Timeline of bicycle sharing systems

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This is a timeline of bicycle sharing systems.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1960s Bike sharing dates back to this decade, with the introducction of the first system in Amsterdam.
1970s Many city governments and non-governmental organizations start attending the creation of bike sharing systems and begin to consider them as part of the public transport system.[1]
1990s The docking station-ID system develops as the next generation, which requires a user being identified.[2]
2010s "bike-sharing services are now seemingly ubiquitous in many major cities. The propagation of “dockless” systems, shared bicycles that can be parked nearly anywhere, has led to unprecedented growth, increasing the number of publicly accessible bikes from 1.2 million worldwide in 2015 to more than 16 million in China alone in just two years."[3]

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details Location
1965 "In Amsterdam, a group of activists introduce the Witte Fietsen, or White Bikes—dozens of regular bicycles that were painted white and left unlocked for anyone to use and leave behind for the next person. After many of the bikes are stolen or damaged, the program is quickly shut down—and considered a massive failure." Wittefietsenplan (WhiteBikes). "Luud Schimmelpennink – considered the father of the bike share - helped paint set of white bicycles in Amsterdam and left them out in public for everyone to use. In reality, the program wasn’t a business offering, but a political statement of concern for pollution and against the growing number of cars in the city."[4][5] Netherlands (Amsterdam)
1974 System launch Vélos Jaunes program in La Rochelle introduces 350 bicycles.[6] France (La Rochelle)
1975 The idea of a bicycle sharing system is illustrated in Ernest Callenbach's novel Ecotopia, a utopian novel of a society that does not use fossil fuels. Callenbach describes a system available to inhabitants and integrated as part of the public transportation system.[7]
1991 System launch A second generation of bike-sharing program launches in Farsø and Grenå, Denmark.[8] Denmark
1995 System launch Having taken 30 years for another major city to attempt a large-scale public bike program, Bycyklen, or City Bikes, launches in Copenhagen as the first large-scale second generation bike-sharing program, with many improvements over the previous generation.[8] This system allows users to access sturdy, shared bicycles at specific locations throughout the city via a coin-operated system. Despite clear improvements over Amsterdam’s White Bikes, thefts and vandalism still plague the program, in addition to problems in funding. The system eventually flourish, featuring fixed docks, where riders deposit money to unlock the bikes. Riders would then get their deposit back after returning the bike to a dock.[4][5] Denmark (Copenhaguen)
1996 "The first of this new breed of 3rd generation bike-sharing programs was Bikeabout

in 1996 at Portsmouth University in England, where students could use a magnetic stripe card to rent a bike (Black and Potter undated)"[8] "Bikeabout, a small bike-share system limited to students at Portsmouth University in the U.K., is the first to come up with a solution to the theft problem—users had to swipe an individualized magnetic-stripe card to borrow a bike, which allowed them to be tracked when they weren’t returned."[5] ||

1998 System launch "In 1998, Rennes, France, launched “Vélos à la carte,” introducing the third-generation of bike-sharing replacing coin-access with smart card access" "Vélo à la Carte in Rennes, France, is the first city-scale bike-share program to use magnetic-stripe cards and RFID technology. " Vélo a la Carte launches in Rennes, France. The bikes were free to use, and have fixed docks in certain location.[4][5][9] France (Rennes)
2000 A number of researches relative to bicycle-sharing schemes emerges.[10]
2000 April System launch The Buga system launches in Aveiro.[11] Portugal
2003 June System launch Citybike Wien launches in Vienna. [12] Austria (Vienna)
2003 System launch Oslo Bysykkel is launched.[13] Norway
2005 System launch Advertising company JCDecaux partners with the city of Lyon, France, to launch Vélo’v, a similarly “smart” bike-share system with 1,500 bikes.[5] France
2005 "In 2005, the city of Lyon, France, introduced “Lyon Vélo’v,” with bikes equipped with electronic components allowing for the bike to be identified by the stations, the distance traveled and conditions of the bikes (lights, dynamo, brakes, etc.) to be tracked, and detailed statistics about bike usage collected. "[9]
2006 April System launch Stockholm City bikes is introduced.[14] Sweden
2007 March 22 System launch Bicing is launched in Barcelona.[15] Spain
2007 ", Paris launches the 6,000-bike Vélib’ "[5]
2007–2017 "Bicycle-sharing schemes (BSSs) are experiencing a major breakthrough in cities at a global scale. Of the estimated 1,600 schemes in operation in 2017, approximately 95 percent were launched since 2007, with more than 200 in 2017 alone."[3]
2007 December Statistics There are about 60 third generation programs globally by the time.[8]
2008 System launch "Washington, D.C., launches SmartBike DC, a 10-station, 120-bike pilot program that is the first modern bike-share system in the U.S. Like Barcelona’s, it uses the same Clear Channel technology developed for Rennes’s Vélo à la Carte."[5]
2008 System launch "In Montréal, a government-owned company known as Bixi pilots its own system with innovative, robust bicycles and a modular docking system."[5]
2008 July 31 System launch Cicloteque launches in Bucharest.[16] Romania
2008 "2008 saw the rise of bikes in the U.S with similar features, so-called commuter bikes, which are geared directly at riders looking to use bicycles for daily work and study travel."[17]
2008 Outside Europe, bike-sharing finally began to take hold in 2008,

with new programs in Brazil, Chile, China, New Zealand, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Each was the first 3rd generation bike-sharing program for the countries.[8]

2008 October System launch Hangzhou Public Bicycle launches. It is one of the world’s largest, with more than 78,000 bicycles.[5] China (Hangzhou)
2008 December 8 System launch BikeMi [18] Italy (Milan)
2008 "By the end of 2008, there were about 92 programs (DeMaio 2008a)"[8]
2009 March China Shanghai[45][46][47][48] Forever Bicycle March 2009
2009 May 19 System launch Villo! launches in Brussels.[19] Belgium
2009 September System launch Dublin Bikes launches.[20] Ireland
2009 November System launch YouBike is launched in Taipei.[21] Taiwan (Taipei)
2010 January China Wuxi Wuxibike January 2010 China
2010 March 22 System launch Cyclocity Toyama launches.[22] Japan
2010 June System launch Melbourne Bike Share is introduced.[23] Australia (Melbourne)
2010 July 30 System launch Santander Cycles launches.[24] United Kingdom (London)
2010 System launch EcoBici launches in Buenos Aires.[25] Argentina (Buenos Aires)
2010 System launch EcoBici is launched in Mexico City.[26]
2010 "In 2010, Oliver O'Brien, a researcher at the Department of Geography at UCL (University College London) working with digital cartography and data visualization, created a Bike Share Map. Updated in real time, the map shows the location of bike share stations in 150 cities across the world, and has become one of the easiest ways for users to get updated on information on their local bike programs."[27]
2011 March System launch Ecovolis launches in Tirana.[28]
2011 April China Xi'an Xianbicycle April 2011
2011 May Statistics There are around 375 bike-sharing systems worldwide, comprising 236,000 bicycles.[1]
2011 May 12 System launch BicikeLJ is introduced in Ljubljana.[29]
2011 June System launch "China Fuzhou Fuzhou Public Bicycle"
2011 October System launch EasyBike launches in Nicosia.[30] Cyprus
2011 System launch EnCicla launches in Medellin.[31] Colombia
2011 July System launch NS Bike launches in Novi Sad.[32] Serbia
2012 System launch Bikesampa launches in Sao Paulo.[33] Brazil (Sao Paulo)
2012 April "China Huizhou Guangzhou Huimin April 2012"
2012 May System launch Houston B-cycle launches in Houston.[34] United States (Houston)
2012 August 1 System launch Veturilo is launched in Warsaw.[35] Poland
2012 System launch BiciQ launches in Quito.[36] Ecuador
2012 Pun Pun Bike Share[37] and CU Bike are introduced in Bangkok.
2012 Statistics As of date, the biggest sharing system peograms are in Wuhan and Hangzhou, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bikes respectively.[1] China
2013 March Research A study published in the American Journal of Public Health reports observing an increase in cycling and health benefits where bicycle sharing systems are run.[38][39]
2013 April Statistics There are around 535 bike-sharing systems, made of an estimated fleet of 517,000 bicycles.[1] Worldwide
2013 May 27 System launch Citi Bike launches in New York City "New York’s bike-share system launches with 6,000 bikes and a first-of-its-kind funding model that uses no public dollars, fully paid for by corporate sponsorships."[5][40][41][42][43][44] United States (New York City)
2013 June System launch Velobike is launched in Moscow.[45] Russia
2013 July Statistics As of date, the systems with the higher market penetration are Vélib' in Paris with 1 buke per 97 inhabitants, Vélo'v in Lyon with 1 bike per 121 residents, and Hangzou in China with 1 per 145.[1]
2013 System launch Rekola launches in Prague.[46] Czechia
2013 System launch Weifang Public Bicycle launches.[47] China (Weifang)
2013 System launch Bikesantiago launches in Santiago.[48] Chile
2013 November "China Lhasa November 2013"
2013 Statistics "Globally, 2013 saw a 60 percent increase in the number of programs, with 65 new bike-share launches in China alone. The number of bike-share bikes worldwide hits 700,000."[5]
2014 April System launch BuBi launches in Budapest.[49] Hungary
2014 May Whitebikes launches in Bratislava
2014 June Statistics Public bike-sharing systems operate in 50 countries on five continents, including 712 cities, operating approximately 806,200 bicycles at 37,500 stations.[1] Worldwide
2014 July 16 Orania Openbare Fietsprojek is introduced in Orania. South Africa
2014 December System launch ADCB Bikeshare launches in Abu Dhabi.[50] United Arab Emirates
2014 Infrastructure Madrid becomes the first European city to offer an all-electric bicycle program.[51] Spain
2015 January 27 Organization Mobike is founded. It is, by the number of bicycles, the world's largest shared (for hire) bicycle operator. China
2015 Statistics The number of bike-share bicycles hits an estimated 1,000,000 worldwide. China is by far the leader in the sheer number of bicycles.[5] "By the end of 2014, the number of shared bikes in the world amounted to almost one million. China led the charts with more than 750,000 shared bikes in 237 cities, followed by France with almost 43,000 bikes in 38 cities. Britain was seventh highest with almost 11,000 bikes."[52]
2015 April 23 System launch Indego launches in Philadelphia.[53] United States
2015 October 15 System launch Ddareungi launches in Seoul.[54] South Korea
2015 Research A study published in the journal Transportation concludes that bike sharing systems can be grouped into behaviourally similar categories based upon their size, where larger systems display greater behavioural heterogeneity amongst their stations, and smaller systems generally have stations which all behave similarly in terms of their daily utilization patterns.[55]
2016 April System launch Tel-O-Fun launches in Tel Aviv.[56] Israel
2016 June System launch Almatybike launches in Almaty.[57] Kazakhstan
2016 July 7 System launch Metro Bike Share is introduced in Los Angeles.[58] California
2016 Environmental impact "In Shanghai, in 2016, bike sharing systems cut down carbon dioxide (CO2) by 25,240 tons."[2]
2016 December Research Publication claim that bike-share programs fail to reach more low-income communities.[59]
2017 May System launch Helsinki City Bikes launches.[60] Finland
2017 December Statistics An estimated 16 million bikes on China’s streets transport about 130 million registered users.[61] China
2017 Research It is found that bicycle sharing annual memberships in the United States make up for more than 96% of total trips made in the country.[51] United States
2017 Research Studies in Beijing and Shanghai link the massive increase of dockless bike shares to the decrease in the number of private automobile trips that are less than five kilometers.[62] China
2018 January 1 System launch Vélib' Métropole launches in Paris.[63] France (Paris)
2018 System launch JoBike launches in Dhaka.[64] Bangladesh (Dhaka)
2018 August 15 System launch Nextbike is introduced in Kiev.[65] Ukraine
2018 August Statistics As of date, Mobike operates in over 200 cities and 19 countries around the world.[66][67]

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See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Bicycle Sharing Systems" (PDF). rep.bntu.by. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Can Bike-Sharing Programs Fight Climate Change?". thebalancesmb.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Moon, Christopher; Sharpin, Anna Bray; De La Lanza, Iván; Khan, Azra; Lo Re, Luca; Maassen, Anne. "The Evolution of Bike Sharing: 10 Questions on the Emergence of New Technologies, Opportunities, and Risks". wri.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Walker, Bradley. "A brief history of bike sharing". 360.here.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 "THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM". citylab.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  6. ↑ "La Rochelle 1974 une ville cyclable française en avance sur son temps". alsace-velo.fr. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  7. ↑ Callenbach, Ernest (1975). Ecotopia. Ernest Callenbach (first self-published as Banyan Tree Books). p. 181. ISBN 978-0-553-34847-7. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future". scholarcommons.usf.edu. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Colin, Benoit. "Four generations of bike-sharing". thecityfix.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  10. ↑ "Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future". doi:10.5038/2375-0901.12.4.3. 
  11. ↑ Allen, Adriana; You, Nicholas. Sustainable Urbanisation: Bridging the Green and Brown Agendas. 
  12. ↑ "2018 Anniversary Year: Citybike Wien celebrates its 15th anniversary". gewista.at. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  13. ↑ "Smile, you are on a City Bike". underconsideration.com. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  14. ↑ "Stockholm on City Bikes". viewstockholm.com. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  15. ↑ "Barcelona bicycle numbers". barcelonabicycle.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  16. ↑ "CYCLING ON THE RISE" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  17. ↑ John Markoff (2002-10-10). "Big Hopes for Commuting by Bike". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  18. ↑ "Clear Channel Jolly launches BikeMi". smartbike.com. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2019. 
  19. ↑ "Villo! bike sharing relieves public transport in Brussels (Belgium)". eltis.org. Retrieved 30 June 2019. 
  20. ↑ "One million journeys". dublinbikes.ie. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  21. ↑ "Taichung to launch iBike system". focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  22. ↑ "Japan: launch of Cyclocity in Toyama". jcdecaux.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  23. ↑ "Australian bike hire schemes fail because of helmet laws". cycle-helmets.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  24. ↑ "Cycle hire scheme celebrates best ever month of hires". tfl.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  25. ↑ "Nuevo sistema automático de Ecobici". buenosaires.gob.ar. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  26. ↑ "Ecobici: Official Bike Sharing Program Launched in Mexico City". treehugger.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  27. ↑ "From Amsterdam to Beijing: The Global Evolution of Bike Share". smartcitiesdive.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  28. ↑ "Public Bike Scheme as a Social Business. Tirana. Albania". eltis.org. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  29. ↑ "Cycling". ljubljana.si. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  30. ↑ "The Bike-sharing Blog". bike-sharing.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  31. ↑ "Encicla dobla su flota y triplica la ruta este semestre". elcolombiano.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  32. ↑ "NS bike". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  33. ↑ "Bicycle rental and mobility in São Paulo". aliancabike.org.br. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  34. ↑ "HOUSTON BCYCLE PROGRAM". houstontx.gov. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  35. ↑ "Five years of bike revolution in Warsaw.". veturilo.waw.pl. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  36. ↑ "Quito ya cuenta con un sistema de bicicleta Pública BiciQ". normanwray.wordpress.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  37. ↑ "Pun Pun Bicycle Share Program in Bangkok Thailand". bicyclethailand.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  38. ↑ Daniel Fuller; Lise Gauvin; Yan Kestens; Mark Daniel; Michel Fournier; Patrick Morency & Louis Drouin (17 January 2013). "mpact Evaluation of a Public Bicycle Share Program on Cycling: A Case Example of BIXI in Montreal, Quebec". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (3): e85–e92. PMC 3673500Freely accessible. PMID 23327280. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917. 
  39. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  40. ↑ New York City Bike Share Program Will Have 10,000 Bikes, 600 Stations Template:Webarchive, Ecogeek, by Megan Treacy, 14 September 2011, Accessed 21 June 2019
  41. ↑ "Citi Bike – Your bike sharing system in New York City". citibikenyc.com. 
  42. ↑ "Chicago, Like New York, Facing Bike-Share Delay – Metropolis – WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. 
  43. ↑ "VLS & Stats, NewYork". ifsttar.fr. 
  44. ↑ "Cycle of Citi Bike suffering ends here". Crain's New York Business. 
  45. ↑ "The Russian cyclists bringing bike culture to Moscow". theguardian.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019. 
  46. ↑ "Rekola". seen2.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  47. ↑ "Weifang rented bicycles are frequently praised". 11jn.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  48. ↑ "Bike Santiago". financingsustainablecities.org. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  49. ↑ "BKK reveals the bicycles of the MOL Bubi public bike-sharing scheme". bkk.hu. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  50. ↑ "The wheels are turning in Abu Dhabi with the ADCB bikeshare programmes". thenational.ae. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Bike Sharing Market in US and Europe 2018-2023". 24-7pressrelease.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  52. ↑ "The forgotten radical history of bike sharing". betterbikeshare.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  53. ↑ "Philly bike share program to launch April 23". phillyvoice.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  54. ↑ "Expanded Operation of Seoul Bike "Ddareungi"". seoul-e.lhsoft.co.kr. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  55. ↑ Sarkar, Advait; Lathia, Neal; Mascolo, Cecilia (2015). "Comparing cities' cycling patterns using online shared bicycle maps". Transportation. 42 (4): 541–559. doi:10.1007/s11116-015-9599-9. 
  56. ↑ "Tel O-Fun – bike's rental service in Tel Aviv". askalocalapp.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  57. ↑ "AlmatyBike automated bike rental system has been launched in Almaty". almaty.gov.kz. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  58. ↑ "Metro, city of L.A. to launch bike sharing in Downtown L.A. on July 7". thesource.metro.net. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  59. ↑ Lindsey, Joe (2016-12-01). "Do Bike Share Systems Actually Work?". Outside Online. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  60. ↑ "The past, present and future of Helsinki's bike sharing system". bikecitizens.net. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  61. ↑ "The Evolution of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing in China". sustainabletransport.org. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  62. ↑ "Time to regulate China's booming bike share sector". www.chinadialogue.net. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
  63. ↑ "Learning lessons From Vélib' Métropole Difficulties". urbanmobilitydaily.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  64. ↑ "First bicycle sharing app launched". dhakatribune.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  65. ↑ "NextBike dockless bicycle sharing system is launching in Kyiv". its-ukraine.org. Retrieved 2 July 2019. 
  66. ↑ hermes (17 December 2017). "Mobike co-founder Joe Xia: The king of bike sharing". The Straits Times. Retrieved 30 March 2018. 
  67. ↑ "Mobike Launches Spain". mobike.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019. 
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