Timeline of bacteriology

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This is a timeline of bacteriology.

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Time period Development summary
1854–1920 This period is known as the "golden age of microbiology", in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch stand out as the great scientists in the field.[1]
1940s The genetics of bacteriophage begin to be studied vigorously, after the development of techniques for the study of bacteriophage infection in single bacteria.[2]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Geographical location
2 billion BC A bacterium becomes symbiotic with the cell from which animals and plants later develop. Chromosomes from this bacterium’s mitochondria would later carry 37 genes in the human body.[3]
1590 Scientific development Dutch spectacle-maker Zacharias Janssen and his brother Hans Janssen produce the operational compound microscope.[4]
1676 Scientific development Dutch merchant Antony Van Leeuwenhoek observes microorganisms using a single lens microscope designed by him and names them animalcules.[5] Van Leeuwenhoek is considered the first to discover microorganisms.[6]
1749 Scientific development John Needham "germination theory".[4]
1762 Scientific development Austrian medical doctor Marcus Antonius Von Plenciz in Vienna publishes a germ theory of infectious diseases and reports that each disease is caused by a separate organism.[4][7][1][8] Austria
1828 Scientific development German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the name bacterium.[5][9]
c.1830 Scientific development "c.1830. Turning to the study of microscopic organisms in water, soil, and dust, Ehrenberg described many new types of unicells, Protista, diatoms and general infusoria. He also demonstrated that sedimentary rocks, such as chalk, are composed of microscopic shells of ancient creatures."
1832 Scientific development "1832. G.E. Winslow publishes a standard text on cholera from the pre-bacterial era, Essay on the Nature, Symptoms and Treatment of Asiatic Cholera,1832, New York: Sleight & Robinson."
1835 Scientific development Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the term Bacillus to contain rod-shaped bacteria.[10][11][12]
1839 Scientific development German physiologist Theodor Schwann demonstrates the cellular basis of the body, asserting that all organs and tissues are composed of a multitude of structural units called cells.[13][14][15]
1840 Scientific development German pathologist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle offers his theory of contagion by arguing that the "material of contagions is endowed with a life of its own, which is, in relation to the diseased body, a parasitic organism.[16]
1844 Scientific development Italian entomologist Agostino Bassi asserts that microorganisms cause human disease.[6]
1847 Scientific development " Cranston R. Low and T.C. Dodds publish the illustrated Atlas of Bacteriology. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone"
1857 Scientific development ". Carl Zeiss (1816-1888), a German optical-instrument maker, produces his Stand I-compound model microscope."
1858 Publication French biologist Louis Pasteur publishes Memoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique (Memoir on Lactic Fermentation) which is considered a foundation stone of the cell theory, microbiology, and bacteriology.[17][18] France
1865 Scientific development British surgeon Joseph Lister develops antiseptic surgery, which greatly increases survival rates.[19]
c.1868 German botanist Ferdinand Cohn starts studying bacteria. From his accurate studies of their morphology, or bodily form, Cohn is among the first to attempt to arrange the different varieties of bacteria into genera and species on a systematic basis.[20] Cohn studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria would lead him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. The field of bacteriology is considered by many to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn.[5]
1872 Scientific development "The German botanist Brefeld reported growing fungal colonies from single spores on gelatin surfaces. Prior to this innovation that resulted in the isolation of pure culture of microorganisms, pigmented bacterial colonies were isolated by the German biologist Schroeter on slices of potato incubated in a moist environment."[21]
1873 Scientific development "Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen described how he observed the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, as "rod-like bodies" after cutting through a leprosy nodule, scraping the edge of the cut with a knife and rubbing the material onto a glass slide. After adding a drop of water, the human cells swelled and released more and more rods seen unstained in his microscope. Based on his initial clinical and epidemiological studies, Armauer Hansen clearly demonstrated that these rods represented the infectious origin of leprosy. This is the first time that a chronic infectious disease in humans was shown to be related to a bacillus"[21]
1876 Scientific development Louis Pasteur discards the theory of spontaneous generation and investigates the principles of the process later called pasteurization.[4] France
1876 Scientific development German physician and microbiologist Robert Koch in Berlin isolates the anthrax bacillus, and becomes the first to show a specific organism as the cause of a disease.[4][22][23][24] Germany
1877 Scientific development "Robert Koch dries films of bacteria, stains them with methylene blue and then photographs them. He uses cover slips to prepare permanent visual records."[21]
1877 Scientific development Louis Pasteur notes that some bacteria produce substances that kill other bacteria, setting the basis of antibiotics.[25] France
1878 Scientific development Robert Koch observes bacteria bearing a close resemblance to staphylococci.[26]
1878 Scientific development British pioneer of antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister becomes the first person to obtain a pure culture of a bacterium (Streptococcus lactis) in a liquid medium. Lister isolates a pure culture from sour milk and names it Bacterium lactis.[27][28][29][30]
1878 Scientific development "Thomas Burrill demonstrates for the first time a bacterial disease of plants; Micrococcus amylophorous causes pear blight."[21]
1879 Scientific development "Albert Neisser identifies Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen that causes gonorrhea"[21]
1880 Scientific development Louis Pasteur manages to isolate the bacterium responsible for chicken cholera and grows it in pure culture. [26][31][25] France
1880 Publication George M. Sternberg M.D. translation of Les bactéries becomes the first general bacteriology book in English.[32]
1881 Scientific development German Jewish physician Paul Ehrlich introduces the dye methylene blue into bacteriology.[33]
1881 Scientific development British surgeon Alexander Ogston, Professor at the University of Aberdeen, carries out the first detailed studies on staphylococci.[4] After injecting the bacteria into animals and producing experimental infections in the laboratory, Ogston links staphylococcus to the serious infections then called "hospital sepsis".[34][35] United Kingdom
1882 Scientific development German pathologist and microbiologist Carl Friedländer discovers the microorganism that he believes causes bacterial pneumonia. The organism would later be named Bacillus friedlanderi.[36][37][38]
1882 Scientific development Robert Koch discovers Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis.[22]
1883 Publication Belfield publishes the first original general bacteriology book in English, On the Relations of Micro-organisms to Disease.[32]
1883 Scientific development Robert Koch leads an expedition to Egypt and India, and discovers bacterium Vibrio cholerae as the cause of cholera.[22] Egypt, India
1883 Scientific development "Ulysse Gayon and Gabriel Dupetit isolate in pure culture two strains of denitrifying bacteria. They show that individual organic compounds, such as sugars and alcohols, can replace complex organics and serve as reductants for nitrate, as well as serving as carbon sources."[21]
1884 Scientific development German Jewish internist Arthur Nicolaier discovers the causal agent of tetanus Clostridium tetani.[4][39][40][41] Germany
1884 Scientific development Hans Christian Gram discovers a differential stain used the identification of bacteria.[4]
1884 Scientific development French microbiologist Charles Chamberland develops an unglazed porcelain filter that retains bacteria.[21]
1884 Scientific development "Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff demonstrates that certain body cells move to damaged areas of the body where they consume bacteria and other foreign particles. He calls the process phagocytosis. He proposes a theory of cellular immunity"[21]
1886 Scientific development German agricultural chemist Hermann Hellriegel and Hermann Wilfarth establish the relationship between legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria.[4]
1886 Scientific development F. Frankel isolates Pneumococcus bacteria.[4]
1888 Scientific development "M.W. Beijerinck" "isolation and cultivation of root nodule bacteria".[4]
1890 Scientific development Ukrainian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky first demonstrates N2 fixation by free living soil bacteria.[4]
1894 Scientific development Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin discovers Pasteurella pestis.[4]
1894 Scientific development Japanese physician Kitasato Shibasaburō discovers the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis.[4][42][43][44] Hong Kong
1898 Scientific development Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kiyoshi discovers dysentery bacillus Shigella (named after him).[4][45][46][47] Japan
1900 Scientific development Shiga Kiyoshi develops a dysentery antiserum.[45] Japan
1910 Scientific development American plant Erwin Frink Smith publishes the earliest description of the pathogenic relationship of Corynebacterium michiganense to tomato.[4][48][49][50] Smith is considered to have played a major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease.[51][52]
1916 Publication The Journal of Bacteriology is established. United States
1923 Publication The Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is published. It is written to provide a modern identification key for bacteria but little of it is based on direct experience of the organisms.[28]
1928 Scientific development Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers antibiotic penicillin.[4][53][54][55] United Kingdom
1928 Scientific development English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith discovers transformation in bacteria. Griffith finds that extracts from killed encapsulated streptococci could change the living, harmless bacteria to the disease-producing virulent type. [4][56][57][58]
1931 Organization The Society of Agricultural Bacteriologists is founded.[59] United Kingdom
1943 Scientific development Salvador Luria shows that bacteria have genes that can mutate.[60]
1944 Scientific development Oswald Avery, Colin Munro MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty show the significance of DNA as hereditary material by studies of transformation in bacteria.[4][61][62][63]
1945 (February 16) Organization The Microbiology Society is formally inaugurated at a meeting in London. Sir Alexander Fleming is elected as the first President.[59] United Kingdom
1946 Scientific development American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg and American geneticist Edward Tatum discover bacterial conjugation.[2][4][64][65][66]
1947 Scientific development American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg shows that bacteria can exchange and recombine genes.[60]
1951 Publication The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology is established.
1952 Scientific development American biologists Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg discover the transduction in bacteria.[4]
1971 Scientific development B. Pierson and K. Castenholz discover the green non-sulphus bacteria Chloroflexus.[4][67][68]
1977 Scientific development American microbiologist Carl Woese recognizes that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria.[69]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

[1] [2], [3], [4] [5]

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vasanthakumari, R. Textbook of Microbiology. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ravin, Arnold W. The Evolution of Genetics. 
  3. ↑ "Timeline of Microbiology". timelines.ws. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 "History of Virology and Bacteriology". biologydiscussion.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Saini, B.L. Introduction to Biotechnology. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Arp, Robert. 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think. 
  7. ↑ Murchie, Guy. The Seven Mysteries of Life: An Exploration in Science & Philosophy. 
  8. ↑ Chia, Mantak; Dao, Johnathon. The Eight Immortal Healers: Taoist Wisdom for Radiant Health. 
  9. ↑ Breverton, Terry. Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World. 
  10. ↑ Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries (P M Fratamico, B A Annous, N W Guenther ed.). 
  11. ↑ Breverton, Terry. Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World. 
  12. ↑ Islam, M. Tofazzal; Rahman, Mahfuz; Pandey, Piyush; Jha, Chaitanya Kumar; Aeron, Abhinav. Bacilli and Agrobiotechnology. 
  13. ↑ Ljunggren, Bengt; Bruyn, G. W. The Nobel Prize in Medicine and the Karolinska Institute: The Story of Axel Key and Alfred Nobel. 
  14. ↑ Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Facts On File, Incorporated. 
  15. ↑ Kumar, Rajesh. Biology. 
  16. ↑ MINDELL, David P. The Evolving World. 
  17. ↑ Smith, Kendall A. "Louis Pasteur, the Father of Immunology?". PMC 3342039Freely accessible. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00068. 
  18. ↑ Debrac, Patrice. Louis Pasteur. 
  19. ↑ Graf, Noreen M.; Millington, Michael J. Psychosocial Aspects of Disability: Insider Perspectives and Strategies for Counselors. 
  20. ↑ "Ferdinand Cohn". britannica.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 "Significant Events By Years". asm.org. Retrieved 8 April 2018. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Goering, Richard; Dockrell, Hazel; Zuckerman, Mark; Chiodini, Peter L. Mims' Medical Microbiology E-Book. 
  23. ↑ Vardaxis, Nicholas J. Immunology for the Health Sciences. 
  24. ↑ Susser, Mervyn; Stein, Zena. Eras in Epidemiology: The Evolution of Ideas. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Williams, William F. Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Fairbrother, R. W. A Text-Book of Medical Bacteriology. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  27. ↑ Okeke, Iruka N. Divining Without Seeds: The Case for Strengthening Laboratory Medicine in Africa. p. 165. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Logan, N. A. Bacterial Systematics. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  29. ↑ Hui, Yiu H. Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering, Volume 4. 
  30. ↑ Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology (Y. H. Hui, Lisbeth Meunier-Goddik, Jytte Josephsen, Wai-Kit Nip, Peggy S. Stanfield ed.). 
  31. ↑ SONI. FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY VOL-1. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, Volumes 85-86. Illinois State Academy of Science. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  33. ↑ Foster, W. D. A History of Medical Bacteriology and Immunology. Retrieved 14 February 2018. 
  34. ↑ K. Altman, Lawrence. Who Goes First?: The Story of Self-Experimentation in Medicine. 
  35. ↑ Damani, Nizam. Manual of Infection Prevention and Control. Retrieved 15 February 2018. 
  36. ↑ Christodoulides, Myron. Meningitis: Cellular and Molecular Basis. Retrieved 15 February 2018. 
  37. ↑ Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections. 
  38. ↑ Austrian, Robert. Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library. 
  39. ↑ Roos, Karen L.; Tunkel, Allan R. Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System. 
  40. ↑ Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 114, No. 5, 1970. 
  41. ↑ Artenstein, Andrew W. Vaccines: A Biography. 
  42. ↑ Benedict, Carol Ann. Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-century China. 
  43. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew; Williams, Perry. The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine. 
  44. ↑ Simpson, W. J. A Treatise on Plague: Dealing with the Historical, Epidemiological, Clinical, Therapeutic and Preventive Aspects of the Disease. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Shiga Kiyoshi". britannica.com. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  46. ↑ Martinez, Danielle. "Shigellosis". austincc.edu. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  47. ↑ Grove, David. Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections. 
  48. ↑ Strider, D. L. Bacterial Canker of Tomato Caused by Corynebacterium Michiganense: A Literature Review and Bibliography. 
  49. ↑ BAGYARAJ, D. J.; RANGASWAMI, G. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY. 
  50. ↑ Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Third Edition (Bonnie H. Ownley, Robert N. Trigiano ed.). 
  51. ↑ "Erwin Frink Smith". Apsnet.org. Retrieved 2018-02-15. 
  52. ↑ Rogers, A. D. III (1952). Erwini Frink Smith. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. 31. p. 675. 
  53. ↑ Hessenbruch, Arne. Reader's Guide to the History of Science. 
  54. ↑ New Scientist 1 Mar 1984. 
  55. ↑ Pommerville, Jeffrey C. Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology. 
  56. ↑ Leth Stone, Carol. The Basics of Biology. 
  57. ↑ Nickerson, Cheryl A.; Schurr, Michael. Molecular Paradigms of Infectious Disease: A Bacterial Perspective. 
  58. ↑ Chao, Hsiang-Ke; Chen, Szu-Ting; Millstein, Roberta L. Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "TIMELINE". microbiologysociety.org. Retrieved 7 April 2018. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Yount, Lisa. A to Z of Biologists. 
  61. ↑ Kratz, Rene. Microbiology the Easy Way. 
  62. ↑ Newton, David E. DNA Technology: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook. 
  63. ↑ Bourgeois, Suzanne. Genesis of the Salk Institute: The Epic of Its Founders. 
  64. ↑ Schaechter, Moselio. Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology. 
  65. ↑ Khanna, Pragya. Cell and Molecular Biology. 
  66. ↑ Russell, Peter. Int Std Ed-General Biology. 
  67. ↑ Clayton, Roderick K.; Sistrom, W. R. The Photosynthetic Bacteria. 
  68. ↑ Madigan, Michael T. Studies on the Physiological Ecology of Chloroflexus Aurantiacus, a Filamentous Photosynthetic Bacterium. 
  69. ↑ Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. PMC 432104Freely accessible. PMID 270744. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. 
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