Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Brookings Institution"
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| 1970 || || "1970. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. landmark research. Brookings scholars Arthur Okun and George Perry introduce the first edition of the “Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,” which remains a highly influential and respected economics journal."<ref name="A CENTURY OF IDEAS"/> | | 1970 || || "1970. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. landmark research. Brookings scholars Arthur Okun and George Perry introduce the first edition of the “Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,” which remains a highly influential and respected economics journal."<ref name="A CENTURY OF IDEAS"/> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1971 || || "1971. Creation of the Congressional Budget Office. Brookings experts begin a new series of studies on the federal budget and congressional spending choices, which eventually lead to the creation of the Congressional Budget Office; Brookings scholar Alice Rivlin becomes the founding director of the CBO in 1975."<ref name="A CENTURY OF IDEAS"/> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1971 || || "Setting National Priorities. Brookings releases the first report in the highly acclaimed and influential “Setting National Priorities” series, a cross-program initiative focused on evaluating annual White House budgets as they are released and examining the domestic and foreign policy choices that confront the U.S. The report is published annually from 1971 -1983 and then in 1990, 1997, and 1999."<ref name="A CENTURY OF IDEAS"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1976 || || Gilbert Y. Steiner.<ref name="brookings.edu"/> | | 1976 || || Gilbert Y. Steiner.<ref name="brookings.edu"/> | ||
Revision as of 17:27, 6 September 2019
This is a timeline of FIXME.
Contents
Big picture
| Time period | Development summary |
|---|---|
| 1990s | "In the 1990s, the federal government devolved many of its social programs back to cities and states, and Brookings shaped a new generation of urban policies to help build strong neighborhoods, cities and metropolitan regions."[1] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1916 | "In 1916, Robert S. Brookings worked with other government reformers to create the first private organization devoted to the fact-based study of national public policy issues. The new Institute for Government Research became the chief advocate for effective and efficient public service and sought to bring science to the study of government."[1] "A group of leading educators, businessmen, attorneys, and financiers—including businessman and philanthropist Robert S. Brookings—found the Institute for Government Research (IGR), the predecessor of the Brookings Institution, in Washington, DC. It is the first private organization devoted to bettering the practices and performance of government with recommendations generated by outside experts. Its first research project, directed by economist William Willoughby, focuses on helping the Bureau of Internal Revenue revise the reporting of tax statistics for greater accuracy."[2] | |
| 1917 | "President Woodrow Wilson appoints Robert Brookings to the War Industries Board, which coordinates the purchase of military supplies, and later makes him chairman of the board’s Price Fixing Committee, to discourage profiteering."[2] | |
| 1919 | "IGR publishes “A National Budget System: the Most Important of all Governmental Reconstruction Measures.” The Institute’s director, William Willoughby, testifies on the subject to a House Select Committee on the Budget."[2] | |
| 1921 | "IGR recommendations lead to the crafting and passage of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which expands executive power in the federal budget process. President Warren Harding calls it “the beginning of the greatest reform in governmental practices since the beginning of the republic.”"[2] | |
| 1921 | "Brookings economists played a large role in crafting the 1921 legislation that created the first U.S. Bureau of the Budget. President Warren G. Harding called the bureau, which planned the government’s financial outlays, “the greatest reform in governmental practices since the beginning of the republic.”[1] | |
| 1922 | "Brookings created two sister organizations: the Institute of Economics in 1922 and a graduate school in 1924"[1] "Robert Brookings leads the creation of a new organization, the Institute of Economics, for the “sole purpose of ascertaining the facts about current economic problems and of interpreting these facts for the people of the United States.” Harold Moulton, an economist at the University of Chicago, is named its director."[2] | |
| 1923 | "Harold Moulton and staff economist Constantine McGuire write of post-Great War Europe that “the reparation situation has gone from very bad to worse.” In their reports they study the ability of Germany and its allies on the losing side of World War I to pay the debts mandated by the Versailles Treaty."[2] | |
| 1923 | "A Graduate School Is Created. The Robert S. Brookings Institute of Economics and Government for Teaching and Research (later the Robert S. Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government) is established in partnership with Washington University in St. Louis to provide training in public service. Between 1924 and 1930, the school awards 74 PhDs."[2] | |
| 1924 | "Brookings created two sister organizations: the Institute of Economics in 1922 and a graduate school in 1924"[1] | |
| 1927 | "Brookings created two sister organizations: the Institute of Economics in 1922 and a graduate school in 1924. In 1927, the institutes and the school merged to form the present-day Brookings Institution, with the mission to promote, conduct and foster research “in the broad fields of economics, government administration and the political and social sciences.”"[1] | |
| 1927 | "Three Organizations Merge into One institutional milestone. The Institute for Government Research (founded 1916), the Institute of Economics (1922), and the Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government (1923) merge to form The Brookings Institution, named for Robert Brookings in recognition of his services to all three organizations. Its mission: “to promote, carry on, conduct and foster scientific research, education, training and publication in the broad fields of economics, government administration and the political and social sciences generally.”"[2] | |
| 1927 | "First President Is Chosen. The Brookings Trustees choose the organization’s first president: Harold Moulton, who had been director of the Institute of Economics and a member of the boards of the Graduate School and the Institute for Government Research."[2] Harold Moulton (1927 – 1952)[1] | |
| 1932 | "Robert Brookings dies in Washington, D.C. on November 15, at the age of 82. Just before his death, Brookings’s book The Way Forward, in which he calls for the more equal distribution of wealth, is published."[2] | |
| 1934 | "The Institution publishes four works known as the “capacity studies” on income distribution and economic progress in the mid-1930s. The studies focus on production and consumption capacity, capital, and market speculation in the 1920s, and income distribution as it relates to the efficient functioning of the U.S. economic system. The capacity studies are the major guide to the U.S. economy for policymakers for much of the decade."[2] | |
| 1928 | "1928 Survey of American Indian Conditions landmark research Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work commissioned IGR’s Lewis Meriam to undertake a comprehensive survey of the condition of Native Americans. The resulting report is influential in shaping American Indian affairs policies in the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations."[2] | |
| 1928 | "Dawn of In-House Book Publishing institutional milestone Brookings begins its own in-house publishing division, the forerunner of the Brookings Institution Press."[2] | |
| 1935 | "1935 Analyzing New Deal Programs An Institute of Economics team directed by staff economist Leverett Lyon publishes a comprehensive study of President Franklin Roosevelt’s National Recovery Administration (NRA), a New Deal agency. The study’s authors conclude that the NRA impeded economy recovery after the Depression. Two years later, Edwin Nourse, an agriculture economist and director of the Institute of Economics, publishes a study of administrative problems in the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. Agriculture Secretary Henry Wallace said that “We’ve been doing so much wishful thinking around here, we’d benefit from an independent audit.” Nourse went on to become the first chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors under President Harry Truman."[2] | |
| 1939 | "In “Reorganization of the national government: What does it involve?” Brookings scholars shed light on President Roosevelt's Reorganization Act of 1939, which permitted the president to reorganize certain aspects of the executive branch and created the Executive Office of the President."[2] | |
| 1939 | "Supporting the War Effort. Throughout World War II, Brookings experts recommend policies on a variety of issues, including wartime price controls, military mobilization, German and U.S. manpower requirements, and later, postwar demobilization and preventing Germany and Japan from re-arming. Even before U.S. entry into the war, one Brookings researcher advised that “The United States should introduce the formula of the blitzkrieg in the armament production program” to defeat Germany."[2] | |
| 1941 | "A study by Brookings scholar Laurence Schmeckebier developed the system of apportioning congressional representation among the states that was embodied in the Congressional Apportionment Act of 1941."[2] | |
| 1946 | "After returning to Brookings from a nine-year stint at the State Department, during which he prepared the final draft of the UN Charter, economist Leo Pasvolsky establishes and becomes first director of the International Studies Group at Brookings. ISG fulfills the need for research and education in international relations and is the precursor to what will become the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. For six years until his death in 1953, Pasvolsky and the ISG conduct educational programs for academic, military, government, and business leaders."[2] | |
| 1947 | "At the request of Senator H. Alexander Smith, chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Health of the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee, Brookings scholars take on a study of compulsory health insurance. Two proposals emerge: grants-in-aid to states that will ensure quality medical attention for those who need it; and the formation of a compulsory health insurance program by the national government. The study concludes that a national health insurance program would be too political, too expensive, and too detrimental to the nation’s economic health."[2] | |
| 1948 | "1948 A Critical Role in the Marshall Plan. landmark research. At the request of Senator Arthur Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Brookings experts play a pivotal role in the development of the European Recovery Program, later known as the Marshall Plan, providing valuable recommendations on the program’s administrative organization."[2] | |
| 1948 | "In 1948, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Sen. Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), praised Brookings for a report that would become “the Congressional ‘work-sheet’ in respect to this complex and critical problem.”"[1] | |
| 1949 | "Brookings experts conduct research that forms the basis of a task force report on public welfare, prepared for the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, also known as the Hoover Commission."[2] | |
| 1949 | "Brookings scholars Charles Dearing and Wilfred Owen publish “National Transportation Policy,” recommending the creation of a new department of transportation headed by a new cabinet secretary. In the 1950s, Owen continued to write about the nation’s infrastructure and transportation inefficiencies."[2] | |
| 1950 | "Brookings scholars Lewis Meriam and Karl Schlotterbeck, in “The Cost and Financing of Social Security,” weigh in on legislation to change social security programs, arguing for a pay-as-you-go system. They criticize comparing social security programs to private insurance, and argue that “the situation which the country now faces thus suggests the wisdom of adopting a social security system that provides suitably for old persons and others now in need, pays the costs from current revenues, and makes no long-term commitments with respect to future payments.”"[2] | |
| 1952 | Robert Calkins.[1] | |
| 1952 | "Economist and educator Robert Calkins becomes the second president of Brookings. Calkins was formerly director of the General Education Board, a foundation that promoted educational improvements in the South, as well as an academic at UC Berkeley and the Columbia University Business School. His broad experience in philanthropy and public affairs are welcome qualities as the Institution seeks to attract new researchers and general funding."[2] | |
| 1953 | "Shortly before his death in 1953, Leo Pasvolsky initiates a series of studies on the United Nations that looked at the features of the UN system to provide a better public understanding of its capabilities and limitations. The studies were published after his death under the direction of Robert Hartley, who succeeded Pasvolsky."[2] | |
| 1957 | "1957. Birth of Executive Education at Brookings. institutional milestone. Brookings President Robert Calkins spearheads a new program of education for senior government executives. The program contributes to passage of the Federal Training Act of 1958 that provides across-the-board federal employee training to improve government productivity. In 1962, the program is renamed the Advanced Study program, forerunner of today’s Brookings Executive Education, which continues to offer courses for federal employees on critical issues, the policymaking process, and public leadership."[2] | |
| 1959 | "1959. A Hard Look at the National Debt Ceiling. landmark research. In “The National Debt Ceiling: An Experiment in Fiscal Policy,” Brookings’s Marshall Robinson argues that the debt ceiling had not only failed, but backfired. The study is quoted in congressional debates during the 1960s, and again in 2013."[2] | |
| 1960 | "1960. A New Home for Brookings. institutional milestone. After the federal government uses eminent domain in 1957 to take over Brookings’s Jackson Place headquarters, which it has occupied since 1931, the Institution builds a new headquarters on Massachusetts Avenue, just east of Dupont Circle."[2] | |
| 1960 | "Smoothing the Transition between Administrations. Ahead of the 1960 presidential election, Brookings scholar Laurin Henry leads the Presidential Transitions project to help the winning presidential candidate—either John F. Kennedy or Richard M. Nixon—launch his administration smoothly. The book is followed by a series of confidential issues papers prepared by Brookings experts."[2] | |
| 1960 | "Economic Research in Vietnam.Brookings begins a four-year program with the Ford Foundation and the Government of South Vietnam to provide assistance in tax policy, fiscal policy, and economic planning to the national government in Saigon down to provinces and villages."[2] | |
| 1960 | "Advice to the New Space Program. As America's space program is just getting off the ground, Brookings experts prepare a report for NASA on “Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs.” The authors make dozens of recommendations for additional studies on the social, economic, political, legal, and international implications of the use of space. The report is submitted to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics of the 87th Congress. It continues to be known today for its few paragraphs on the implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life."[2] | |
| 1960 | "Nearly a year before the 1960 election, Brookings governmental studies expert Laurin Henry published Presidential Transitions, designed to help the winning candidate—John F. Kennedy or Richard M. Nixon—launch his administration smoothly. The book was followed by a series of confidential issues papers prepared by Brookings experts."[1] | |
| 1961 | "1961. India’s “Quiet Crisis”. Brookings scholar John Lewis publishes “The Quiet Crisis in India,” an in-depth study of India's rural development. Lewis makes the case for aid to India and the developing world as a component of U.S. foreign policy. The work is published in India just two years later, in the same year as the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s founding prime minister. Lewis later becomes USAID/India Mission director." | |
| 1963 | "Economic Integration in Latin America. Brookings Foreign Policy and Governmental Studies programs, in conjunction with several Latin American research organizations, coordinate a program of studies on trade and investment policies in Latin America that lasts into the early 1980s. The program is said to have strengthened the economics profession in Latin America."[2] | |
| 1965 | "1965. Death of Mrs. Brookings, Key Supporter. Isabel Vallé January Brookings, wife of Robert S. Brookings, dies on April 7, aged 89, and leaves the Institution an $8 million bequest. She was a dedicated supporter of the Brookings Institution, having also contributed money to build Brookings’s building on Lafayette Square near the White House."[2] | |
| 1966 | "On September 29, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson helped mark Brookings’s fiftieth anniversary with an address on public service and the importance of America’s cities."[1] | |
| 1966 | "Anniversary Address from LBJ “You are a national institution, so important to, at least, the Executive Branch and, I think, the Congress, and the country,” says President Johnson at an event marking the Institution's 50th anniversary, “that if you did not exist we would have to ask someone to create you.”"[2] | |
| 1966 | "1966. Brookings Enters the Computer Age. institutional milestone. Brookings establishes the Social Science Computation Center for Research, which offers state- of-the-art computational research support for scholars, including use of a mainframe computer."[2] | |
| 1967 | Kermit Gordon.[1] "1967. Third President Hails from Budget Bureau. In 1967, Kermit Gordon becomes the third president of Brookings. Prior to his tenure at Brookings, he served as the director of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations."[2] | |
| 1968 | "1968. Agenda for the Nation. Brookings publishes the first in a series of “Agenda for the Nation” volumes, which are collections of papers on domestic and foreign policy issues. In 1970, a pair of reviews appear: one by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey —then a professor at the University of Minnesota—and another by current Vice President Spiro Agnew. “In ‘Agenda for the Nation,’” writes Humphrey, “the Brookings Institution has once again been of substantial assistance.” Agnew writes that the volume’s authors and others “who are assisting the contemporary search for improved governmental machinery and for a clarification of goals and priorities, must be considered to be an indispensable part of our governmental process.”"[2] | |
| 1969 | "1969. Cold War Defense Analyses. Under the leadership of Kermit Gordon and Foreign Policy Program Director Henry Owen, Brookings establishes the Defense Analysis Project to study issues such as defense support costs and U.S., NATO, and Soviet force structures. Work from the project is influential among congressional decision-makers."[2] | |
| 1970 | "1970. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. landmark research. Brookings scholars Arthur Okun and George Perry introduce the first edition of the “Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,” which remains a highly influential and respected economics journal."[2] | |
| 1971 | "1971. Creation of the Congressional Budget Office. Brookings experts begin a new series of studies on the federal budget and congressional spending choices, which eventually lead to the creation of the Congressional Budget Office; Brookings scholar Alice Rivlin becomes the founding director of the CBO in 1975."[2] | |
| 1971 | "Setting National Priorities. Brookings releases the first report in the highly acclaimed and influential “Setting National Priorities” series, a cross-program initiative focused on evaluating annual White House budgets as they are released and examining the domestic and foreign policy choices that confront the U.S. The report is published annually from 1971 -1983 and then in 1990, 1997, and 1999."[2] | |
| 1976 | Gilbert Y. Steiner.[1] | |
| 1977 | Bruce MacLaury.[1] | |
| Early 1980s | "Joseph Pechman, director of the Economic Studies program at Brookings, pushed hard for comprehensive reform of the U.S. tax code in the early 1980s. His research led to the Tax Reform Act of 1986—a major bill that had a profound impact on the U.S. economy."[1] | |
| 1986 | "Joseph Pechman, director of the Economic Studies program at Brookings, pushed hard for comprehensive reform of the U.S. tax code in the early 1980s. His research led to the Tax Reform Act of 1986—a major bill that had a profound impact on the U.S. economy."[1] | |
| 1995 | Michael Armacost.[1] | |
| 2001 | "As President Bill Clinton prepared to sign historic welfare reform legislation, Ron Haskins, a former Republican congressional staffer, and Isabel Sawhill, a former official in the Office of Management and Budget for President Clinton, teamed up at Brookings to study the nation’s policies on children and families. In 2001, a proposal by Sawhill and researcher Adam Thomas for a child tax credit became part of major tax legislation."[1] | |
| 2001 | "The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, increased the urgency of developing strategies to address the threat while sustaining America’s role as a force for prosperity and stability abroad and an open society at home. With remarkable speed, Brookings experts produced influential proposals for homeland security and intelligence operations. They also testified before Congress and used the Institution’s outreach capacity, including its in-house television studio, to explain the new global reality to a frightened public."[1] | |
| 2002 | Strobe Talbott.[1] | |
| 2017 | John R. Allen.[1] |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
What the timeline is still missing
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 "BROOKINGS INSTITUTION HISTORY". brookings.edu. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 "A CENTURY OF IDEAS". brookings.edu. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
