Difference between revisions of "Timeline of dentistry"

Revision as of 13:14, 7 August 2018

This is a timeline of dentistry.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
Ancient times	Dating back to 7000 B.C., dentistry is one of the oldest medical professions. The earliest records on dentistry date back to the Indus Valley Civilization. At around 5000 BC, descriptions related to dentistry and tooth decay become available. At the time, a Sumerian text describes tooth worms as causing dental decay, an idea that wouldn't prove false until the 1700s.^[1]
Middle age	In the Early Middle Ages in Europe monks act as doctors, surgeons and dentists. However in the early 12th century the Church forbids clergy to do operations of any kind. This gives place to the merge of craftsmen called a barber-surgeons. As well as cutting hair and doing surgery, barber-surgeons pull teeth. People clean their teeth by chewing twigs. Others make toothpaste from things like crushed eggshells. However there are no toothbrushes at the time.^[2]
17th century	In Europe, some barber-surgeons begin to specialize in dentistry. Toothbrushes are introduced into England in the mid-century.^[2]
18th century	Dentistry becomes more scientific^[2] and a more defined profession.^[1]
20th century	In the 1950s, the first fluoride toothpastes are marketed. In the 1960s, lasers are developed. In the 1990s, new advances in esthetic dentistry emmerge, including tooth-colored restorative materials, bleaching materials, veeners and implants.^[3]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Details	Country/region
7000 BC		Human remains at the Mehgarh Neolithic site in Baluchistan, Pakistan, dating from that time show early evidence of dentistry. Holes in eleven teeth found on the site were intentionally made using ancient flint drill bits. The slight decay on the teeth suggests the patients had their teeth drilled to rid themselves of tooth decay.^[4]^[5]	Pakistan
5000 BC		A Sumerian text describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay.^[2]^[5]	Iraq
3000 BC		Egyptian high official Hesy-Ra is one of the earliest dental practitioners remembered by name.^[4]	Egypt
2900 BC – 2750 BC		Egyptian skulls dating from that period contain evidence of small holes in the jaw in the vicinity of a tooth’s roots. Such holes are believed to have been drilled to drain abscesses.^[6]	Egypt
2500 BC		Oral surgery is thought to be practiced in Egypt this early.^[6]	Egypt
2250 BC	Anesthesiology	A Babylonian clay tablet reveals the remedy for pain of dental cavities. A cement made by mixing henbane seed with gum mastic is used.^[7]
1700 BC – 1500 BC		The Ebers Papyrus in Egypt refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies.^[8]	Egypt
1500 BC		Accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from that time.^[6]	Egypt
1000 BC	Anesthesiology	Wine is used in India to produce insensibility.^[7]	India
600 BC		An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to Phoenicia, where missing teeth are replaced with animal teeth and are bound into place with cord.^[6]	Lebanon
400 BC		Greek physician Hippocrates describes diseases of the mouth.^[2]	Greece
384–322 BC		Aristotle writes about dentistry, describing tooth growth, tooth decay, and gum disease. Like Hippocrates, Aristotle also develops treatment methods, such as using forceps to pull teeth and using wires to attach loose teeth.^[4]	Greece
375 BC – 295 BC		Greek physician Diocles of Carystus becomes the first to recommend regular oral hygiene by rubbing teeth and gums to improve oral health.^[9]	Greece
300 BC		The Greeks develop some techniques for addressing tooth maladies.^[4]	Greece
25 AD – 50 AD		Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus discusses dental care and treatments in his writings, mentioning that extractions should be avoided except when necessary to keep the tooth intact.^[10]
166 AD – 201 AD		The Etruscans, an ancient civilization located in current Italy, are thought to have been excellent dentists.^[2] The Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed bridgework.^[8]	Italy
700		A medical text in China mentions a type of amalgam called "sylver paste".^[3]	China
1210		A Guild of Barbers is established in France. Barbers would eventually evolve into two groups: surgeons who are educated and trained to perform complex surgical operations; and lay barbers, or barber-surgeons, who perform more routine hygienic services including shaving, bleeding and tooth extraction.^[8]	France
1400		France prohibits lay barbers from practicing all surgical procedures except bleeding, cupping, leeching, and extracting teeth.^[8]	France
1452 – 1519		Leonardo Da Vinci identifies tooth morphology.^[9]	Italy
1498	Dental hygiene	The toothbrush is invented by the Chinese. The device would take a long time to reach Europe.^[2]	China
1530		Zene Artzney Buchlein wider allerlei kranckeyten und gebrechen der tzeen (The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth) becomes the first book devoted entirely to dentistry. Published in Germany, it is written in German instead of Latin. The book addresses barber-surgeons and surgeons, who treat the mouth, rather than university-trained physicians, who ignore all diseases of the teeth. Subsequent to this publication, other surgeons would publish texts incorporating aspects of dental treatment.^[4]^[6]	Germany
1540	Anesthesiology	German physician Valerius Cordus introduces synthesized sweet vitriol, now more commonly known as ether.	Germany
1563	Book	Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi publishes Libellus de dentibus, the first book on dental anatomy.^[3]	Italy
1564	Anesthesiology	French surgeon Ambroise Paré obtains local anesthesia by compression of nerves.^[7]	France
1575		Ambroise Paré covers the subject of dentistry in his works, including extraction and treating decay.^[4]	France
1683		Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek identifies oral bacteria using a microscope.^[3]
1685		Charles Allen publishes The Operator for the Teeth", which is considered the first dental textbook in English.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[4]
1728	Book	French surgeon Pierre Fauchard publishes Le Chirurgien Dentiste ("The Surgeon Dentist"). His text includes the revelation that sugar causes tooth decay, dispelling the outdated belief that tooth worms and evil spirits are responsible for dental woes.^[2]^[4]^[1]	France
1746		Claude Mouton from France devises a gold crown with a gold post designed to be retained in the root canal, to prevent broken-down molars from further deteriorating.^[14]^[3]	France
1756		Philipp Pfaff describes a method for making impressions of the mouth in wax, from which he constructs a model with plaster. Pfaff's use of plaster would allow dentists to make impressions of the patient's edentulous jaws in the mouth.^[15]	France
1766		English dentist John Baker becomes the first dentist to immigrate to the United States.^[4]^[16]	United States
1770		Porcelain false teeth are invented.^[2]
1771		British surgeon John Hunter publishes The Natural History of the Human Teeth.^[2]	United Kingdom
1774		French Farmacist Alexis Duchâteau and dentist Nicholas Dubois De Chemant design a process for producing hard, decay-proof porcelain dentures.^[15]	France
1779	Anesthesiology	Cornish chemist Humphry Davy announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.^[7]	United Kingdom
1780	Oral hygiene	William Addis manufactures the first modern toothbrush.^[3]
1789		Parisian dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant introduces his mineral teeth paste dentures, commonly known as porcelain teeth.^[17]^[18]	France
1790		American dentist John Greenwood constructs the first known dental foot engine by modifying his mother's foot treadle spinning wheel to rotate a drill.^[3]	United States
1790		American dentist Josiah Flagg constructs the first chair made specifically for dental patients.^[2]^[19]^[20]^[21]	United States
1801	Book	Richard C. Skinner writes his Treatise on the Human Teeth, the first dental book published in the United States.^[8]^[22]^[23]	United States
1808		Italian dentist Giuseppangelo Fonzi devises a single porcelain tooth imbedded with a platinum pin.^[24]^[25]^[15]	Italy
c.1820		Amalgam is first used in Europe.^[2]^[26]
1824	Oral hygiene	Soap is added to toothpaste to increase it’s effectiveness. Later soap would be substituted with sodium lauryl sulfate for a smoother paste.^[27]
1825		Philadelphia dentist Samuel Stockton White begins commercial manufacture of porcelain teeth. His S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company would dominate the dental supply market throughout the 19th century.^[8]^[28]^[29]	United States
1832		James Snell invents the first reclining dental chair.^[2]^[3]
1839	Journal	The American Journal of Dental Science is launched. It is the world’s first dental journal.^[8]	United States
1839		The vulcanized rubber is discovered. This would be used to hold false teeth.^[24]
1840	Organization	The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (today University of Maryland School of Dentistry) opens, becoming the first dental school in the United States.^[4]	United States
1840	Organization	The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.^[4]^[30]	United States
1844	Anesthesiology	American medicine man Gardner Quincy Colton introduces nitrous for wisdom tooth extraction.^[7]	United States
1846	Anesthesiology	Henry Morton demonstrates the use of ether as an anesthetic in dentistry.^[2]
1853	Anesthesiology	The hollow needle and hypodermic syringe are invented.^[7]
1855		Robert Arthur introduces the cohesive gold foil method for inserting gold into a preparation with minimal pressure.^[3]
1859	Organization	The American Dental Association is established as a mercury amalgam promoting dental group.^[1]^[30]	United States
1860		The British Royal College of Surgeons introduces the Surgeons Licence in Dental Surgery.^[2]	United Kingdom
1864		Sanford C. Barnum develops the rubber dam, a piece of elastic rubber fitted over a tooth by means of weights. The rubber dam is considered the optimal method to isolate a dental operative field and to prevent moisture contamination during the placement of direct restorations and endodontic procedures.^[31]^[3]
1864	Instrumental	George Fellows invents a clockwork dental drill.^[2]
1867	Organization	Harvard University Dental School is established as an early university-affiliated dental institution.^[1]	United States
1871	Instrumental	James B. Morrison patents the first commercially manufactured foot-treadle dental engine. The inexpensive, mechanized tool supplies dental burs with enough speed to cut enamel and dentin smoothly and quickly.^[8]
1871	Instrumental	American dentist, George F. Green receives a patent for the first electric dental engine, a self-contained motor and handpiece.^[32]^[8]	United States
1873	Oral hygiene	Colgate starts mass production of the first toothpaste. Mass-produced toothbrushes would followed a few years later.^[1]	United States
1875	Instrumental	American dentist George Green invents an electric dental drill.^[2]^[33]
1877	Instrumental	Basil Manly Wilkerson invents a hydraulic chair (now called Wilkerson dental chair).^[2]
1879	Organization	A register of dentists is set up in Britain.^[2]	United Kingdom
1880	Organization	The British Dental Association is founded.^[34]^[35]^[36]	United Kingdom
1880	Oral hygiene	The first electric toothbrush is marketed.^[24]
1880s	Oral hygiene	The collapsible metal tube revolutionizes toothpaste manufacturing and marketing. Prior to this, dentifrice was available only in liquid or powder form, usually made by individual dentists, and sold in bottles, porcelain pots, or paper boxes. Tube toothpaste, in contrast, is mass-produced in factories, mass-marketed, and sold nation-wide.^[8]	United States
1884	Anesthesiology	Austrian ophtalmologist Carl Koller from Vienna expounds the value of cocaine for local anesthesia.^[7]^[37]	Austria
1890		American oral microbiologist Willoughby D. Miller formulates his "chemicoparasitic" theory of caries in Microorganisms of the human mouth.^[3]	United States
1892	Oral hygiene	The first collapsible tube is marketed.^[24]
1894	Anesthesiology	H.J. Carlson discovers that ethyl chloride produces a sound sleep in some dental patients.^[7]
1895	Scientific development	German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.^[36]
1896		American dentist Charles Edmund Kells introduces X-ray technology in dentistry.^[6]^[1]	United States
1896		American dentist Greene Vardiman Black establishes the principles of cavity preparation.^[3]	United States
1899		American dentist Edward Angle classifies the various forms of malocclusion. Credited with making orthodontics into a dental specialty, Angle also establishes the first school of orthodontics (Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis, 1900), the first orthodontic society (American Society of Orthodontia, 1901), and the first dental specialty journal (American Orthodontist, 1907)"
1900	Organization	FDI World Dental Federation Federation is established in Paris as the Fédération Dentaire Internationale.^[3]	France
1901		Edward Angle starts the first school of orthodontics, and creates a simple classification for crooked teeth, a system still in use today.^[1]	United States
1903		Dr Charles H. Land introduces his porcelain jacket crown, the first tooth-colored full-coverage restoration. The PJC is made with feldspathic porcelain clay layers successively fired over platinum foil.^[36]^[38]
1905		German chemist Alfred Einhorn formulates the local anesthetic procain, later marketed under the trade name Novocain.^[36]	Germany
1907		American dentist William Taggart introduces a precision casting machine that allows dentists to create gold restorations of great accuracy with a minimum of tooth removal.^[6]^[15] ^[36]	United States
1908		Greene Vardiman Black publishes his treatise Operative Dentistry, which would remain the essential clinical dental text for fifty years. Black later develops techniques for filling teeth, standardizes operative procedures and instrumentation, develops an improved amalgam, and pioneers the use of visual aids for teaching dentistry.^[36]	United States
1913		American dentist Edwin J. Greenfield demonstrates the first modern and truly functional dental implant.^[6]
1913	Clinic	American dentist Alfred Fones opens the Fones Clinic For Dental Hygienists in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the world’s first oral hygiene school.^[8]	United States
1914	Oral hygiene	Fluoride is added to toothpaste to make it more effective in reducing and preventing cavities.^[27]^[39]^[40]^[41]
1915	Anesthesiology	Dennis Jackson uses carbon dioxide absorber for general anesthesia.^[7]
1921		New law introduced in Britain stipulates that only registered dentists could practice dentistry.^[2]	United Kingdom
1924	Organization	The American Dental Assistants Association is founded.^[36]	United States
1930	Organization	The American Board of Orthodontics is founded as the world’s first dental specialty board.^[8]	United States
1935		Polymerized acrylic resin is introduced as a denture base material to support artificial teeth.^[15]
1937		Alvin Strock develops Vitallium dental screw implant.^[3]
1938	Oral hygiene	DuPont introduces nylon bristles to the market.^[36]^[5]
1945		The water fluoridation era begins when the cities of Newburgh, New York, and Grand Rapids, Michigan, add sodium fluoride to their public water systems, in order to help fight tooth decay among residents.^[36]^[24]	United States
1949		Swiss chemist Oskar Hagger develops the first system of bonding acrylic resin to dentin.^[36]^[3]
1950	Oral hygiene	The first fluoride toothpastes are marketed.^[36]^[9]
1953		The first commercially successful water-driven turbine drill, developed by American dentist Robert Nelson, is introduced.^[6]	United States
1955		American dentist Michael Buonocore describes the acid etch technique, a simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic fillings to enamel.^[36]^[3]
1956	Oral hygiene	Proctor & Gamble introduces Crest brand toothpaste with fluoride.^[24]	United States
1957	Instrumental	John Borden introduces the air turbine dental drill (using compressed air).^[2]^[6]
1958	Instrumental	A fully reclining dental chair is introduced.^[36]
1960	Instrumental	Lasers are developed and approved in dentistry for soft tissue work, such as treatment of periodontal disease.^[8]
1962		Rafael Bowen develops resin Bis-GMA, which is commonly used in dental sealants.^[3]^[36]
1980		Swedish physician Per-Ingvar Brånemark describes techniques for the osseointegration of dental implants.^[36]
1984	Oral hygiene	The pump dispenser is introduced.^[24]
1987	Oral hygiene	Researchers at NASA develop the first edible toothpaste, so that astronauts don’t have to spit into zero gravity.^[27]	United States
1989		The first commercial home tooth bleaching product is marketed.^[36]^[3]
1990		An era of esthetic dentistry is innaugurated by the merge of new tooth-colored restorative materials plus increased usage of bleaching, veneers, and implants.^[8]
1997	Instrumental	The United States Food and Drug administration approves the Er:YAG laser, the first for use on dentin, to treat tooth decay.^[8]	United States

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External links

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 "HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". adea.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 ^2.18 ^2.19 ^2.20 "A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". localhistories.org. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 Garg, Nisha; Garg, Amit. Textbook of Operative Dentistry.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 "A Brief History of Dentistry". carefreedental.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 "The history of dentistry". renkendentistry.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 ^6.8 ^6.9 "Dentistry". britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 ^7.7 ^7.8 "A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia". speareducation.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
↑ ^8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 "History of Dentistry Timeline". ada.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Phinney, Donna J.; Halstead, Judy H. Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach.
↑ "How History Shapes Dental Technology's Future?". selfgrowth.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
↑ Becker, Marshall J.; Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry: The Golden Smile through the Ages.
↑ Hamilton, David. A History of Organ Transplantation: Ancient Legends to Modern Practice.
↑ Bivins, R.; Pickstone, J. Medicine, Madness and Social History: Essays in Honour of Roy Porter.
↑ Goodman, Saundra. Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them!.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book (Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls ed.).
↑ "'Dentists' and the establishment of the Anglo-American profession in the 18th century. Part 4. North America". nature.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ Lee, Bill; Gadow, Rainer; Mitic, Vojislav. Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference.
↑ Bairsto, Rachel. The British Dentist.
↑ Walker, Jimmy. Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare.
↑ The Dental assistant.
↑ Temple Dental Review, Volumes 26-27.
↑ Deranian, Hagop Martin. The Origins of Dentistry in America.
↑ Morton, Leslie Thomas; Moore, Robert J. A Chronology of Medicine and Related Sciences.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 ^24.3 ^24.4 ^24.5 ^24.6 "The History of Dental Advances". knowyourteeth.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
↑ "The Story Of Porcelain Veneers". smilesteps.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
↑ "Evidence Implicating Amalgam in Alzheimer's Disease". customers.hbci.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 "The Evolution of Toothpaste". drmaggiedavis.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
↑ "S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company Records, 1791-1970 (bulk 1870-1965).". invention.si.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
↑ "Samuel Stockton White". geni.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 "Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this?". mosaicmanagementgroup.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ "RUBBER DAM ISOLATION". dentistry.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ "January 26, 1875 : Kalamazoo Dentist George F. Green Patents First Electric Dental Drill". blogpublic.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ "First electric dental drill: Jan. 26, 1875". healthcentral.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ "History of the British Dental Association". bda.org. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
↑ "The British Dental Association". nature.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
↑ ^36.00 ^36.01 ^36.02 ^36.03 ^36.04 ^36.05 ^36.06 ^36.07 ^36.08 ^36.09 ^36.10 ^36.11 ^36.12 ^36.13 ^36.14 ^36.15 "The History of Dentistry". namibiadent.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ Goerig, M; Bacon, D; van Zundert, A. "Carl Koller, cocaine, and local anesthesia: some less known and forgotten facts.". PMID 22531385. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e31825051f3. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
↑ Freedman, George A. Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry - E-Book.
↑ Goldberg, Michel. Understanding Dental Caries: From Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy.
↑ "The History of Toothpaste". knoxvilledentalmakeover.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
↑ "Fluoride – What You Should Know". sableindustriesinc.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

[HISTORY_OF_DENTISTRY-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 "HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". adea.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018.

[A_BRIEF_HISTORY_OF_DENTISTRY-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 ^2.18 ^2.19 ^2.20 "A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY". localhistories.org. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[nishadd-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 Garg, Nisha; Garg, Amit. Textbook of Operative Dentistry.

[A_Brief_History_of_Dentistry-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 "A Brief History of Dentistry". carefreedental.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018.

[The_history_of_dentistryvv-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 "The history of dentistry". renkendentistry.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.

[Dentistrybritannica.com-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 ^6.8 ^6.9 "Dentistry". britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[A_Brief_History_of_Dental_Anesthesia-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 ^7.7 ^7.8 "A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia". speareducation.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.

[History_of_Dentistry_Timeline-8] 8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 ^8.13 ^8.14 "History of Dentistry Timeline". ada.org. Retrieved 26 July 2018.

[Dental_Assisting:_A_Comprehensive_Approach-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Phinney, Donna J.; Halstead, Judy H. Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach.

[10] "How History Shapes Dental Technology's Future?". selfgrowth.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

[11] Becker, Marshall J.; Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry: The Golden Smile through the Ages.

[12] Hamilton, David. A History of Organ Transplantation: Ancient Legends to Modern Practice.

[13] Bivins, R.; Pickstone, J. Medicine, Madness and Social History: Essays in Honour of Roy Porter.

[14] Goodman, Saundra. Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them!.

[Phillips.27_Science_of_Dental_Materials_-_E-Book-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book (Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls ed.).

[16] "'Dentists' and the establishment of the Anglo-American profession in the 18th century. Part 4. North America". nature.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[17] Lee, Bill; Gadow, Rainer; Mitic, Vojislav. Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference.

[18] Bairsto, Rachel. The British Dentist.

[19] Walker, Jimmy. Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare.

[20] The Dental assistant.

[21] Temple Dental Review, Volumes 26-27.

[22] Deranian, Hagop Martin. The Origins of Dentistry in America.

[23] Morton, Leslie Thomas; Moore, Robert J. A Chronology of Medicine and Related Sciences.

[The_History_of_Dental_Advances-24] 24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 ^24.3 ^24.4 ^24.5 ^24.6 "The History of Dental Advances". knowyourteeth.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.

[25] "The Story Of Porcelain Veneers". smilesteps.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[26] "Evidence Implicating Amalgam in Alzheimer's Disease". customers.hbci.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[The_Evolution_of_Toothpaste-27] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 "The Evolution of Toothpaste". drmaggiedavis.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[28] "S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company Records, 1791-1970 (bulk 1870-1965).". invention.si.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

[29] "Samuel Stockton White". geni.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

[Dentists_are_Dangerous.3F.3F-30] 30.0 ^30.1 "Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this?". mosaicmanagementgroup.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[31] "RUBBER DAM ISOLATION". dentistry.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[32] "January 26, 1875 : Kalamazoo Dentist George F. Green Patents First Electric Dental Drill". blogpublic.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[33] "First electric dental drill: Jan. 26, 1875". healthcentral.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[34] "History of the British Dental Association". bda.org. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[35] "The British Dental Association". nature.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[The_History_of_Dentistrynamibiadent.com-36] 36.00 ^36.01 ^36.02 ^36.03 ^36.04 ^36.05 ^36.06 ^36.07 ^36.08 ^36.09 ^36.10 ^36.11 ^36.12 ^36.13 ^36.14 ^36.15 "The History of Dentistry". namibiadent.com. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[37] Goerig, M; Bacon, D; van Zundert, A. "Carl Koller, cocaine, and local anesthesia: some less known and forgotten facts.". PMID 22531385. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e31825051f3. Retrieved 28 July 2018.

[38] Freedman, George A. Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry - E-Book.

[39] Goldberg, Michel. Understanding Dental Caries: From Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy.

[40] "The History of Toothpaste". knoxvilledentalmakeover.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

[41] "Fluoride – What You Should Know". sableindustriesinc.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.

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@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 | 1452 – 1519 || || {{w|Leonardo Da Vinci}} identifies tooth morphology.<ref name="Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1498 || || The {{w|toothbrush}} is invented by the Chinese. The device would take a long time to reach Europe.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|China}}
+| 1498 || Dental hygiene || The {{w|toothbrush}} is invented by the Chinese. The device would take a long time to reach Europe.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|China}}
 |-
 | 1530 || || ''Zene Artzney Buchlein wider allerlei kranckeyten und gebrechen der tzeen'' (The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth) becomes the first book devoted entirely to dentistry. Published in Germany, it is written in German instead of Latin. The book addresses barber-surgeons and surgeons, who treat the mouth, rather than university-trained physicians, who ignore all diseases of the teeth. Subsequent to this publication, other surgeons would publish texts incorporating aspects of dental treatment.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/>  || {{w|Germany}}
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 | 1540 || Anesthesiology || German physician {{w|Valerius Cordus}} introduces synthesized sweet vitriol, now more commonly known as {{w|ether}}. || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1563 || || Italian anatomist {{w|Bartolomeo Eustachi}} publishes Libellus de dentibus, the first book on dental anatomy.<ref name="nishadd"/> || {{w|Italy}}
+| 1563 || Book || Italian anatomist {{w|Bartolomeo Eustachi}} publishes Libellus de dentibus, the first book on dental anatomy.<ref name="nishadd"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
 | 1564 || Anesthesiology || French surgeon {{w|Ambroise Paré}} obtains local anesthesia by compression of nerves.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 | 1685 || || Charles Allen  publishes The Operator for the Teeth", which is considered the first dental textbook in English.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Becker |first1=Marshall J. |last2=Turfa |first2=Jean MacIntosh |title=The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry: The Golden Smile through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=XjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=Charles+Allen+%22The+Operator+for+the+Teeth%22+%221685%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimm5uz48ncAhVCWpAKHS8tADkQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Allen%20%22The%20Operator%20for%20the%20Teeth%22%20%221685%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=David |title=A History of Organ Transplantation: Ancient Legends to Modern Practice |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4uS1eem2SbMC&pg=PA43&dq=Charles+Allen+%22The+Operator+for+the+Teeth%22+%221685%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimm5uz48ncAhVCWpAKHS8tADkQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Allen%20%22The%20Operator%20for%20the%20Teeth%22%20%221685%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bivins |first1=R. |last2=Pickstone |first2=J. |title=Medicine, Madness and Social History: Essays in Honour of Roy Porter |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Yhx9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247&dq=Charles+Allen+%22The+Operator+for+the+Teeth%22+%221685%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimm5uz48ncAhVCWpAKHS8tADkQ6AEISzAG#v=onepage&q=Charles%20Allen%20%22The%20Operator%20for%20the%20Teeth%22%20%221685%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> ||
 |-
-| 1728 || || French surgeon Pierre Fauchard publishes ''Le Chirurgien Dentiste'' ("The Surgeon Dentist"). His text includes the revelation that {{w|sugar}} causes {{w|tooth decay}}, dispelling the outdated belief that tooth worms and evil spirits are responsible for dental woes.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1728 || Book || French surgeon Pierre Fauchard publishes ''Le Chirurgien Dentiste'' ("The Surgeon Dentist"). His text includes the revelation that {{w|sugar}} causes {{w|tooth decay}}, dispelling the outdated belief that tooth worms and evil spirits are responsible for dental woes.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
 | 1746 || || Claude Mouton from France devises a gold crown with a gold post designed to be retained in the root canal, to prevent broken-down molars from further deteriorating.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Saundra |title=Got Teeth? a Survivor's Guide: How to Keep Your Teeth Or Live Without Them! |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uzF2twPr5msC&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1746%22+Claude+Mouton++gold+crowns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3wtPe7L_cAhVBDpAKHeszCzAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201746%22%20Claude%20Mouton%20%20gold%20crowns&f=false}}</ref><ref name="nishadd"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 | 1779 || Anesthesiology || Cornish chemist {{w|Humphry Davy}} announces the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and notably calls it laughing gas.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1780 || || William Addis manufactures the first modern {{w|toothbrush}}.<ref name="nishadd"/> ||
+| 1780 || Oral hygiene || William Addis manufactures the first modern {{w|toothbrush}}.<ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
 | 1789 || || Parisian dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant introduces his mineral teeth paste dentures, commonly known as porcelain teeth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Bill |last2=Gadow |first2=Rainer |last3=Mitic |first3=Vojislav |title=Proceedings of the IV Advanced Ceramics and Applications Conference |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dsDqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=%22in+1789%22+Nicolas+Dubois+porcelain+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKooCd9L_cAhXMf5AKHTHSBDsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20Nicolas%20Dubois%20porcelain%20teeth&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bairsto |first1=Rachel |title=The British Dentist |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bdLvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=%22in+1789%22+Nicolas+Dubois+porcelain+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKooCd9L_cAhXMf5AKHTHSBDsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20Nicolas%20Dubois%20porcelain%20teeth&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 | 1790 || || American dentist Josiah Flagg constructs the first chair made specifically for dental patients.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Jimmy |title=Decontamination in Hospitals and Healthcare |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gqTbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=1790+Josiah+Flagg+chair+made+specifically+for+dental+patients&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYuITNn8jcAhVPtlkKHcaFBHEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1790%20Josiah%20Flagg%20chair%20made%20specifically%20for%20dental%20patients&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Dental assistant |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uQZqAAAAMAAJ&q=1790+Josiah+Flagg+chair+made+specifically+for+dental+patients&dq=1790+Josiah+Flagg+chair+made+specifically+for+dental+patients&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYuITNn8jcAhVPtlkKHcaFBHEQ6AEILTAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Temple Dental Review, Volumes 26-27 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7iodAQAAMAAJ&q=1790+Josiah+Flagg+chair+made+specifically+for+dental+patients&dq=1790+Josiah+Flagg+chair+made+specifically+for+dental+patients&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYuITNn8jcAhVPtlkKHcaFBHEQ6AEIPDAE}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1801 || || Richard C. Skinner writes his ''Treatise on the Human Teeth'', the first dental book published in the United States.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deranian |first1=Hagop Martin |title=The Origins of Dentistry in America |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kRVqAAAAMAAJ&q=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&dq=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3oLyYoMjcAhWruVkKHcaBAW0Q6AEIOzAE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morton |first1=Leslie Thomas |last2=Moore |first2=Robert J. |title=A Chronology of Medicine and Related Sciences |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vlBrAAAAMAAJ&q=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&dq=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3oLyYoMjcAhWruVkKHcaBAW0Q6AEIPzAF}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1801 || Book || Richard C. Skinner writes his ''Treatise on the Human Teeth'', the first dental book published in the United States.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deranian |first1=Hagop Martin |title=The Origins of Dentistry in America |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kRVqAAAAMAAJ&q=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&dq=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3oLyYoMjcAhWruVkKHcaBAW0Q6AEIOzAE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morton |first1=Leslie Thomas |last2=Moore |first2=Robert J. |title=A Chronology of Medicine and Related Sciences |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vlBrAAAAMAAJ&q=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&dq=1801+Richard+C.+Skinner+writes+his+Treatise+on+the+Human+Teeth,&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3oLyYoMjcAhWruVkKHcaBAW0Q6AEIPzAF}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1808 || || Italian dentist Giuseppangelo Fonzi devises a single porcelain tooth imbedded with a platinum pin.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Story Of Porcelain Veneers |url=http://www.smilesteps.com/porcelain-veneers.html |website=smilesteps.com |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book">{{cite book |title=Phillips' Science of Dental Materials - E-Book |edition=Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SMfsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=1808+A+single+porcelain+tooth+imbedded+with+a+platinum+pin+is+invented+in+Italy&source=bl&ots=XhWqss1D9_&sig=yjKXjRokoPWX3z98YUq63uWDG0o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYiIOmocjcAhWGjlkKHcweDnMQ6AEwA3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=1808%20A%20single%20porcelain%20tooth%20imbedded%20with%20a%20platinum%20pin%20is%20invented%20in%20Italy&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 | c.1820 || || Amalgam is first used in {{w|Europe}}.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Evidence Implicating Amalgam in Alzheimer's Disease |url=http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/hydro/amalgam.htm |website=customers.hbci.com |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1824 || || Soap is added to toothpaste to increase it’s effectiveness. Later soap would be substituted with sodium lauryl sulfate for a smoother paste.<ref name="The Evolution of Toothpaste"/> ||
+| 1824 || Oral hygiene || Soap is added to toothpaste to increase it’s effectiveness. Later soap would be substituted with sodium lauryl sulfate for a smoother paste.<ref name="The Evolution of Toothpaste"/> ||
 |-
 | 1825 || || Philadelphia dentist Samuel Stockton White begins commercial manufacture of porcelain teeth. His S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company would dominate the dental supply market throughout the 19th century.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/><ref>{{cite web |title=S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Company Records, 1791-1970 (bulk 1870-1965). |url=http://invention.si.edu/ss-white-dental-manufacturing-company-records-1791-1970-bulk-1870-1965 |website=invention.si.edu |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samuel Stockton White |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Samuel-White/6000000035937917912 |website=geni.com |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 | 1832 || || James Snell invents the first reclining dental chair.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
-| 1839 || || ''The American Journal of Dental Science'' is launched. It is the world’s first dental journal.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1839 || Journal || ''The American Journal of Dental Science'' is launched. It is the world’s first dental journal.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1839 || || The vulcanized rubber is discovered. This would be used to hold false teeth.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> ||
 |-
-| 1840 || || The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (today {{w|University of Maryland School of Dentistry}}) opens, becoming the first dental school in the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1840 || Organization || The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (today {{w|University of Maryland School of Dentistry}}) opens, becoming the first dental school in the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1840 || || The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentists are Dangerous??">{{cite web |title=Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this? |url=http://www.mosaicmanagementgroup.com/dentists-are-dangerous-what-do-you-think-of-this-article-are-your-patients-reading-things-like-this |website=mosaicmanagementgroup.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1840 || Organization || The American Society of Dental Surgeons is founded as the world’s first national dental organization. It would dissolve in 1856.<ref name="A Brief History of Dentistry"/><ref name="Dentists are Dangerous??">{{cite web |title=Dentists are Dangerous?? What do you think of this article? Are your patients reading things like this? |url=http://www.mosaicmanagementgroup.com/dentists-are-dangerous-what-do-you-think-of-this-article-are-your-patients-reading-things-like-this |website=mosaicmanagementgroup.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1844 || Anesthesiology || American medicine man {{w|Gardner Quincy Colton}} introduces nitrous for wisdom tooth extraction.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 | 1855 || || Robert Arthur introduces the cohesive gold foil method for inserting gold into a preparation with minimal pressure.<ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
-| 1859 || || The {{w|American Dental Association}} is established as a mercury amalgam promoting dental group.<ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="Dentists are Dangerous??"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1859 || Organization || The {{w|American Dental Association}} is established as a mercury amalgam promoting dental group.<ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="Dentists are Dangerous??"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1860 || || The British Royal College of Surgeons introducea the Surgeons Licence in Dental Surgery.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1860 || || The British Royal College of Surgeons introduces the Surgeons Licence in Dental Surgery.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1864 || || Sanford C. Barnum develops the rubber dam, a piece of elastic rubber fitted over a tooth by means of weights. The rubber dam is considered the optimal method to isolate a dental operative field and to prevent moisture contamination during the placement of direct restorations and endodontic procedures.<ref>{{cite web |title=RUBBER DAM ISOLATION |url=https://iits.dentistry.utoronto.ca/node/756 |website=dentistry.utoronto.ca |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
-| 1864 || || George Fellows invents a clockwork dental drill.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> ||
+| 1864 || Instrumental || George Fellows invents a clockwork dental drill.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> ||
 |-
-| 1867 || || Harvard University Dental School is established as an early university-affiliated dental institution.<ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1867 || Organization || Harvard University Dental School is established as an early university-affiliated dental institution.<ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1871 || || James B. Morrison patents the first commercially manufactured foot-treadle dental engine. The inexpensive, mechanized tool supplies dental burs with enough speed to cut {{w|enamel}} and {{w|dentin}} smoothly and quickly.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> ||
+| 1871 || Instrumental || James B. Morrison patents the first commercially manufactured foot-treadle dental engine. The inexpensive, mechanized tool supplies dental burs with enough speed to cut {{w|enamel}} and {{w|dentin}} smoothly and quickly.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> ||
 |-
-| 1871 || || American dentist, George F. Green receives a patent for the first electric dental engine, a self-contained motor and handpiece.<ref>{{cite web |title=January 26, 1875 : Kalamazoo Dentist George F. Green Patents First Electric Dental Drill |url=https://blogpublic.lib.msu.edu/red-tape/2018/jan/january-26-1875-kalamazoo-dentist-george-f-green-patents-first-electric-dental/ |website=blogpublic.lib.msu.edu |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1871 || Instrumental || American dentist, George F. Green receives a patent for the first electric dental engine, a self-contained motor and handpiece.<ref>{{cite web |title=January 26, 1875 : Kalamazoo Dentist George F. Green Patents First Electric Dental Drill |url=https://blogpublic.lib.msu.edu/red-tape/2018/jan/january-26-1875-kalamazoo-dentist-george-f-green-patents-first-electric-dental/ |website=blogpublic.lib.msu.edu |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1873 || || [[w:Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]] starts mass production of the first toothpaste. Mass-produced toothbrushes would followed a few years later.<ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1873 || Oral hygiene || [[w:Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]] starts mass production of the first toothpaste. Mass-produced toothbrushes would followed a few years later.<ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1875 || || American dentist George Green invents an electric dental drill.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref>{{cite web |title=First electric dental drill: Jan. 26, 1875 |url=https://www.healthcentral.com/article/could_viagra_help_fight_obesity |website=healthcentral.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1875 || Instrumental || American dentist George Green invents an electric dental drill.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref>{{cite web |title=First electric dental drill: Jan. 26, 1875 |url=https://www.healthcentral.com/article/could_viagra_help_fight_obesity |website=healthcentral.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1877 || || Basil Manly Wilkerson invents a hydraulic chair (now called {{w|Wilkerson dental chair}}).<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> ||
+| 1877 || Instrumental || Basil Manly Wilkerson invents a hydraulic chair (now called {{w|Wilkerson dental chair}}).<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> ||
 |-
-| 1879 || || A register of dentists is set up in Britain.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1879 || Organization || A register of dentists is set up in Britain.<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1880 || Organization || The British Dental Association is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the British Dental Association |url=https://bda.org/about-the-bda/history-of-the-bda |website=bda.org |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The British Dental Association |url=https://www.nature.com/bdjteam/about-the-bda |website=nature.com |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1880 || || The first electric toothbrush is marketed.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances">{{cite web |title=The History of Dental Advances |url=http://www.knowyourteeth.com/infobites/abc/article/?abc=H&iid=305&aid=1256 |website=knowyourteeth.com |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>  ||
+| 1880 || Oral hygiene || The first electric toothbrush is marketed.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances">{{cite web |title=The History of Dental Advances |url=http://www.knowyourteeth.com/infobites/abc/article/?abc=H&iid=305&aid=1256 |website=knowyourteeth.com |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>  ||
 |-
-| 1880s || || The collapsible metal tube revolutionizes toothpaste manufacturing and marketing. Prior to this, dentifrice was available only in liquid or powder form, usually made by individual dentists, and sold in bottles, porcelain pots, or paper boxes. Tube toothpaste, in contrast, is mass-produced in factories, mass-marketed, and sold nation-wide.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1880s || Oral hygiene || The collapsible metal tube revolutionizes toothpaste manufacturing and marketing. Prior to this, dentifrice was available only in liquid or powder form, usually made by individual dentists, and sold in bottles, porcelain pots, or paper boxes. Tube toothpaste, in contrast, is mass-produced in factories, mass-marketed, and sold nation-wide.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1884 || Anesthesiology || Austrian ophtalmologist Carl Koller from {{w|Vienna}} expounds the value of cocaine for local anesthesia.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goerig |first1=M |last2=Bacon |first2=D |last3=van Zundert |first3=A. |title=Carl Koller, cocaine, and local anesthesia: some less known and forgotten facts. |doi=10.1097/AAP.0b013e31825051f3 |pmid=22531385 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531385 |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 | 1890 || || American oral microbiologist {{w|Willoughby D. Miller}} formulates his "chemicoparasitic" theory of caries in ''Microorganisms of the human mouth''.<ref name="nishadd"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1892 || || The first collapsible tube is marketed.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> ||
+| 1892 || Oral hygiene || The first collapsible tube is marketed.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> ||
 |-
 | 1894 || Anesthesiology || H.J. Carlson discovers that ethyl chloride produces a sound sleep in some dental patients.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/> ||
 |-
-| 1895 || || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} discovers the {{w|X-ray}}.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> ||
+| 1895 || Scientific development || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} discovers the {{w|X-ray}}.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/> ||
 |-
 | 1896 || || American dentist Charles Edmund Kells introduces {{w|X-ray}} technology in dentistry.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/><ref name="HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
 | 1913 || Clinic || American dentist {{w|Alfred Fones}} opens the Fones Clinic For Dental Hygienists in {{w|Bridgeport, Connecticut}}, the world’s first oral hygiene school.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/>  || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1914 || || Fluoride is added to toothpaste to make it more effective in reducing and preventing cavities.<ref name="The Evolution of Toothpaste">{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Toothpaste |url=http://www.drmaggiedavis.com/the-evolution-of-toothpaste/ |website=drmaggiedavis.com |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michel |title=Understanding Dental Caries: From Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H-d6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22in+1914%22+%22fluoride%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx3OP0w8zcAhVCEZAKHeSACUkQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201914%22%20%22fluoride%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Toothpaste |url=https://www.knoxvilledentalmakeover.com/blog/2016/11/15/the-history-of-toothpaste-176871 |website=knoxvilledentalmakeover.com |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fluoride – What You Should Know |url=https://sableindustriesinc.com/blog/fluoride-what-you-should-know.htm |website=sableindustriesinc.com |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1914 || Oral hygiene || Fluoride is added to toothpaste to make it more effective in reducing and preventing cavities.<ref name="The Evolution of Toothpaste">{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Toothpaste |url=http://www.drmaggiedavis.com/the-evolution-of-toothpaste/ |website=drmaggiedavis.com |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michel |title=Understanding Dental Caries: From Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=H-d6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22in+1914%22+%22fluoride%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx3OP0w8zcAhVCEZAKHeSACUkQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201914%22%20%22fluoride%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Toothpaste |url=https://www.knoxvilledentalmakeover.com/blog/2016/11/15/the-history-of-toothpaste-176871 |website=knoxvilledentalmakeover.com |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fluoride – What You Should Know |url=https://sableindustriesinc.com/blog/fluoride-what-you-should-know.htm |website=sableindustriesinc.com |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1915 || Anesthesiology || Dennis Jackson uses carbon dioxide absorber for general anesthesia.<ref name="A Brief History of Dental Anesthesia"/>
@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 | 1937 || || Alvin Strock develops Vitallium dental screw implant.<ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
-| 1938 || ||{{w|DuPont}} introduces nylon bristles to the market.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="The history of dentistryvv"/>  ||
+| 1938 || Oral hygiene ||{{w|DuPont}} introduces nylon bristles to the market.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="The history of dentistryvv"/>  ||
 |-
 | 1945 || || The water fluoridation era begins when the cities of {{w|Newburgh, New York}}, and {{w|Grand Rapids, Michigan}}, add sodium fluoride to their public water systems, in order to help fight tooth decay among residents.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 212: / Line 212: @@
 | 1949 || || Swiss chemist Oskar Hagger develops the first system of bonding acrylic resin to dentin.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
-| 1950 || || The first fluoride toothpastes are marketed.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach"/> ||
+| 1950 || Oral hygiene || The first fluoride toothpastes are marketed.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="Dental Assisting: A Comprehensive Approach"/> ||
 |-
 | 1953 || || The first commercially successful water-driven turbine drill, developed by American dentist Robert Nelson, is introduced.<ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 218: / Line 218: @@
 | 1955 || || American dentist Michael Buonocore describes the acid etch technique, a simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic fillings to enamel.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/><ref name="nishadd"/> ||
 |-
-| 1956 || || {{w|Proctor & Gamble}} introduces Crest brand toothpaste with fluoride.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1956 || Oral hygiene || {{w|Proctor & Gamble}} introduces Crest brand toothpaste with fluoride.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1957 || || John Borden introduces the air turbine dental drill (using compressed air).<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> ||
+| 1957 || Instrumental || John Borden introduces the air turbine dental drill (using compressed air).<ref name="A BRIEF HISTORY OF DENTISTRY"/><ref name="Dentistrybritannica.com"/> ||
 |-
-| 1958 || || A fully reclining dental chair is introduced.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/>  ||
+| 1958 || Instrumental || A fully reclining dental chair is introduced.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/>  ||
 |-
-| 1960 || || Lasers are developed and approved in dentistry for soft tissue work, such as treatment of periodontal disease.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/>  ||
+| 1960 || Instrumental || Lasers are developed and approved in dentistry for soft tissue work, such as treatment of periodontal disease.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/>  ||
 |-
 | 1962 || || Rafael Bowen develops {{w|resin}} {{w|Bis-GMA}}, which is commonly used in {{w|dental sealant}}s.<ref name="nishadd"/><ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/>  ||
@@ Line 230: / Line 230: @@
 | 1980 || || Swedish physician {{w|Per-Ingvar Brånemark}} describes techniques for the osseointegration of dental implants.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com"/>  ||
 |-
-| 1984 || || The pump dispenser is introduced.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> ||
+| 1984 || Oral hygiene || The pump dispenser is introduced.<ref name="The History of Dental Advances"/> ||
 |-
-| 1987 || || Researchers at {{w|NASA}} develop the first edible toothpaste, so that astronauts don’t have to spit into zero gravity.<ref name="The Evolution of Toothpaste"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1987 || Oral hygiene || Researchers at {{w|NASA}} develop the first edible toothpaste, so that astronauts don’t have to spit into zero gravity.<ref name="The Evolution of Toothpaste"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1989 || || The first commercial home tooth bleaching product is marketed.<ref name="The History of Dentistrynamibiadent.com">{{cite web |title=The History of Dentistry |url=http://www.namibiadent.com/the-history-of-dentistry.html |website=namibiadent.com |accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="nishadd"/> ||
@@ Line 238: / Line 238: @@
 | 1990 || || An era of esthetic dentistry is innaugurated by the merge of new tooth-colored restorative materials plus increased usage of bleaching, veneers, and implants.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/>  ||
 |-
-| 1997 || || The United States {{w|Food and Drug administration}} approves the {{w|Er:YAG laser}}, the first for use on dentin, to treat tooth decay.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1997 || Instrumental || The United States {{w|Food and Drug administration}} approves the {{w|Er:YAG laser}}, the first for use on dentin, to treat tooth decay.<ref name="History of Dentistry Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 |}

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of dentistry"

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