Timeline of Hindi on the web

This is a timeline of Hindi on the web, attempting to describe key events in the development of Hindi on the World Wide Web. The inclusion of Hindi language support on the web and other digital platforms in India has been an ongoing process over the years, with various initiatives by the government and private organizations to make digital content and services accessible in Indian languages. The web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, that are accessible via the internet.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

• What are some historical events contributing significantly to the development of the Hindi language and, by extension, its presence on the web?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Hindi language history".
  • You will see foundational developments, until the evolution of Hindi gaining official status, enabling its usage on the web and becoming more prevalent, on websites, social media, to digital publications.
• What are some notable background events related to the development of Hindi language on the web?
  • For infrastructure, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Background (infrastructure)".
    • You will see milestones in the development of the internet infrastructure, which provides the underlying physical and logical framework for the operation of the web.
  • For companies establishing the infrastructure for internet and web development, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Background (business)"
    • You will see a number of companies playing a significant role in establishing the infrastructure for internet and web development in India, most often with initial versions in English.
  • For government policies, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Background (policy)"
    • You will see the implementation by the Indian government of several policies aimed to promote Hindi language as well as the development of internet and web services in the country.
  • For the status of Hindi in demographic terms, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Background (demographics)".
    • You will mostly see figures related to the evolution of Hindi speakers.
• What are some notable or sample Hindi versions of websites web-based technologies having been launched over the years?
  • For websites, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Hindi website launch".
  • For web-based services, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Hindi service launch".
  • You will see a number of notable or sample services, apps and websites in Hindi, often pioneering their business sector/industry in this language.
• What are some events highlighting the growth and diversification of original content in Hindi across various platforms?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Original content".
  • You will see a number of events collectively showcasing the expansion and evolution of original content in Hindi across different mediums, including streaming services, blogs, TED Talks, and YouTube channels, contributing to the enrichment of Hindi language content on the web.
• What are some statistics related to the growth of Hindi in the web?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "statistics".
    • You will see figures reflecting the significant growth of Hindi on the web, as it is expected to continue to gain popularity as more internet users in India prefer to access online content in their native language.
• Other events are described under the following types: "Background (economy)", "Background (education)", "Product launch" and "Public opinion".

Big picture

Time period	Development summary	More details
8th century onward	Development of the Hindi Language	The history of the Hindi language can be traced back to 769 CE when Old Hindi, a direct descendant of Sanskrit, is spoken around Delhi, serving as the ancestor for Modern Hindi and Urdu, written in the Devanagari script. During the 8th-10th centuries, amidst Islamic invasions, Afghans, Persians, and Turks adopt Old Hindi as a shared means of interaction around Delhi, leading to its evolution and the incorporation of Arabic and Persian loanwords. In the 13th-15th centuries, speaking and learning Hindi gains popularity, coinciding with the emergence of early Hindi literature. The modern version of Hindi starts to emerge in the 18th century. Significant events in the 20th century shape the language's trajectory. In 1900, the Government of India grants Hindi and Urdu equal status, with Hindi becoming the primary source for formal vocabulary. Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu in 1937 oppose the imposition of Hindi as the sole official language, leading to protests and the withdrawal of Hindi imposition in 1940. Hindi is adopted as India's official language in 1949, replacing Urdu with the formation of the Indian Constitution in 1950. The Vishalandhra movement in 1953 influences the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. Committees are established in 1954 and 1958 to standardize Hindi grammar. In 1963, the Official Languages Act permits the continued use of English, and in 1965, anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu prevent Hindi from becoming the national language, marked by intense protests led by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party.
1990s–2000s	Early years of Hindi on the web	The use of Hindi on the web is limited to a small number of websites and mainly used for personal communication. During this period, Hindi fonts are not standardized, and there is no standardized keyboard layout for Hindi typing. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, when computers become popular, Windows does not provide any of the popular Indian languages as a default system language. This makes it difficult for Indian language users, particularly those who did not learn English in school, to use computers in their colleges and workplaces. They have no alternative but to struggle with the English-based systems. In 1999, Webdunia launches the first web Hindi portal in the world.
mid-2000s – early 2010s	Growth and diversification	The use of Hindi on the web starts to gain momentum, and many Hindi websites are launched. During this period, the development of Unicode fonts and standard keyboard layouts for Hindi typing make it easier for people to write and read Hindi on the web. The popularity of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter also contribute to the growth of Hindi on the web.
2017 onwards	Maturation and standardization	Indian language internet outgrows English internet in India. The recent years are characterized by the widespread use of Hindi on the web. Hindi content is available across a variety of platforms, including news websites, social media, e-commerce websites, and entertainment websites. The development of mobile technology and the widespread adoption of smartphones make it easier for people to access Hindi content on the go. Online platforms are also providing more opportunities for Hindi content creators, including bloggers, YouTubers, and social media influencers.

Full timeline

Inclusion criteria

We include:

• Events that encompass all Indian languages in some cases, with the purpose of illustrating the trajectory of Hindi.
• Only pioneering or highly popular service launches in Hindi, often as an alternative to the original service languages.
• Only pioneering or very popular original content releases.

We do not include:

• Events solely focusing on Indian languages other than Hindi.

Year	Month and date	Event type	Details
769 CE		Hindi language history	The Hindi language, a direct descendant of Sanskrit, dates back to around this time. Today known as Old Hindi, it is spoken in the areas around Delhi, serving as the ancestor for both Modern Hindi and Urdu. The language is written in the Devanagari script.
8th-10th centuries		Hindi language history	During the time of Islamic invasions and the formation of Muslim control in Northern India, Afghans, Persians, and Turks adopt Old Hindi as a shared tongue of interaction with the local populace around Delhi. The language evolves and adopts loanwords from Arabic and Persian, which account for around 25% of Hindi vocabulary today.
13th-15th centuries		Hindi language history	Speaking and learning Hindi as a first language becomes popular during this period, coinciding with the emergence of early Hindi writing in literature. Notable works like Prithviraj Raso and writings of Amir Khusrow are created in the Hindi language, which would go by several names over the years, including Hindi, Hindustani, Dahlavi, and Hindavi.
18th century		History of Hindi	The modern version of the Hindi language starts to emerge by the end of this century, though it wouldn't be officially made the language of India until 1950.
1857		Hindi language history	After the War of Independence against the British East India Company, there is a push to replace Urdu, the official language used in British India, with Hindi as the Hindus' own language.
1900		Hindi language history	The Government of India grants both Hindi and Urdu equal status. Hindi soon becomes the primary source for formal vocabulary.
1918		Hindi language history	Mahatma Gandhi founds the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha in Madras with the objective of promoting the Hindi language. Provincial branches would be subsequently established in 1936. In a significant development in 1964, the Sabha would be granted the status of an Institution of National Importance through an act of Parliament.
1937		Hindi language history	The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu begin as a series of protests and demonstrations against the imposition of Hindi as the sole official language by the Indian government. The state of Tamil Nadu, primarily populated by Tamil-speaking people, opposes the decision, considering it a threat to their language and culture.
1940	February	Hindi language history	The Madras government yields to pressure from anti-Hindi protests, leading to the withdrawal of Hindi imposition.
1949	September 14	Hindi language history	Hindi is adopted as India's official language by the Constituent Assembly of India. Hindi Diwas is celebrated annually to commemorate this day.
1950		Hindi language history	With the formation of the Indian Constitution, Modern Hindi officially replaces Urdu as the language of India.
1953		Hindi language history	The Vishalandhra movement paves the way for the establishment of a States Reorganization Commission. This commission proposes that state boundaries should be redrawn to align with language boundaries. As a result of these recommendations, the States Reorganisation Act would be enacted in 1956.
1954		Hindi language history	The Government of India establishes a committee with the purpose of preparing a grammar for the Hindi language. The committee's objective is to standardize the grammar rules and structure of Hindi. This initiative aims to promote uniformity and clarity in the usage of Hindi in various domains, including education, administration, and communication. The committee's work played a crucial role in establishing standardized guidelines for Hindi grammar, facilitating its widespread use and understanding across different regions and communities in India.
1958		Hindi language history	The committee responsible for preparing a grammar of Hindi releases its report, which is titled A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi. This publication serves as a comprehensive guide to the grammatical rules and structure of Modern Hindi, providing a standardized framework for the language.
1963		Hindi language history	Under the leadership of Prime Minister Nehru, the central government passes the Official Languages Act. This legislation permits the continued use of English for official purposes and within the Parliament of India.
1965		Hindi language history	Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu prevent Hindi from becoming the national language of India, this time under the leadership of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party. This period is marked by intense and often violent student protests, including acts of self-immolation as a form of protest.
1986		Background (infrastructure)	India is first connected to the internet through a network called the Educational and Research Network (ERNET), which is set up by the Department of Electronics (DoE) to provide internet connectivity to educational and research institutions in the country. The network is initially established to provide a platform for communication and collaboration between academic institutions in India and abroad. Today, ERNET continues to provide internet connectivity and services to a wide range of educational and research institutions in India.
1986		Background (standardization)	The first InScript keyboard is standardized under the auspices of the DOE (Department of Electronics at the Ministry of Communications & Information Technology). With the adoption of the InScript keyboard, it would become easier for individuals, content creators, and developers to produce and consume digital content in Hindi.
1988		Background (organization)	The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing is founded. It would contribute to the development of various technologies and tools that support Indian languages, including Hindi, in the digital realm.
1992		Background (standardization)	InScript keyboard is revised by a DOE committee and modifications are made to accommodate nuqta extended keys as well as to add certain matras. The last revision to the BIS document is made in the same year, after which the document would not undergo any revision.
1992		Background (standardization)	Syed Fasih Uddin and Quader Unissa Begum introduce the Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation scheme at the First International Urdu Conference in Chicago. This scheme serves as an international standard for transliterating Urdu and Hindi, collectively known as Hindustani, into the Latin alphabet. In the context of Hindi and Urdu, which share linguistic similarities as part of Hindustani, this Romanization scheme serves as an international standard, impacting how these languages are represented online.
1995	August 15	Background (infrastructure)	Public access to the internet is opened in India, when VSNL introduces internet access in the country via dialup services in 6 cities.
1995		Background (business)	Mumbai-based entrepreneur Rajesh Jain launches IndiaWorld, an early internet portal offering a variety of services such as news, weather, stock quotes, and online discussions. At the time, the internet is still in its early stages in the country and there are only a handful of users. Later acquired by Sify Technologies, a leading internet service provider in India, IndiaWorld portal no longer exists.
1996		Background	Netscape IPO hits the market, and a flood of capital launches the Internet into mainstream culture. Since then, Internet would see tremendous growth.
1996		Background (business)	The first cyber cafe in India is established at Mumbai's Leela Hotel. Called CyberCafe, it opens a year after the internet was introduced to India by VSNL.
1996	July 4	Background (business)	Indian businessman Sabeer Bhatia co-founds Hotmail.com, the first free web-based email service.
1996	Year round	Background (business)	Several major newspapers in India establish their own websites, marking an important development in the country's media landscape. Most of these websites are in English at the time.
1997		Background (typeface launch)	Non-Unicode Hindi Devanagari typeface Kruti Dev is released. Designed by Indian type designer Kruit Dev Ram, it features an extensive set of Hindi characters. Widely utilized in the state offices of Bihar, Jharkhand, Jammu Kashmir, and Haryana, it is the official font for interoffice memos and letters.
1998		Background (infrastructure)	The National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) launches to promote IT industry. While NASSCOM's primary focus is on promoting and supporting the IT industry in general, this would indirectly contribute to the growth of Indian languages on the web, including Hindi.
1998		Background (infrastructure)	The Indian government allows private Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to set up their own infrastructure in the country. Prior to this, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) was the sole provider of internet services in India. With the new policy, private companies would be allowed to enter the market and compete with DoT.
1999		Hindi website launch	Webdunia launches as India's first Hindi portal, and the first web Hindi portal in the world. At the time of its launch, most Indian websites and portals are primarily in English, and there are few options available for users who prefer to access content in their native languages. Webdunia would play a significant role in promoting the use of Hindi on the internet and helping to bridge the digital divide between urban and rural populations in India.
1999		Background (policy)	The Indian government allows internet service providers (ISPs) to set up international gateways for the first time. Prior to this, all international internet traffic was routed through a single gateway operated by the state-owned telecommunications company, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL). This move allows multiple ISPs to set up their own gateways, thus increasing competition and helping to bring down the cost of internet access in India.
1999		Background (policy)	The Government of India allows 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in the information technology (IT) sector, with no restrictions on the entry of foreign companies. This move is part of a broader set of economic liberalization measures designed to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.
1999		Background (typeface launch)	Kiran, a Devanagari typeface designed by Kiran Bhave, is introduced. It is a free font primarily used for Marathi (मराठी) and other Indian languages. Kiran is significant for Hindi and other languages online, providing a free and accessible Devanagari script option for web content creation, contributing to the representation of Hindi and related languages on the internet.
2000		Background (infrastructure)	Cable internet services are first introduced in India, marking a significant milestone in the development of the internet in the country, as it provides users with a high-speed and reliable way to connect to the internet.
2000		Background (policy)	The Information Technology Act, 2000 is passed. It is a primary law in India that deals with cybercrime and electronic commerce. It contains 94 sections divided into 13 chapters and 4 schedules. The Act provides a legal framework for electronic governance and defines cyber crimes with prescribed penalties. The Act amends various sections of existing laws to make them compliant with new technologies. It also introduces several provisions, including Section 66A and Section 69, which give authorities the power of interception or monitoring of information through any computer resource. In 2021, the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules would be introduced as subordinate legislation to the Act.
2000		Hindi website launch	Hindi news channel Aaj Tak TV is launched as a 24-hour Hindi News. This plays a role in shaping the digital landscape for the Hindi language by providing an online platform for news delivery, contributing to the digital presence and visibility of Hindi content on the web.
2000		Background (business)	Yahoo launches Indian site, catering to the growing number of internet users in India. This move allows Yahoo to expand its reach and tap into the Indian market, which is seen as a potential growth market for internet-based businesses at the time. This would play a role in promoting the use of Hindi on the web by offering localized services, content, and search capabilities.
2000		Background (business)	Technology company Microsoft sets up an Indian site for its online messaging service, MSN. The move is part of Microsoft's broader strategy to expand its presence in the Indian market and tap into the country's growing population of internet users.
2000		Background	The Dhvani Text To Speech System is initiated by the Simputer trust, led by Dr. Ramesh Hariharan at the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore. Dhvani is tailored for Hindi and other Indian languages, and employs the diphone concatenation algorithm. This event reflects a positive step toward leveraging technology to cater to the linguistic diversity of Indian internet users.
2000		Background (business)	Bazee.com launches. It is a popular Indian e-commerce.
2001		Background (economy)	Dot-com bubble bursts. At the time, India's technology industry is still in its early stages, and many Indian companies are not yet reliant on the internet. However, the bubble would have a significant impact on the global economy, and its aftermath would lead to a decline in technology investment around the world. Its broader economic consequences would indirectly influence the development and investment in internet-related technologies, including content creation in Hindi.
2001		Background (business)	The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation IRCTC online ticketing site is launched.
2001	October 26	Hindi website launch	Hindi-language news website Prabhasakshi is launched. The website is aimed at providing news and information to Hindi-speaking audiences in India and around the world.
2001		Background (demographics)	The number of Hindi speakers in India is calculated at 43.63 percent of the population of the country, or about 420 million people.
2003		Background (business)	Air Deccan launches the first online air ticketing site. This move would revolutionize the way people in India book air tickets, making the process much more convenient and accessible.
2003		Background (policy)	WiFi (2.4GHz) is deregulated by the Indian government, paving the way for the widespread adoption of WiFi technology in India, and helping spur the growth of the country's telecommunications industry. Prior to this, the use of this frequency band was restricted and required a license from the government.
2003		Background (infrastructure)	Airtel, one of India's leading telecommunications companies, launches its broadband internet service.
2003	July 11	Hindi website launch	Hindi Wikipedia launches, marking the beginning of the Hindi language's presence on the online encyclopedia platform.
2003		Background (demographics)	The United Nations Development Report notes that slightly more than 40 percent of the population of India is illiterate.
2004		Background (business)	Google opens its first office in India, located in the city of Bangalore.
2005		Background (infrastructure)	The Indian government's National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) begins accepting online registrations for .in domains. This allows individuals and businesses to register domain names with the .in extension, which is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for India.
2005		Hindi service launch	Basic mobile phones in India start receiving support for Indian languages, including Hindi, thus enabling users to type and read messages and other content in their preferred language. Prior to this, most mobile phones in India only supported English, which made it difficult for users who were not fluent in the language to use their phones effectively.
2006		Background (userbase)	Facebook starts attracting Indian users, helping fuel its rapid growth in the country over the next decade.
2007	March	Hindi service launch	Google News launches service in Hindi, making it the first Indian language service offered by the popular news aggregation platform. The move is seen as a significant development in the Indian media landscape as it helps to make news and information more accessible to Hindi-speaking users across India and around the world.
2007		Original content (blog)	The number of Hindi blogs increases rapidly. This is due to the advent of Indic Unicode support in various blogging services, and the advent of new Hindi typing tools like Google Indic Transliteration tool in Blogger and the promotion of Hindi blogging in the mainstream media.
2007	October	Hindi website launch	Entertainment space Tata Zone is launched in Hindi as an infotainment space for mobile phones.
2008	May	Hindi service launch	Google launches a Hindi translation service, adding the language to its list of 14 dialects that can be translated from English. Users can translate text or web pages by typing the words phonetically and choosing the desired language.
2008	February 19	Hindi website launch	The Economic Times, one of India's leading business newspapers, launches in Hindi.
2008	July 17	Hindi website launch	Kindo.com launches as Hindi's first social network. The team emphasizes its value for Indian families, particularly students and engineers abroad. The move recognizes Hindi as one of the top three widely spoken languages.
2008	November 7	Hindi website launch	British multinational universal bank Barclays becomes the first foreign bank to launch website in Hindi.
2009		Background (policy)	The Indian government releases a draft policy on Indian language Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs). IDNs are domain names that use characters from non-Latin scripts, such as Hindi, Tamil, or Bengali, instead of the standard English alphabet. The draft policy proposes the use of IDNs in Indian languages for all top-level domain names, such as .in, .com, .net, and others. It aims to promote the use of Indian languages on the internet and to make it easier for people to access websites in their preferred languages.
2009	May 8	Hindi service launch	Facebook launches its Indic language interface, allowing users to navigate the platform in languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, and Malayalam. This move is thought to be aimed at competing with Orkut, which at the time is the most popular social networking platform in India.
2009	December	Software launch	Microsoft Indic Language Input Tool is released. It serves as a typing tool (Input Method Editor) that allows users to type directly in Indic scripts, including Devanagari (used for Hindi), without the need for copying and pasting. By providing a virtual keyboard for Indic languages, including Hindi, in any application, it simplifies the process of typing and inputting text. This tool would contribute to the ease of use and accessibility of Hindi language on the web, enabling users to create content, communicate, and engage in online activities in Hindi without the hassle of traditional typing methods.
2009	July 6	Original content (Youtube channel)	Ashish Chanchlani launches his Youtube channel Ashish Chanchlani Vines, a comedy channel featuring skits and parodies.
2010	July	Background (business)	Facebook overtakes Orkut to become the most popular social networking platform in India. Orkut, which was owned by Google, had been the dominant player in the Indian social media market for several years prior to Facebook's entry into the market.
2010		Background (infrastructure)	3G and 4G telecom spectrum are auctioned in India in a highly competitive bidding. The winners are awarded spectrum in September, and Tata Docomo was the first private operator to launch 3G services in the country.
2010		Background (policy)	The Gujarat High Court clarifies that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such.
2010	October	Hindi website launch	Indian multinational bank and financial services company ICICI bank launces website in Hindi ICICI opened India's first online banking site in English in 1997.
2011	April 15	Hindi website launch	Australia launches a website in Hindi with the purpose to provide better information access to the families of prospective Indian students in Victoria-. This is the world’s first website of a foreign government in Hindi.
2011	April 30	Original content (blog)	The first International Hindi Bloggers Conference is inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand Mr. Ramesh Pokhariyal Nishank in New Delhi. The conference is aimed to bring together Hindi bloggers from all over the world to network, share their experiences, and discuss various issues related to Hindi language blogging.
2011		Background (education)	IIT courses are made available online in India. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), which are among the most prestigious engineering colleges in India, launch a program called NPTEL (National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning) which aims to make high-quality engineering education available to students all over India through the internet. Initially primarily in English, the NPTEL program would since expand to include courses in several Indian languages, including Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali.
2011		Statistics	India's Internet population is estimated at 100 million users. At the time, the growth of the internet in India is seen as a major opportunity for businesses and entrepreneurs, as well as a way to bring new educational and economic opportunities to people across the country.
2011		Background (demographics)	According to a census, Hindi and its variants are the only major languages to have gained mother tongue adherents over the last 40 years, growing from 36.99% of the population in 1971 to 43.63% by 2011. A large factor in this growth comes from demographic changes.
2011		Statistics	Indian language Internet userbase registers a growth to 234 million in 2016 from 42 million in 2011, thereby surpassing English users, according to a study by KPMG and Google. The statistics aggregate across all Indian vernacular languages, including Hindi. This growth mostly comes from mobile phones. From 20 million in 2011, the figure reaches 152 million users accessing Internet over their smartphones.
2011		Background (policy)	The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) approves 7 Indian language Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) for India.
2011		Background (business)	Lectures in India are made available online.
2011	August	Software launch (mobile operating system	The first Hindi-language version of the Android mobile operating system is launched.
2011		Background (demographics)	The number of Hindi speakers in India grows to 520 million people, 100 million more than in 2001.
2011	September	Hindi website launch	The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) launches a Hindi version of its web portal on Hindi Diwas, claiming it is a complete translation of the English version, with both versions being in sync with each other. However, the Hindi portal lacks a unique domain, making it difficult to remember for direct access. Additionally, some pages are not completely updated, and the UIDAI related documents, specifications, and other information in .pdf format, have not been translated to date.
2011	September 14	Hindi website launch	Twitter launches its Hindi language version on Hindi Diwas, in the same day it is adopted as the official language by India's constituent assembly. However, it does not allow users to tweet in Hindi, since it lacks transliteration support, to convert Roman script text to Indic Devanagri.
2011	December	Hindi service launch	Yahoo! India's mail service becomes available in eight Indian regional languages, including Hindi.
2011–2016		Statistics	The Indian language internet user base grows at a compound annual growth rate of 41% in this period, reaching 234 million users at the end of 2016.
2012	January	Hindi website launch	SBI Life Insurance launches a multi-lingual website in nine Indian languages, including Hindi, to address the communication needs of the rapidly increasing internet users in India. The company aims to tap into the large insurable population in smaller towns where language is a barrier to internet usage, especially the low understanding of English.
2012	February 13	Original content (Youtube channel)	Sandeep Maheshwari launches a motivational and self-help Youtube channel featuring talks and speeches in Hindi.
2012	April	Background (infrastructure)	Bharti Airtel launches India's first 4G LTE (dongle-based) services in Kolkata. This is a significant milestone for the Indian telecom industry, as 4G LTE technology offers faster data speeds and improved network performance compared to 3G and other older technologies.
2012	October 24	Original content (Youtube channel)	Indian comedian Amit Bhadana launches a comedy channel featuring skits and vlogs. Notable for his parodies and relatable sketches, he would reach global recognition with videos like "Behan Bhai Ki School Life." By 2020, he would become the first Indian YouTuber to surpass 20 million subscribers.
2012	December	Hindi website launch	WikiHow launches a Hindi language version of the portal at hi.wikihow.com.
2012–2015		Statistics	A significant increase in the use of Hindi as a primary language for online searches is evidenced as Hindi search queries triple in this period. The reasons for this increase could vary, such as the growth of Hindi-speaking internet users, an increase in the availability of Hindi content online, or a shift in language preference for online search activities.
2013	April	Original content (blog)	By this time, there are more than 50,000 Hindi blogs, one fourth of which were written by female bloggers.
2013	June 7	Software launch (text input application)	Swarachakra is released. It is a text input application developed for Indic scripts. Swarachakra's functionality allows users to input text in Devanagari script, making it valuable for those creating content, communicating, or browsing in Hindi on the web.
2013	June	Background (business)	Amazon India launches, marking the entry of Amazon, the world's largest e-commerce company, into the Indian market.
2013	July 3	Original content (Youtube channel)	Nikhil Sharma launches Mumbiker Nikhil, a travel and vlogging channel featuring his adventures and experiences in different parts of the world.
2013	July 10	Software launch	Jagdeep Singh Dangi, an Associate Professor at Mahatma Gandhi International University, launches Saksham, the first Unicode-based Devanagari Hindi spell-check software. Compatible with Unicode-compliant Windows systems and Microsoft Word, Saksham operates similarly to MS Word's spell-check tool and includes a 69,000-word Hindi database.
2013	August	Hindi service launch	Google introduces a Hindi handwrite feature for Android devices, allowing users to search in Hindi by writing letters with their fingers or a stylus on the screen. This feature expands the reach of Google's search engine to millions of Indians not proficient in English.
2013		Software launch (application software)	Indus OS is launched. It is an Indian mobile application and content discovery platform based in Android. Its objective is to unite users, developers, and smartphone brands on a unified platform, fostering the development of an Indian smartphone ecosystem.
2013–2015		Statistics	A significant increase in the use of the internet to access news content in Hindi during this period is evidenced as the number of searches for the Hindi term समाचार (Hindi for “news”) more than doubles in the lapse. This increase in searches for Hindi news could be due to various factors, such as an increase in the number of Hindi-speaking internet users, a shift in language preference for accessing news, or an increase in the availability of Hindi news content online.
2014	January	Hindi website launch	E-commerce marketplace Snapdeal.com becomes multilingual with its website starting with Hindi and Tamil languages, besides the default English language.
2014	March	Hindi website launch	Pinterest launches Hindi version in a move aimed to become more accessible to the Indian market.
2014	April	Hindi service launch	Duolingo, a free language-learning platform with over 28 million users at the time, launches in India, with a focus on teaching English to the country's large population. The app is popular on Android and Apple devices. Duolingo aims to take advantage of India's relatively high smartphone usage at this time.
2014	July 22	Hindi website launch	NBA team Sacramento Kings launches a Hindi version of their website, after NBA signs a contract with Sim Bhullar, the first Indian-origin player in the basketball league.
2014	July	Hindi service launch	Google launches Google Maps in Hindi for its Indian users, which becomes available on the web and mobile app for Android devices. The move is made to make Google Maps more useful to Hindi speaking users in India, and users can enable Hindi as their preferred language in their Google account settings.
2014	August	Background (infrastructure)	Seven more Indian language domain names go live, as the .भारत (Bharat) domain name, which is written in the Devanagari script, covers a wide range of Indian languages including Bodo, Dogri, Hindi, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, and Sindhi. With the introduction of this domain name, speakers of these Indian languages would be able to create web addresses in their own scripts, helping to increase their visibility and accessibility on the internet.
2014	August	Software launch (mobile app)	The State Bank of India (SBI), the country's largest lender, launches a Hindi version of its mobile application 'State Bank Anywhere'. The app, which was initially launched in English in March and received close to a million downloads, allows users to view account information, make fund transfers within and outside the bank, recharge mobiles or DTH service, and pay bills.
2014	August 26	Original content (Youtube channel)	Nikunj Lotia launches Be YouNick, a comedy channel featuring sketches and vlogs.
2014	October 30	Original content (Youtube channel)	Ajey Nagar, popularly known as CarryMinati, launches his Youtube channel, in which Nagar would upload recorded video game footage along with his reactions to the game.
2014	November 3	Hindi service launch	Google Voice Search launches in Hindi, making it easier for Hindi-speaking users in India to access information and interact with their devices using voice commands. The move is part of Google's broader efforts to make its services more accessible to Indian users, particularly those who prefer to communicate in languages other than English.
2014	November	Statistics	The number of Internet users in India reaches 250 million by this time.
2014	December	Product launch	Spice launches India's first Android One smartphone for Hindi speakers, aimed at making smartphones more accessible and affordable to the 300 million Hindi-speaking population in India. The Spice Dream Uno H has a Hindi keyboard and Hindi versions of popular Google products, including Android OS, Chrome, Search, YouTube, and Google Maps.
2015	June 20	Original content (Youtube channel)	Bhuvan Bam launches his YouTube channel BB Ki Vines, s comedy channel featuring sketches and vlogs. Bam plays multiple characters in his videos.
2015	August	Statistics	It is estimated that about one in five people (21 per cent) prefers to access Internet in Hindi in India.
2015	August	Statistics	By this time, there are an estimated 500 million speakers of Hindi, while there are just 100,000 Wikipedia articles.
2015	August	Software launch (mobile app)	Way2Online Interactive India launches an app called Way2News that provides short and summarized news in local languages in a magazine-style format. It is available in Hindi, in addition to Telugu, and English.
2015	October	Original content (Youtube channel)	Gaurav Chaudhary, known professionally as Technical Guruji, launches gis Youtube channel providing tech-related content and reviews in Hindi.
2015	December	Hindi service launch	Khan Academy and Central Square Foundation launch Khan Academy-Hindi, a platform for learners to study at their own pace with practice exercises, instructional videos, dashboard analytics and teacher tools. The Hindi platform is available globally and is a step closer to the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.
2015	December	Hindi service launch	Snapdeal, at the time one of the largest e-commerce companies in India, launches a multi-lingual mobile interface in Hindi and Telugu. This move is aimed at catering to the growing demand for e-commerce services in regional languages, especially in India's non-metro cities and towns.
2016	January 30	Hindi website launch	Chinese multinational technology company Alibaba Group launches Hindi portal with the purpose to tap small cities and rural areas in India.
2016	Aoril 27	Software launch	Indian Text to Speech Private Limited introduces a Hindi Text to Speech (TTS) solution designed for various applications, including contact center Interactive Voice Response (IVR), voice self-services, bulk audio processing, and advanced sound engineering. This TTS technology offers a natural voice in regional Indian languages, improving customer engagement. It includes a specialized naming conversion tool for Indian names and is available via an API. IndianTTS focuses on developing TTS systems for Indian languages with a strong emphasis on natural enunciation.
2016	June 6	Original content	Netflix announces Hindi-English series Sacred Games, the first original series from India. It is a neo-noir crime thriller streaming television series based on Vikram Chandra's 2006 novel of the same name.
2016	July 24	Original content (Youtube channel)	FactTechz is launched by Rajesh Kumar as a science and technology Youtube channel providing informative and educational content in Hindi.
2016	June 30	Hindi service launch	Google rolls out a new tab on Google Search for mobile phones that shows results both in English and Hindi at the same time.
2016		Statistics	According to media reports, 2.4 million people used Hindi in this year for government work, whereas the number of newsreaders in Hindi in the digital medium was 5.5 million.
2016	December	Hindi website launch	Firstpost, India's first and largest digital-only breaking opinions portal, launches its Hindi offering, marking its first entry into the Indian language digital news content space. The website, available at hindi.firstpost.com, aims to offer the same journalistic standards and attributes as its parent brand, with a focus on video content creation tailored to the consumption habits of Hindi-speaking audiences. The launch aims to fill the void of original content made for the new language digital natives and bring the brand's debate culture to India.
2017	February 14	Hindi website launch	Indian nonprofit news and opinion website The Wire launches its Hindi edition.
2017	April	Statistics	A report by Google and KPMG India states that there were 234 million Indian-language internet users in 2016 while only 175 million English users, and the gap between the two groups is expected to widen going forward. The report also suggests that nine out of ten new internet users between 2016 and 2021 would use local languages.
2017	April 16	Original content	ALTBalaji is launched as an Indian subscription based video on demand platform, and launches Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat, its first Hindi web series.
2017	May 2	Public opinion	A study of 4,612 urban citizens and 2,448 rural Indians by management consultancy KPMG India and Google find that nearly 70% of Indians consider local language digital content more reliable than English content.
2017	July 10	Original content	Inside Edge, a sports-drama streaming television series, is made available on Amazon Prime Video, marking the first Hindi-language series to be distributed by Amazon Originals.
2017	July	Background (demographics)	India becomes the largest country audience for Facebook, overtaking the United States, with 241 million active users compared to 240 million in the US. India's growth more than double that of the US, with active users increasing by 27% in the past six months, compared to 12% in the US. Despite the growth, social media penetration in India remains low with only 19% of the country's population using Facebook in June 2017, compared to 73% in the US and a global average of 42%. The gender imbalance in India's Facebook audience remains, with three-quarters of the active profiles being male, compared to 54% women in the US. The young population also dominates Facebook in India, with more than half of the country's users below 25 years old.
2017	December	Original content (TED)	TED Talks India is launched, featuring prominent scientists who discuss topics such as neuroscience and astronomy in Hindi.
2018	February 14	Original content	ZEE5 is launched in India as a subscription video on demand and over-the-top streaming service, with content in 12 languages. The platform starts streaming web series in the same year with Dhatt Tere Ki (Hindi), along with Nanna Koochi (Telugu), and America Mappillai (Tamil)
2018	March 15	Hindi service launch	Google officially adds Hindi support to its Google Assistant, allowing non-English speaking users to interact with Google Assistant using commands in Hindi. This update follows Google's expansion of Actions on Google to 16 languages in the previous month, including Hindi.
2018	March 29	Statistics	It is reported that more Indians access the Internet in their native language than in English, as the country has 234 million Indian language users online, compared to 175 million English users.
2018	May	Hindi service launch	Quora launches its services in Hindi, with the purpose to expand its user base in India, a country which at the time accounts for 17.1% of Quora’s total traffic.
2018	June	Hindi website launch	Microsoft partners with leading publishers in India to launch MSN Hindi, a free-to-access web service covering news, sports, entertainment, lifestyle, astrology, motoring, and weather. Hindi stands as the primary vernacular internet audience in India, constituting almost 50% of the total. Content for MSN Hindi is expected to come from prestigious media brands such as Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Hindustan, Aaj Tak, NDTV India, BBC Hindi, Sportskeeda, and Money Bhaskar.
2018	July	Statistics	At this time, it is calculated that 9 out of 10 new internet users in India are an Indian language user. This encompasses Hindi and other Indian languages altogether.
2018	August 30	Hindi service launch	Amazon launches a small pilot wherein the interface features text in Hindi, in what is considered its first move in vernacular languages.
2018	September 4	Hindi service launch	Amazon launches a Hindi version of its website for Android users in India. The move is aimed at making online shopping more accessible to people who prefer to use Hindi as their primary language for digital communication.
2018	September	Statistics	Momspresso, an Indian user-generated content platform for mothers and young parents, reports that engagement on its Hindi content is 4.2 times much higher than English.
2018	November 13	Hindi service launch	Amazon Prime Video adds a Hindi language user interface to its search, navigation, and customer support in order to attract the next 100 million users to its Prime Membership in India.
2018	November 27	Original content	over-the-top streaming platform SonyLIV releases The Big Bong Connection, its first Hindi original TV show.
2018	December 15		The India Today Group launches Aaj Tak HD, India's first Hindi HD news channel, with a focus on delivering superior picture and audio quality, reduced ad breaks, and exclusive content, particularly in Business, Bollywood, and International News. The channel's launch is part of TV Today Network's strategy to disrupt the Hindi news space and attract premium ad rates by targeting affluent Hindi-speaking viewers.
2019	January	Hindi website launch	The United Nations launches its first news service website in Hindi, in a move that could increase the likelihood of Hindi being recognized as an official language at the UN. This new development comes on the occasion of World Hindi Day and is the first of its kind for a non-UN Asian language. At this time, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the six official languages of the United Nations, and for Hindi to become one of them, two-thirds of the United Nations General Assembly must vote in favor.
2019	March 6	Software launch (mobile app)	Google launches a free app called "Bolo" in India, which is designed to help children learn Hindi and English languages. The app is aimed at children in rural and semi-urban areas who may not have access to quality education or may struggle with language learning.
2019	March	Background (statistics)	A report by Kantar IMRB ICUBE shows that the number of internet users in India has exceeded 500 million, reaching 566 million by December 2018, with an annual growth of 18%. 87% of the total user base, or 493 million Indians, are considered regular users, with 293 million residing in urban India and 200 million in rural India. Rural India saw a 35% growth in internet users in 2018, reaching 251 million. The report also highlights that women make up 42% of internet users at this time, who are equally engaged and active in the digital world as men. The highest growth in new internet user additions is found in Bihar, with a growth of 35% over 2018, followed by Orissa.
2019	April 5	Original content	Disney+ Hotstar releases Hindi-language crime thriller legal drama web series Criminal Justice, which becomes Hotstar's first Hindi original programming.
2019	May	Background (statistics)	It is calculated that approximately 95% of video consumption in India occurs in regional languages, spanning across all languages spoken in the country. This showcases a significant inclination toward regional content among internet users in India.
2019	May	Background (statistics)	According to experts, there are more than 200 million Indian internet users who prefer to use vernacular languages online, including Hindi, in comparison to 175 million English language users online. A report by Google reveals that 70% of all smartphone-related searches in India come from Hindi-speaking areas, accounting for 44% of the country's population.
2019	May	Software launch (input method)	Microsoft releases Phonetic keyboards for 10 Indian languages, including Hindi. These keyboards offer personalized word suggestions based on user behavior, improving text input accuracy. They use transliteration, converting Latin characters into Indian language scripts based on natural pronunciation, simplifying typing for users. Prior to this update, users had to download external tools for Indian language input. This enhancement allows users to work in their native languages without the need for custom hardware keyboards. Microsoft believes this step promotes language inclusivity and improves typing speed and accuracy by at least 20%.
2019	August 14	Hindi service launch	Amazon introduces a new feature allowing its users to message in Hindi when interacting with the company for any customer support. The AI tool becomes available for Android version of the Amazon app. The new chat assistant in Hindi is aimed at serving the next 100 million Indians to discover and shop with Amazon.
2019	September 13	Hindi service launch	Microsoft Teams starts supporting eight Indian languages, namely Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, and Telugu.
2019	September 15	Statistics	A report states that the number of people who read Hindi on the Internet is growing by 94 per cent every year, with 43.63% of the people in the country are Hindi language speakers.
2019	September	Statistics	Hindi emerges as the second-most used language globally on Google Assistant, behind just English.
2019	September	Hindi service launch	Amazon announces Hindi support availability on its entire range of Echo devices in India, including Echo Dot, Echo Show 5, Echo, Echo Spot, Echo Plus, Echo Show and Echo Input.
2019	November 6	Hindi service launch	Google News starts showing content in English and Hindi at the same time.
2020	February 10	Hindi website launch	Indian low-cost airline IndiGo launches Hindi website for customers who want to use it as their language of choice for flight bookings.
2020	June 4	Statistics	According to Google, 1 in 3 Indians watch online videos, usually in Hindi.
2020	August 7	Hindi service launch	Netflix introduces a Hindi user interface, catering to almost half of India's population. Subscribers can switch to Hindi from the "language" option, extending accessibility to users outside India. This move aligns with Netflix's India push, including a slate of 17 new titles. Competitor Amazon Prime Video introduced a Hindi interface in India two years earlier, followed by Tamil and Telugu. The Hindi interface covers the entire Netflix experience, allowing up to five profiles per account with individual language settings.
2020	August 25	Hindi service launch	Microsoft India expands its Neural Text to Speech (TTS) service by adding Hindi, in addition to English (India) and 13 other languages. This enhancement utilizes advanced AI audio quality, enabling natural-sounding speech with human-like stress patterns and intonation. The Neural TTS service is part of Azure Cognitive Services and converts text into lifelike speech, offering customizable voices and flexible deployment. It finds applications in sectors like telecom, media, retail, and manufacturing, enhancing customer interactions and developing conversational interfaces. Microsoft's Neural TTS supports over 45 languages and variants and is used for chatbots, virtual assistants, audiobook creation, and in-car navigation systems while maintaining data privacy and security.
2020	September 18	Hindi service launch	Amazon Alexa becomes available in Hindi, for smartphone users in India. Amazon previously shared that the company added 60 new features to the app since the launch of Hindi support to Alexa last year. Six new Alexa original songs and poems with 20 new stories are now a part of its database.
2020	October	Hindi service launch	Twitter Topics launches in India in Hindi and English, allowing users to find tweets of their interests directly on the timeline. Within a Hindi Topic, users would be able to see tweets in Devanagari script as well as Hindi speech typed in the Roman alphabet.
2020	October 27	Hindi website launch	Republic Media Network announces its expansion into Hindi news in the digital space with the launch of an online platform, in an attempt to expand its digital reach into India.
2021	February	Hindi website launch	The Goethe-Institut, Germany's cultural institute, launches the Digital Kinderuniversity in Hindi, which uses technology to stimulate children's curiosity and is led by mentors. The program is aimed to be a hybrid model with physical events, integration with school activities, and online learning. The primary objective is to familiarize children with the field of science.
2021	March 4	Hindi service launch	Indian e-commerce company Flipkart launches voice search in Hindi in addition to English.
2021	July 26	Original content	Indian over-the-top media streaming service JioCinema releases comedy-drama film Mimi, its first original Hindi-language film.
2021		Statistics	Hindi Internet user base is likely to outgrow English user base by this year, with projected user base in English at 199 million by which time Indian language Internet user base is expected to be 536 million, or 75 percent of India’s Internet user base, "By 2021, there will be over 500 million users of Indian languages while English users will be less than half the number"and more than 2.5 times of English internet user base.
2021	December	Hindi service launch	LinkedIn announces the availability in Hindi, with the purpose to support over 600 million Hindi speakers worldwide. With 82 million members, India is the second largest market for LinkedIn.
2022	September 14	Original content	Amazon Prime Video announces Maja Ma, its first Indian Amazon Original Movie. A Hindi film, it is set in Mumbai is produced by Leo Media Collective and Amritpal Singh Bindra, and directed by Anand Tiwari, it revolves around a traditional festival and a colorful Indian wedding. This release marks Prime Video's foray into producing original Hindi movies.
2022	December	Hindi website launch	English-language daily edition newspaper Business Standard, India's leading business daily, launches its new-look Hindi website, which offers news and information on all aspects of the economy and business.
2023	January	Hindi website launch	CricketTimes.com launches a dedicated Hindi language website (hindi.crickettimes.com) to cater to the growing number of cricket fans in India who prefer to consume their news and analysis in Hindi. Cricket is the most popular sport in India, both in terms of participation and viewership. It is widely considered to be a religion in the country, with a massive fan following across all age groups and regions.
2023	March 7	Hindi service launch	The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to translate Master of Business Administration courses into various Indian languages, including Hindi. This initiative aims to make MBA education more accessible to students who are more comfortable learning in their native language. The MOU also aims to bridge the language gap that often exists among students from different parts of India.
2023		Hindi website launch	Udemy Business launches Hindi courses on its platform, including critical business and technical courses taught by experts in their native language. The courses, which are part of the Udemy Business International Collection, cover categories such as leadership and management, data science, sales, IT operations, cloud computing, finance and accounting, marketing and personal development. The move is aimed at providing skill development opportunities in India and closing skills gaps in the global economy.
2023	August 25	Original content	QYOU Media's Hindi channel Q TV introduces an innovative original series called Viral Hua Re, making it the first Hindi General Entertainment Channel to incorporate artificial intelligence for content creation. QYOU Media, operating in India and the United States, specializes in producing and distributing content from social media stars and digital creators. The AI-driven initiative aims to enhance viewer engagement, marking a significant step in AI integration within the Indian entertainment industry. It also aims to attract a broader audience by leveraging AI technology, making it noteworthy for the Hindi language's evolving media landscape.
2023	September 15	Hindi website launch	The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) introduces a Hindi version of the Food Safety Compliance System (FoSCoS) portal. This move aims to improve user accessibility and experience for stakeholders in India. FoSCoS is a digital platform used for various food safety-related activities, including licensing, registration, and compliance monitoring. By offering a Hindi version, FSSAI seeks to enhance engagement and understanding among users, making it easier for businesses and individuals in India to navigate and comply with food safety regulations.
2023	September 15	Hindi version launch	The Pokémon Company and Niantic, Inc. launch Pokémon GO in Hindi, renaming over 800 Pokémon to cater to Indian players and strengthen their commitment to the market. This move, marking Hindi as the sixth language in Asia and 15th globally for the game, aims to enhance user experience and inclusivity.
2023	September 22	Original content	Indian streaming service Disney+ Hotstar announces release of a new Hindi original, Tumse Na Ho Payega, featuring Ishwak Singh, Mahima Makwana, and Gaurav Pandey. Amid a decline in subscribers, the platform focuses on locally produced content.
2023	October 4	Hindi service launch	The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) launches its mobile application, Delhi Metro Rail, in Hindi, expanding beyond its previous English-only version. The move aligns with DMRC's commitment to the Digital India initiative, enhancing government services with improved online infrastructure and inclusivity. The launch, part of the Hindi Pakhwada activities, signifies DMRC's dedication to promoting the progressive use of Hindi in official works and prioritizing passenger convenience through digital platforms.
2023	December 26	Hindi service launch	YouTube introduces automatic captions for Hindi videos after a 13-year delay since its initial English launch in 2010. This move aims to enhance accessibility for the hearing-impaired, potentially making millions of Hindi videos accessible. While creators could manually add Hindi subtitles, automatic captioning offers a more widespread solution. The development signals improves data availability and processing for Hindi speech recognition. This update marks a significant step toward inclusivity and accessibility in digital content, and reflects the increasing recognition and support for Hindi content on the web.

Numerical data

The table below ilustrates the evolution of Indian language internet users between 2016 and 2021 (userbase in millions).

Language	Userbase 2016	Userbase 2021
Hindi	19	75
Bengali	4	16
Telugu	4	14
Tamil	5	17
Marathi	4	17
Gujarati	2	8
Kannada	3	12
Malayalam	1	6

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 26, 2021.

Language	million users	% of user base
Hindi	201	38
Marathi	51	9
Bengali	42	8
Tamil	32	6
Telugu	31	6
Gujarati	26	5
Kannada	25	5
Malayalam	17	3
Other	110	20

The table below shows categories of online activity by Indian language internet users, in millions.

Category	2016	2021
Chat applications	169	396
Digital entertainment	167	392
Social media	115	301
Digital news	106	284
Digital writeups	58	185
Digital payments	47	175
Online government services	41	172
E-tailing	42	165
Digital classifieds	24	100

The table below shows the expected compound annual growth rate of Indian language internet userbase, by category, between 2016 and 2021.

Category	Rate
Online govt. services	33%
E-tailing	32%
Digital classifieds	32%
Digital payments	30%
Digital write-ups	26%
Digital news	22%
Social media	21%
Chat applications	19%
Digital entertainment	19%

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

• FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

• https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1823&context=libphilprac
• https://dreamdth.com/community/threads/patrika-group-launches-hindi-news-channel-patrika-tv.91309/
• https://www.campaignindia.in/article/moneycontrol-com-launches-in-hindi/411978

See also

• Timeline of Spanish on the web