Timeline of Nokia

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This is a timeline of Nokia, attempting to describe important events since the foundation of the company.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • What were key events that led to the formation of Nokia?
  • Who were key people in the development of Nokia?
  • What were Nokia's acquisitions?
  • What are important products released by Nokia?

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1865 – 1967 First era characterized by the presence of three different companies. Nokia originates first as a pulp mill and the enterprise acquires the name Nokia in 1871. The Finnish Rubber Works and The Finnish Cable Works complete the core foundation of the future corporation. Soon, the interest of the three firms intertwins but as long as Finland forms part of the Russian Empire, the merging of firms would not be allowed.[1]
1967 – 1990 By the 1960s, Nokia becomes a conglomerate, comprising rubber, cable, forestry, electronics and power generation businesses.[2] The period starts with the three companies - Nokia, Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works, merging and creating the new Nokia Corporation, a new restructured form divided into four major businesses: forestry, cable, rubber and electronics. In the early 1970s, Nokia enters the networking and radio industry. This era is mainly based on multi-trade mergers and internationalization.[3] The late 1970s and 1980s are a period of radical change for Nokia, after the company's then CEO, Kari Kairamo, decides to push the company away from rubber boots and paper and focuses toward the electronics and high-technology business that take off at the time.[4]
1990 – 2007 Nokia internationalizes its Research and development function, by setting up research centres abroad. Early in the decade, Nokia adopts an export-based sales strategy. By 1998, Nokia would firmly establish itself as the global leader.[5] Around the same time, co-operation with other companies, research institutes and universities would become a central part of Nokia’s global R&D strategy.[6] Among the co-operations, the Nokia Siemens Network joint venture is founded in 2007.
2007 forward After the glorious 90s, the impact of Nokia begins to decrease rapidly. In 2009, Nokia posts its first quarterly loss in more than a decade, largely due to HTC developing a smartphone running on the yet new Google Android operating system. With the iPhones and various Android smartphones taking the market by storm, Nokia would fail to keep up with them.[5] In 20126, Nokia announces its comeback, releasing a new range of feature phones and tablets.[7]

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details
1865 Organization Finnish Engineer Fredrik Idestam sets up a wood pulp mill in Tampere, Southern Finland.[2][5][4]
1868 Facility Fredrik Idestam launches a second mill in the town of Nokia.[5]
1871 Idestam's enterprise is named Nokia.[1]
1896 Fredrik Idestam retires.[1]
1898 Finnish professor, statesman, senator and liberal reformer Leo Mechelin takes over as chairman of Nokia.[1]
1898 Organization The Finnish Rubber Works (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) is founded by Eduard Polón.[1][8]
1902 Expansion Nokia starts to generate electricity.[1]
1912 Organization The Finnish Cable Works (Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy) is founded by Arvid Wickström as a phone and power cable producer.[1][2]
1922 Acquisition Finnish Cable Works is acquired by Finnish Rubber Works, in order for the latter to ensure electricity supply.[1]
1963 Expansion Nokia makes radio telephones for army and emergency responders, in a first attempt to enter the telecommunications market.[9][5]
1960 Expansion The Finnish Cable Works establishes its first electronics division.[10]
1967 Expansion The era of Nokia as a corporation begins when it merges with Finnish Cable Works Ltd and Finnish Rubber Works to form Nokia Corporation.[1] During the following decades, rubber and cable would form the basis of Nokia's core knowledge and business.[11][4]
1977 Team Nokia's CEO Björn Westerlund is succeeded by Kari Kairamo. This marks the beginning of Nokia's focus on electronics.[10]
1979 Expansion Nokia takes its first steps into telephony by creating Mobira Oy in a JV with Finnish TV maker Salora. The partnership would create the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) service.[5]
1981 Product The MikroMikko M1 becomes the first computer from Nokia Data, a division within the company.[10]
1982 Product The Mobira Senator is released and is seen as one of the first true mobile phones. At this time, Nokia's telecommunications branch originally exists as a merger between Nokia and Salora OY, with both companies releasing handsets under the name Mobira. "Mobira Cityman 900 is released by Nokia-Mobira."[12]
1982 Most of Nokia's sales still come from products like rubber boots and tissue paper.[4]
1987 Product Nokia launches the Mobira Cityman 900, weighing 1.7 pounds, its first handheld mobile phone. The phone earns the nickname the "Gorba", after Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev is pictured using the phone.[13]
1988 December Kari Kairamo commits suicide.[4]
1988 Electronics account for 60 percent of Nokia's sales, and the company becomes Europe's third-largest producer of color televisions, with around 14 percent of the market.[4]
1990 Divestment Nokian Footwear is founded when the parent company Nokia Corporation decides to focus on telecommunications and divests itself of all of its non-telecommunications divisions.[10]
1990 November Divestment Nokia exits the tissue paper industry.[4]
1991 Technology The first GSM call is made with a Nokia phone over the Nokia-built network of Radiolinja, a local operator.[2]
1992 Specialization Nokia sets a course to exit its rubber, cable and consume-electronics business, and decides to focus entirely on mobile phones and network infraestructure.[14]
1994 Product Nokia launches the Nokia 2110, its first mobile phone to carry the signature ringtone, which would later become famous by Dom Joly's Trigger Happy TV antics.[15][5]
1996 Product The Nokia 8110, one of the original "slider" phones, is released to great acclaim.[16]
1996 August Product The Nokia Communicator is introduced as a brand name, with the release of the Nokia 9000 Communicator. Launched 11 years before the iPhone, it combines email, fax, sophisticated calendar functionality and a massive display into a svelte package that weighs less than 400 grams.[17]
1997 December Product The Nokia 6110 is released. It is the first ARM-powered GSM phone.[18][5]
1997 December 8 Acquisition Nokia acquires Ipsilon Networks, a company that develops open Internet Protocol routing platforms, for US$120 million.[19][20][21][22][23]
1998 March Product The Nokia 5110 is released.[5]
1998 August 20 Acquisition Nokia acquires Swedish software company User Interface Design, with the purpose of strengthening Nokia's position as the leading supplier of system solutions and DVB-based multimedia terminals.[19][24][25][26]
1998 September 17 Acquisition Nokia acquires NE-Products.[19][27][28][29]
1998 December 17 Acquisition Nokia acquires Vienna Systems Corporation, A Canadian 180-employee company which designs and manufactures hardware and software products for the distribution of voice, fax, and video communications.[19][30][31][32][33]
1998 Half of the Nokia’s Research and development is conducted outside of Finland.[6]
1999 February 15 Acquisition Nokia acquires Petaluma, California–based Diamond Lane Communications, a company having developed the market-leading multi-service digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), a device that enables Internet access speeds up to 125 times faster than 56 kilobit-per-second modems over existing telecommunications networks. Nokia pays US$125 million in cash for the acquisition.[19][34][35][36][37]
1999 February 17 Acquisition Nokia acquires InTalk Corp, a privately-owned United States–based company, which focuses on the development of wireless LAN access point products.[19]

[38][39][40]

1999 September 2 Acquisition Nokia acquires Mountain View–based Rooftop Communications for US$ 57 million, to boost its wireless IP bypass technology portfolio. Rooftop produces radio systems that enable high-speed wireless access to the Internet.[19][41][42][43][44][45]
1999 October 21 Acquisition Nokia acquires Telekol Corporation to strengthen its mobile corporate communications portfolio. Telekol, a US specialist in unified messaging and computer telephony software, designs intelligent communications solutions for corporate and Internet Service Provider networks.[19][46][47][48]
1999 December 12 Acquisition Nokia acquires security software business from TeamWARE Group, a Fujitsu subsidiary. The acquisition is aimed at strengthening Nokia solutions for mobile Internet both for enterprise and service providers through the addition of a team of security experts.[19][49][50][51][52]
1999 The Nokia 3210 is released, featuring phone calls, SMS and the game Snake. This model would help Nokia top the mobile market, in which the company would remain for 14 consecutive years.[53]
2000 January 31 Acquisition Nokia acquires Santa Cruz, California-based Network Alchemy, which develops and markets non-stop infrastructure solutions that advance the use of the Internet for secure private communications, commerce and collaboration. The deal is closed at US$335 million.[19][54][55][56][57]
2000 August 8 Acquisition Nokia acquires DiscoveryCom, a provider of loop management solutions for broadband DSL services.[19][58][59][60][61]
2000 December 6 Acquisition Nokia acquires Ramp Network, a provider of Internet security services, for US$126 million.[19][62][63][64]
2000 September Product The Nokia 3310 launches, bringing improved versions of Nokia's highly addictive mobile phone games. Snake 2 brings huge popularity to the phone.[65][66]
2001 July 25 Acquisition Nokia acquires Fremont, California-based Amber Networks, a privately-held networking infrastructure company widely known as the developer of the first fault-tolerant routing platform.[19][67][68][69][70]
2002 Product The Nokia 3410 launches as an upgraded version of the Nokia 3310, with higher resolution display, dedicated call and hang up buttons, animated screensavers and different games.[65]
2003 April 22 Acquisition Nokia acquires Eizel Technologies.[19]
2003 Product The Nokia 1100 launches. A simple and easy to produce handset, it would become and as of 2017 remains the biggest-selling mobile phone of all time. The Nokia 1100 is also the world's top-selling consumer electronics product, with over 250 million units shipped. Aimed at developing countries, the Nokia 1100 would bring mobile communications to many people who originally couldn't afford it.[71]
2003 Statistics Nokia captures 25% of total Finnish exports and 3.7% of GDP during the year.[6]
2005 Statistics Nokia sells its 1 billionth phone, a Nokia 1100 bought in Nigeria.[71]
2005 Product The Nokia N90 is released. A phone-cum-video camera, it is Nokia's first smartphone. Ahead of its time, the Nokia N90 supports wireless, 3G and multimedia including video, music and internet. Models N91 and N70 are released alongside, and also considered smart.[72]
2006 February 9 Acquisition Nokia acquires platform-independent wireless messaging and mobile applications developer Intellisync, which makes wireless e-mail, synchronization and device management software. The US$ 430 million aquisition is aimed at boosting Nokia's dedicated enterprise mobility offerings.[19][73][74][75][76]
2006 August 8 Acquisition Nokia acquires Loudeye, which provides digital music platforms and digital media distribution services.[19][77][78][79][80]
2006 Product The Nokia 5310 XpressMusic launches, containing a GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) internet uplink. Sales would surpass 10 million for the handset.[81]
2006 Expansion Nokia enters the digital mapping and location services business.[2]
2007  ? Organization Nokia combines its telecoms infrastructure operations with those of Siemens to create the Nokia Siemens Network joint venture.[2]
2007 April 1 Acquisition Nokia acquires Pixto.[19]
2007 July 24 Acquisition Nokia acquires Redmond, Washington-based social media site Twango for US$96.8 million. Twango allows users to share online audio, video, text, photos and other kinds of files, an all-in-one file sharing service. The acquisition is aimed at enabling Nokia to offer people an easy way to share multimedia content through their desktop and mobile devices. [19][82][83][84][85]
2007 October 8 Acquisition Nokia acquires mobile advertising firm Enpocket, which provides technology and services that allow brands to plan, create, execute, measure and optimize mobile advertising campaigns around the world.[19][86][87]
2007 October 22 Acquisition Nokia acquires Berlin-based Vivento Technical Services, which operates as a provider of network infrastructure services.[19][88][89]
2007 October 24 Acquisition Nokia Siemens Networks acquires Israeli company Atrica –which makes carrier Ethernet transport systems for metro networks, for a reported $100 million..[19][90][91][92][93]
2007 Product The Nokia N95 is released, providing good quality camera as well as many features later taken for granted in iOS and Android powered smartphones.[94]
2007 Partnership The Nokia Siemens Network joint venture is created after Nokia combines its telecoms infrastructure operations with those of Siemens.[2]
2007 Product The Nokia NGage is released as both a gaming platform and mobile phone. The model is an upgraded version of a first generation dating to 2004.
2007 December 4 Acquisition Nokia acquires Avvenu, which provides Internet services that allow anyone to use their mobile devices to securely access, use and share personal computer files, even if their host computer is turned off.[19][95][96][97][98]
2008 January 28 Acquisition Nokia acquires Qt Software.[19]
2008 June 5 Acquisition Nokia acquires Norwegian company Trolltech, the developer of Qt, a cross-platform application development framework used for the development of GUI programs and for developing non-GUI programs such as console tools and servers.[19][99][100][101]
2008 June 30 Product The Nokia 1680 classic is released.[102]
2008 June 23 Acquisition Nokia acquires Berlin-based location based social network Plazes, an online service that enables users to connect and communicate with others in various locations.[103][104][105][106][19]
2008 June 24 Acquisition Nokia acquires United Kingdom-based Symbian Ltd., a provider of software for advanced cellphones.[107][108][109][110][111][19]
2008 July 10 Acquisition Nokia acquires Chicago-based Navteq –a provider of geographic information system (GIS) data and a major provider of base electronic navigable maps, for $8.1 billion.[112][113][114][19]
2008 September 30 Acquisition Nokia acquires Montreal-based OZ Communications, which offers mobile e-mail and instant messaging.[115][116][117][118][19]
2008 Product The Nokia 5800 XpressMusic launches. It is considered Nokia's response to the iPhone, released the year before. The first touchscreen phone by Nokia, the 5800 would sell over 13 million handsets.[119]
2009 February 9 Acquisition Nokia acquires professional services and software company Bit-side, which makes mobile applications for the iPhone, Android and other platforms. The acquisition is aimed at accelerating Nokia's mapping products.[120][121][122][123][19]
2009 February 27 The Nokia 1202 is released.[124]
2009 July 24 Acquisition Nokia acquires German social networking software company Cellity, which specializes in consolidating address management from different sources such as a cell phone address book, Outlook, and Twitter and other social networking services.[125][126][127][128][19]
2009 September 23 Acquisition Nokia acquires social travel network Dopplr, a privately-held mobile service provider for international travelers.[129][130][131][132][19]
2009 Product The Nokia X6 is released and becomes Nokia's flagship music-orientated phone. It supports social network access and Nokia's Ovi maps. The X6 comes also in two different versions, one containing an 8GB hard drive and another with a larger 16GB memory.[133]
2010 March 26 Acquisition Nokia acquires privately-held, Chicago-based Novarra, which offers a mobile browser and service platform.[134][135][136][137][19]
2010 April 9 Acquisition Nokia acquires geographic information company MetaCarta, a privately owned firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which specializes in geographic intelligence solutions.[138][139][140][141][19]
2010 June Product The Nokia 1800 is released.[142]
2010 July 19 Acquisition Nokia acquires the wireless-network equipment division of Motorola for $1.2 billion in cash.[143][144][145][146][19]
2010 August 20 Acquisition Nokia acquires mobile analytics company Motally, a privately owned American company that specializes in tracking and reporting usage statistics on mobile websites and applications.[147][148][149][150][19]
2010 Expansion Nokia employs over 123,500 people in 15 manufacturing sites around the world.[151]
2011 January 4 Acquisition Nokia acquires Istanbul-based telecom and engineering services firm IRIS Telecom. The acquisition would enable Nokia Siemens to combine IRIS Telecom's multi-vendor network planning and optimisation (NPO) business with its global capabilities.[152][153][154][155][19]
2011 Partnership Nokia partners with Microsoft in order to strengthen its position in the smartphone market.[2]
2012 January 6 Acquisition Nokia acquires Norwegian mobile OS company Smarterphone, which built a mobile operating system for so-called feature phones.[156][157][158][19]
2012 July 24 Acquisition Nokia acquires camera tech firm Scalado, after it having contributed for more than ten years in Nokia's imaging applications.[19][159][160][161][162]
2012 November 12 Acquisition Nokia acquires Berkeley, California-based Earthmine, a specialist in 3D street-level imaging. With the acquisition, Nokia plans to incorporate the technology into its maps system to provide a competitive service against Google Street View.[19][163][164][165][166][167]
2013 August Acquisition Nokia acquires 100% of Nokia Siemens Networks, buying all of Siemens' shares. Nokia Siemens Networks becomes Nokia Solutions.[168]
2013 September 3 Acquisition Nokia announces that its hardware department would be acquired by Microsoft for US$7.2 billion.[5]
2014 May 1 Staff Rajeev Suri is appointed as President and CEO of Nokia Corporation.[169]
2014 May 30 Acquisition Nokia acquires Desti, a mapping startup and app maker that uses artificial intelligence and natural language processing to help people find what they are looking for. The acquisition is aimed at growing Nokia's location service Here.[19][170][171][172][173]
2014 June 6 Acquisition Nokia acquires radio systems expert Australian firm Mesaplex, a privately-held company that develops compact, high performance radio frequency (RF) filter technology for the mobile industry.[174][175][176][177][19]
2014 August 25 Acquisition Nokia acquires Schaumburg, Illinois-based SAC Wireless, which develops and implements network infrastructure solutions for telecom companies.[178][179][180][181][19]
2015 April 15 Acquisition Nokia acquires French global telecommunications equipment company Alcatel-Lucent, after an agreement to pay US$16.6 billion. The formation of Alcatel-Lucent in 2006 created the world’s first truly global communications solutions provider. Alcatel-Lucent was considered a rival of Nokia.[182][183][184][185][19]
2016 February 20 Acquisition Nokia acquires Canadian software firm Nakina Systems, which provides telecommunications industry with network integrity management solutions.[186][187][188][189][190]
2016 April 26 Acquisition Nokia acquires digital health firm Withing for €170 million. Withing is a French consumer electronics company focused on digital health.[191][192][193][194][19]
2016 June 9 Acquisition Nokia acquires California-based start-up Gainspeed, which specializes in DAA (Distributed Access Architecture) solutions for the cable industry via its Virtual CCAP (Converged Cable Access Platform) product line.[195][196][197][198][199]
2016 October 15 Acquisition Nokia acquires Etadevices, a United States-based start up specializing in power amplifier efficiency solutions for base stations, access points and devices.[200][201][202][203][204]
2016 December 14 Acquisition Nokia acquires DeepField, a US-based IP network analytics company.[205][206][207][208]
2017 February 8 Acquisition Nokia acquires Comptel –a company that specialises in building software-based data communications solutions for mobile carriers, for €347 million.[209][210][211][212]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

Timeline of telephony in Finland

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Haarmann, Harald. Modern Finland. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Our history". nokia.com. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  3. ↑ Madjid, Tavana. Developing Business Strategies and Identifying Risk Factors in Modern Organizations. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Beer, Michael; Eisenstat, Russell A.; Foote, Nathaniel; Fredberg, Tobias; Norrgren, Flemming. Higher Ambition: How Great Leaders Create Economic and Social Value. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Satpathy, Sambit. "A brief history of Nokia: From a paper mill, to the world's biggest mobile company to being acquired by Microsoft". bgr.in. Retrieved 1 November 2017. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lesser, Caroline. "CASE STUDY NO. 1: MARKET OPENNESS, TRADE LI BERALISATION AND INNOVATION CAPACITY IN THE FINNISH TELECOM EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY" (PDF). oecd.org. Retrieved 26 October 2017. 
  7. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  8. ↑ "NOKIA'S TRADITION OF ADAPTABILITY". finland.fi. Retrieved 2 March 2018. 
  9. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Nokia has a rich history that has nothing to do with phones". androidpit.com. Retrieved 2 March 2018. 
  11. ↑ Finland as a Knowledge Economy 2.0: Lessons on Policies and Governance (Kimmo Halme, Ilari Lindy, Kalle A. Piirainen, Vesa Salminen, Justine White ed.). 
  12. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  13. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  14. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  15. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  16. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  17. ↑ "A brief history of Nokia: When the future was Finnish". bgr.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017. 
  18. ↑ Sakr, Sharif. "The Engadget Interview: ARM co-founder John Biggs". engadget.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.28 19.29 19.30 19.31 19.32 19.33 19.34 19.35 19.36 19.37 19.38 19.39 19.40 19.41 19.42 19.43 "Nokia Acquisitions". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 
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  32. ↑ "Nokia to Acquire Vienna Systems, Bolstering Net Technology Division". wsj.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. 
  33. ↑ "Nokia Acquires Vienna Systems Corporation". optics.org. Retrieved 8 December 2017. 
  34. ↑ "Nokia acquires Diamond Lane Communications to boost Fast Internet". nokia.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. 
  35. ↑ "Nokia Acquires Diamond Lane Communications". premisesnetworks.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. 
  36. ↑ "COMPANY NEWS; NOKIA TO ACQUIRE DIAMOND LANE FOR $125 MILLION IN CASH". nytimes.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. 
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  38. ↑ "Nokia Acquires InTalk Inc.". nokia.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017. 
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  54. ↑ "Network Alchemy". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  55. ↑ "Nokia nabs Network Alchemy". eetimes.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  56. ↑ "Nokia to Acquire Network Alchemy". nokia.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
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  58. ↑ "Nokia Announces the Completion of the Acquisition of DiscoveryCom - and Issues New Nokia Shares.". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
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  61. ↑ "Nokia to acquire DiscoveryCom in the US". nokia.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  62. ↑ "Nokia's Acquisition of Ramp Networks Approved by Antitrust Authorities". nokia.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  63. ↑ "TECHNOLOGY BRIEFING: TELECOMMUNICATIONS; NOKIA BUYING SECURITY PROVIDER". nytimes.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
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  66. ↑ "The Nokia 3310: A brief history". businesschief.com. Retrieved 2 March 2018. 
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  70. ↑ "Nokia to Buy Amber Networks in Stock Deal". articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
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  72. ↑ "A history of Nokia phones: in pictures". telegraph.co. Retrieved 31 October 2017. 
  73. ↑ "Nokia acquires wireless messaging firm, Intellisync". gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  74. ↑ "Nokia to Acquire Intellisync for $430M". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  75. ↑ "Update: Nokia acquires Intellisync for $430 million". infoworld.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  76. ↑ "Nokia buys Intellisync". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  77. ↑ "Nokia Acquires Loudeye". geekzone.co.nz. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  78. ↑ "Nokia tunes into download market with acquisition". theguardian.com. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  79. ↑ "Nokia buys Loudeye, putting fire into mobile music war". rethinkresearch.biz. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  80. ↑ "Nokia dials digital music's Loudeye". variety.com. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
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  82. ↑ "Nokia Buys Social Media Site Twango For About $100 Million; Porting To Mobile". forbes.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  83. ↑ "Nokia acquires Twango to offer a comprehensive media sharing experience". nokia.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  84. ↑ "Nokia Acquires Twango". technologyreview.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  85. ↑ "Nokia Acquires Media Sharing Startup Twango". readwrite.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  86. ↑ "Nokia To Acquire Mobile Advertising Firm Enpocket". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  87. ↑ "Nokia completes the Enpocket acquisition". nokia.com. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  88. ↑ "Acquisitions & divestments". nokia.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
  89. ↑ "Company Overview of Vivento Technical Services GmbH & Co. KG". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
  90. ↑ "Nokia Siemens Networks acquires Atrica, Ethernet systems company, for a loss". venturebeat.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
  91. ↑ "Nokia Siemens Networks Completes Acquisition of Carrier Ethernet Specialist Atrica Inc.". nokia.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
  92. ↑ "Nokia Siemens to Acquire Atrica". lightreading.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
  93. ↑ "Nokia Siemens Networks acquires Atrica". comms-express.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
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  95. ↑ "Nokia to acquire Avvenu". computerweekly.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  96. ↑ "Nokia acquires Avvenu for Mobile Access and Share Technologies". nokia.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  97. ↑ "Nokia recently purchased Avvenu in a bid to improve its security solutions for mobile workers.". searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  98. ↑ "Nokia acquires Avvenu for Mobile Access and Share Technologies". mobileeurope.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
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