Timeline of mRNA research
From Timelines
This is a timeline of mRNA research. Today, mRNA is a widely recognized and potent tool for generating antigen-specific immunity in the field of vaccines and immunotherapy.[1]
Contents
Sample questions
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Big picture
| Time period | Development summary | More details |
|---|---|---|
| 1989–2001 | Early research | "In the 1990s, mRNA vaccines for personalized cancer have been developed, relying on non-nucleoside modified mRNA. mRNA based therapies continue to be investigated as a method of treatment or therapy for both cancer as well as auto-immune, metabolic, and respiratory inflammatory diseases. Gene editing therapies such as CRISPR may also benefit from using mRNA to induce cells to make the desired Cas protein."[2] |
| 2001–2020 | Development | "Since the 2010s, RNA vaccines and other RNA therapeutics have been considered to be "a new class of drugs.""[3] |
| 2020 onwards | Acceleration |
Full timeline
| Year | Month and date | Event type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | "In 1909, Paul Ehrlich suggested that the immune system may suppress tumor development. Today his prediction is coming true—one of the most exciting and promising applications for synthetic mRNA is immunotherapy for cancer. Because of its great potential, this field has attracted many talented researchers and led to many scholarly publications."[1] | ||
| 1950 | "In 1950, it was first hypothesized that RNA was synthesized in the nucleus and then transferred into the cytoplasm, where it was aggregating with other molecules (Jeener and Szafarz 1950)"[4] | ||
| 1960 | The idea of mRNA is first conceived by Sydney Brenner and Francis Crick on 15 April 1960 at King's College, Cambridge, while François Jacob tells them about a recent experiment conducted by Arthur Pardee, himself, and Jacques Monod.[5] | ||
| 1961 | "A better appreciation of the role of RNA was gained in 1961 when three publications revolutionized the way gene function was perceived by establishing messenger RNA (mRNA) as an information carrier in a transitional stage towards the synthesis of protein (Brenner et al. 1961; Gros et al. 1961; Jacob and Monod 1961)"[4] | ||
| 1983 | "It was not until the mid-1980s that the first elements of the answer were identified when it was reported that the actin mRNA in ascidian oocytes and embryos was asymmetrically distrib�uted (Jeffery et al. 1983)"[4] | ||
| 1989 | mRNA as a therapeutic is first put forward "after the development of a broadly applicable in vitro transfection technique."[6] | ||
| 1990 | "The use of mRNA as a genetic vector is theoretically attractive because mRNA does not integrate into the genome, is immediately available for translation to make protein, and provides a transient signal, a feature that is desirable for some applications. The demon�stration that mRNA could, in fact, function in this capacity came in 1990, not long after the initial attempts at DNA-based gene ther�apy, when Wolff et al. injected naked mRNA encoding chloram�phenicol acetyl transferase into the skeletal muscle of mice and observed specific protein expression [6]."[1] | ||
| 1990 | "The first report of the successful use of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA in animals was published in 1990, when reporter gene mRNAs were injected into mice and protein production was detected"[7] | ||
| 1992 | "The use of mRNA as a genetic vector is theoretically attractive because mRNA does not integrate into the genome, is immediately available for translation to make protein, and provides a transient signal, a feature that is desirable for some applications. The demon�stration that mRNA could, in fact, function in this capacity came in 1990, not long after the initial attempts at DNA-based gene ther�apy, when Wolff et al. injected naked mRNA encoding chloram�phenicol acetyl transferase into the skeletal muscle of mice and observed specific protein expression [6]. This was followed in 1992 by a study in which injection of a naked, synthetic mRNA encoding arginine vasopressin into the hypothalami of Brattleboro rats cured the chronic diabetes insipidus suffered by this strain [7]."[1] | ||
| 1992 | "A subsequent study in 1992 demonstrated that administration of vasopressin-encoding mRNA in the hypothalamus could elicit a physiological response in rats"[7][8] | ||
| 1993 | "Then in 1993, Martinon et al. showed that subcutaneous injection of liposome-encapsidated mRNA encoding the influenza virus nucleoprotein induced anti-influenza cytotoxic T lymphocytes [8]."[1] | ||
| 1997 | Roberts and Szostak show that fusions between a synthetic mRNA and its encoded myc epitope could be enriched from a pool of random sequence mRNA-polypeptide fusions by immunoprecipitation.[9] | ||
| 2020 | December | Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna obtain authorization for their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. |
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How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
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What the timeline is still missing
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See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rhoads, Robert E. (2016). Synthetic MRNA: Production, Introduction Into Cells, and Physiological Consequences. Springer New York. ISBN 978-1-4939-3625-0.
- ↑ "The mRNA revolution: How COVID-19 hit fast-forward on an experimental technology". New Atlas. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ↑ Kowalska, J; Wypijewska del Nogal, A; Darzynkiewicz, ZM; Buck, J; Nicola, C; Kuhn, AN; Lukaszewicz, M; Zuberek, J; Strenkowska, M; Ziemniak, M; Maciejczyk, M; Bojarska, E; Rhoads, RE; Darzynkiewicz, E; Sahin, U; Jemielity, J (2014). "Synthesis, properties, and biological activity of boranophosphate analogs of the mRNA cap: versatile tools for manipulation of therapeutically relevant cap-dependent processes.". Nucleic acids research. 42 (16): 10245–64. PMID 25150148. doi:10.1093/nar/gku757.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Oeffinger, Marlene; Zenklusen, Daniel (6 December 2019). The Biology of mRNA: Structure and Function. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-31434-7.
- ↑ Cobb M (29 June 2015). "Who discovered messenger RNA?". Current Biology. 25 (13): R526–R532. PMID 26126273. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.032
.
- ↑ Schlake T, Thess A, Fotin-Mleczek M, Kallen KJ (November 2012). "Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies". RNA Biology. 9 (11): 1319–30. PMC 3597572. PMID 23064118. doi:10.4161/rna.22269.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pardi, Norbert; Hogan, Michael J.; Porter, Frederick W.; Weissman, Drew (April 2018). "mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. pp. 261–279. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.243. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ↑ Jirikowski, Gustav F.; Sanna, Pietro Paolo; Maciejewski-Lenoir, Dominique; Bloom, Floyd E. (21 February 1992). "Reversal of Diabetes Insipidus in Brattleboro Rats: Intrahypothalamic Injection of Vasopressin mRNA". Science. 255 (5047): 996–998. doi:10.1126/science.1546298.
- ↑ Roberts RW, Szostak JW (1997). "RNA-peptide fusions for the in vitro selection of peptides and proteins". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94 (23): 12297–302. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9412297R. PMC 24913. PMID 9356443. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12297.
