Timeline of cognitive behavioral therapy

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This is a timeline of cognitive behavioral therapy. CBT has been shown to be effective in over 350 outcome studies for myriad psychiatric disorders.[1]

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1950s–1960s Behavioral therapy becomes widely utilized by researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa, who are inspired by the behaviorist learning theory of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Clark L. Hull.[2]
1960s CBT is first developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck, who formulates the idea for the therapy after noticing that many of his patients have internal dialogues that were almost a form of them talking to themselves. He also observes that his patients’ thoughts often impact their feelings, and he calls these emotionally-loaded thoughts “automatic thoughts.” Martin also explains that Beck originally names CBT “cognitive therapy,” because it focuses on each patient’s thought process.[3]
1970s–1980s An increasing interest in CBT takes place in the period.[4]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
1897 Scientific development Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov describes the principles of the conditioned reflex, which, unlike an innate reflex, is only acquired after a period of cerebral learning.[5][6]
1911 Scientific development American psychologist Edward Thorndike develops the theory of law of effect, which addresses the idea of a consequence having an effect on behavior. Thorndike decides to look into this phenomenon by doing research with cats.[7][8][9]
1920 Scientific development Groundbreaking work of behaviorism happens when John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner at Johns Hopkins University conduct the Little Albert experiment, a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. This study is also an example of stimulus generalization.[10][11]
1924 Scientific development Behaviorally-centered therapeutic approaches appear when American developmental psychologist Mary Cover Jones, a John B. Watson former student, conducts an investigation of the effectiveness of counterconditioning or deconditioning to eliminate anxiety with a 3-year-old boy named Little Peter, who was gradually exposed to a rabbit by means of a rudimentary form of systemic desensitization.[2][12][13][14]
1950s Therapy development South African psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe develops his behavioral therapy.[10] South Africa
1953 Scientific development American scientists Ogden Lindsley, B. F. Skinner, and Harry C. Solomon refer to their use of operant conditioning principles with hospitalized psychotic patients as "behavior therapy".[15] United States
1953 Therapy development American clinical psychologist Albert Ellis in New York establishes the foundations of his Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT).[16][17] United States
1958 Literature Joseph Wolpe publishes his Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition, in which he revealed his ideas. Wolpe claims that it is possible to treat the symptoms of anxiety or phobias by teaching patients to relax and confront their fears. The book is met with skepticism and disdain by the psychiatric community.[18] South Africa
1958 Literature Albert Ellis publishes Rational Psychotherapy, a brief paper marking the beginning of cognitive therapies.[19] United States
1958 Literature The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior is established.[20]
1959 Scientific development German-born English psychologist Hans Eysenck uses the term "behavior therapy" to refer to a new therapeutic approach based upon the application of "modern learning theory" to the tratment of psychological disorders.[15] United Kingdom
1959 Therapy development Applied behavior analysis originates with Teodoro Ayllon and Jack Michael's study "The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer" that they submit to the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) as part of their doctoral dissertation at the University of Houston[21] United States
1960s Scientific development American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck, in Philadelphia, becomes interested in determining the factors involved in the development and maintenance of depression. Beck is widely regarded as the father of cognitive behavioral therapy.[4]
1961 Scientific development Canadian-American psychologist Albert Bandura conducts a research study that analyzes the way children learn from observing. Bandura concludes hypothesizing that the "subjects exposed to aggressive models would reproduce aggressive acts resembling those of their models and would differ in this respect both from subjects who served nonaggressive models and from those who had no prior exposure to any models".[22]
1962 Therapy development Rational emotive therapy is described by Ellis. The therapy would be later known as Rational emotive behaviour therapy.[23]
1963 Scientific development American professor Arthur Staats publishes his first treatise on what would be a lifelong mission to develop a unified theory of psychology.[24] United States
1963 Scientific development Aaron T. Beck formulates his initial cognitive model of depression in papers.[4] United States
1967 Literature Aaron T. Beck elaborates his theory on depression in his book Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects.[4] United States
1968 Literature The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis is established at the University of Kansas.[25] United States
1969 Literature An early "cognitive behaviour" text appears with the publication of Principles of Behaviour Modification, by A. Bandura, which argues that certain therapeutic processes, such as covert modelling, are better conceived of as cognitive processes rather than behavioural conditioning.[26]
1970 Literature Masters and Johnson publish Human Sexual Inadequacy, a book that would sparkle hundreds of articles on CBT.[27]
1971 Scientific development Thomas D’Zurilla and Marvin Goldfried publish a comprehensive review of the relevant theory and research related to real-life problem solving. Problem-solving skills refer to the set of cognitive-behavioral activities by which a person attempts to discover or develop effective solutions or ways of coping with real-life problems.[28]
1976 Literature Aaron T. Beck publishes Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders.[4] United States
1977 Therapy development Self-control therapy (SCT) is developed for application with depressed populations.[23]
1977 Literature Journal Behavior Modification is established.[29]
1978 Literature Journal Perspectives on Behavior Science is established.[30]
1979 Literature Philip C. Kendall and Steven D. Hollon publish Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions: Theory, Research and Prodecures.[26]
1979 Literature Aaron T. Beck, A. John Rush, Brian F. Shaw, and Gary Emery publish Cognitive Therapy of Depression.[31] United States
1980 Literature Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy is published by David D. Burns, soon popularizing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[32]
1980 Scientific development Nezu and colleagues focus their research activities on the relationship between problem solving and clinical depression, an effort resulting in the development of both a conceptual model of depression and an adapted version of Problem Solving Therapy for depression.[28]
Early 1980s Therapy development American psychologist Donald Meichenbaum develops stress inoculation training.[33] United States
1982 Therapy development Steven C. Hayes develops Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in order to create a mixed approach which integrates both cognitive and behavioral therapy.[34]
1984 Therapy development Coping with Depression (CWD) is developed and evaluated as a group intervention for depression.[23]
Late 1980s Therapy development Dialectical behavior therapy, a modified form of CBT, is developed by Marsha M. Linehan,[35] a psychology researcher at the University of Washington, to treat people with borderline personality disorder and chronically suicidal individuals.[36] United States
1990 Literature The earliest paper on the subject of clinical effectiveness of Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) in treatment of depression is published.[37]
1996 Literature The first formal description for individual CBT for bipolar disorder is published.[38]
1999 Therapy development CBT is suggested for treatment of internet addiction.[39]
Late 1990s Therapy development Inference-based therapy is developed as a form of cognitive therapy for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder.[40][41]
2000 Scientific development CBT is found to be more effective than interpersonal psychotherapy in reducing objective binge episodes.[42]
2000 Scientific development The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines indicate that, among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy have the best-documented efficacy for treatment of major depressive disorder.[43] United States
2001 Scientific development Meta-analyses examining the efficacy of psychological treatments for schizophrenia reveals a beneficial effect of CBT on positive symptoms (i.e., delusions and/or hallucinations) of schizophrenia.[44]
2004 Scientific development According to a review by INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) of three methods, cognitive behavioral therapy is either "proven" or "presumed" to be an effective therapy on several specific mental disorders.[45] France
2004 Scientific development CBT for bulimia nervosa is given an "A" evidence grade by the United Kingdom's National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines, which indicates that CBT is an evidence-based treatment supported by multiple randomized control trials.[46]
2005 Scientific development Study finds evidence that CBT is a particularly promising adjunct to pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia patients who suffer from an acute episode of psychosis rather than a more chronic condition.[44]
2008 Literature Rhena Branch and Rob Willson publish Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Workbook For Dummies.[47]
2012 Scientific development According to Cox, Lyn Yvonne Abramson, Patricia Devine, and Hollon, cognitive behavioral therapy can also be used to reduce prejudice towards others. This other-directed prejudice can cause depression in the "others", or in the self when a person becomes part of a group he or she previously had prejudice towards (i.e. deprejudice).[48]
2012 Scientific development Randomized controlled trial shows Compassion-focused therapy to be a safe and clinically effective treatment option for psychosis patients.[49]
2013 Literature Kenneth A. Perkins, Cynthia A. Conklin, and Michele D. Levine publish Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation.[50]
2013 Scientific development Study finds strong efficacy for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. There is also evidence for the efficacy of CBT for cannabis dependence.[44]
2014 Scientific development The British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends preventive CBT.[51][52]
2015 Scientific development A meta-analysis reveals that the positive effects of CBT on depression have been declining since 1977. The overall results show two different declines in effect sizes: 1) an overall decline between 1977 and 2014, and 2) a steeper decline between 1995 and 2014. Additional sub-analysis reveal that CBT studies where therapists in the test group were instructed to adhere to the Beck CBT manual had a steeper decline in effect sizes since 1977 than studies where therapists in the test group were instructed to use CBT without a manual. The authors reported that they were unsure why the effects were declining but did list inadequate therapist training, failure to adhere to a manual, lack of therapist experience, and patients' hope and faith in its efficacy waning as potential reasons. The authors did mention that the current study was limited to depressive disorders only.[53]
2017 Scientific development Study reports CBT showing an advantage over interpersonal psychotherapy for major depression disorders.[54]
2018 Scientific development Study finds CBT and psychoeducation to be effective treatment modalities in dialysis patients; however, psychoeducation is found to achieve more significant alleviation from depression. Referring patients to psychoeducation is recommended.[55]

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See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Bieling, Peter J.; McCabe, Randi E.; Antony, Martin M. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Groups. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rachman, S (1997). "The evolution of cognitive behaviour therapy". In Clark, D; Fairburn, CG; Gelder, MG. Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-19-262726-1. 
  3. ↑ "The Development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". foundationsrecoverynetwork.com. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Sudak, Donna M.; Trent Codd, R.; Fox, Marci G.; Ludgate, John W.; Sokol, Leslie; Reiser, Robert P.; Milne, Derek L. Teaching and Supervising Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. 
  5. ↑ Vincent, Jean-Didier; Lledo, Pierre-Marie. The Custom-Made Brain: Cerebral Plasticity, Regeneration, and Enhancement. 
  6. ↑ A Study Guide for Psychologists and Their Theories for Students: IVAN PAVLOV. Gale. 
  7. ↑ Cash, Adam. Psychology For Dummies. 
  8. ↑ Causal Learning: Advances in Research and Theory. 
  9. ↑ Saugstad, Per. A History of Modern Psychology. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Trull, T. J. (2007). Clinical psychology (7th Ed). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
  11. ↑ "John B. Watson Biography". psychologicalharassment.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. 
  12. ↑ Freeman, Arthur. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. 
  13. ↑ Klein, Stephen B. Learning: Principles and Applications. 
  14. ↑ Jones, M. C. (1924). "The Elimination of Children's Fears". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 7 (5): 382–390. doi:10.18037/h0072283. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Franks, Cyril M. New Developments in Behavior Therapy: From Research to Clinical Application. 
  16. ↑ Personality Theories. p. 428. 
  17. ↑ Dryden, Windy. Dryden's Handbook of Individual Therapy. 
  18. ↑ "Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition". books.google.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. 
  19. ↑ "Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice". oxfordscholarship.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. 
  20. ↑ "The Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior at Zero, Fifty, and One Hundred". doi:10.1901/jeab.2008.89-111. 
  21. ↑ Pierce, W. David; Cheney, Carl D. (June 16, 2017) [1995]. Behavior Analysis and Learning: A Biobehavioral Approach (6 ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 978-1138898585. 
  22. ↑ Hardaway, Robert M. The Great American Housing Bubble: The Road to Collapse. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Hunot, V; Moore, THM; Caldwell, D; Davies, P; Jones, H; Furukawa, TA; Lewis, G; Churchill, R. "Cognitive behavioural therapies versus treatment as usual for depression (Protocol)". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008699. 
  24. ↑ "Why a Unified Theory of Psychology Is Impossible". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. 
  25. ↑ Baer, Donald M. (1993). "A brief, selective history of the Department of Human Development and Family Life at the University of Kansas: The early years". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 26 (4): 569–570. PMC 1297894Freely accessible. PMID 16795815. doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-569. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cognitive Behaviour Therapies (Windy Dryden ed.). 
  27. ↑ Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy (L.E. Beutler, Karen Simon ed.). 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Nezu, Arthur M.; Nezu, Christine Maguth; D’Zurilla, Thomas J. "Problem-Solving Therapy" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2019. 
  29. ↑ "Behavior Modification". journals.sagepub.com. Retrieved 3 May 2019. 
  30. ↑ "Perspectives on Behavior Science". abainternational.org. Retrieved 3 May 2019. 
  31. ↑ "Cognitive Therapy of Depression". books.google.com. 
  32. ↑ "History of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy". National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2019. 
  33. ↑ "Addiction A-Z". addiction.com. Retrieved 6 April 2019. 
  34. ↑ Freeman, Arthur (2010). Cognitive and Behavioral Theories in Clinical Practice. Newyork, NY: The Guilford Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-60623-342-9. 
  35. ↑ "What is DBT?". The Linehan Institute. Retrieved 2 May 2019. 
  36. ↑ Linehan, Marsha M. (2014). "DBT Skills Training Manual" (PDF). www.guilford.com (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Retrieved 2 May 2019. 
  37. ↑ "Brief Discussion on Current Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". link.springer.com. Retrieved 20 March 2019. 
  38. ↑ Bieling, Peter J.; McCabe, Randi E.; Antony, Martin M. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Groups. 
  39. ↑ Smith, Robert L. Treatment Strategies for Substance Abuse and Process Addictions. 
  40. ↑ O'Connor, K., & Robillard, S. (1995). Inference processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Some clinical observations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 887-96.
  41. ↑ O'Connor, K., & Robillard, S. (1999). A cognitive approach to the treatment of primary inferences in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13, 359-75.
  42. ↑ Stewart Agras, W.; Walsh, B. Timothy; Fairburn, Christopher G. "A Multicenter Comparison of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Bulimia Nervosa". doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.5.459. 
  43. ↑ Hirschfeld, Robert M.A. (2006). "Guideline Watch: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder, 2nd Edition" (PDF). APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches. 1. ISBN 978-0-89042-336-3. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Hofmann, Stefan G.; Asnaani, Anu; Vonk, Imke J.J.; Sawyer, Alice T.; Fang, Angela. "The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses". PMID 23459093. doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1. 
  45. ↑ INSERM Collective Expertise Centre (2000). "Psychotherapy: Three approaches evaluated". PMID 21348158. 
  46. ↑ Zweig, Rene D.; Leahy, Robert L. Treatment Plans and Interventions for Bulimia and Binge-Eating Disorder. 
  47. ↑ "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Workbook For Dummies". books.google.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. 
  48. ↑ Cox, W. T. L.; Abramson, L. Y.; Devine, P. G.; Hollon, S. D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427–49. PMID 26168502. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. 
  49. ↑ Braehler, Christine; Gumley, Andrew; Harper, Janice; Wallace, Sonia; Norrie, John; Gilbert, Paul (24 October 2012). "Exploring change processes in compassion focused therapy in psychosis: Results of a feasibility randomized controlled trial". Clinical Psychology. 52 (2): 199–214. PMID 24215148. doi:10.1111/bjc.12009. 
  50. ↑ Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation. 
  51. ↑ "Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: updated NICE guidance for 2014". National Elf Service. 2019-03-19. 
  52. ↑ "Psychosis and schizophrenia". nice.org.uk. 
  53. ↑ Johnsen, TJ; Friborg, O (July 2015). "The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis.". Psychological Bulletin. 141 (4): 747–68. PMID 25961373. doi:10.1037/bul0000015. 
  54. ↑ Zhou, She-Gang; Hou, Yan-Fei; Liu, Ding; Zhang, Xiao-Yuan. "Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". PMC 5717864Freely accessible. PMID 29176143. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.219149. Retrieved 3 May 2019. 
  55. ↑ Al saraireh, Faris A.; Aloush, Sami M.; Azzam, Manar Al; Bashtawy, Mohammed Al. "The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Psychoeducation in the Management of Depression among Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis". doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1406022. 
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