicillin used in therapy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stadler|first1=Marc|last2=Dersch|first2=Petra|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WADGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22penicillin+G%22+%22florey%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJraez1Z_aAhUGTZAKHUVeBGgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22penicillin%20G%22%20%22florey%22&f=false|title=How to Overcome the Antibiotic Crisis: Facts, Challenges, Technologies and Future Perspectives}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Persson|first1=Sheryl|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs that Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZA0v9N7S2LgC&pg=PA225&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22penicillin+G%22+%22florey%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJraez1Z_aAhUGTZAKHUVeBGgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22penicillin%20G%22%20%22florey%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Smallman-Raynor,|first1=Matthew|last2=Cliff|first2=Andrew|title=Atlas of Epidemic Britain: A Twentieth Century Picture|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iMnN4fZrj70C&pg=PA103&dq=%22in+1939%22+%22penicillin+G%22+%22florey%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJraez1Z_aAhUGTZAKHUVeBGgQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201939%22%20%22penicillin%20G%22%20%22florey%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| 1939 || Introduction || [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamide]] antibiotic {{w|sulfacetamide}} is first reported in the treatment of diseases of the eye.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=DUEMLING|first1=WERNER W.|title=SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE IN TOPICAL THERAPY|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/523845?redirect=true}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=DUEMLING|first1=WERNER W.|title=SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE IN TOPICAL THERAPY|doi=10.1001/archderm.1954.01540130077007|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/523845?redirect=true}}</ref> Today it is used to treat bacterial eye infections, such as {{w|conjunctivitis}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sulfacetamide Sodium Drops|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-4184-836/sulfacetamide-sodium-ophthalmic-eye/sulfacetamide-drops-ophthalmic/details|website=webmd.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1939 || New drug || [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamide]] antibiotic {{w|sulfacetamide}} is first reported in the treatment of diseases of the eye.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=DUEMLING|first1=WERNER W.|title=SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE IN TOPICAL THERAPY|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/523845?redirect=true}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=DUEMLING|first1=WERNER W.|title=SODIUM SULFACETAMIDE IN TOPICAL THERAPY|doi=10.1001/archderm.1954.01540130077007|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/523845?redirect=true}}</ref> Today it is used to treat bacterial eye infections, such as {{w|conjunctivitis}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sulfacetamide Sodium Drops|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-4184-836/sulfacetamide-sodium-ophthalmic-eye/sulfacetamide-drops-ophthalmic/details|website=webmd.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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-| 1940 || Introduction || Sulfonamide antibiotic {{w|sulfamethizole}} is introduced and marketed as a single compound for the treatment of urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vree|first1=T.B.|title=Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites|doi=10.1159/000414195|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/414195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vree|first1=Tom B.|last2=Aaron|first2=Yechiel|last3=Karger|first3=Hekster S.|title=Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, Volume 37|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z9R3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&dq=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_87uU8pnaAhULjZAKHXhSBeYQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Yorker, Volume 45, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q9oeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&dq=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_87uU8pnaAhULjZAKHXhSBeYQ6AEILjAB}}</ref> ||
+| 1940 || New drug || Sulfonamide antibiotic {{w|sulfamethizole}} is introduced and marketed as a single compound for the treatment of urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vree|first1=T.B.|title=Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites|doi=10.1159/000414195|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/414195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vree|first1=Tom B.|last2=Aaron|first2=Yechiel|last3=Karger|first3=Hekster S.|title=Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, Volume 37|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z9R3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&dq=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_87uU8pnaAhULjZAKHXhSBeYQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Yorker, Volume 45, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q9oeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&dq=%22in+1940%22+%22sulfamethizole%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_87uU8pnaAhULjZAKHXhSBeYQ6AEILjAB}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1941 || Introduction || {{w|β-lactam antibiotic}}s enter initial clinical trials. In time, they would become the most widely produced and used antibacterial drugs in the world.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Beta lactam antibiotics|url=https://www.slideshare.net/SmitaShukla1/beta-lactam-antibiotics-74795188|website=slideshare.net|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> β-lactam antibiotics now the most economically important of all the groups of antimicrobials.<ref>{{cite web|title=β-Lactam Antibiotics|url=http://www.sciencenutshell.com/%CE%B2-lactam-antibiotics/|website=sciencenutshell.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1941 || New drug || {{w|β-lactam antibiotic}}s enter initial clinical trials. In time, they would become the most widely produced and used antibacterial drugs in the world.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Beta lactam antibiotics|url=https://www.slideshare.net/SmitaShukla1/beta-lactam-antibiotics-74795188|website=slideshare.net|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> β-lactam antibiotics now the most economically important of all the groups of antimicrobials.<ref>{{cite web|title=β-Lactam Antibiotics|url=http://www.sciencenutshell.com/%CE%B2-lactam-antibiotics/|website=sciencenutshell.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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-| 1941 || Introduction || {{w|Penicillin}} is introduced for medical use.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History">{{cite journal|last1=Landecker|first1=Hannah|title=Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1357034X14561341}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/> ||
+| 1941 || New drug || {{w|Penicillin}} is introduced for medical use.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History">{{cite journal|last1=Landecker|first1=Hannah|title=Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1357034X14561341}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> Just before the introduction of penicillin, the mortality rate from Staphylococcus aureus infections that had reached the blood stream was reported to be 80%.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/> ||
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-| 1942 || Introduction || {{w|Sulfadimidine}} is introduced for the treatment of bacterial infections.<ref>{{cite book|title=[Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments / Pharmaceuticals ] ; Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments. Pharmaceuticals|publisher=United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=leVCukUgNlsC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=%22Sulfadimidine%22+%22in+1942%22&source=bl&ots=N9yqy6daPQ&sig=f5dcgU8srWd41ylc-FPoa4FonDo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiohJCI4-faAhWrxFkKHf_xAh8Q6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Sulfadimidine%22%20%22in%201942%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/414183|website=karger.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=[Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments / Pharmaceuticals ] ; Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments. Pharmaceuticals|publisher=United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=leVCukUgNlsC&pg=PA211&dq=%22in+1942%22+%22sulfadimidine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9zPHCh5raAhUBl5AKHTxcDZ4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201942%22%20%22sulfadimidine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vree|first1=Tom B.|last2=Hekster|first2=Yechiel Aaron|title=Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, Volume 37|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z9R3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1942%22+%22sulfadimidine%22&dq=%22in+1942%22+%22sulfadimidine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9zPHCh5raAhUBl5AKHTxcDZ4Q6AEILjAB}}</ref> ||
+| 1942 || New drug || {{w|Sulfadimidine}} is introduced for the treatment of bacterial infections.<ref>{{cite book|title=[Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments / Pharmaceuticals ] ; Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments. Pharmaceuticals|publisher=United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=leVCukUgNlsC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=%22Sulfadimidine%22+%22in+1942%22&source=bl&ots=N9yqy6daPQ&sig=f5dcgU8srWd41ylc-FPoa4FonDo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiohJCI4-faAhWrxFkKHf_xAh8Q6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Sulfadimidine%22%20%22in%201942%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Their Metabolites|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/414183|website=karger.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=[Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments / Pharmaceuticals ] ; Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments. Pharmaceuticals|publisher=United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=leVCukUgNlsC&pg=PA211&dq=%22in+1942%22+%22sulfadimidine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9zPHCh5raAhUBl5AKHTxcDZ4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201942%22%20%22sulfadimidine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vree|first1=Tom B.|last2=Hekster|first2=Yechiel Aaron|title=Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, Volume 37|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z9R3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1942%22+%22sulfadimidine%22&dq=%22in+1942%22+%22sulfadimidine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9zPHCh5raAhUBl5AKHTxcDZ4Q6AEILjAB}}</ref> ||
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 | 1942 || Resistance || Penicillin resistant bacteria are first detected, about one year after the introduction of penicillin.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/> ||
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-| 1942 || Isolation || {{w|Gramicidin S}}, the first {{w|peptide}} antibiotic, is isolated by Gauze and Brazhnikova.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berditsch|first1=Marina|last2=Afonin|first2=Sergii|last3=Ulrich|first3=Anne S.|title=The Ability of Aneurinibacillus migulanus (Bacillus brevis) To Produce the Antibiotic Gramicidin S Is Correlated with Phenotype Variation▿|url=http://aem.asm.org/content/73/20/6620.full?ck=nck}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=GAUSE|first1=G. F.|last2=BRAZHNIKOVA|first2=M. G.|title=Gramicidin S and its use in the Treatment of Infected Wounds|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/154703a0|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/154703a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Korzybski|first1=Tadeusz|last2=Kowszyk-Gindifer|first2=Zuzanna|last3=Kurylowicz|first3=Wlodzimierz|title=Antibiotics: Origin, Nature and Properties|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JxElBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=%22in+1942%22+%22gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCj_nghZraAhVBkJAKHTcWDMoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201942%22%20%22gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1942 || New drug || {{w|Gramicidin S}}, the first {{w|peptide}} antibiotic, is isolated by Gauze and Brazhnikova.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berditsch|first1=Marina|last2=Afonin|first2=Sergii|last3=Ulrich|first3=Anne S.|title=The Ability of Aneurinibacillus migulanus (Bacillus brevis) To Produce the Antibiotic Gramicidin S Is Correlated with Phenotype Variation▿|url=http://aem.asm.org/content/73/20/6620.full?ck=nck}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=GAUSE|first1=G. F.|last2=BRAZHNIKOVA|first2=M. G.|title=Gramicidin S and its use in the Treatment of Infected Wounds|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/154703a0|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/154703a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Korzybski|first1=Tadeusz|last2=Kowszyk-Gindifer|first2=Zuzanna|last3=Kurylowicz|first3=Wlodzimierz|title=Antibiotics: Origin, Nature and Properties|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JxElBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=%22in+1942%22+%22gramicidin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCj_nghZraAhVBkJAKHTcWDMoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201942%22%20%22gramicidin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| 1943 || Introduction || American biochemists {{w|Selman Waksman}}, [[w:Albert Schatz (scientist)|Albert Schatz]], and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic {{w|streptomycin}}, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorian|first1=Victor|title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA197&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morabia|first1=Alfredo|title=Enigmas of Health and Disease: How Epidemiology Helps Unravel Scientific Mysteries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H00ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumo|first1=Christopher Martin|title=The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzqhBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1943 || New drug || American biochemists {{w|Selman Waksman}}, [[w:Albert Schatz (scientist)|Albert Schatz]], and Elizabeth Bugie discover antibiotic {{w|streptomycin}}, the first aminoglycoside. It is the first antibiotic effective against {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorian|first1=Victor|title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA197&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morabia|first1=Alfredo|title=Enigmas of Health and Disease: How Epidemiology Helps Unravel Scientific Mysteries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H00ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumo|first1=Christopher Martin|title=The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tzqhBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA319&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22streptomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxteRoYPaAhVRyVMKHZn_DQYQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201943%22%20%22streptomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> || {{w|United States}}
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-| 1943 || Introduction || {{w|Sulfamerazine}} is synthesized by American chemists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boothe|first1=Russell G|title=Comparison of sulfathiazole with sulfamerazine in extraction and impaction|url=https://www.ajodo.org/article/0096-6347(45)90205-5/pdf}}</ref> The drug is today used as an antibacterial agent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sulfamerazine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sulfamerazine#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Santo Tomas Journal of Medicine, Volume 3|publisher=University of Santo Tomas, College of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6C0wAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO3YDaiZraAhXEkJAKHfLAAskQ6AEIMzAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Biennial Report|publisher=North Dakota. State Dept. of Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6tNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO3YDaiZraAhXEkJAKHfLAAskQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nelson loose-leaf living medicine, Volume 8|publisher=T. Nelson & Sons|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0OkSAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO3YDaiZraAhXEkJAKHfLAAskQ6AEINzAD}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1943 || New drug || {{w|Sulfamerazine}} is synthesized by American chemists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boothe|first1=Russell G|title=Comparison of sulfathiazole with sulfamerazine in extraction and impaction|url=https://www.ajodo.org/article/0096-6347(45)90205-5/pdf}}</ref> The drug is today used as an antibacterial agent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sulfamerazine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sulfamerazine#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Santo Tomas Journal of Medicine, Volume 3|publisher=University of Santo Tomas, College of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6C0wAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO3YDaiZraAhXEkJAKHfLAAskQ6AEIMzAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Biennial Report|publisher=North Dakota. State Dept. of Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B6tNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO3YDaiZraAhXEkJAKHfLAAskQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nelson loose-leaf living medicine, Volume 8|publisher=T. Nelson & Sons|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0OkSAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&dq=%22in+1943%22+%22sulfamerazine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO3YDaiZraAhXEkJAKHfLAAskQ6AEINzAD}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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 | 1943 || Production || Penicillin is mass produced and used heavily to treat Allied troops fighting in Europe during {{w|World War II}}.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
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-| 1943 || Isolation || {{w|Bacitracin}} is first isolated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bacitracin A|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bacitracin_A#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials">{{cite web|title=The Golden Age of Antibacterials|url=https://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/historical-perspectives/the-golden-age-of-antibacterials|website=amrls.cvm.msu.edu|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> The drug is used to prevent minor skin infections caused by small cuts, scrapes, or burns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bacitracin Ointment|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-14270/bacitracin-topical/details|website=webmd.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1943 || New drug || {{w|Bacitracin}} is first isolated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bacitracin A|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bacitracin_A#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials">{{cite web|title=The Golden Age of Antibacterials|url=https://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/historical-perspectives/the-golden-age-of-antibacterials|website=amrls.cvm.msu.edu|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> The drug is used to prevent minor skin infections caused by small cuts, scrapes, or burns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bacitracin Ointment|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-14270/bacitracin-topical/details|website=webmd.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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 | 1945 || Discovery || The {{w|cephalosporins}} are discovered from a fungus, ''{{w|Cephalosporium acremonium}}'', in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in {{w|Sardinia}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stephanie Watts|last2=Faingold|first2=Carl|last3=Dunaway|first3=George|last4=Crespo|first4=Lynn|title=Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kfsrz_-OrMQC&pg=PA536&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Riviere|first1=Jim E.|last2=Papich|first2=Mark G.|title=Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ievLulSqwBAC&pg=PA865&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Peter N.|last2=Brown|first2=Morris J.|title=Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: With STUDENTCONSULT Access|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FaXRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=%22in+1945%22+%22cephalosporins%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjl-6iooPaAhVFoFMKHRjiAWoQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201945%22%20%22cephalosporins%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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-| 1947 || Isolation || {{w|Chloramphenicol}} is isolated from the soil organism ''{{w|Streptomyces venezuelae}}''. Merketed in 1949, its use would quickly become widespread due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kacew|first1=Sam|title=Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UrtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT262&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Riviere|first1=Jim E.|last2=Papich|first2=Mark G.|title=Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ievLulSqwBAC&pg=PA946&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Stuart|title=Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Actinomycetes|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pfZoaHwA1j0C&pg=PA167&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aschenbrenner|first1=Diane S.|last2=Venable|first2=Samantha J.|title=Drug Therapy in Nursing|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5zd_W_PUwvYC&pg=PA800&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1947 || New drug || {{w|Chloramphenicol}} is isolated from the soil organism ''{{w|Streptomyces venezuelae}}''. Merketed in 1949, its use would quickly become widespread due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kacew|first1=Sam|title=Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UrtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT262&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Riviere|first1=Jim E.|last2=Papich|first2=Mark G.|title=Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ievLulSqwBAC&pg=PA946&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Stuart|title=Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Actinomycetes|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pfZoaHwA1j0C&pg=PA167&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aschenbrenner|first1=Diane S.|last2=Venable|first2=Samantha J.|title=Drug Therapy in Nursing|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5zd_W_PUwvYC&pg=PA800&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22chloramphenicol%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiepeLgo4PaAhUFsFMKHc4IAAUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22chloramphenicol%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| 1947 || Isolation || American plant physiologist {{w|Benjamin Minge Duggar}} isolates {{w|chlortetracycline}} from a {{w|Missouri River}} mud sample. It is the first {{w|tetracycline}} introduced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dougherty|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Pucci|first2=Michael J.|title=Antibiotic Discovery and Development|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=av5SHPiHVcsC&pg=PA152&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kokate|first1=Chandrakant|last2=Jalalpure|first2=SS|last3=Pramod|first3=H.J|title=Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=p70UCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MyNwTA-iWvgC&pg=PA163&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=John|title=Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics – Revised and Updated: How to treat infections without antibiotics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=T0t_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1947 || New drug || American plant physiologist {{w|Benjamin Minge Duggar}} isolates {{w|chlortetracycline}} from a {{w|Missouri River}} mud sample. It is the first {{w|tetracycline}} introduced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dougherty|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Pucci|first2=Michael J.|title=Antibiotic Discovery and Development|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=av5SHPiHVcsC&pg=PA152&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kokate|first1=Chandrakant|last2=Jalalpure|first2=SS|last3=Pramod|first3=H.J|title=Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=p70UCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MyNwTA-iWvgC&pg=PA163&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=John|title=Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics – Revised and Updated: How to treat infections without antibiotics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=T0t_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&dq=%22in+1947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr8DXqIPaAhVOrFMKHa2-DiIQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%22chlortetracycline%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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-| 1947 || Isolation || The {{w|polymyxin}} family of antibiotics is discovered, with {{w|polymyxin B}} being the first isolated from bacterium {{w|paenibacillus polymyxa}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition: ScholarlyBrief|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NKsalcHkxmAC&pg=PA74&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22polymyxin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixxNmOoZfaAhVLipAKHR6QCwsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22polymyxin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 46|publisher=Academic Press, Oct 12, 2011 - Science|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_PWJ3dJWG7oC&pg=PA254&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22polymyxin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixxNmOoZfaAhVLipAKHR6QCwsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22polymyxin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1947 || New drug || The {{w|polymyxin}} family of antibiotics is discovered, with {{w|polymyxin B}} being the first isolated from bacterium {{w|paenibacillus polymyxa}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition: ScholarlyBrief|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NKsalcHkxmAC&pg=PA74&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22polymyxin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixxNmOoZfaAhVLipAKHR6QCwsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22polymyxin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 46|publisher=Academic Press, Oct 12, 2011 - Science|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_PWJ3dJWG7oC&pg=PA254&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22polymyxin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixxNmOoZfaAhVLipAKHR6QCwsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22polymyxin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| 1947 || Introduction || Drug class {{w|Nitrofuran}} is introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> Nitrofurans are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including {{w|salmonella}} and ''Giardia spp'', trichomonads, amebae, and some coccidial species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitrofurans|url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/antibacterial-agents/nitrofurans|website=msdvetmanual.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1947 || New drug || Drug class {{w|Nitrofuran}} is introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> Nitrofurans are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including {{w|salmonella}} and ''Giardia spp'', trichomonads, amebae, and some coccidial species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitrofurans|url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/antibacterial-agents/nitrofurans|website=msdvetmanual.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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-| 1948 || Introduction || {{w|Mafenide}} –a sulfonamide-type antibiotic, is approved by the United States {{w|FDA}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolve Reach Testing and Remediation Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vxPMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=-wZwzA4gHO&sig=Dt7alH-toK-m87hNnHX3IP9CaNA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIPDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Adult Health Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D6waDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48&lpg=PT48&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=GlaP3MR-hN&sig=ESZK8326K6TCZucZeUJnQMHbyJY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref>
+| 1948 || New drug || {{w|Mafenide}} –a sulfonamide-type antibiotic, is approved by the United States {{w|FDA}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolve Reach Testing and Remediation Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vxPMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=-wZwzA4gHO&sig=Dt7alH-toK-m87hNnHX3IP9CaNA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIPDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Adult Health Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D6waDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48&lpg=PT48&dq=%22Mafenide%22+%22in+1948%22&source=bl&ots=GlaP3MR-hN&sig=ESZK8326K6TCZucZeUJnQMHbyJY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ9abLx67bAhXCiZAKHUdWAvwQ6AEIUDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Mafenide%22%20%22in%201948%22&f=false}}</ref>
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-| 1949 || Isolation || Jewish-American biochemist {{w|Selman Waksman}} and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolates {{w|neomycin}}, as {{w|aminoglycoside}} antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schindel|first1=Leo|title=Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics: Antibiotics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ff_fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grayson|first1=M Lindsay|last2=Crowe|first2=Suzanne M|last3=McCarthy|first3=James S|last4=Mills|first4=John|last5=Mouton|first5=Johan W|last6=Norrby|first6=S Ragnar|last7=Paterson|first7=David L|last8=Pfaller|first8=Michael A|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XR3cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA742&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 18|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Nwu3tgVqx3IC&pg=PA266&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1949 || New drug || Jewish-American biochemist {{w|Selman Waksman}} and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolates {{w|neomycin}}, as {{w|aminoglycoside}} antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schindel|first1=Leo|title=Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics: Antibiotics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ff_fBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grayson|first1=M Lindsay|last2=Crowe|first2=Suzanne M|last3=McCarthy|first3=James S|last4=Mills|first4=John|last5=Mouton|first5=Johan W|last6=Norrby|first6=S Ragnar|last7=Paterson|first7=David L|last8=Pfaller|first8=Michael A|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XR3cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA742&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 18|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Nwu3tgVqx3IC&pg=PA266&dq=%22neomycin%22+%22in+1949%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEo_rIsoPaAhXN51MKHXGiDTMQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22neomycin%22%20%22in%201949%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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 | 1949 || Scientific development || British chemist {{w|Dorothy Hodgkin}} reveals the complete structure of molecular {{w|penicillin}}, using the X-ray crystallography.<ref name="Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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-| 1950 || Introduction || {{w|Oxytetracycline}} comes into commercial use.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/><ref>{{cite web|title=CHEBI:27701 - oxytetracycline|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=27701|website=ebi.ac.uk|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shwachman|first1=Harry|last2=Schuster|first2=Augusto|title=The Tetracyclines: Applied Pharmacology|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031395516303649}}</ref> Since then, this antibiotic would be used widely in human and veterinary medicine.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=BRUNO|first1=D. W.|title=An investigation into oxytetracycline residues in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00279.x}}</ref> ||
+| 1950 || New drug || {{w|Oxytetracycline}} comes into commercial use.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/><ref>{{cite web|title=CHEBI:27701 - oxytetracycline|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=27701|website=ebi.ac.uk|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shwachman|first1=Harry|last2=Schuster|first2=Augusto|title=The Tetracyclines: Applied Pharmacology|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031395516303649}}</ref> Since then, this antibiotic would be used widely in human and veterinary medicine.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=BRUNO|first1=D. W.|title=An investigation into oxytetracycline residues in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00279.x}}</ref> ||
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 | 1950 || Resistance || Resistance against {{w|chloramphenicol}} is observed.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease">{{cite book|last1=Stearns|first1=Stephen C.|last2=Koella|first2=Jacob C.|title=Evolution in Health and Disease|publisher=Evolution in Health and Disease|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d_-0LsF3OBsC&pg=PA126&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM_q6Gkt7ZAhXEE5AKHeKhBJEQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| 1952 || Introduction || {{w|Lincosamides}} are introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> A small group of agents with a novel structure unlike that of any other antibiotic, lincosamides are widely active against Gram-positive bacteria and most anaerobes, with the exception of Gram-negative aerobes. Lincosamides are also active against some {{w|mycoplasma}}s and {{w|protozoa}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lincosamides|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lincosamides|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1952 || New drug || {{w|Lincosamides}} are introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> A small group of agents with a novel structure unlike that of any other antibiotic, lincosamides are widely active against Gram-positive bacteria and most anaerobes, with the exception of Gram-negative aerobes. Lincosamides are also active against some {{w|mycoplasma}}s and {{w|protozoa}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lincosamides|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lincosamides|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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-| 1952 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|thiamphenicol}} is first synthesized.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=Peter M.|last2=Seiple|first2=Ian B.|last3=Myers|first3=Andrew G.|title=The Evolving Role of Chemical Synthesis in Antibacterial Drug Discovery|doi=10.1002/anie.201310843|pmid=24990531|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536949/|pmc=4536949}}</ref> It is a broad spectrum antibiotic with good activity against Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria.<ref>{{cite web|title=THIAMPHENICOL|url=https://www.agscientific.com/all-product/thiamphenicol-7946.html|website=agscientific.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1952 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|thiamphenicol}} is first synthesized.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=Peter M.|last2=Seiple|first2=Ian B.|last3=Myers|first3=Andrew G.|title=The Evolving Role of Chemical Synthesis in Antibacterial Drug Discovery|doi=10.1002/anie.201310843|pmid=24990531|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536949/|pmc=4536949}}</ref> It is a broad spectrum antibiotic with good activity against Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria.<ref>{{cite web|title=THIAMPHENICOL|url=https://www.agscientific.com/all-product/thiamphenicol-7946.html|website=agscientific.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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-| 1952 || Introduction || {{w|Eli Lilly and Company}} introduces {{w|erythromycin}}, an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including {{w|respiratory tract infections}}, {{w|skin infections}}, {{w|chlamydia infections}}, {{w|pelvic inflammatory disease}}, and {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rubin|first1=Bruce K.|last2=Tamaoki|first2=Jun|title=Antibiotics as Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YY6GBWpVV3sC&pg=PR11&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxITKtoPaAhUD3FMKHWpoA5MQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Piscitelli|first1=Stephen C.|last2=Rodvold|first2=Keith A.|last3=Pai|first3=Manjunath P.|title=Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=94x8C5pbhqoC&pg=PA243&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxITKtoPaAhUD3FMKHWpoA5MQ6AEISDAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nightingale|last2=Mur|title=Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sXf42EROuhEC&pg=PA217&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxITKtoPaAhUD3FMKHWpoA5MQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref> Erythromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic.<ref name="Nomenclature for Macrolide and Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Resistance Determinants">{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Marilyn C.|last2=Sutcliffe|first2=Joyce|last3=Courvalin|first3=Patrice|last4=Jensen|first4=Lars Bogo|last5=Rood|first5=Julian|last6=Seppala|first6=Helena|title=Nomenclature for Macrolide and Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Resistance Determinants|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/43/12/2823.full?site=AntimicrobAgentsChemother&utm_source=TrendMDAntimicrobAgentsChemother&utm_medium=trendmdantimicrobagentschemother&utm_campaign=TrendMD_AACCLIN_0}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1952 || New drug || {{w|Eli Lilly and Company}} introduces {{w|erythromycin}}, an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including {{w|respiratory tract infections}}, {{w|skin infections}}, {{w|chlamydia infections}}, {{w|pelvic inflammatory disease}}, and {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rubin|first1=Bruce K.|last2=Tamaoki|first2=Jun|title=Antibiotics as Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YY6GBWpVV3sC&pg=PR11&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxITKtoPaAhUD3FMKHWpoA5MQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Piscitelli|first1=Stephen C.|last2=Rodvold|first2=Keith A.|last3=Pai|first3=Manjunath P.|title=Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=94x8C5pbhqoC&pg=PA243&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxITKtoPaAhUD3FMKHWpoA5MQ6AEISDAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nightingale|last2=Mur|title=Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sXf42EROuhEC&pg=PA217&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22erythromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxITKtoPaAhUD3FMKHWpoA5MQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22erythromycin%22&f=false}}</ref> Erythromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic.<ref name="Nomenclature for Macrolide and Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Resistance Determinants">{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Marilyn C.|last2=Sutcliffe|first2=Joyce|last3=Courvalin|first3=Patrice|last4=Jensen|first4=Lars Bogo|last5=Rood|first5=Julian|last6=Seppala|first6=Helena|title=Nomenclature for Macrolide and Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Resistance Determinants|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/43/12/2823.full?site=AntimicrobAgentsChemother&utm_source=TrendMDAntimicrobAgentsChemother&utm_medium=trendmdantimicrobagentschemother&utm_campaign=TrendMD_AACCLIN_0}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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-| 1952 || Introduction || {{w|Streptogramin}}s are introduced. Streptogramins are effective in the treatment of {{w|vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus}} (VRSA) and {{w|vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus}} (VRE), two of the most rapidly growing strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 1952 || New drug || {{w|Streptogramin}}s are introduced. Streptogramins are effective in the treatment of {{w|vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus}} (VRSA) and {{w|vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus}} (VRE), two of the most rapidly growing strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
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-| 1953 || Introduction || {{w|Oxford University}} scientists discover antibiotic {{w|cephalosporin C}}, from which cephalosporins later develop. Like penicillins, cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cephalosporin C|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cephalosporin-c|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery">{{cite web|title=Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery|url=https://correctiv.org/en/investigations/superbugs/article/2017/07/03/ten-important-early-moments-history-antibiotic-discovery/|website=correctiv.org|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1953 || New drug || {{w|Oxford University}} scientists discover antibiotic {{w|cephalosporin C}}, from which cephalosporins later develop. Like penicillins, cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cephalosporin C|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cephalosporin-c|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery">{{cite web|title=Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery|url=https://correctiv.org/en/investigations/superbugs/article/2017/07/03/ten-important-early-moments-history-antibiotic-discovery/|website=correctiv.org|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1953 || Resistance || {{w|Macrolide}} resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?">{{cite web|title=Antibiotics armageddon?|url=https://mega.online/articles/antibiotic-armageddon/|website=mega.online|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1954 || Introduction || {{w|Benzathine penicillin}} is established as a method for the treatment of {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Albert|last2=Abarbanel|first2=Albert|title=The Encyclopædia of Sexual Behaviour, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FniLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA881&lpg=PA881&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22+benzathine+penicillin%22&source=bl&ots=PT-NukoduX&sig=GPt_S_7nrsOYrsyTDvCRIoHozks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGyOTmxpraAhWHIpAKHYB_D_MQ6AEISTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22%20benzathine%20penicillin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1954 || New drug || {{w|Benzathine penicillin}} is established as a method for the treatment of {{w|syphilis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Albert|last2=Abarbanel|first2=Albert|title=The Encyclopædia of Sexual Behaviour, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FniLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA881&lpg=PA881&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22+benzathine+penicillin%22&source=bl&ots=PT-NukoduX&sig=GPt_S_7nrsOYrsyTDvCRIoHozks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGyOTmxpraAhWHIpAKHYB_D_MQ6AEISTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22%20benzathine%20penicillin%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1954 || Discovery || Antibiotic {{w|cycloserine}} is discovered. It is used for the treatment of tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=David |title=Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA181&dq=%22Cycloserine%22+%22in+1954%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhjZj1ya7bAhXBjpAKHbn9A6QQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22Cycloserine%22%20%22in%201954%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cordes |first1=Eugene H. |title=Hallelujah Moments: Tales of Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lG2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190&dq=%22Cycloserine%22+%22in+1954%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhjZj1ya7bAhXBjpAKHbn9A6QQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22Cycloserine%22%20%22in%201954%22&f=false}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1955 || Introduction || {{w|Macrolide}} antibiotic {{w|spiramycin}} is first introduced into the French market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lancini|first1=Giancarlo|last2=Parenti|first2=Francesco|title=Antibiotics: An Integrated View|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5VjSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=%22in+1955%22+%22spiramycin%22&source=bl&ots=aXcqRwkVQR&sig=pw34DhdXBLqw26AYVIcKYKXu0Qg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyks39ypraAhUGGJAKHaJ-DX8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201955%22%20%22spiramycin%22&f=false}}</ref> Spiramycin is used to treat various infections.<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERIC NAME: SPIRAMYCIN - ORAL CAPSULE (spir-uh-MY-sin)|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/spiramycin-oral_capsule/article.htm|website=medicinenet.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1955 || New drug || {{w|Macrolide}} antibiotic {{w|spiramycin}} is first introduced into the French market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lancini|first1=Giancarlo|last2=Parenti|first2=Francesco|title=Antibiotics: An Integrated View|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5VjSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=%22in+1955%22+%22spiramycin%22&source=bl&ots=aXcqRwkVQR&sig=pw34DhdXBLqw26AYVIcKYKXu0Qg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyks39ypraAhUGGJAKHaJ-DX8Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201955%22%20%22spiramycin%22&f=false}}</ref> Spiramycin is used to treat various infections.<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERIC NAME: SPIRAMYCIN - ORAL CAPSULE (spir-uh-MY-sin)|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/spiramycin-oral_capsule/article.htm|website=medicinenet.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1956 || Isolation || Research team at the {{w|Lilly Biological Laboratories}} in {{w|Indiana}} first isolates {{w|vancomycin}} from bacterium {{w|streplomyces orienlalis}}. {{w|Vancomycin}} is used as a treatment for complicated {{w|skin infections}}, bloodstream infections, {{w|endocarditis}}, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant {{w|staphylococcus aureus}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Staphylococci in Human Disease|edition=Kent B. Crossley, Kimberly K. Jefferson, Gordon L. Archer, Vance G. Fowler|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4HdJ1t6NOIcC&pg=PA193&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC_KOGkd7ZAhXBjZAKHUNpDZgQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20%22vancomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Antibiotics Annual|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6-o5AAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm1vv6uIPaAhVHyVMKHSaVBos4ChDoAQgxMAI}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hejzlar|first1=Miroslav|title=Advances in Antimicrobial and Antineoplastic Chemotherapy: Progress in Research and Clinical Application: pt. 1-2. Antimicrobial chemotherapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qN9sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm1vv6uIPaAhVHyVMKHSaVBos4ChDoAQgnMAA}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1956 || New drug || Research team at the {{w|Lilly Biological Laboratories}} in {{w|Indiana}} first isolates {{w|vancomycin}} from bacterium {{w|streplomyces orienlalis}}. {{w|Vancomycin}} is used as a treatment for complicated {{w|skin infections}}, bloodstream infections, {{w|endocarditis}}, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant {{w|staphylococcus aureus}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Staphylococci in Human Disease|edition=Kent B. Crossley, Kimberly K. Jefferson, Gordon L. Archer, Vance G. Fowler|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4HdJ1t6NOIcC&pg=PA193&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC_KOGkd7ZAhXBjZAKHUNpDZgQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20%22vancomycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Antibiotics Annual|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6-o5AAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm1vv6uIPaAhVHyVMKHSaVBos4ChDoAQgxMAI}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hejzlar|first1=Miroslav|title=Advances in Antimicrobial and Antineoplastic Chemotherapy: Progress in Research and Clinical Application: pt. 1-2. Antimicrobial chemotherapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qN9sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22vancomycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm1vv6uIPaAhVHyVMKHSaVBos4ChDoAQgnMAA}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1956 || Resistance || Resistance against {{w|erythromycin}} is observed.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
 |-
-| 1957 || Introduction || {{w|Kanamycin}} is discovered. It is used to treat severe {{w|bacterial infections}} and {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
+| 1957 || New drug || {{w|Kanamycin}} is discovered. It is used to treat severe {{w|bacterial infections}} and {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
-| 1957 || Introduction || {{w|Ansamycins}} are introduced. These bacterial secondary metabolites show antimicrobial activity against many {{w|Gram-positive}} and some {{w|Gram-negative}} bacteria.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 1957 || New drug || {{w|Ansamycins}} are introduced. These bacterial secondary metabolites show antimicrobial activity against many {{w|Gram-positive}} and some {{w|Gram-negative}} bacteria.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1959 || Introduction || {{w|Colistin}} becomes available for treating infections caused by {{w|gram-negative}} bacteria.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/> ||
+| 1959 || New drug || {{w|Colistin}} becomes available for treating infections caused by {{w|gram-negative}} bacteria.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/> ||
 |-
-| 1959 || Introduction || {{w|Nitroimidazoles}} are introduced. They are effective bactericidal agents against anaerobes and {{w|protozoa}}.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 1959 || New drug || {{w|Nitroimidazoles}} are introduced. They are effective bactericidal agents against anaerobes and {{w|protozoa}}.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || Introduction || In an attempt to defeat penicillin-resistant strains, scientists develop {{w|methicillin}}, a different antibiotic in the penicillin class.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
+| 1960 || New drug || In an attempt to defeat penicillin-resistant strains, scientists develop {{w|methicillin}}, a different antibiotic in the penicillin class.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || Introduction || {{w|Metronidazole}} is commercially introduced as an effective antitrichomonal agent. Since then, its use would be extended to the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, and anaerobic infections, including upper genital tract infections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson Robbie |first1=Marilyn |last2=Sweet |first2=Richard L. |title=Metronidazole use in obstetrics and gynecology: A review |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002937883906932}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8hMr2_SPXDoC&pg=PA224&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FC9pDtB_tz0C&pg=PA88&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref>
+| 1960 || New drug || {{w|Metronidazole}} is commercially introduced as an effective antitrichomonal agent. Since then, its use would be extended to the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, nonspecific vaginitis, and anaerobic infections, including upper genital tract infections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson Robbie |first1=Marilyn |last2=Sweet |first2=Richard L. |title=Metronidazole use in obstetrics and gynecology: A review |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002937883906932}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8hMr2_SPXDoC&pg=PA224&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FC9pDtB_tz0C&pg=PA88&dq=%22Metronidazole%22+%22in+1960%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGsP-t-K7bAhWEkZAKHYAACdsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22Metronidazole%22%20%22in%201960%22&f=false}}</ref>
 |-
 | 1961 || Resistance || {{w|Methicillin}} resistance is first reported.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1961 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|ampicillin}} is introduced. Within a short time it would become the drug of choice for treatment of [[w:Haemophilus meningitis|Hemophilus influenzae meningitis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Atta-ur-Rahman|title=Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 56|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fB8wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375&dq=%22in+1961%22+%22ampicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz3PGomI7aAhWGIpAKHYqkA5UQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201961%22%20%22ampicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=R.A.|last2=Green|first2=John R.|title=Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gnYrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22in+1961%22+%22ampicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz3PGomI7aAhWGIpAKHYqkA5UQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201961%22%20%22ampicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fifty Years of Antimicrobials: Past Perspectives and Future Trends|publisher=Society for General Microbiology. Symposium|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l4jkktiBUgQC&pg=PA59&dq=%22in+1961%22+%22ampicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz3PGomI7aAhWGIpAKHYqkA5UQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201961%22%20%22ampicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> ||
+| 1961 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|ampicillin}} is introduced. Within a short time it would become the drug of choice for treatment of [[w:Haemophilus meningitis|Hemophilus influenzae meningitis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Atta-ur-Rahman|title=Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 56|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fB8wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375&dq=%22in+1961%22+%22ampicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz3PGomI7aAhWGIpAKHYqkA5UQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201961%22%20%22ampicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=R.A.|last2=Green|first2=John R.|title=Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gnYrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22in+1961%22+%22ampicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz3PGomI7aAhWGIpAKHYqkA5UQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201961%22%20%22ampicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fifty Years of Antimicrobials: Past Perspectives and Future Trends|publisher=Society for General Microbiology. Symposium|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=l4jkktiBUgQC&pg=PA59&dq=%22in+1961%22+%22ampicillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz3PGomI7aAhWGIpAKHYqkA5UQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201961%22%20%22ampicillin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> ||
 |-
 | 1961 || Resistance || {{w|Methicillin}}-resistant {{w|staphylococcus aureus}} is first reported in the United Kingdom, just a year after the antibiotic methicillin was introduced in the country.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/> ||
@@ Line 143: / Line 145: @@
 | 1962 || || The {{w|fusidic acid}} is introduced into clinical practice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorian |first1=Victor |title=Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HdA4dl8m_T4C&pg=PA554&lpg=PA554&dq=%22Fusidic+acid+was+introduced%22&source=bl&ots=50tWNack7A&sig=rYQs8urH8jlXZRtWFVcwUMRdeyc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQgu3_9q7bAhXBiJAKHZhaCAYQ6AEIUzAH#v=onepage&q=%22Fusidic%20acid%20was%20introduced%22&f=false}}</ref> The antibiotic is prescribed for skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fusidic acid for skin infections |url=https://patient.info/medicine/fusidic-acid-for-skin-infections-fucidin |website=patient.info |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1962 || Introduction || {{w|Quinolone}}s are discovered accidentally, as a byproduct of some research on the antimalarial drug {{w|chloroquine}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 1962 || New drug || {{w|Quinolone}}s are discovered accidentally, as a byproduct of some research on the antimalarial drug {{w|chloroquine}}.<ref name="Ten important moments in the history of antibiotic discovery"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1963 || Isolation || Weinstein and his colleagues from the [[w:Schering-Plough|Schering Corporation]] describe the first isolation of the {{w|gentamicin}} complex.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 18|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4e3RAZyEf3IC&pg=PA203&dq=%22in+1963%22+%22gentamicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj1uS7mY7aAhXDkJAKHY7kCS8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201963%22%20%22gentamicin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Eardley|first1=Ian|last2=Whelan|first2=Peter|last3=Kirby|first3=Roger|last4=Schaeffer|first4=Anthony|title=Drug Treatment in Urology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S903KFrQAC8C&pg=PA97&dq=%22in+1963%22+%22gentamicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj1uS7mY7aAhXDkJAKHY7kCS8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201963%22%20%22gentamicin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Antimicrobials: Synthetic and Natural Compounds|edition=Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran, Nooruddin Thajuddin, A. Panneerselvam|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HZLwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22in+1963%22+%22gentamicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj1uS7mY7aAhXDkJAKHY7kCS8Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201963%22%20%22gentamicin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1963 || New drug || Weinstein and his colleagues from the [[w:Schering-Plough|Schering Corporation]] describe the first isolation of the {{w|gentamicin}} complex.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 18|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4e3RAZyEf3IC&pg=PA203&dq=%22in+1963%22+%22gentamicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj1uS7mY7aAhXDkJAKHY7kCS8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201963%22%20%22gentamicin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Eardley|first1=Ian|last2=Whelan|first2=Peter|last3=Kirby|first3=Roger|last4=Schaeffer|first4=Anthony|title=Drug Treatment in Urology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=S903KFrQAC8C&pg=PA97&dq=%22in+1963%22+%22gentamicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj1uS7mY7aAhXDkJAKHY7kCS8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201963%22%20%22gentamicin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Antimicrobials: Synthetic and Natural Compounds|edition=Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran, Nooruddin Thajuddin, A. Panneerselvam|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HZLwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=%22in+1963%22+%22gentamicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj1uS7mY7aAhXDkJAKHY7kCS8Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201963%22%20%22gentamicin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1963 || Introduction || {{w|Gentamicin}} is discovered. It is used to treat several types of bacterial infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
+| 1963 || New drug || {{w|Gentamicin}} is discovered. It is used to treat several types of bacterial infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
 | 1963 || Resistance || {{w|Gram-negative}} bacterium {{w|acinetobacter baumannii}} becomes an antibiotic resistant pathogen.<ref name="Antibiotic Resistance and the Biology of History"/> ||
 |-
-| 1965 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|Cloxacillin}} synthesized. Today it is useful for the treatment of a number of {{w|bacterial infections}},<ref name=WHO2008/> including {{w|impetigo}}, {{w|cellulitis}}, {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|septic arthritis}}, and {{w|otitis externa}}.<ref name=WHO2008/> It is used by mouth and by injection.<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|date=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241547659|pages=110, 586|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213060118/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McGuire|first1=John L.|title=Pharmaceuticals, 4 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uG9qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbwLDuxoPaAhWLzVMKHVNuDecQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kuemmerle|first1=Helmut Paul|title=Clinical Chemotherapy: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tAZtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbwLDuxoPaAhWLzVMKHVNuDecQ6AEIOjAE}}</ref><ref name="Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7"/> ||
+| 1965 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|Cloxacillin}} synthesized. Today it is useful for the treatment of a number of {{w|bacterial infections}},<ref name=WHO2008/> including {{w|impetigo}}, {{w|cellulitis}}, {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|septic arthritis}}, and {{w|otitis externa}}.<ref name=WHO2008/> It is used by mouth and by injection.<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|date=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241547659|pages=110, 586|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213060118/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McGuire|first1=John L.|title=Pharmaceuticals, 4 Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uG9qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbwLDuxoPaAhWLzVMKHVNuDecQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kuemmerle|first1=Helmut Paul|title=Clinical Chemotherapy: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tAZtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1965%22+%22Dicloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbwLDuxoPaAhWLzVMKHVNuDecQ6AEIOjAE}}</ref><ref name="Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7"/> ||
 |-
 | 1966 || Resistance || {{w|Nalidixic acid}} resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
@@ Line 159: / Line 161: @@
 | 1966 || Resistance || Resistance against {{w|cephalotin}} is observed.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
 |-
-| 1967 || Introduction || {{w|Clindamycin}} is first produced. Today it is used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
+| 1967 || New drug || {{w|Clindamycin}} is first produced. Today it is used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|rifampicin}} is introduced for clinical use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Atta -ur-|last2=Choudhary|first2=M. Iqbal|title=Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KYA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&dq=%22rifampicin%22+%22in+1968%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tfKA4Y_aAhUFkJAKHZZFBywQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22rifampicin%22%20%22in%201968%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set|edition=y M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3xE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2369&dq=%22rifampicin%22+%22in+1968%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tfKA4Y_aAhUFkJAKHZZFBywQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=%22rifampicin%22%20%22in%201968%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=R.D.|title=Modern Drug use: An Enquiry on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RzTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA551&dq=%22rifampicin%22+%22in+1968%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tfKA4Y_aAhUFkJAKHZZFBywQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22rifampicin%22%20%22in%201968%22&f=false}}</ref> The introduction of rifampicin would greatly shorten the duration of {{w|tuberculosis}} {{w|chemotherapy}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Korzheva|first2=Nataliya|last3=Mustaev|first3=Arkady|last4=Murakami|first4=Katsuhiko|last5=Nair|first5=Satish|last6=Goldfarb|first6=Alex|last7=Darst|first7=Seth A.|title=Structural Mechanism for Rifampicin Inhibition of Bacterial RNA Polymerase|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867401002860}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
+| 1968 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|rifampicin}} is introduced for clinical use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Atta -ur-|last2=Choudhary|first2=M. Iqbal|title=Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KYA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288&dq=%22rifampicin%22+%22in+1968%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tfKA4Y_aAhUFkJAKHZZFBywQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22rifampicin%22%20%22in%201968%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set|edition=y M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3xE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2369&dq=%22rifampicin%22+%22in+1968%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tfKA4Y_aAhUFkJAKHZZFBywQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=%22rifampicin%22%20%22in%201968%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=R.D.|title=Modern Drug use: An Enquiry on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RzTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA551&dq=%22rifampicin%22+%22in+1968%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tfKA4Y_aAhUFkJAKHZZFBywQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22rifampicin%22%20%22in%201968%22&f=false}}</ref> The introduction of rifampicin would greatly shorten the duration of {{w|tuberculosis}} {{w|chemotherapy}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Korzheva|first2=Nataliya|last3=Mustaev|first3=Arkady|last4=Murakami|first4=Katsuhiko|last5=Nair|first5=Satish|last6=Goldfarb|first6=Alex|last7=Darst|first7=Seth A.|title=Structural Mechanism for Rifampicin Inhibition of Bacterial RNA Polymerase|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867401002860}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
 | 1968 || Resistance || {{w|Tetracycline}} resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || Introduction || {{w|Trimethoprim}} is introduced. It is used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 1968 || New drug || {{w|Trimethoprim}} is introduced. It is used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
 | 1969 || Discovery || {{w|Fosfomycin}} (originally named phosphonomycin) is discovered in Spain. It has a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is highly active against Gram-positive pathogens such as ''{{w|Staphylococcus aureus}}'' and ''{{w|Enterococcus}}'', and against Gram-negative bacteria such as ''{{w|Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}'' and ''{{w|Klebsiella pneumoniae}}''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michalopoulos |first1=Argyris S. |last2=Livaditis |first2=Ioannis G. |last3=Gougoutas |first3=Vassilios |title=The revival of fosfomycin |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971211001664 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research: Anti-Infectives |edition=Atta-ur-Rahman |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Xn4MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=%22Fosfomycin%22+%22in+1969%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjotIvz9K7bAhWFjJAKHSZlAiIQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22Fosfomycin%22%20%22in%201969%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vardanyan |first1=Ruben |last2=Hruby |first2=Victor |title=Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=A8oHBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA623&dq=%22Fosfomycin%22+%22in+1969%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjotIvz9K7bAhWFjJAKHSZlAiIQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22Fosfomycin%22%20%22in%201969%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 |-
-| 1970 || Introduction || Non-toxic semi-synthetic acid-resistant {{w|isoxazolyl}} penicillin {{w|flucloxacillin}} is introduced into clinical practice.<ref name="Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7">{{cite book|last1=Harper|first1=N. J.|last2=Simmonds|first2=Alma B.|title=Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wy7VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1deAxYPaAhXRq1MKHeVdDP0Q6AEILjAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Neonatal Formulary|publisher=BMJ Books, 2000|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1AxMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1deAxYPaAhXRq1MKHeVdDP0Q6AEIPjAF}}</ref> ||
+| 1970 || New drug || Non-toxic semi-synthetic acid-resistant {{w|isoxazolyl}} penicillin {{w|flucloxacillin}} is introduced into clinical practice.<ref name="Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7">{{cite book|last1=Harper|first1=N. J.|last2=Simmonds|first2=Alma B.|title=Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wy7VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1deAxYPaAhXRq1MKHeVdDP0Q6AEILjAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Neonatal Formulary|publisher=BMJ Books, 2000|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1AxMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&dq=%22in+1950..1970%22+%22flucloxacillin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1deAxYPaAhXRq1MKHeVdDP0Q6AEIPjAF}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1971 || Introduction || {{w|Aminoglycoside}} {{w|antibiotic}} {{w|Tobramycin}} is discovered. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly {{w|Gram-negative}} infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
+| 1971 || New drug || {{w|Aminoglycoside}} {{w|antibiotic}} {{w|Tobramycin}} is discovered. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly {{w|Gram-negative}} infections.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
-| 1971 || Isolation || {{w|Mupirocin}} is originally isolated from ''{{w|Pseudomonas fluorescens}}''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Tara F. |last2=Hill |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Chiu |first3=Alex |title=Alteration in Bacterial Culture After Treatment With Topical Mupirocin for Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2478314}}</ref> The antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mupirocin |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00410 |website=drugbank.ca |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
+| 1971 || New drug || {{w|Mupirocin}} is originally isolated from ''{{w|Pseudomonas fluorescens}}''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Tara F. |last2=Hill |first2=Jennifer L. |last3=Chiu |first3=Alex |title=Alteration in Bacterial Culture After Treatment With Topical Mupirocin for Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2478314}}</ref> The antibiotic is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mupirocin |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00410 |website=drugbank.ca |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1972 || Isolation || Extracellular broad spectrum {{w|beta-lactam antibiotic}} {{w|cephamycin}} C is first isolated.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diana|first1=Patrizia|last2=Cirrincione|first2=Girolamo|title=Biosynthesis of Heterocycles: From Isolation to Gene Cluster|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dQ91BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA320&lpg=PA320&dq=%22in+1972%22+%22Cephamycin%22&source=bl&ots=jQaDvsvSHp&sig=rte-hL9RKlNXTRPQXIsDggTof_E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF8_fPqOfaAhVITZAKHQm_CroQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20%22Cephamycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
+| 1972 || New drug || Extracellular broad spectrum {{w|beta-lactam antibiotic}} {{w|cephamycin}} C is first isolated.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diana|first1=Patrizia|last2=Cirrincione|first2=Girolamo|title=Biosynthesis of Heterocycles: From Isolation to Gene Cluster|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dQ91BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA320&lpg=PA320&dq=%22in+1972%22+%22Cephamycin%22&source=bl&ots=jQaDvsvSHp&sig=rte-hL9RKlNXTRPQXIsDggTof_E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF8_fPqOfaAhVITZAKHQm_CroQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20%22Cephamycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
-| 1972 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|minocycline}} is discovered.<ref name="Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice"/><ref name="Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology"/><ref name="Neuroinflammation in Stroke"/> It has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Minocycline is used for a variety of infectious diseases and in acne.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ochsendorf|first1=F|title=Minocycline in acne vulgaris: benefits and risks.|doi=10.2165/11319280-000000000-00000.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642295}}</ref> ||
+| 1972 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|minocycline}} is discovered.<ref name="Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacology: Therapeutic Principles in Practice"/><ref name="Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology"/><ref name="Neuroinflammation in Stroke"/> It has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Minocycline is used for a variety of infectious diseases and in acne.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ochsendorf|first1=F|title=Minocycline in acne vulgaris: benefits and risks.|doi=10.2165/11319280-000000000-00000.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642295}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1972 || Introduction || {{w|Tinidazole}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |title=Drug Therapy in Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rLYKJyeex2wC&pg=PT215&dq=%22Tinidazole%22+%22in+1972%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPmILema_bAhUBCpAKHY8HAtEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Tinidazole%22%20%22in%201972%22&f=false}}</ref> It is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tinidazole Pellets |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalpellets.com/pharmaceutical-pellets/tinidazole-pellets.php |website=pharmaceuticalpellets.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
+| 1972 || New drug || {{w|Tinidazole}} is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |title=Drug Therapy in Nursing |publisher=CTI Reviews |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rLYKJyeex2wC&pg=PT215&dq=%22Tinidazole%22+%22in+1972%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPmILema_bAhUBCpAKHY8HAtEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Tinidazole%22%20%22in%201972%22&f=false}}</ref> It is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tinidazole Pellets |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalpellets.com/pharmaceutical-pellets/tinidazole-pellets.php |website=pharmaceuticalpellets.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1973 || Introduction || Bactericidal antibiotic {{w|Carbenicillin}} is discovered. It belongs to the {{w|carboxypenicillin}} subgroup of the penicillins.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE"/> Carbenicillin has bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carbenicillin|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/carbenicillin#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1973 || New drug || Bactericidal antibiotic {{w|Carbenicillin}} is discovered. It belongs to the {{w|carboxypenicillin}} subgroup of the penicillins.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE"/> Carbenicillin has bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carbenicillin|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/carbenicillin#section=Top|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1974 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole}} is commercially released.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pharmaceutical Marketing in India|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=b4l_NyGchk4C&pg=PA78&dq=%22in+1974%22+Co-trimoxazole&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLuZSH6o_aAhXEUJAKHdVSBJgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201974%22%20Co-trimoxazole&f=false|website=books.google.com.ar|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> ||
+| 1974 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole}} is commercially released.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pharmaceutical Marketing in India|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=b4l_NyGchk4C&pg=PA78&dq=%22in+1974%22+Co-trimoxazole&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLuZSH6o_aAhXEUJAKHdVSBJgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201974%22%20Co-trimoxazole&f=false|website=books.google.com.ar|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> ||
 |-
-| 1974 || Introduction || {{w|Cotrimoxazole}} is introduced.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|bronchitis}}, and infections of the urinary tract, ears, and intestines. Cotrimoxazole also is used to treat 'travelers' diarrhea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-trimoxazole|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a684026.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1974 || New drug || {{w|Cotrimoxazole}} is introduced.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|bronchitis}}, and infections of the urinary tract, ears, and intestines. Cotrimoxazole also is used to treat 'travelers' diarrhea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-trimoxazole|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a684026.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1976 || Introduction || The Bristol-Banyu research institute in Japan publishes the discovery of antibiotic {{w|amikacin}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Amikacin|url=http://www.tbonline.info/posts/2011/8/22/amikacin/|website=tbonline.info|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> Amikacin is active against a broad spectrum of {{w|Gram-negative}} organisms, including {{w|pseudomona}}s, {{w|Escherichia coli}} and some {{w|Gram-positive}} organisms, like {{w|Staphylococcus aureus}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amikacin 250 mg/ml Injection|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3784/smpc|website=medicines.org.uk|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
+| 1976 || New drug || The Bristol-Banyu research institute in Japan publishes the discovery of antibiotic {{w|amikacin}}.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Amikacin|url=http://www.tbonline.info/posts/2011/8/22/amikacin/|website=tbonline.info|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> Amikacin is active against a broad spectrum of {{w|Gram-negative}} organisms, including {{w|pseudomona}}s, {{w|Escherichia coli}} and some {{w|Gram-positive}} organisms, like {{w|Staphylococcus aureus}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amikacin 250 mg/ml Injection|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3784/smpc|website=medicines.org.uk|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 1976 || Resistance || {{w|Tufts University}} researcher {{w|Stuart B. Levy}} becomes one of the first to identify antibiotic resistance due to their use in animals.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
 |-
-| 1978 || Introduction || {{w|Cefoxitin}} is introduced as an early {{w|cephamycin}}.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sandford Goodman,|first1=Louis|last2=Goodman Gilman|first2=Alfred|title=Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RABtAAAAMAAJ&q=cefoxitin+in+1972..1980&dq=cefoxitin+in+1972..1980&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQt8fh65naAhWBhJAKHVktBcQQ6AEIOjAE}}</ref> It is synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gootz|first=T D|date=1990-01-01|title=Discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents.|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13–31|issn=0893-8512|pmc=358138|pmid=2404566|doi=10.1128/cmr.3.1.13}}</ref> ||
+| 1978 || New drug || {{w|Cefoxitin}} is introduced as an early {{w|cephamycin}}.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sandford Goodman,|first1=Louis|last2=Goodman Gilman|first2=Alfred|title=Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RABtAAAAMAAJ&q=cefoxitin+in+1972..1980&dq=cefoxitin+in+1972..1980&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQt8fh65naAhWBhJAKHVktBcQQ6AEIOjAE}}</ref> It is synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gootz|first=T D|date=1990-01-01|title=Discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents.|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13–31|issn=0893-8512|pmc=358138|pmid=2404566|doi=10.1128/cmr.3.1.13}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1978 || Discovery || The {{w|teicoplanin}} family of {{w|glycopeptide}}s is discovered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Safety and efficacy of glycopeptide antibiotics|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c977/337ffe04180d95e51c86c705053dc04b4137.pdf|website=pdfs.semanticscholar.org|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> Teicoplanin is used in the {{w|prophylaxis}} and treatment of serious infections caused by {{w|Gram-positive}} {{w|bacteria}}, including [[w:methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and ''{{w|Enterococcus faecalis}}''.<ref>Reynolds, P. (1989). Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 8(11), pp.943-950.</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1979 || Introduction || {{w|Eli Lilly}} patents antibiotic {{w|cefaclor}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sinha|first1=Aseema|title=Globalizing India|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PvnUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258&dq=%22in+1979%22+%22cefaclor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNoKjj0JraAhULmJAKHZtnBuMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201979%22%20%22cefaclor%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Amann|first1=Edmund|last2=Cantwell|first2=John|title=Innovative Firms in Emerging Market Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9UfChnkJ10oC&pg=PA157&dq=%22in+1979%22+%22cefaclor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNoKjj0JraAhULmJAKHZtnBuMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201979%22%20%22cefaclor%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meléndez-Ortiz,|first1=Ricardo|last2=Roffe|first2=Pedro|title=Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development: Development Agendas in a Changing World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mX05t94yOIIC&pg=PA122&dq=%22in+1979%22+%22cefaclor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNoKjj0JraAhULmJAKHZtnBuMQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201979%22%20%22cefaclor%22&f=false}}</ref> It is used to treat certain bacterial infections such as {{w|pneumonia}} and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract. || {{w|United States}}
+| 1979 || New drug || {{w|Eli Lilly}} patents antibiotic {{w|cefaclor}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sinha|first1=Aseema|title=Globalizing India|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PvnUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258&dq=%22in+1979%22+%22cefaclor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNoKjj0JraAhULmJAKHZtnBuMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201979%22%20%22cefaclor%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Amann|first1=Edmund|last2=Cantwell|first2=John|title=Innovative Firms in Emerging Market Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9UfChnkJ10oC&pg=PA157&dq=%22in+1979%22+%22cefaclor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNoKjj0JraAhULmJAKHZtnBuMQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201979%22%20%22cefaclor%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meléndez-Ortiz,|first1=Ricardo|last2=Roffe|first2=Pedro|title=Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development: Development Agendas in a Changing World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mX05t94yOIIC&pg=PA122&dq=%22in+1979%22+%22cefaclor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNoKjj0JraAhULmJAKHZtnBuMQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201979%22%20%22cefaclor%22&f=false}}</ref> It is used to treat certain bacterial infections such as {{w|pneumonia}} and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract. || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1981 || Resistance || [[w:Beta-lactamase|AmpC beta-lactamase]] resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
@@ Line 203: / Line 205: @@
 | 1983 || Resistance || Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1984 || Introduction || {{w|amoxicillin clavulanate}} is introduced.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> It is specifically used for {{w|otitis media}}, {{w|strep throat}}, {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|cellulitis}}, {{w|urinary tract infections}}, {{w|animal bites}}, and {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin-and-clavulanate-potassium.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=12 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129000556/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin-and-clavulanate-potassium.html|archivedate=29 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ||
+| 1984 || New drug || {{w|amoxicillin clavulanate}} is introduced.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> It is specifically used for {{w|otitis media}}, {{w|strep throat}}, {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|cellulitis}}, {{w|urinary tract infections}}, {{w|animal bites}}, and {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin-and-clavulanate-potassium.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=12 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129000556/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/amoxicillin-and-clavulanate-potassium.html|archivedate=29 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1985 || Introduction || Researchers at {{w|Eli Lilly and Company}} discover antibiotic {{w|daptomycin}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Current Medical Research and Opinion, Volume 22, Issues 9-12|publisher=Clayton-Wray Publications Limited, 2006|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yqhNAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daptomycin%22+%22in+1985..1990%22&dq=%22Daptomycin%22+%22in+1985..1990%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK4_3av5DaAhULiZAKHd3YBiAQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rybak|first1=M. J.|title=The efficacy and safety of daptomycin: first in a new class of antibiotics for Gram‐positive bacteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01342.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beiras-Fernandez|first1=Andres|last2=Ferdinand Vogt|first2=Ferdinand Vogt|last3=Sodian|first3=Ralf|last4=Weis|first4=Florian|title=Daptomycin: a novel lipopeptide antibiotic against Gram-positive pathogens|doi=10.2147/IDR.S6961|pmid=21694898|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108743/|pmc=3108743}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1985 || New drug || Researchers at {{w|Eli Lilly and Company}} discover antibiotic {{w|daptomycin}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Current Medical Research and Opinion, Volume 22, Issues 9-12|publisher=Clayton-Wray Publications Limited, 2006|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yqhNAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daptomycin%22+%22in+1985..1990%22&dq=%22Daptomycin%22+%22in+1985..1990%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK4_3av5DaAhULiZAKHd3YBiAQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rybak|first1=M. J.|title=The efficacy and safety of daptomycin: first in a new class of antibiotics for Gram‐positive bacteria|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01342.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beiras-Fernandez|first1=Andres|last2=Ferdinand Vogt|first2=Ferdinand Vogt|last3=Sodian|first3=Ralf|last4=Weis|first4=Florian|title=Daptomycin: a novel lipopeptide antibiotic against Gram-positive pathogens|doi=10.2147/IDR.S6961|pmid=21694898|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108743/|pmc=3108743}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1985 || Introduction || {{w|Carbapenems}} are introduced.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> These are commonly used for the treatment of severe or high-risk bacterial infections. ||
+| 1985 || New drug || {{w|Carbapenems}} are introduced.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> These are commonly used for the treatment of severe or high-risk bacterial infections. ||
 |-
 | 1986 || Resistance || {{w|Vancomycin}}-resistant {{w|enterococcus}} is reported.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1987 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|imipenem/cilastin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> It is useful for the treatment of {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|sepsis}}, {{w|endocarditis}}, {{w|joint infections}}, {{w|intra-abdominal infections}}, and {{w|urinary tract infections}}.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Imipenem and Cilastatin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/imipenem-and-cilastatin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=12 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230449/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/imipenem-and-cilastatin.html|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=}}</ref> ||
+| 1987 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|imipenem/cilastin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> It is useful for the treatment of {{w|pneumonia}}, {{w|sepsis}}, {{w|endocarditis}}, {{w|joint infections}}, {{w|intra-abdominal infections}}, and {{w|urinary tract infections}}.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Imipenem and Cilastatin|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/imipenem-and-cilastatin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=12 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230449/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/imipenem-and-cilastatin.html|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1987 || Introduction || Highly potent {{w|fluoroquinolone}}s are introduced.<ref name="Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance"/> These are used to treat a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Some Antibiotics Linked to Serious Nerve Damage|url=https://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20130826/fda-strengthens-fluoroquinolone-warning|website=webmd.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> These popular class of antibiotics would be used in a variety of infections. Newer drugs in this class are further developed with a broader spectrum of activity including better coverage of gram-positive organisms and, for some fluoroquinolones, anaerobes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fluoroquinolones |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoroquinolones |website=uptodate.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1987 || New drug || Highly potent {{w|fluoroquinolone}}s are introduced.<ref name="Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance"/> These are used to treat a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Some Antibiotics Linked to Serious Nerve Damage|url=https://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20130826/fda-strengthens-fluoroquinolone-warning|website=webmd.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> These popular class of antibiotics would be used in a variety of infections. Newer drugs in this class are further developed with a broader spectrum of activity including better coverage of gram-positive organisms and, for some fluoroquinolones, anaerobes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fluoroquinolones |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fluoroquinolones |website=uptodate.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1987 || Resistance || Resistance against {{w|cephalosporins}} is observed.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
@@ Line 221: / Line 223: @@
 | 1990s || Resistance || {{w|Fluorochinolone}} resistance is observed.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1993 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|azithromycin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and infections of the ears, lungs, sinuses, skin, throat, and reproductive organs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azithromycin|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a697037.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1993 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|azithromycin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and infections of the ears, lungs, sinuses, skin, throat, and reproductive organs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azithromycin|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a697037.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1993 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|clarithromycin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> It is used to prevent and treat certain infections caused by bacteria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarithromycin, Oral Tablet|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/clarithromycin-oral-tablet#important-warnings|website=healthline.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1993 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|clarithromycin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> It is used to prevent and treat certain infections caused by bacteria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarithromycin, Oral Tablet|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/clarithromycin-oral-tablet#important-warnings|website=healthline.com|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1994 || Introduction || {{w|Cefepime}} is introduced into clinical practice. Approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe infections, such as {{w|pneumonia}}, uncomplicated and complicated {{w|urinary tract infection}}s (UTIs), skin and soft-tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections and {{w|febrile neutropenia}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Endimiani|first1=Andrea|last2=Perez|first2=Federico|last3=Bonomo|first3=Robert A|title=Cefepime: a reappraisal in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance|doi=10.1586/14787210.6.6.805|pmid=19053894|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633657/|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1994 || New drug || {{w|Cefepime}} is introduced into clinical practice. Approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe infections, such as {{w|pneumonia}}, uncomplicated and complicated {{w|urinary tract infection}}s (UTIs), skin and soft-tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections and {{w|febrile neutropenia}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Endimiani|first1=Andrea|last2=Perez|first2=Federico|last3=Bonomo|first3=Robert A|title=Cefepime: a reappraisal in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance|doi=10.1586/14787210.6.6.805|pmid=19053894|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633657/|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1997 || Resistance || {{w|Vancomycin}}-resistant {{w|staphyloccocus}} is reported.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 1999 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|quinupristin/dalfopristin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> The combination is used to treat {{w|infection}}s by [[w:staphylococcus|staphylococci]] and by {{w|vancomycin}}-resistant ''[[w:Enterococcus|Enterococcus faecium]]''.||
+| 1999 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|quinupristin/dalfopristin}} is introduced.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/> The combination is used to treat {{w|infection}}s by [[w:staphylococcus|staphylococci]] and by {{w|vancomycin}}-resistant ''[[w:Enterococcus|Enterococcus faecium]]''.||
 |-
-| 2000 || Introduction || {{w|Oxazolidinones}} are introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> These synthetic drugs are active against a large spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and anaerobes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bozdogan|first1=B|last2=Appelbaum|first2=PC.|title=Oxazolidinones: activity, mode of action, and mechanism of resistance.|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.11.003|pmid=15013035|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15013035}}</ref> ||
+| 2000 || New drug || {{w|Oxazolidinones}} are introduced.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> These synthetic drugs are active against a large spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and anaerobes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bozdogan|first1=B|last2=Appelbaum|first2=PC.|title=Oxazolidinones: activity, mode of action, and mechanism of resistance.|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2003.11.003|pmid=15013035|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15013035}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2000 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|linezolid}} is introduced for the treatment of infections caused by {{w|gram-positive bacteria}} that are resistant to other antibiotics.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> An {{w|oxazolidinone}} antibiotic, linezolid represents the first principally new antibiotic platform that has entered medical practice in more than 30 years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leach|first1=Karen L.|last2=Swaney|first2=Steven M.|last3=Colca|first3=Jerry R.|last4=McDonald|first4=William G.|last5=Blinn|first5=James R.|last6=Thomasco|first6=Lisa M.|last7=Gadwood|first7=Robert C.|last8=Shinabarger|first8=Dean|last9=Xiong|first9=Liqun|last10=Mankin|first10=Alexander S.|title=The Site of Action of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics in Living Bacteria and in Human Mitochondria|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276507002213}}</ref><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 2000 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|linezolid}} is introduced for the treatment of infections caused by {{w|gram-positive bacteria}} that are resistant to other antibiotics.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> An {{w|oxazolidinone}} antibiotic, linezolid represents the first principally new antibiotic platform that has entered medical practice in more than 30 years.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leach|first1=Karen L.|last2=Swaney|first2=Steven M.|last3=Colca|first3=Jerry R.|last4=McDonald|first4=William G.|last5=Blinn|first5=James R.|last6=Thomasco|first6=Lisa M.|last7=Gadwood|first7=Robert C.|last8=Shinabarger|first8=Dean|last9=Xiong|first9=Liqun|last10=Mankin|first10=Alexander S.|title=The Site of Action of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics in Living Bacteria and in Human Mitochondria|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276507002213}}</ref><ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 2001 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|telithromycin}} is introduced in the {{w|European Union}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set|edition=M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3xE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1156&dq=%22in+2001%22+%22Telithromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6z8Lg7Y_aAhWJnJAKHfXGDn0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202001%22%20%22Telithromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alex|first1=Alexander|last2=Harris|first2=C. John|last3=Smith|first3=Dennis A.|title=Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GODRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=%22in+2001%22+%22Telithromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6z8Lg7Y_aAhWJnJAKHfXGDn0Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%202001%22%20%22Telithromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology|edition=Stephen P. Denyer, Norman A. Hodges, Sean P. Gorman, Brendan F. Gilmore|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JSebRbvrkmUC&pg=PT243&dq=%22in+2001%22+%22Telithromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6z8Lg7Y_aAhWJnJAKHfXGDn0Q6AEITjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%202001%22%20%22Telithromycin%22&f=false}}</ref> It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telithromycin|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604026.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 2001 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|telithromycin}} is introduced in the {{w|European Union}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs, Seventh Edition - Three Volume Set|edition=M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne Crowe, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3xE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1156&dq=%22in+2001%22+%22Telithromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6z8Lg7Y_aAhWJnJAKHfXGDn0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202001%22%20%22Telithromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alex|first1=Alexander|last2=Harris|first2=C. John|last3=Smith|first3=Dennis A.|title=Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GODRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=%22in+2001%22+%22Telithromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6z8Lg7Y_aAhWJnJAKHfXGDn0Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%202001%22%20%22Telithromycin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology|edition=Stephen P. Denyer, Norman A. Hodges, Sean P. Gorman, Brendan F. Gilmore|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JSebRbvrkmUC&pg=PT243&dq=%22in+2001%22+%22Telithromycin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6z8Lg7Y_aAhWJnJAKHfXGDn0Q6AEITjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%202001%22%20%22Telithromycin%22&f=false}}</ref> It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telithromycin|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604026.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2001 || Introduction || Broader-spectrum fluoroquinolones are introduced.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE">{{cite web|title=ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE|url=https://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/images/micro/2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE.jpg/view|website=amrls.cvm.msu.edu|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 2001 || New drug || Broader-spectrum fluoroquinolones are introduced.<ref name="2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE">{{cite web|title=ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE|url=https://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/images/micro/2-6-ANTIBIOTIC-TIMELINE.jpg/view|website=amrls.cvm.msu.edu|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2002 || Resistance || Resistance against {{w|linezolid}} is observed.<ref name="Evolution in Health and Disease"/> ||
 |-
-| 2002 || Introduction || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|cefditoren}}, {{w|pivoxil}} and {{w|ertapenem}}.  <ref name="The search for new antimicrobials: why we need new options.">{{cite journal|last1=Zinner|first1=SH|title=The search for new antimicrobials: why we need new options.|doi=10.1586/14787210.3.6.907|pmid=16307503|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16307503}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
+| 2002 || New drug || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|cefditoren}}, {{w|pivoxil}} and {{w|ertapenem}}.  <ref name="The search for new antimicrobials: why we need new options.">{{cite journal|last1=Zinner|first1=SH|title=The search for new antimicrobials: why we need new options.|doi=10.1586/14787210.3.6.907|pmid=16307503|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16307503}}</ref><ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> ||
 |-
 | 2002 || Resistance || {{w|Vancomycin}}-resistant {{w|staphylococcus aureus}} is reported.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 2003 || Introduction || {{w|Lipopeptide}}s are introduced as antibiotics.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
+| 2003 || New drug || {{w|Lipopeptide}}s are introduced as antibiotics.<ref name="Antibiotics armageddon?"/> ||
 |-
-| 2003 || Introduction || {{w|Daptomycin}} (a {{w|lipopeptide}} antibiotic) is introduced for treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by {{w|Gram-positive}} organisms.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Alita A. |last2=Miller |first2=Paul F. |title=Emerging Trends in Antibacterial Discovery: Answering the Call to Arms |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B_GhBK7sgWIC&pg=PA331&dq=%22lipopeptides%22+%22in+2003%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9w47fnK_bAhUIUJAKHVn2CdsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22lipopeptides%22%20%22in%202003%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baltz |first1=RH |last2=Miao |first2=V |last3=Wrigley |first3=SK. |title=Natural products to drugs: daptomycin and related lipopeptide antibiotics. |doi=10.1039/b416648p |pmid=16311632 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311632}}</ref> ||
+| 2003 || New drug || {{w|Daptomycin}} (a {{w|lipopeptide}} antibiotic) is introduced for treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by {{w|Gram-positive}} organisms.<ref name="Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Alita A. |last2=Miller |first2=Paul F. |title=Emerging Trends in Antibacterial Discovery: Answering the Call to Arms |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B_GhBK7sgWIC&pg=PA331&dq=%22lipopeptides%22+%22in+2003%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9w47fnK_bAhUIUJAKHVn2CdsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22lipopeptides%22%20%22in%202003%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baltz |first1=RH |last2=Miao |first2=V |last3=Wrigley |first3=SK. |title=Natural products to drugs: daptomycin and related lipopeptide antibiotics. |doi=10.1039/b416648p |pmid=16311632 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311632}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2004 || Introduction || {{w|Telythromicin}} is introduced.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telithromycin|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604026.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 2004 || New drug || {{w|Telythromicin}} is introduced.<ref name="The Golden Age of Antibacterials"/> It is used to treat certain types of pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telithromycin|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604026.html|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2005 || Introduction || Antibiotic {{w|tigecycline}} is introduced for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections and intraabdominal infections.<ref>{{cite book|title=Low-dose antibiotics: current status and outlook for the future|edition=Robert Paul Hunter, Carlos F Amábile-Cuevas, Jun Lin, Joshua D Nosanchuk, Rustam Aminov|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lOpcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152&dq=%22Tigecycline%22+%22in+2005%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew8zn64_aAhUDgZAKHTtHDikQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22Tigecycline%22%20%22in%202005%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=Jean-Louis|last2=Abraham|first2=Edward|last3=Kochanek|first3=Patrick|last4=Moore|first4=Frederick A.|last5=Fink|first5=Mitchell P.|title=Textbook of Critical Care E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uAl68tCzm5IC&pg=PA964&dq=%22Tigecycline%22+%22in+2005%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew8zn64_aAhUDgZAKHTtHDikQ6AEIRDAG#v=onepage&q=%22Tigecycline%22%20%22in%202005%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Trauma: Critical Care|edition=William C. Wilson, Christopher M. Grande, David B. Hoyt|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3H3AIEtvc8YC&pg=PA936&dq=%22Tigecycline%22+%22in+2005%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew8zn64_aAhUDgZAKHTtHDikQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Tigecycline%22%20%22in%202005%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 2005 || New drug || Antibiotic {{w|tigecycline}} is introduced for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections and intraabdominal infections.<ref>{{cite book|title=Low-dose antibiotics: current status and outlook for the future|edition=Robert Paul Hunter, Carlos F Amábile-Cuevas, Jun Lin, Joshua D Nosanchuk, Rustam Aminov|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lOpcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152&dq=%22Tigecycline%22+%22in+2005%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew8zn64_aAhUDgZAKHTtHDikQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22Tigecycline%22%20%22in%202005%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=Jean-Louis|last2=Abraham|first2=Edward|last3=Kochanek|first3=Patrick|last4=Moore|first4=Frederick A.|last5=Fink|first5=Mitchell P.|title=Textbook of Critical Care E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uAl68tCzm5IC&pg=PA964&dq=%22Tigecycline%22+%22in+2005%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew8zn64_aAhUDgZAKHTtHDikQ6AEIRDAG#v=onepage&q=%22Tigecycline%22%20%22in%202005%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Trauma: Critical Care|edition=William C. Wilson, Christopher M. Grande, David B. Hoyt|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3H3AIEtvc8YC&pg=PA936&dq=%22Tigecycline%22+%22in+2005%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiew8zn64_aAhUDgZAKHTtHDikQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Tigecycline%22%20%22in%202005%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2010 || Publication || Authors of a report on the evolution of resistance note that microbes have “extraordinary genetic capabilities” that benefit “from man’s overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes... to develop [resistance] for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise.”<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
 |-
-| 2011 || Introduction || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|fidaxomicin}} for treatment of {{w|clostridium Difficile Infection}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=Jeremy B.|last2=Stapleton|first2=Renee D.|title=Non-Pulmonary Complications of Critical Care: A Clinical Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YpApBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&dq=%22in+2011%22+%22fidaxomicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigi77ByaPaAhUCrVkKHff-B1gQ6AEIQzAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%202011%22%20%22fidaxomicin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bope|first1=Edward T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Rick D.|title=Conn's Current Therapy 2017 E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UitFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT617&dq=%22in+2011%22+%22fidaxomicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigi77ByaPaAhUCrVkKHff-B1gQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%202011%22%20%22fidaxomicin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2011 || New drug || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|fidaxomicin}} for treatment of {{w|clostridium Difficile Infection}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=Jeremy B.|last2=Stapleton|first2=Renee D.|title=Non-Pulmonary Complications of Critical Care: A Clinical Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YpApBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&dq=%22in+2011%22+%22fidaxomicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigi77ByaPaAhUCrVkKHff-B1gQ6AEIQzAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%202011%22%20%22fidaxomicin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bope|first1=Edward T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Rick D.|title=Conn's Current Therapy 2017 E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UitFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT617&dq=%22in+2011%22+%22fidaxomicin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigi77ByaPaAhUCrVkKHff-B1gQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%202011%22%20%22fidaxomicin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2012 || Study || A team of scientists propose adding the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to better help them classify and potentially defeat superbugs.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
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-| 2012 || Introduction || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|bedaquiline}} for the treatment of multidrug-resistant {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurreck,|first1=Jens|last2=Stein|first2=Aaron|title=Molecular Medicine: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Ji6sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&dq=%22in+2012+%22+%22bedaquiline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim1_ffx6PaAhXFzlMKHeGIDT4Q6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%202012%20%22%20%22bedaquiline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Villa,|first1=Tomas G.|last2=Vinas|first2=Miguel|title=New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=faXWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA407&dq=%22in+2012+%22+%22bedaquiline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim1_ffx6PaAhXFzlMKHeGIDT4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202012%20%22%20%22bedaquiline%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2012 || New drug || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|bedaquiline}} for the treatment of multidrug-resistant {{w|tuberculosis}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurreck,|first1=Jens|last2=Stein|first2=Aaron|title=Molecular Medicine: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Ji6sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158&dq=%22in+2012+%22+%22bedaquiline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim1_ffx6PaAhXFzlMKHeGIDT4Q6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%202012%20%22%20%22bedaquiline%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Villa,|first1=Tomas G.|last2=Vinas|first2=Miguel|title=New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=faXWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA407&dq=%22in+2012+%22+%22bedaquiline%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim1_ffx6PaAhXFzlMKHeGIDT4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202012%20%22%20%22bedaquiline%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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-| 2013 || Introduction || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|telavancin}} for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible {{w|staphylococcus aureus}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mandell|first1=Gerald L.|title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA399&dq=%22in+2013%22+%22telavancin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9sNSjxqPaAhXOmVkKHe7NDs4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202013%22%20%22telavancin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=John E.|last2=Dolin|first2=Raphael|last3=Blaser|first3=Martin J.|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA399&dq=%22in+2013%22+%22telavancin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9sNSjxqPaAhXOmVkKHe7NDs4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%202013%22%20%22telavancin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Villa|first1=Tomas G.|last2=Vinas|first2=Miguel|title=New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=faXWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&dq=%22in+2013%22+%22telavancin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9sNSjxqPaAhXOmVkKHe7NDs4Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%202013%22%20%22telavancin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2013 || New drug || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|telavancin}} for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by susceptible {{w|staphylococcus aureus}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mandell|first1=Gerald L.|title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA399&dq=%22in+2013%22+%22telavancin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9sNSjxqPaAhXOmVkKHe7NDs4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202013%22%20%22telavancin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=John E.|last2=Dolin|first2=Raphael|last3=Blaser|first3=Martin J.|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA399&dq=%22in+2013%22+%22telavancin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9sNSjxqPaAhXOmVkKHe7NDs4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%202013%22%20%22telavancin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Villa|first1=Tomas G.|last2=Vinas|first2=Miguel|title=New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=faXWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&dq=%22in+2013%22+%22telavancin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9sNSjxqPaAhXOmVkKHe7NDs4Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%202013%22%20%22telavancin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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 | 2013 || Resistance || The US {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} identifies 17 antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that cause at least 23,000 deaths in the United States.<ref name="antibiotics science"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 267: / Line 269: @@
 | 2014 || Declaration || The {{w|World Health Organization}} (WHO) releases a statement in response to major superbug outbreaks like {{w|lebsiella pneumoniae}} (which causes {{w|pneumonia}} and bloodstream infections in the hospital) and {{w|gonorrhea}} strains all over the world, noting that “this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country.”<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
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-| 2014 || Introduction || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves four new antibacterial agents, {{w|dalbavancin}}, {{w|oritavancin}}, {{w|tedizolid}} for skin infections, and {{w|ceftolozane}}/{{w|tazobactam}} for complicated intra‐abdominal and urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alex|first1=Alexander|last2=Harris|first2=C. John|last3=Smith|first3=Dennis A.|title=Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JYPgCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172&dq=%22in+2014%22+%22ceftolozane/tazobactam%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrrp2HxaPaAhVIx1kKHX1SBTgQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%202014%22%20%22ceftolozane%2Ftazobactam%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2014 || New drug || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves four new antibacterial agents, {{w|dalbavancin}}, {{w|oritavancin}}, {{w|tedizolid}} for skin infections, and {{w|ceftolozane}}/{{w|tazobactam}} for complicated intra‐abdominal and urinary tract infections.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alex|first1=Alexander|last2=Harris|first2=C. John|last3=Smith|first3=Dennis A.|title=Attrition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Reasons, Implications, and Pathways Forward|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=JYPgCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172&dq=%22in+2014%22+%22ceftolozane/tazobactam%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrrp2HxaPaAhVIx1kKHX1SBTgQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%202014%22%20%22ceftolozane%2Ftazobactam%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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 | 2015 || Policy || American fast food company {{w|McDonald's}} announces that it would phase out all meat sources that contain antibiotics.<ref name="A Brief History Of Antibiotic Resistance: How A Medical Miracle Turned Into The Biggest Public Health Danger Of Our Time"/> ||
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-| 2015 || Introduction || {{w|Ceftazidime/avibactam}} is introduced for use in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stanbury|first1=Peter F|last2=Whitaker|first2=Allan|last3=Hall|first3=Stephen J|title=Principles of Fermentation Technology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=ceftazidime/avibactam+%22in+2015%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQqeXR1praAhWKgpAKHSSfBqoQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%2Favibactam%20%22in%202015%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wanger|first1=Audrey|last2=Chavez|first2=Violeta|last3=Huang|first3=Richard|last4=Wahed|first4=Amer|last5=Dasgupta|first5=Amitava|last6=Actor|first6=Jeffrey K.|title=Microbiology and Molecular Diagnosis in Pathology: A Comprehensive Review for Board Preparation, Certification and Clinical Practice|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QpLUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&dq=ceftazidime/avibactam+%22in+2015%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQqeXR1praAhWKgpAKHSSfBqoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%2Favibactam%20%22in%202015%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandrasekar|first1=Pranatharthi H.|title=Infections in the Immunosuppressed Patient: An Illustrated Case-Based Approach|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=a1rhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&dq=ceftazidime/avibactam+%22in+2015%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQqeXR1praAhWKgpAKHSSfBqoQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%2Favibactam%20%22in%202015%22&f=false}}</ref> The combination is used for treatment against certain multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. || {{w|United States}}
+| 2015 || New drug || {{w|Ceftazidime/avibactam}} is introduced for use in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stanbury|first1=Peter F|last2=Whitaker|first2=Allan|last3=Hall|first3=Stephen J|title=Principles of Fermentation Technology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=ceftazidime/avibactam+%22in+2015%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQqeXR1praAhWKgpAKHSSfBqoQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%2Favibactam%20%22in%202015%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wanger|first1=Audrey|last2=Chavez|first2=Violeta|last3=Huang|first3=Richard|last4=Wahed|first4=Amer|last5=Dasgupta|first5=Amitava|last6=Actor|first6=Jeffrey K.|title=Microbiology and Molecular Diagnosis in Pathology: A Comprehensive Review for Board Preparation, Certification and Clinical Practice|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QpLUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&dq=ceftazidime/avibactam+%22in+2015%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQqeXR1praAhWKgpAKHSSfBqoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%2Favibactam%20%22in%202015%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandrasekar|first1=Pranatharthi H.|title=Infections in the Immunosuppressed Patient: An Illustrated Case-Based Approach|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=a1rhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&dq=ceftazidime/avibactam+%22in+2015%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQqeXR1praAhWKgpAKHSSfBqoQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=ceftazidime%2Favibactam%20%22in%202015%22&f=false}}</ref> The combination is used for treatment against certain multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2015 || New drug || Natural antibiotic {{w|teixobactin}} is discovered in a screen of uncultured bacteria. It is found to kill pathogens without detectable resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ling |first1=Losee L. |last2=Schneider |first2=Tanja |last3=Peoples |first3=Aaron J. |last4=Spoering |first4=Amy L. |last5=Engels |first5=Ina |last6=Conlon |first6=Brian P. |last7=Mueller |first7=Anna |last8=Schäberle |first8=Till F. |last9=Hughes |first9=Dallas E. |last10=Epstein |first10=Slava |last11=Jones |first11=Michael |last12=Lazarides |first12=Linos |last13=Steadman |first13=Victoria A. |last14=Cohen |first14=Douglas R. |last15=Felix |first15=Cintia R. |last16=Fetterman |first16=K. Ashley |last17=Millett |first17=William P. |last18=Nitti |first18=Anthony G. |last19=Zullo |first19=Ashley M. |last20=Chao Chen |last21=Kim Lewis |title=A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance |journal=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14098}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piddock |first1=Laura J. V. |title=Teixobactin, the first of a new class of antibiotics discovered by iChip technology? |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |url=https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/70/10/2679/830198}}</ref> ||
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-| 2015 || Introduction || Natural antibiotic {{w|teixobactin}} is discovered in a screen of uncultured bacteria. It is found to kill pathogens without detectable resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ling |first1=Losee L. |last2=Schneider |first2=Tanja |last3=Peoples |first3=Aaron J. |last4=Spoering |first4=Amy L. |last5=Engels |first5=Ina |last6=Conlon |first6=Brian P. |last7=Mueller |first7=Anna |last8=Schäberle |first8=Till F. |last9=Hughes |first9=Dallas E. |last10=Epstein |first10=Slava |last11=Jones |first11=Michael |last12=Lazarides |first12=Linos |last13=Steadman |first13=Victoria A. |last14=Cohen |first14=Douglas R. |last15=Felix |first15=Cintia R. |last16=Fetterman |first16=K. Ashley |last17=Millett |first17=William P. |last18=Nitti |first18=Anthony G. |last19=Zullo |first19=Ashley M. |last20=Chao Chen |last21=Kim Lewis |title=A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance |journal=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14098}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piddock |first1=Laura J. V. |title=Teixobactin, the first of a new class of antibiotics discovered by iChip technology? |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |url=https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/70/10/2679/830198}}</ref> ||
+| 2017 || New drug || Scientists produce new, effective and simplified forms of teixobactin - a new generation antibiotic which defeats multi-drug resistant infections such as {{w|Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus}}. The research moves closer to defeating 'superbugs' with simplified forms of the drug.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists move closer to defeating 'superbugs' with simplified forms of teixobactin |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-scientists-closer-defeating-superbugs-teixobactin.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 July 2018}}</ref> ||
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-| 2018 || Introduction ||  The discovery of {{w|malacidin}}s is published.<ref>{{cite web|title=A new antibiotic Malacidin from soil kills resistant bacteria|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180214/A-new-antibiotic-Malacidin-from-soil-kills-resistant-bacteria.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> The novel antibiotic can work against many of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.<ref>{{cite web|title=A new antibiotic Malacidin from soil kills resistant bacteria|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180214/A-new-antibiotic-Malacidin-from-soil-kills-resistant-bacteria.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 2018 || New drug ||  The discovery of {{w|malacidin}}s is published.<ref>{{cite web|title=A new antibiotic Malacidin from soil kills resistant bacteria|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180214/A-new-antibiotic-Malacidin-from-soil-kills-resistant-bacteria.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> The novel antibiotic can work against many of the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.<ref>{{cite web|title=A new antibiotic Malacidin from soil kills resistant bacteria|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180214/A-new-antibiotic-Malacidin-from-soil-kills-resistant-bacteria.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref> ||
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 |}