Difference between revisions of "Timeline of wild-animal suffering"

Revision as of 17:57, 21 July 2018

This is a timeline of the movement to reduce wild-animal suffering (sometimes also called the "WAS" or "RWAS" movement).

Big picture

Year/period	Key developments
1800s–1970	Wild-animal suffering is occasionally mentioned by philosophers as an example of the amorality of nature. In general, there is little discussion of whether humans should intervene to improve the situation.
1970–2000	After the emergence of the contemporary animal rights/welfare movement, wild-animal suffering is discussed by animal rights philosophers and their critics. The critics consider intervention in nature a reductio ad absurdum of animal rights, while some animal rights authors take it to be a serious moral issue.
2000–present	Online communities dedicated to utilitarian ethics and effective altruism discuss wild-animal suffering as a serious issue. Activists begin forming organizations dedicated to WAS research and outreach. The academic moral philosophy community also continues debating the issue.

Full timeline

Year	Month and date	Event type	Details
1851		Publication	Arthur Schopenhauer compares the pleasure experienced by a predator to the pain experienced by the prey to argue that the world contains more pain than pleasure.^[1]
1856	000000002024-07-13-0000July 13	Publication	In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker, Charles Darwin discusses the wastefulness and cruelty of nature as an evidence against the existence of a benevolent God.^[2]
1860	000000002024-05-22-0000May 22	Publication	In a letter to Asa Gray, Charles Darwin cites wild-animal suffering—in particular, the suffering inflicted by parasitic wasps to caterpillar hosts—as an example of the theological problem of evil.^[3]
1874		Publication	John Stuart Mill's essay "On Nature" is published posthumously. The essay discusses the amorality and cruelty of nature and argues that humans should struggle against it.^[4]
1973	000000002024-06-14-0000June 14	Publication	Peter Singer responds to a question about predation, arguing against interference in practice because the long-term consequences of intervention cannot be predicted. However, he accepts that intervention to reduce wild-animal suffering would be morally justified if one could be reasonably confident that the long-term effects would be positive.^[5]
1979		Publication	Stephen R. L. Clark's article "The Rights of Wild Things" is published. It argues that humans should defend wild animals against unusually large dangers, but should not try to regulate all of nature.^[6]
1980		Publication	Environmental philosopher J. Baird Callicott's article "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" is published. It discusses conflicts between animal liberation and environmental ethics.^[7]
1984	(summer)	Publication	Environmental philosopher Mark Sagoff's article "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce" is published.^[8] The article argues that animal liberation and environmental ethics are incompatible. It claims that animal liberationists may be committed to supporting large-scale intervention to reduce wild-animal suffering, and argues that this should be taken as a reductio if one supports environmental ethics.
1987		Publication	Animal rights philosopher Steve Sapontzis's article "Predation" is published in Ethics and Animals.^[9]
1991		Publication	Deep ecologist Arne Naess publishes an article arguing that humans should intervene in some cases of wild-animal suffering.^[10]
1993	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Publication	David Olivier publishes the article "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" (Why I am not an environmentalist) in the French animal rights journal Les Cahiers antispécistes.^[11]
1995		Publication	Economist Yew-Kwang Ng's paper "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" is published in Biology and Philosophy.^[12] Ng introduces the term "welfare biology" (cf. conservation biology), which he defines as the positive study of the well-being of affectively sentient individuals. He discusses which species possess affective sentience. Ng then mentions that many species produce a large number of offspring, only a few of which survive to maturity. The paper argues that non-survivors suffer negative welfare. Since non-survivors greatly outnumber survivors, Ng considers this evidence in favor of the "Buddhist premise" (that wild animals experience more total suffering than happiness).
1995		Publication	David Pearce publishes his transhumanist manifesto The Hedonistic Imperative, which argues that biotechnology can and should be used to eliminate the experience of suffering.^[13] It includes a section on wild-animal suffering.
1996	December	Publication	Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes its 14th edition, which is dedicated to discussing the problem of predation and human intervention in nature.^[14] It features articles by David Olivier and Yves Bonnardel, as well as a translation of an article by Steve Sapontzis. For example, one article by Yves Bonnardel is entitled "Contre l’apartheid des espèces: À propos de la prédation et de l’opposition entre écologie et libération animale" ("Against the apartheid of species: On predation and the conflict between ecology and animal liberation").^[15]
1998	000000002024-10-20-0000October 20	Presentation	David Olivier of Les Cahiers antispécistes discusses wild-animal suffering at a debate at the Maison de l’Écologie in Lyon.^[16]
2003	(summer)	Publication	Tyler Cowen's paper "Policing Nature" is published in Environmental Ethics.^[17] Cowen gives arguments from utilitarian, rights-based, and holistic moral perspectives in support of policing nature. He criticizes the argument that humans should refrain from interfering in nature because it is hard to predict the results of intervention. Cowen discusses predator population reduction as a possible intervention.
2005	000000002024-05-01-0000May		Brian Tomasik first begins to think about animal welfare after reading essays by Peter Singer.^[18]
2005	000000002024-07-01-0000July		Brian Tomasik reads Bernard E. Rollin's Animal Rights & Human Morality, which introduces him to the possibility of insect sentience.^[18] He writes, "I was completely startled to realize this possibility and spent the next several minutes contemplating how much suffering the world would contain if this were true. The spider's webs in my basement began to take on a new, horrible significance."
2005	000000002024-10-17-0000October 17		Brian Tomasik writes a letter to Peter Singer, asking him whether he thinks insects are sentient and whether they experience a net-negative balance of suffering over happiness.^[18]
2005	000000002024-06-01-0000June		Brian Tomasik hears about and reads David Pearce's Hedonistic Imperative.^[18] He writes, "This piece helped me see how bad suffering was and may have been one of the last straws helping me see that life in the wild was far below hedonic zero on average, especially when the pain of death was taken into account."
2006	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Publication	Brian Tomasik's collection of essays on utilitarianism is first posted to his website at utilitarian-essays.com.
2006	(summer)	Publication	Brian Tomasik writes "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering".^[19]
2006	000000002024-12-01-0000December	Community	Seth Baum starts a utilitarian community blog Felicifia.com.^[20] He had previously had a personal blog under the same name. Wild-animal suffering would become a popular topic of discussion on the site and its successor forum Felicifia.org.^[21]
2006	000000002024-04-29-0000April 29	Publication	Matthew Clarke and Yew-Kwang Ng publish an article analyzing a kangaroo cull from the perspective of welfare biology.^[22]
2006	000000002024-07-01-0000July	Publication	Brian Tomasik writes "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem".^[23]
2008	(early)		Oscar Horta writes to Brian Tomasik to cite one of his articles. Horta and Tomasik agreed that wild-animal welfare was important, and Horta began to discuss it with his Spanish / Latin American friends.^[18]
2009	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Do Bugs Feel Pain?".^[24]
2009	000000002024-06-04-0000June 4	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Caring about Animal Suffering".^[25]
2009	000000002024-07-01-0000July	Publication	Brian Tomasik writes the first version of his article "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering".^[26]
2009		Publication	David Pearce publishes "Reprogramming Predators".^[27] The post receives criticism from ScienceBlogs.^[28]
2009	December 25	Community	Brian Tomasik starts the Felicifia thread "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?".^[29]
2010	000000002024-03-02-0000March 2	Community	Felicifia member spindoctor starts the thread "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?".^[30]
2010	000000002024-05-10-0000May 10	Community	Brian Tomasik considers forming an organization to promote concern for wild-animal suffering, and solicits advice on Felicifia.^[31]
2010	000000002024-04-19-0000April 19	Community	Brian Tomasik creates the Facebook group "Most of the world's animal suffering occurs in the wild".^[32] ^[18]
2010	000000002024-09-15-0000September 15	Project	The domain name animal-ethics.org is registered.^[33]
2010	000000002024-09-19-0000September 19	Publication	Jeff McMahan's piece "The Meat Eaters" is published in the New York Times.^[34]^[35] He argues in favor of intervention in nature, and specifically reducing predation.
2010		Publication	Philosopher Oscar Horta's article "Debunking the idyllic view of natural processes" is published.^[36]
2012	000000002024-10-30-0000October 30	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Medicine vs. Deep Ecology", which responds to the argument that we should not intervene in nature because ecosystems are complex systems.^[37]
2012	000000002024-05-24-0000May 24	Community	The Facebook group is renamed to "Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering" following a poll.^[38]
2013	000000002024-06-24-0000June 24	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering".^[39]
2013	000000002024-06-24-0000June 24	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature".^[40]
2013	000000002024-09-04-0000September 4	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals".^[41]
2013	000000002024-11-01-0000November?	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Crop Cultivation and Wild Animals".^[42]
2013	000000002024-12-03-0000December 3	Presentation	Adriano Mannino and Ruairí Donnelly give a talk on wild-animal suffering at the University of Zurich. ^[43]^[44]
2013	000000002024-12-15-0000December 15	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?".^[45]
2013		Project	Sentience Politics, an "anti-speciesist political think-tank", is founded as a subdivision of the Effective Altruism Foundation.^[46] One of the issues originally considered by the project is wild-animal suffering.
2013		Project	Animal Ethics is registered as a 501(c)3 non-profit.^[47]
2014	000000002024-01-19-0000January 19	Project	The first (non-placeholder) Wayback Machine snapshot of Animal Ethics is from this date.^[48] Wild-animal suffering is one of their focus areas. Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta are two of its three founders.^[49]
2014	000000002024-07-08-0000July 8	Publication	The Wikipedia article "Wild animal suffering" is published.^[50]
2015	000000002024-02-03-0000February 3	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "The Importance of Insect Suffering".^[51]
2015	000000002024-02-01-0000February	Podcast	Brian Tomasik is interviewed about wild-animal suffering on the podcast The Reality Check.^[52]^[53]
2015	000000002024-03-05-0000March 5	Project	Animal Ethics announces its first Essay Prize on suffering in nature and intervention, with a reward of $1,500.^[54]
2015	000000002024-04-12-0000April 12	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Why Vegans Should Care About Wild Animal Suffering" on the website Reasonable Vegan.^[55]
2015	000000002024-05-01-0000May 1	Publication	Magnus Vinding publishes the e-book "Speciesism: Why It Is Wrong and the Implications of Rejecting It". It argues that reducing wild-animal suffering is a moral imperative.^[56]
2015	000000002024-05-01-0000May		The philosophy journal Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism publishes a special double volume on the ethics of wild-animal suffering and intervention in nature, edited by Animal Ethics staff.^[57]
2015	000000002024-09-01-0000September	Publication	Simon Knutsson publishes "How Good or Bad Is the Life of an Insect?".^[58]
2015	000000002024-10-31-0000October 31	Community	The /r/wildanimalsuffering subreddit is created.^[59]
2015	000000002024-11-05-0000November 5	Project	The domain name utility.farm is registered.^[60]
2015	000000002024-11-28-0000November 28	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Estimating Aggregate Wild-Animal Suffering from Reproductive Age and Births per Female ".^[61]
2015	000000002024-12-14-0000December 14	Publication	Vox publishes an article by Jacy Reese arguing in favor of reducing wild-animal suffering.^[62] This prompts critical responses from Motherboard and the National Audubon Society.^[63]^[64]
2015	000000002024-12-26-0000December 26	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering".^[65]
2015	000000002024-12-01-0000December	Project	Animal Charity Evaluators announces that Animal Ethics is one of their standout charities.^[66]
2016	000000002024-02-01-0000February	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "How Painful Is Death from Starvation or Dehydration?".
2016	000000002024-03-15-0000March 15	Publication	Catia Faria submits her PhD thesis "Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature".^[67]
2016	000000002024-03-20-0000March 20	Publication	Magnus Vinding publishes the e-book "The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for “Wildlife Anti-Natalism”".^[68]
2016	000000002024-03-23-0000March 23	Project	Animal Ethics announces that none of the submissions to its Essay Prize met the standards they expected, and the prize was not awarded. However, they gave a $1,500 grant to the author of the best paper, Meera Inglis from the Department of Politics of the University of Sheffield, to continue her research on invasive species.^[69]
2016	000000002024-04-22-0000April 22	Publication	Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable".^[70]
2016	000000002024-05-09-0000May 9	Publication	The article "The ethics of wild animal suffering" by Ole Martin Moen is published.^[71]
2016	000000002024-05-01-0000May	Publication	Sentience Politics publishes the policy paper "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" by Simon Knutsson.^[72]
2016	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Project	The Foundational Research Institute publishes research plans announcing that it is "greatly increasing research on wild-animal suffering".^[73] However, this never came to pass and WAS is not a focus area of FRI as of 2018.
2016	000000002024-08-25-0000August 25	Publication	Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "Why the Open Philanthropy Project Should Prioritize Wild Animal Suffering".^[74]
2016	000000002024-09-01-0000September 1	Publication	Phillipp Ryf submits his Master's Thesis "Environmental Ethics: The Case of Wild Animals".^[75]
2016	000000002024-09-05-0000September 5	Publication	Animal Charity Evaluators publishes the results of an exploratory (n=612) Mechanical Turk study. The study is about the effects of vegan advocacy on attitudes towards wild-animal suffering. ACE claims that the results suggest that environmental messaging makes people less supportive of intervention. On the other hand, the post assuages WAS advocates' concerns that animal rights messaging does so.^[76]
2016	000000002024-09-01-0000September	Presentation	Stijn Bruers and Stefan Torges give talks about wild-animal suffering at the 2016 International Animal Rights Conference.^[77]^[78]
2016	000000002024-11-15-0000November 15	Presentation	Peter Singer gives a talk on wild-animal suffering at the Princeton Environmental Institute.^[79]
2016	000000002024-11-19-0000November 19	Project	Animal Ethics announces its second Essay Prize on suffering in nature and intervention, with a reward of $1,500.^[80]
2016	000000002024-11-25-0000November 25	Publication	Michael Plant writes a blog post critiquing arguments for the claim that wild animals experience net suffering.^[81] Brian Tomasik responds on his blog.^[82]
2017	000000002024-04-05-0000April 5	Publication	Animal Charity Evaluators publishes another survey on animal advocacy messaging and attitudes towards wild-animal suffering.^[83]
2017	000000002024-04-22-0000April 22	Project	Utility Farm publishes its first article, arguing for "An Ethic of Intervention" with regard to wild-animal suffering.^[84]
2017	000000002024-04-26-0000April 26	Project	Utility Farm announces its 2017 essay contest with a top prize of $1,500.^[85] The contest received no quality submissions, and the prize was not awarded.^[86]
2017	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Funding	Lewis Bollard of Open Philanthropy Project allocates $30K from the animal welfare EA Fund to the Effective Altruism Foundation's research of wild-animal suffering, stating that he is impressed with their work but is unsure how tractable it will be. He also cites internal changes at EAF that left WAS research with no funding.^[87]
2017	000000002024-05-03-0000May 3	Community	Evan Gaensbauer creates the Facebook group "Wild Animal Welfare Project Discussion" as part of a larger attempt to build networks for new EA causes.^[88]
2017	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Project	Wild-Animal Suffering Research is split off from Sentience Politics as a separate organization under the Effective Altruism Foundation. Sentience Politics shifts gears to focus exclusively on political campaigns in Switzerland, and gains independence from EAF.^[89]^[90]
2017	000000002024-06-01-0000June 1	Project	The domain name was-research.org is registered.^[91]
2017	000000002024-06-10-0000June 10	Publication	Utility Farm publishes "Keep (Known) Space Neutral" by Abraham Rowe.^[92]
2017	000000002024-06-11-0000June 11	Publication	Utility Farm publishes "When Caring For Pets And Service Animals, Keep Other Animals In Mind" by Ari Benjamin.^[93]
2017	000000002024-06-29-0000June 29	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Vertebrates" by Persis Eskander.^[94]
2017	000000002024-07-05-0000July 5	Publication	Brian Tomasik publishes "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?".^[95]
2017	000000002024-07-11-0000July 11	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates" by Persis Eskander.^[96]
2017	000000002024-07-12-0000July 12	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis" by Ozy Brennan.^[97]
2017	000000002024-07-13-0000July 13	Publication	Utility Farm publishes "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering" by Briana Schulzetenberg and Abraham Rowe, which found that WAS materials describing humans as "stewards of" or "participants in" nature were more effective than materials describing humans as "intervening" in nature.^[98]
2017	000000002024-10-04-0000October 4	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "We Have No Idea If There Are Cost-Effective Interventions Into Wild-Animal Suffering" by Ozy Brennan.^[99]
2017	000000002024-10-12-0000October 12	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Infant Mortality and the Argument from Life History" by Ozy Brennan.^[100]
2017	000000002024-10-18-0000October 18	Project	Utility Farm publishes "Reviewing 2017 and Looking to 2018" by Abraham Rowe.^[101]
2017	000000002024-11-10-0000November 10	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "“Fit and Happy”: How Do We Measure Wild-Animal Suffering?" by Ozy Brennan.^[102]
2017	000000002024-11-22-0000November 22	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals" by Georgia Ray.^[103]
2017	000000002024-11-25-0000November 25	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal" by Ozy Brennan.^[104]
2017	000000002024-11-01-0000November	Funding	Lewis Bollard of Open Philanthropy Project allocates $50K from the animal welfare EA Fund to Wild-Animal Suffering Research.^[105]
2017	(fall)	Project	Rebecca Raible is awarded a £4,710 grant from the Centre for Effective Altruism to research WAS intervention ideas and write an overview of wild-animal suffering.^[106]
2017	000000002024-12-27-0000December 27	Publication	Animal Ethics announces the winner of its second Essay Prize, "Life-fates: meaningful categories to estimate animal suffering in the wild" by Brazilian scientists Wladimir J. Alonso and Cynthia Schuck-Paim.^[107]
2018	000000002024-01-19-0000January 19	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Invertebrate Sentience: Urgent But Understudied" by Georgia Ray.^[108]
2018	000000002024-01-24-0000January 24	Publication	Utility Farm publishes "Seven Broad Rules for Effective Discussions of Participation Ethics" by Abraham Rowe.^[109]
2018	000000002024-02-12-0000February 12	Publication	The article "Wild animal suffering is intractable" by Nicolas Delon and Duncan Purves is published (online first).^[110]
2018	000000002024-02-13-0000February 13	Publication	Animal Charity Evaluators publishes the blog post "To reduce wild animal suffering we need to find out if the cause area is tractable" by Persis Eskander.^[111]
2018	000000002024-02-16-0000February 16	Publication	Animal Ethics publishes their 2018 strategic plan, which includes initiating "the development of welfare biology in academia with some biologists and animal welfare scientists beginning to work in this field ".^[112]
2018	000000002024-02-23-0000February 23	Publication	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Are seafood substitutes good for wild fish?" by Georgia Ray.^[113]
2018	000000002024-03-23-0000March 23	Project	Utility Farm announces the launch of Nature Ethics, a wild animal suffering outreach project.^[114]
2018	000000002024-03-01-0000March	Funding	Lewis Bollard allocates $100K to Wild-Animal Suffering Research via the EA Funds.^[115]
2018	000000002024-04-14-0000April 14	Podcast	Persis Eskander of Wild-Animal Suffering Research is interviewed about wild-animal suffering on the animal rights podcast Our Hen House.^[116]
2018	000000002024-04-30-0000April 30	Publication	Animal Ethics publishes a bibliography of wild-animal suffering.^[117]
2018	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Publication	Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes a volume devoted to wild-animal suffering.^[118]
2018	000000002024-05-01-0000May	Publication	Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes a book entitled "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature" (Eliminate animals for their own good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature) by Estiva Reus. The book critiques the wild-animal suffering movement.^[119]
2018	000000002024-06-10-0000June 10	Presentation	EA Global 2018 takes place in San Francisco. Persis Eskander of WASR gives a talk about "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering".^[120] Ozy Brennan (WASR), Persis Eskander (WASR), Kieran Greig (ACE), and Abraham Rowe (Utility Farm) participate in a panel on "Strategic Movement Building for Wild-Animal Suffering".^[121] There is also a meetup for people interested in the topic.^[122]
2018	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Funding	Lewis Bollard allocates $70K to Animal Ethics, $40K to Utility Farm, and $30K to Wild-Animal Suffering Research via the EA Funds. He notes that all three organizations have converged around the strategy of building an academic field of wild-animal suffering, but have different approaches.^[123]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Louis.

What the timeline is still missing

Tomasik articles that I didn't bother to add so far
New Nature Ethics articles
New WASR articles
ACE Research Funding
Horta articles
Other academic philosophy articles, perhaps, depending on relevance
There should be stuff between Mill and Singer?
Buddhists?

Timeline update strategy

External links

Wild animal welfare: a bibliography

Publications about wild animal suffering

References

↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). On the Sufferings of the World. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. The pleasure in this world, it has been said, outweighs the pain; or, at any rate, there is an even balance between the two. If the reader wishes to see shortly whether this statement is true, let him compare the respective feelings of two animals, one of which is engaged in eating the other.
↑ Murray, Michael (April 30, 2011). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199596324.
↑ "Letter 2814 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 22 May [1860]". Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. With respect to the theological view of the question; this is always painful to me.— I am bewildered.— I had no intention to write atheistically. But I own that I cannot see, as plainly as others do, & as I [should] wish to do, evidence of design & beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent & omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidæ with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.
↑ JS Mill. On Nature.
↑ Singer, Peter (June 14, 1973). "Food for Thought". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09.
↑ Clark, Stephen R. L. (1979). "The Rights of Wild Things" (PDF). Inquiry. Routledge. 22 (1-4): 171–188. doi:10.1080/00201747908601871. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-22. It has been argued that if non‐human animals had rights we should be obliged to defend them against predators. I contend that this either does not follow, follows in the abstract but not in practice, or is not absurd. We should defend non‐humans against large or unusual dangers, when we can, but should not claim so much authority as to regulate all the relationships of wild things.
↑ Callicott, J. Baird (1980). "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" (PDF). Environmental Ethics. 2 (4): 311–338. doi:10.5840/enviroethics19802424. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-09.
↑ Sagoff, Mark (1984). "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce". Osgode Hall Law Journal. 22 (2): 297–307. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02.
↑ Sapontzis, Steve F. (1984). "Predation". Ethics and Animals. 5 (2). ISSN 0197-9094. doi:10.15368/ea.1984v5n2.1. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.
↑ Naess, Arne (1991). "Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature?" (PDF). Pan Ecology. 6: 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-20.
↑ Olivier, David (June 1993). "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" [Why I am not an environmentalist]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16.
↑ Ng, Yew-Kwang (1995). "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 10 (3): 255–285. doi:10.1007/BF00852469. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Pearce, David (1995). The Hedonistic Imperative. hedweb.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27.
↑ Olivier, David; Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Éditorial". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Contre l'apartheid des espèces" [Against the apartheid of species]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03.
↑ Olivier, David (April 1999). "Contribution au débat à la maison de l'écologie" [Contribution to the debate at the Maison de l’Écologie]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 17. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02.
↑ Cowen, Tyler (2003). "Policing Nature" (PDF). Environment Ethics. 25 (2): 169–182. doi:10.5840/enviroethics200325231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 ^18.5 Tomasik, Brian (10 August 2012). "How I Started Writing about Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (2006). "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-12.
↑ "Felificia Blog Post List". Utilitarianism Wiki. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "Google search results for wild animal suffering on Felicifia". google.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.
↑ Clarke, Matthew; Ng, Yew-Kwang (29 April 2006). "Population Dynamics and Animal Welfare: Issues Raised by the Culling of Kangaroos in Puckapunyal" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 407–422. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0137-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (August 2007). "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (April 2009). "Do Bugs Feel Pain?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (4 June 2009). "Caring about Animal Suffering". Archived from the original on 2017-12-06.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (July 2009). "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering". Foundational Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.
↑ https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/reprogramming-predators.html
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↑ "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 9, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.
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↑ Bollard, Lewis (June 2018). "June 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Potential interventions to aid wild animals remain limited, and may be unwise, so I think it makes sense to build an academic field that can better research this problem and potential approaches to addressing it. The three primary groups in this space have all converged around the academic field-building strategy, though they have different approaches. Given the magnitude of the problem, my uncertainty over which approach is likely to be most effective, and my sense that all three groups are well-run, I’m proposing funding all three.

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[76] Hecht, Luke (September 5, 2016). "Wild Animal Suffering Survey Report". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. This study provides some evidence that encouraging people to reduce their consumption of animal products on environmental grounds makes them less supportive of intervening in nature to alleviate wild-animal suffering. If true, this suggests that animal advocates who are concerned about wild animals should place less emphasis on the environmental harms of animal agriculture. The results should reduce concerns that cruelty-focused farmed animal advocacy messages may reduce people’s willingness to help wild animals.

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[119] Reus, Estiva (May 2018). "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature" [Eliminate animals for their own good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 41. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[120] "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 9, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.

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[122] "Meetup: Wild Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10.

[123] Bollard, Lewis (June 2018). "June 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Potential interventions to aid wild animals remain limited, and may be unwise, so I think it makes sense to build an academic field that can better research this problem and potential approaches to addressing it. The three primary groups in this space have all converged around the academic field-building strategy, though they have different approaches. Given the magnitude of the problem, my uncertainty over which approach is likely to be most effective, and my sense that all three groups are well-run, I’m proposing funding all three.

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 |-
 | 1973 || {{dts|June 14}} || Publication || [[wikipedia:Peter Singer|Peter Singer]] responds to a question about predation, arguing against interference in practice because the long-term consequences of intervention cannot be predicted. However, he accepts that intervention to reduce wild-animal suffering would be morally justified if one could be reasonably confident that the long-term effects would be positive.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singer|first1=Peter|title=Food for Thought|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1973/jun/14/food-for-thought/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509205824/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1973/06/14/food-for-thought/<!--https://archive.fo/WkUXS-->|archivedate=2018-05-09|deadurl=no|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=June 14, 1973}}</ref>
+|-
+| 1979 || || Publication || [[wikipedia:Stephen R. L. Clark|Stephen R. L. Clark]]'s article "The Rights of Wild Things" is published. It argues that humans should defend wild animals against unusually large dangers, but should not try to regulate all of nature.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00201747908601871|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen R. L.|title= The Rights of Wild Things|journal=Inquiry|volume=22|number=1-4|pages=171-188|year=1979|publisher=Routledge|url=https://www.stafforini.com/docs/Clark%20-%20The%20rights%20of%20wild%20things.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722002829/http://www.stafforini.com/docs/Clark%20-%20The%20rights%20of%20wild%20things.pdf|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no|quote=It has been argued that if non‐human animals had rights we should be obliged to defend them against predators. I contend that this either does not follow, follows in the abstract but not in practice, or is not absurd. We should defend non‐humans against large or unusual dangers, when we can, but should not claim so much authority as to regulate all the relationships of wild things.}}</ref>
+|-
+| 1980 || || Publication || Environmental philosopher [[wikipedia:J. Baird Callicott|J. Baird Callicott]]'s article "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" is published. It discusses conflicts between animal liberation and environmental ethics.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Callicott|first1=J. Baird|title=Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair|journal=Environmental Ethics|date=1980|volume=2|issue=4<!-- |page=336 -->|pages=311–338|doi=10.5840/enviroethics19802424|url=http://www.pdcnet.org/8525737F00580E30/file/8813D88B6BDC1D56C12573E50035E78D/$FILE/enviroethics_1980_0002_0004_0023_0050.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171357/https://www.pdcnet.org/8525737F00580E30/file/8813D88B6BDC1D56C12573E50035E78D/$FILE/enviroethics_1980_0002_0004_0023_0050.pdf|archivedate=2018-04-09|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+|-
+| 1984 || (summer) || Publication || Environmental philosopher Mark Sagoff's article "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce" is published.<ref name=Sagoff1984>{{cite journal|last=Sagoff|first=Mark|title=Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce|journal=Osgode Hall Law Journal|year=1984|volume=22|issue=2|pages=297–307|url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1936&context=ohlj|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602215206/https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1936&context=ohlj|archivedate=2016-06-02|deadurl=no}}</ref> The article argues that animal liberation and environmental ethics are incompatible. It claims that animal liberationists may be committed to supporting large-scale intervention to reduce wild-animal suffering, and argues that this should be taken as a reductio if one supports environmental ethics.
 |-
 | 1987 || || Publication || Animal rights philosopher [[wikipedia:Steve Sapontzis|Steve Sapontzis]]'s article "Predation" is published in ''Ethics and Animals''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sapontzis |first1=Steve F. |title=Predation |journal=Ethics and Animals |date=1984 |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.15368/ea.1984v5n2.1 |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/ethicsandanimals/vol5/iss2/4/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712170231/https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/ethicsandanimals/vol5/iss2/4/ |archivedate=2018-07-12 |deadurl=no |language=en |issn=0197-9094}}</ref>
@@ Line 34: / Line 40: @@
 | 1993 || {{dts|June}} || Publication || David Olivier publishes the article "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" (Why I am not an environmentalist) in the French animal rights journal ''Les Cahiers antispécistes''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olivier |first1=David |title=Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste |trans-title= Why I am not an environmentalist |journal= Les Cahiers antispécistes |date=June 1993 |volume=7 |url=https://www.cahiers-antispecistes.org/pourquoi-je-ne-suis-pas-ecologiste/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016183648/https://www.cahiers-antispecistes.org/pourquoi-je-ne-suis-pas-ecologiste/ |archivedate=2017-10-16 | deadurl=no |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1995 || || Publication || Economist [[wikipedia:Yew-Kwang Ng|Yew-Kwang Ng]]'s paper "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" is published in ''Biology and Philosophy''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=Yew-Kwang|authorlink1=Yew-Kwang Ng|title=Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering|journal=Biology and Philosophy|year=1995|volume=10|issue=3|pages=255–285|url=https://www.stafforini.com/library/ng-1995.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622113129/https://www.stafforini.com/library/ng-1995.pdf|archivedate=2018-06-22<!--http://www.webcitation.org/713tcQYz0 (downloads as attachment), https://archive.is/K4xZa (somewhat screwed up as it's a Google Cache of a PDF)-->|deadurl=no|doi=10.1007/BF00852469}}</ref> Ng introduces the term "welfare biology" (cf. [[wikipedia:conservation biology|conservation biology]]), which he defines as the positive study of the well-being of affectively sentient individuals. He discusses which species possess affective sentience. Ng then mentions that many species produce a large number of offspring, only a few of which survive to maturity. The paper argues that non-survivors suffer negative welfare. Since non-survivors greatly outnumber survivors, Ng considers this evidence in favor of the "Buddhist premise" (that wild animals experience more total suffering than happiness).
+| 1995 || || Publication || Economist [[wikipedia:Yew-Kwang Ng|Yew-Kwang Ng]]'s paper "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" is published in ''Biology and Philosophy''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=Yew-Kwang|title=Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering|journal=Biology and Philosophy|year=1995|volume=10|issue=3|pages=255–285|url=https://www.stafforini.com/library/ng-1995.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622113129/https://www.stafforini.com/library/ng-1995.pdf|archivedate=2018-06-22<!--http://www.webcitation.org/713tcQYz0 (downloads as attachment), https://archive.is/K4xZa (somewhat screwed up as it's a Google Cache of a PDF)-->|deadurl=no|doi=10.1007/BF00852469}}</ref> Ng introduces the term "welfare biology" (cf. [[wikipedia:conservation biology|conservation biology]]), which he defines as the positive study of the well-being of affectively sentient individuals. He discusses which species possess affective sentience. Ng then mentions that many species produce a large number of offspring, only a few of which survive to maturity. The paper argues that non-survivors suffer negative welfare. Since non-survivors greatly outnumber survivors, Ng considers this evidence in favor of the "Buddhist premise" (that wild animals experience more total suffering than happiness).
 |-
 | 1995 || || Publication || [[wikipedia:David Pearce (philosopher)|David Pearce]] publishes his transhumanist manifesto ''The Hedonistic Imperative'', which argues that biotechnology can and should be used to eliminate the experience of suffering.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pearce, David|title=The Hedonistic Imperative|url=https://www.hedweb.com/hedab.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527232626/https://www.hedweb.com/hedab.htm|archivedate=2018-05-27|deadurl=no|date=1995|publisher=hedweb.com}}</ref> It includes a section on wild-animal suffering.
@@ Line 66: / Line 72: @@
 | 2009 || {{dts|April}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "Do Bugs Feel Pain?".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomasik |first1=Brian |title=Do Bugs Feel Pain? |url=http://reducing-suffering.org/do-bugs-feel-pain/ |website=Essays on Reducing Suffering |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705034003/http://reducing-suffering.org/do-bugs-feel-pain/ |archivedate=2018-07-05 |deadurl=no |date=April 2009}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2009 || {{dts|June 4}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "Caring about Animal Suffering".<ref>http://reducing-suffering.org/caring-about-animal-suffering/</ref>
+| 2009 || {{dts|June 4}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "Caring about Animal Suffering".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tomasik|first1=Brian|url=http://reducing-suffering.org/caring-about-animal-suffering/|title=Caring about Animal Suffering|date=4 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206162913/http://reducing-suffering.org:80/caring-about-animal-suffering/|archivedate=2017-12-06|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2009 || {{dts|July}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik writes the first version of his article "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering".<ref>https://foundational-research.org/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering/</ref>
+| 2009 || {{dts|July}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik writes the first version of his article "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering".<ref>{{cite web|website=Foundational Research Institute|url=https://foundational-research.org/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering/|first1=Brian|last1=Tomasik|title=The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705014223/https://foundational-research.org/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering/|date=July 2009|archivedate=2018-07-05|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2009 || || Publication || David Pearce publishes "Reprogramming Predators".<ref>https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/reprogramming-predators.html</ref> The post receives criticism from ScienceBlogs.<ref>http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/08/28/predatory-animals-are-bad/</ref>
 |-
-| 2009 || December 25 || Community || Brian Tomasik starts the Felicifia thread "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?".<ref>https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?t=223</ref>
+| 2009 || December 25 || Community || Brian Tomasik starts the Felicifia thread "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?".<ref>{{cite web|website=Felicifia|url=https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?t=223|title=How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?|date=December 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106152849/https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?t=223|archivedate=2016-11-06|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2010 || {{dts|March 2}} || Community || Felicifia member spindoctor starts the thread "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?".<ref>{{cite web |title=Lobby group for wild animal suffering? |url=https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=245 |website=Felicifia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106153444/https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=245 |archivedate=2016-11-06 |date=March 2, 2010 |deadurl=no |language=en-gb}}</ref>
@@ Line 108: / Line 114: @@
 |-
 | 2014 || {{dts|January 19}} || Project || The first (non-placeholder) Wayback Machine snapshot of Animal Ethics is from this date.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOME {{!}} Animal Ethics |website=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119085913/https://animal-ethics.org |language=en |date=19 January 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.fo/bog0O|archivedate=2018-07-16|deadurl=no}}</ref> Wild-animal suffering is one of their focus areas. Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta are two of its three founders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conversation with Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta of Animal Ethics|url=https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-reviews/charity-conversations/leah-mckelvie-and-oscar-horta-of-animal-ethics-2017/|website=Animal Charity Evaluators|date=August 14, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716055525/https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-reviews/charity-conversations/leah-mckelvie-and-oscar-horta-of-animal-ethics-2017/|archivedate=2018-07-16|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|July 8}} || Publication || The Wikipedia article "Wild animal suffering" is published.<ref>{{cite web|website=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_animal_suffering&oldid=616156599|date=8 July 2014|title=Wild animal suffering|archiveurl=https://archive.is/7y09O|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no|quote=Ruairí Donnelly moved page User:Ruairí Donnelly/sandbox to Wild animal suffering: Article is ready to be published}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2015 || {{dts|February 3}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "The Importance of Insect Suffering".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomasik |first1=Brian |title=The Importance of Insect Suffering |url=https://reducing-suffering.org/the-importance-of-insect-suffering/ |website=Essays on Reducing Suffering |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630170049/https://reducing-suffering.org/the-importance-of-insect-suffering/ |archivedate=2018-06-30 |deadurl=no |date=February 3, 2015}}</ref>
@@ Line 116: / Line 124: @@
 |-
 | 2015 || {{dts|April 12}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "Why Vegans Should Care About Wild Animal Suffering" on the website Reasonable Vegan.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Brian|last1=Tomasik|website=Reasonable Vegan|title= Why Vegans Should Care About Wild Animal Suffering |url=http://rvgn.org/2015/04/12/why-vegans-should-care-about-wild-animal-suffering/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721225444/http://rvgn.org/2015/04/12/why-vegans-should-care-about-wild-animal-suffering/<!--http://archive.is/sJ05B-->|archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2015 || {{dts|May 1}} || Publication || Magnus Vinding publishes the e-book "Speciesism: Why It Is Wrong and the Implications of Rejecting It". It argues that reducing wild-animal suffering is a moral imperative.<ref>{{cite book|title=Speciesism: Why It Is Wrong and the Implications of Rejecting It |first1=Magnus|last1=Vinding|date=May 1, 2015|publisher=Smashwords|url=https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/539674|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/715bd4E1l|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2015 || {{dts|May}} || || The philosophy journal ''Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism'' publishes a special double volume on the ethics of wild-animal suffering and intervention in nature, edited by Animal Ethics staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academic work on wild animal suffering edited by Animal Ethics activists|url=http://www.animal-ethics.org/academic-work-on-wild-animal-suffering-edited-by-animal-ethics-activists/|website=Animal Ethics|date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
@@ Line 128: / Line 138: @@
 ".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tomasik|first1=Brian|url=http://reducing-suffering.org/estimating-aggregate-wild-animal-suffering-from-reproductive-age-and-births-per-female/|title= Estimating Aggregate Wild-Animal Suffering from Reproductive Age and Births per Female|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721224647/http://reducing-suffering.org/estimating-aggregate-wild-animal-suffering-from-reproductive-age-and-births-per-female/|archivedate=2018-07-21|date=28 November 2015|deadurl=no|website=Essays on Reducing Suffering}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2015 || {{dts|December 14}} || Publication || Vox publishes an article by [[wikipedia:Jacy Reese|Jacy Reese]] arguing in favor of reducing wild-animal suffering.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reese|first1=Jacy|title=Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help.|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/14/9873012/wild-animals-suffering|publisher=Vox|accessdate=17 April 2016|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> This prompts critical responses from Motherboard and the [[wikipedia:National Audubon Society|National Audubon Society]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gunther|first1=Kristen|title=Nature Is Violent|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkjpwp/nature-is-violent|website=Motherboard|language=en-us|date=15 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114514/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkjpwp/nature-is-violent<!--https://archive.is/r5cJL-->|archivedate=2017-12-30|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Matthews|first1=Susan|title=Nature Can't Exist Without Suffering—And We Can't Change That|url=http://www.audubon.org/news/nature-cant-exist-without-suffering-and-we-cant-change|website=Audubon|language=en|date=16 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721045711/https://www.audubon.org/news/nature-cant-exist-without-suffering-and-we-cant-change<!--https://archive.fo/08E7O-->|archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+| 2015 || {{dts|December 14}} || Publication || Vox publishes an article by [[wikipedia:Jacy Reese|Jacy Reese]] arguing in favor of reducing wild-animal suffering.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reese|first1=Jacy|title=Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help.|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/14/9873012/wild-animals-suffering|publisher=Vox|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716044214/http://www.vox.com:80/2015/12/14/9873012/wild-animals-suffering|archivedate=2018-07-16|deadurl=no|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> This prompts critical responses from Motherboard and the [[wikipedia:National Audubon Society|National Audubon Society]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gunther|first1=Kristen|title=Nature Is Violent|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkjpwp/nature-is-violent|website=Motherboard|language=en-us|date=15 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114514/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkjpwp/nature-is-violent<!--https://archive.is/r5cJL-->|archivedate=2017-12-30|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Matthews|first1=Susan|title=Nature Can't Exist Without Suffering—And We Can't Change That|url=http://www.audubon.org/news/nature-cant-exist-without-suffering-and-we-cant-change|website=Audubon|language=en|date=16 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721045711/https://www.audubon.org/news/nature-cant-exist-without-suffering-and-we-cant-change<!--https://archive.fo/08E7O-->|archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2015 || {{dts|December 26}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tomasik|first1=Brian|url=http://reducing-suffering.org/wild-caught-fishing-affects-wild-animal-suffering/|date= 26 December 2015|website=Essays on Reducing Suffering|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721224816/http://reducing-suffering.org/wild-caught-fishing-affects-wild-animal-suffering/|archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no|title=How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2015 || {{dts|December}} || Project || Animal Charity Evaluators announces that Animal Ethics is one of their standout charities.<ref>https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-review/animal-ethics/2015-dec/</ref>
+| 2015 || {{dts|December}} || Project || [[Timeline of Animal Charity Evaluators|Animal Charity Evaluators]] announces that Animal Ethics is one of their standout charities.<ref>https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-review/animal-ethics/2015-dec/</ref>
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|February}} || Publication || Brian Tomasik publishes "How Painful Is Death from Starvation or Dehydration?".
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|March 15}} || Publication || Catia Faria submits her PhD thesis "Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faria |first1=Catia |title=Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature |date=2016-03-15 |publisher=Universitat Pompeu Fabra |url=https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/385919<!--PDF: https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/385919/tcf.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y--> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130628/https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/385919<!--https://web.archive.org/web/20180716085310/https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/385919/tcf.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, http://www.webcitation.org/713vMYllk (download)--> |archivedate=2018-06-16 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|March 20}} || Publication || Magnus Vinding publishes the e-book "The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for “Wildlife Anti-Natalism”".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for “Wildlife Anti-Natalism”|first1=Magnus|last1=Vinding|date=March 20, 2016|publisher=Smashwords|url=https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/624122|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/715bJLXWP|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|March 23}} || Project || Animal Ethics announces that none of the submissions to its Essay Prize met the standards they expected, and the prize was not awarded. However, they gave a $1,500 grant to the author of the best paper, Meera Inglis from the Department of Politics of the University of Sheffield, to continue her research on invasive species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animal-ethics.org/announcement-regarding-the-animal-ethics-essay-prize/|website=Animal Ethics|date=23 March 2016|title=Announcement regarding the Animal Ethics Essay Prize|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721050403/https://www.animal-ethics.org/announcement-regarding-the-animal-ethics-essay-prize/<!--https://archive.fo/6bIUy-->|archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no}}</ref>
@@ Line 142: / Line 154: @@
 | 2016 || {{dts|April 22}} || Publication || Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dickens |first1=Michael |title=The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable |url=https://mdickens.me/2016/04/22/the_myth_that_reducing_wild_animal_suffering_is_intractable/ |website=Philosophical Multicore |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622125415/https://mdickens.me/2016/04/22/the_myth_that_reducing_wild_animal_suffering_is_intractable/<!--https://archive.is/8aZzr, http://www.webcitation.org/713vVdHG9--> |archivedate=2018-06-22 |deadurl=no |date=April 22, 2016}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2016 || {{dts|May}} || Publication || Sentience Politics publishes the policy paper "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" by Simon Knutsson.<ref>https://ea-foundation.org/files/reducing-suffering-invertebrates.pdf</ref>
+| 2016 || {{dts|May 9}} || Publication || The article "The ethics of wild animal suffering" by Ole Martin Moen is published.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moen|first1=Ole Martin|title=The ethics of wild animal suffering|journal=Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics|volume=10|number=1|pages=91-104|doi=10.5324/eip.v10i1.1972|url=http://www.olemartinmoen.com/wp-content/uploads/TheEthicsofWildAnimalSuffering.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722003523/http://www.olemartinmoen.com/wp-content/uploads/TheEthicsofWildAnimalSuffering.pdf|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no|date=May 9, 2016}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|May}} || Publication || Sentience Politics publishes the policy paper "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" by Simon Knutsson.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ea-foundation.org/files/reducing-suffering-invertebrates.pdf|title=Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects|first1=Simon|last1=Knutsson|journal=Sentience Politics|volume=1|pages=1-18|date=May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320001509/https://ea-foundation.org/files/reducing-suffering-invertebrates.pdf<!--http://www.webcitation.org/715cdhtnn-->|archivedate=2018-03-20|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|June}} || Project || The [[timeline of Foundational Research Institute|Foundational Research Institute]] publishes research plans announcing that it is "greatly increasing research on wild-animal suffering".<ref>{{cite web|title=FRI: Research Plans 2016 — Research on wild-animal suffering and ways to reduce it|url=https://foundational-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/wild-animal-suffering-research-plans-2016.pdf|website=Foundational Research Institute|date=June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825210337/https://foundational-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/wild-animal-suffering-research-plans-2016.pdf<!--http://www.webcitation.org/713tp6W6v (downloads PDF as attachment), https://archive.is/PnFPz (Google Cache)-->|archivedate=2016-08-25|deadurl=no}}</ref> However, this never came to pass and WAS is not a focus area of FRI as of 2018.
@@ Line 149: / Line 163: @@
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|September 1}} || Publication || Phillipp Ryf submits his Master's Thesis "Environmental Ethics: The Case of Wild Animals".<ref>http://www.academia.edu/28500092/Environmental_Ethics_The_Case_of_Wild_Animals</ref>
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|September 5}} || Publication || Animal Charity Evaluators publishes the results of an exploratory (n=612) Mechanical Turk study. The study is about the effects of vegan advocacy on attitudes towards wild-animal suffering. ACE claims that the results suggest that environmental messaging makes people less supportive of intervention. On the other hand, the post assuages WAS advocates' concerns that animal rights messaging does so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/wild-animal-suffering-survey-report/|first1=Luke|last1=Hecht|title=Wild Animal Suffering Survey Report|website=Animal Charity Evaluators|date=September 5, 2016|quote=This study provides some evidence that encouraging people to reduce their consumption of animal products on environmental grounds makes them less supportive of intervening in nature to alleviate wild-animal suffering. If true, this suggests that animal advocates who are concerned about wild animals should place less emphasis on the environmental harms of animal agriculture. The results should reduce concerns that cruelty-focused farmed animal advocacy messages may reduce people’s willingness to help wild animals.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722013227/https://animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/wild-animal-suffering-survey-report/|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|September}} || Presentation || Stijn Bruers and Stefan Torges give talks about wild-animal suffering at the 2016 International Animal Rights Conference.<ref>{{cite web |author1=VeganKanal |title=Stijn Bruers - The moral blind spots in the animal rights community (IARC 2016) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtjKP42MkWY |website=YouTube|accessdate=16 July 2018 |date=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=VeganKanal |title=Stefan Torges - Wild animal suffering: Why 99% of wild animals die as babies already (IARC 2016) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G35tM1DP7B8 |website=YouTube |accessdate=16 July 2018|date=11 September 2016}}</ref>
@@ Line 157: / Line 173: @@
 |-
 | 2016 || {{dts|November 25}} || Publication || Michael Plant writes a blog post critiquing arguments for the claim that wild animals experience net suffering.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Plant|first1=Michael|title=The Unproven (And Unprovable) Case For Wild Animal Suffering – Planting Happiness|url=https://www.plantinghappiness.co.uk/the-unproven-and-unprovable-case-for-wild-animal-suffering/|website=www.plantinghappiness.co.uk|date=25 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109005703/https://www.plantinghappiness.co.uk/the-unproven-and-unprovable-case-for-wild-animal-suffering/|archivedate=2017-11-09|deadurl=no}}</ref> Brian Tomasik responds on his blog.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tomasik|first1=Brian|title=Is There Net Suffering in Nature? A Reply to Michael Plant {{!}} Essays on Reducing Suffering|url=https://reducing-suffering.org/net-suffering-nature-reply-michael-plant/|website=Essays on Reducing Suffering|date=28 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622134433/https://reducing-suffering.org/net-suffering-nature-reply-michael-plant/|archivedate=2018-06-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2017 || {{dts|April 5}} || Publication || Animal Charity Evaluators publishes another survey on animal advocacy messaging and attitudes towards wild-animal suffering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/effects-of-farmed-animal-advocacy-messaging-on-attitudes-towards-policies-and-decisions-affecting-wild-animal-suffering/|first1=Kieran|last1=Greig|title=Effects of farmed animal advocacy messaging on attitudes towards policies and decisions affecting wild animal suffering|date=April 5, 2017|website=Animal Charity Evaluators|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722014714/https://animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/effects-of-farmed-animal-advocacy-messaging-on-attitudes-towards-policies-and-decisions-affecting-wild-animal-suffering/|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2017 || {{dts|April 22}} || Project || Utility Farm publishes its first article, arguing for "An Ethic of Intervention" with regard to wild-animal suffering.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rowe |first1=Abraham |title=An Ethic of Intervention |url=https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/4/22/an-ethic-of-intervention |website=utility farm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721065832/https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/4/22/an-ethic-of-intervention<!--https://archive.fo/5JOWR--> |archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no}}</ref>
@@ Line 180: / Line 198: @@
 | 2017 || {{dts|July 11}} || Publication || Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates" by Persis Eskander.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eskander |first1=Persis |title=An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates |url=https://was-research.org/paper/analysis-lethal-methods-wild-animal-population-control-invertebrates/ |website=Wild-Animal Suffering Research |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622041152/https://was-research.org/paper/analysis-lethal-methods-wild-animal-population-control-invertebrates/ |archivedate=2018-06-22 |deadurl=no |date=11 July 2017}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2017 || {{dts|July 12}} || Publication || Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis" by Ozy Brennan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=Ozy |title=Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis |url=https://was-research.org/paper/euthanizing-elderly-elephants-impact-analysis/ |website=Wild-Animal Suffering Research |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705024059/https://was-research.org/paper/euthanizing-elderly-elephants-impact-analysis/ |archivedate=2018-07-05 |date=12 July 2017}}</ref>
+| 2017 || {{dts|July 12}} || Publication || Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis" by Ozy Brennan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=Ozy |title=Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis |url=https://was-research.org/paper/euthanizing-elderly-elephants-impact-analysis/ |website=Wild-Animal Suffering Research |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705024059/https://was-research.org/paper/euthanizing-elderly-elephants-impact-analysis/ |archivedate=2018-07-05 |date=12 July 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2017 || {{dts|July 13}} || Publication || Utility Farm publishes "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering" by Briana Schulzetenberg and Abraham Rowe, which found that WAS materials describing humans as "stewards of" or "participants in" nature were more effective than materials describing humans as "intervening" in nature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schulzetenberg |first1=Briana |title=Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering |url=https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/7/13/study-effective-communication-strategies-for-addressing-wild-animal-suffering |website=utility farm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622041143/https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/7/13/study-effective-communication-strategies-for-addressing-wild-animal-suffering |archivedate=2018-06-22 |deadurl=no |date=July 13, 2017}}</ref>
@@ Line 205: / Line 223: @@
 |-
 | 2018 || {{dts|January 24}} || Publication || Utility Farm publishes "Seven Broad Rules for Effective Discussions of Participation Ethics" by Abraham Rowe.<ref>https://www.utility.farm/words/2018/1/24/seven-broad-rules-for-effective-discussions-of-participation-ethics</ref>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|February 12}} || Publication || The article "Wild animal suffering is intractable" by Nicolas Delon and Duncan Purves is published (online first).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Wild animal suffering is intractable|first1=Nicolas|last1=Delon|first2=Duncan|last2=Purves|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics|volume=31|number=2|pages=239–260|doi=10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y|url=https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y?author_access_token=1swdXPwSdnovLiu7AhuWSve4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY7zip9eadT1-BeavUlSlmb3No6JmHPw3BxdHWJhe1o578fidt2Ra9PjnC2e_8UfRbKCnxQjqeCDcofCVx0FB0cnSun2xtiSbCanRrPx8FFYTg%3D%3D}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|February 13}} || Publication || Animal Charity Evaluators publishes the blog post "To reduce wild animal suffering we need to find out if the cause area is tractable" by Persis Eskander.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/to-reduce-wild-animal-suffering-we-need-to-find-out-if-the-cause-area-is-tractable/|title=To Reduce Wild Animal Suffering We Need to Find Out If the Cause Area Is Tractable|date=February 13, 2018|website=Animal Charity Evaluators|first1=Persis|last1=Eskander|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722010449/https://animalcharityevaluators.org/blog/to-reduce-wild-animal-suffering-we-need-to-find-out-if-the-cause-area-is-tractable/|archivedate=2018-07-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2018 || {{dts|February 16}} || Publication || Animal Ethics publishes their 2018 strategic plan, which includes initiating "the development of welfare biology in academia with some biologists and animal welfare scientists beginning to work in this field ".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animal-ethics.org/animal-ethics-2018-strategic-plan/<!--http://www.animal-ethics.org/wp-content/uploads/Animal-Ethics_Strategic-Plan-2018.pdf-->|website=Animal Ethics|date=16 February 2018|title=Animal Ethics’s 2018 strategic plan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721062755/https://www.animal-ethics.org/animal-ethics-2018-strategic-plan/<!--https://archive.is/eiTfk-->|archivedate=2018-07-21|deadurl=no}}</ref>
@@ Line 234: / Line 256: @@
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-* MANY MANY Tomasik articles that I didn't bother to add so far
+* Tomasik articles that I didn't bother to add so far
 * New Nature Ethics articles
 * New WASR articles
 * ACE Research Funding
+* Horta articles
+* Other academic philosophy articles, perhaps, depending on relevance
 * There should be stuff between Mill and Singer?
+* Buddhists?
 ===Timeline update strategy===

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of wild-animal suffering"

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